I-Nutr yangaphambili. 2016; 3: 6.
Ishicilelwe kwi-intanethi 2016 Feb 15. ikhonkco: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00006
PMCID: PMC4753312
intshayelelo
Ngengxaki yokutyeba emhlabeni jikelele iqhubeleka nokuthatha ubunzima bayo, imfuno yezisombululo inyukile. Ingxoxo malunga nendalo vs. ukondla kunye nebhayoloji vs. psychology ifikelele kuvuthondaba ekubhengezeni ukutyeba njengesifo yimibutho ethile yezonyango. Oothunywashe bemekobume notyekelo lwemfuza, kunokuba noxanduva lobuqu lubekek’ ityala, njengaso nasiphi na esinye isifo. Olu luvo luthetha ukuba iinkqubo zebhayoloji ezilawula ubunzima bomzimba zisebenza kwindawo engekho zingqondweni. Nangona oku kudala kwamkelwe into ebizwa ngokuba yi-homeostatic regulation ye-energy balance, ayicacanga kangako kulawulo lwe-hedonic. Apha, sivavanya ngokunzulu umbuzo obalulekileyo ukuba iimodeli zeempuku zinokunceda njani ukuqonda igalelo leenkqubo ze-hedonic neural kulawulo lobunzima bomzimba. Xa ujonga imiba yomvuzo, ukuqinisa, inkuthazo, umlutha wolonwabo, kunye neendlela zabo ze-neural, kumxholo wokutya nokuzilolonga, umbono omtsha uvela ukuba ulawulo lwe-homeostatic kunye ne-hedonic lunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kwaye luhlala lusebenza ngamxhelo mnye kwinqanaba lokungazi. ukufikelela kwiimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo zebhayoloji. Nangona ingxoxo yenqanaba lokubeka ubunzima bomzimba iye yatyeshelwa kwiminyaka yamuva, esi sihloko sicinezela ngakumbi njengenkalo ebalulekileyo yonyango olusebenzayo lokutyeba.
Iindlela ze-Hedonic zigqithise uLawulo lwe-Homeostatic
Xa ubunzima bomzimba wezilwanyana kunye nabantu buphazanyiswa ngamaxesha okutyiswa ngaphantsi okanye ngokugqithisileyo, ngokukhawuleza ubuyela kumanqanaba angaphambili okuphazamisayo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba ngummiselo we-homeostatic obandakanya ukulawulwa kokubini kokuthatha amandla kunye nenkcitho yamandla (1, 2). Isiseko sesekethe ye-hypothalamic ephantsi kwalo mmiselo kudala yaziwa (3) kwaye yacocwa kakhulu, ngakumbi kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo emva kokufunyanwa kwe-leptin. Ngamafutshane, abantu ababini abahlukeneyo be-neural kwi-mediobasal hypothalamus basebenza njengezoluvo zamandla eziphambili kwaye zibandakanya inethiwekhi entsonkothileyo yeesekethe ezisebenzayo ezilawula zombini ukungena kunye nokuphuma kwamandla ngendlela eguqukayo yebhayoloji [uphononongo, bona iRef. (4-7)].
Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa uninzi luvumelana nomgaqo osisiseko we-homeostatic, kuye kwakho ingxoxo eninzi malunga nenqanaba elichanekileyo lobunzima bomzimba obukhuselweyo kunye neendlela ezibandakanyekayo (8-13). Ngokucacileyo, akukho ndawo imiselweyo apho iintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zilawula ubunzima bomzimba wazo. Kunoko, iguquguqukayo, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezibandakanya i-genetic kunye ne-epigenetic predisposition, ukufumaneka kokutya, ukutya okumnandi, kunye nezinye izinto zokusingqongileyo (10). Oku kuboniswa ngcono ngokuguquguquka kwamaxesha onyaka kunye nokhuseleko lwasekhaya olukhuselweyo kwindawo yokufukama (hibernators)14).
Enye into ekukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphembeleleni umgangatho wobunzima bomzimba womntu ngamnye yi-hedonics yokutya, ngakumbi ukutshintshela kubunzima bomzimba obuphezulu ngokutya okunencasa kakhulu, okunekhalori exineneyo. (Umzobo (Umfanekiso1A) 1A). Owona mzekelo ucacileyo wolu tshintsho kubunzima bomzimba obukhuselweyo yicafeteria ebangelwa kukutya okutyebileyo kwempuku kunye nempuku (15). Nangona kurhanelwa ukuba ukonyuka kokufumaneka kokutya okunencasa kakhulu, okuxineneyo kwamandla nako kukwangunobangela wobhubhani wangoku wokutyeba, kunzima kakhulu ukungqina, ngenxa yobunzima bokulawula ngokungqongqo ukulingana kwamandla kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ebantwini kwixesha elongeziweyo. ixesha njengoko kunokwenzeka kwiimodeli zezilwanyana. Umbono owamkelwa ngokubanzi kukuba kubantu abathintekayo ngokwemfuza kunye / okanye kwi-epigenetically, indawo yokutya i-obesogenic iyakwazi ukuseka indawo entsha, ephakamileyo yobunzima bomzimba obukhuselwe ngokufanayo ekuzileni ukutya okunyanzeliswayo kunye nokutya okugqithisileyo njengabo bonke ubunzima obuqhelekileyo.11). Ke ngoko, omnye wemiba ephambili ekuqondeni ukulawulwa kobunzima bomzimba yinkcazo ye-neurological yolu tshintsho kubunzima bomzimba obukhuselweyo. Zeziphi iindlela ze-neural ezivumela ukufumaneka kunye nencasa yokutya okuxineneyo kwamandla ukongamela inkqubo esisiseko yokhuselo lwe-homeostatic? Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kunokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweziyobisi ezithe ngqo ngakumbi okanye ungenelelo lokuziphatha ekulweni nokutyeba.
I-Hedonic Processing yiNxalenye ePhambili ye-Homeostatic Regulatory System
Umbono wokuba i-hedonic kunye ne-homeostatic neural circuitries azikho izigqeba ezihlukeneyo kodwa ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yokulawula efanayo ifumana ngokukhawuleza. Oku kusekwe kubungqina bokumodareyitha kwe-bidirectional yemimandla yobuchopho be-corticolimbic ngemiqondiso yokuqonda, kunye ne-hypothalamus ngemiqondiso engaqhelekanga kunye nokunxibelelana kwabo kwengqondo kunye neemvakalelo (Umfanekiso. (Umzobo11B).
UkuModareyithwa okusezantsi kweeSekethe zeCorticolimbic zoCognition kunye neNkuthazo yimiqondiso ye-Interoceptive yokufumaneka kwezondlo
Ukulawulwa kwe-bottom-up ye-hedonic kunye neenkqubo zokuqonda ngezibonakaliso zangaphakathi akusiyo ingqiqo entsha. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezondlo ukuze umntu aphile, luphawu olusisiseko lokubonakaliswa kwendlala kwaye lubuyela emva ekuqaleni kokuvela kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Ngokukodwa, imeko elambileyo ibonakaliswe ngokunyuka kwempembelelo yenkuthazo (indlela apho into ekujoliswe kuyo njengokutya ifunwa kakhulu kwaye ifunwa-imagnethi yokuziphatha), ebonakaliswa nge-neurologically ngomsebenzi ophakamileyo wenkqubo ye-mesolimbic dopamine.16-18). Yintoni entsha, zezinye zezithunywa kunye neendlela ze-neural eziboniswayo ezibandakanyekayo. Ngokomzekelo, ngoku kucacile ukuba omnye wabalawuli ababalaseleyo be-homeostatic bobunzima bomzimba-i-leptin-imodareyitha umdla wokutya ngokusebenza kungekuphela nje kwi-hypothalamus kodwa nakwizinto zenkqubo ye-mesolimbic dopamine.19-22) nakwizinto ezivumbayo kunye nencasa yokwenziwa koluvo (23-25). Ngokufanayo, ezinye izibonakaliso ezininzi zangaphakathi zokufumaneka kwezondlo, ezifana ne-ghrelin, intestinal GLP-1 kunye ne-PYY, kunye ne-insulin, kunye ne-glucose kunye namafutha, nazo zisebenza ngokuyinxalenye kwizakhiwo ze-corticolimbic ezibandakanyekayo kwimiba yokuqonda kunye nomvuzo wokulawula ukutya.26-36). Iimpembelelo kwimisebenzi yokuqonda kwezi hormone zinomdla kumxholo wezifundo zabantu ezibonisa ukukhubazeka kokubini kunye nemisebenzi ye-metabolic kwizigulana ezityebileyo (37-39). Nangona ikhonkco eliqhelekileyo lingekaziwa, i-hypothesis ehamba phambili ibonisa ukuba i-dysbiosis yamathumbu ebangelwa yintsebenziswano phakathi kwesondlo esincinci, i-gut microbiota, kunye ne-innate immune system kunye notshintsho olulandelayo kwi-gut-to-brain signaling kunye ne-bloin-brain barrier integrity. zibalulekile (40-43).
UkuModareyithwa okuPhezulu kweClassical Hypothalamic Regulator ngokweemvakalelo, ngengqondo, kunye neMiqondiso ekhuthazayo
Omnye umqhubi wale mbono idibeneyo yingqiqo entsha kwimodyuli ephezulu-ezantsi yeesekethe ze-homeostatic zeklasi ngokucombulula ingqondo kunye neemvakalelo kwiinkqubo ze-corticolimbic (44). I-cue-induced, i-conditioned food intake kucingelwa ukuba yindlela ebalulekileyo ekutyeni ngokugqithiseleyo ngabantu kwindawo ye-obesogenic (45, 46) kwaye ifundwe kwiimpuku ixesha elide (47). Ezinye zeendlela ezifanelekileyo ezibandakanyekayo kule ndlela yokutya exhomekeke kwingqiqo ziye zachongwa kwi-rat ngokubonisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-amygdala kunye ne-prefrontal cortex-to-lateral hypothalamus projections (48, 49). Kutshanje, ubungqina bokumodareyitha okuphezulu-phantsi kwe-neurons ye-AGRP kwi-hypothalamus ye-mediobasal, eyona ndawo iphambili yolawulo lwasekhaya lwe-homeostatic, yaboniswa. Ezi neurons zinamandla kucingelwa ukuba zilawulwa ikakhulu ngokujikeleza kwehomoni kunye neemetabolites ngendlela ecothayo yokuwaxisa kunye nefashini enciphayo ehambelana nelizwe lokuzila kunye nezondliwayo. Ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-neuron-specific yanamhlanje, esekelwe kwimfuza, kwaboniswa ukuba umsebenzi we-AGRP neurons nawo ulawulwa kwisiseko sesibini-ngesibini ngolindelo olumiselweyo lokutya okufutshane (50, 51). Olu luvo lubukhali lwangaphandle kunye nolawulo lokuqonda kwireyithi ye-AGRP yokudubula kwe-neuron kusenokwenzeka ukuba iphunyezwe ngamagalelo angqalileyo okanye angathanga ngqo asuka kwinani leecortical kunye ne-subcortical indawo njengoko kubonisiwe yi-neuron-specific retrograde viral tracing (52).
Ukulawulwa kokuTya kokuTya kunye nokuLawulwa koMlungelelwaniso wamandla kuMongo we-Subconscious
Kucacile ukuba i-classical hypothalamic neural circuitry ejongene nokulawulwa kwe-homeostatic yokulinganisela kwamandla kunye nobunzima bomzimba, kufana nokulawulwa kwe-homeostatic yeminye imisebenzi yomzimba, njenge-glucose yegazi okanye uxinzelelo lwegazi, isebenza kakhulu ngaphaya kokuqonda, kwinqanaba lokungazi. Ukongeza kwaye njengoko kuxoxiwe ngasentla, indlela yokukhuthaza intshukumo apho imiqondiso yokuncipha kwamandla njenge-leptin ephantsi iqhuba "ukufuna" ngenkqubo ye-mesolimbic dopamine.16, 18, 53) ikwasebenza kakhulu ngaphandle kokwazisa njengoko kubonisiwe kwizifundo ze-neuroimaging yabantu (54-56). Nokuba akukho ndlala yemetabolism kunye nemiqondiso ehambelanayo yokwazisa i-interoceptive, ukwaziwa kwe-cue akubonakali kuyimfuneko. Oku kubonisiwe kwiimpuku ezinokutya okune-cue-induced conditioned food intake (47, 48). Ngaphaya koko, ingqondo yomntu inokufunda ixabiso lembuyekezo yemali kwaye iyisebenzisele ukwenza izigqibo ngaphandle kokusetyenzwa kweengqikelelo zemeko (57). Nangona ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kufuna ukuzilawula, okumelwe kwi-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (58, 59), ukuguqulwa kwesenzo sokuziphatha esiqhutywa ngumvuzo akukho phantsi kolawulo olusinyanzelo lwale ndawo yobuchopho kwaye ihlala inyanzelisa inkululeko yokuzikhethela ukwenza (60). Okokugqibela, umsebenzi we-neural kwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho unokuqhubeka ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba abantu bazi ngesigqibo sabo (61, 62), ebonisa ukuba uninzi lweenkqubo ezikhokelela kwisigqibo zenzeke kwinqanaba lokungazi.
Ukuziphatha kokutya phakathi kwabantu kunye neempuku kubonakala kuxhathisa ngakumbi kulawulo lwengqondo xa kuqhelekile (63, 64). Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ulwazi malunga neziphumo ezinokwenzeka lubalulekile kwi-cue-induced target-direct-directiones ezenza izenzo ezinjalo zivakale ukuhla. Nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo akusaxhomekeke kulindelo olufundiweyo lomvuzo kwaye ngoko ke ubukhulu becala alunamvakalelo kwiindlela zokuthotywa komvuzo (64, 65). Iisekethe ze-neural ezilawula ukuziphatha okungaqhelekiyo zicwangciswe ngokwahlukileyo kunezo zesiqhelo okanye zokuziphatha okuzenzekelayo. Ukuziphatha okungeyosiqhelo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) kunye ne-ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ngelixa izimilo zesiqhelo zixhomekeke ngakumbi kwi-dorsolateral striatum.65, 66). Ugcino lwenkumbulo kunye neendlela zokukhumbula nazo zahlukile kwizenzo eziziqhelanisayo nezingezizo ezesiqhelo kunye nokuziphatha. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkumbulo ezibhengezayo ezifuna ingqondo enengqondo, iinkumbulo zenkqubo zisebenza kakhulu ngaphantsi kwinqanaba lokwazisa kunye nokugcinwa kusasazwa ngakumbi (67-69). Ngenxa yoko, iinkumbulo zenkqubo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezizikhokelayo ezizikhokelayo azikwazi ukumelana nokulawulwa kwengqondo kunye nemisebenzi yokulawula.
isiphelo
Iimodeli zezilwanyana zibalulekile ekucazululeni iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ezisisiseko sokutyeba. Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwe-loci yemfuza edityaniswe nokutyeba kwabantu inxulumene nemisebenzi ye-neural (70), akumangalisi ukuba ulawulo lwe-neural lokutya kunye nokulawulwa kokulinganisela kwamandla yinxalenye ephambili yezi ndlela. Nangona i-neuroimaging esebenzayo ebantwini nayo iqalisa ukwenza igalelo elibalulekileyo, kuphela ziindlela ezihlaselayo ngakumbi kwiimpuku ezikwazileyo ukubonelela ngeengcaciso zobuchwephesha. Ngenxa yoko, i-dichotomy yendabuko phakathi kwe-homeostatic kunye ne-non-homeostatic / i-hedonic iinkqubo ezijongene nokulawula ukutya kunye nokulawulwa kobunzima bomzimba, nangona i-heuristically iseluncedo, ayisachazi ngokwaneleyo intsebenziswano ebanzi ye-anatomical kunye nokusebenza phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini. Ukongeza, uninzi lwemveliso yale nkqubo inkulu yokunxibelelana kukudlula ulwazi. Iziphumo zolu lwazi zintsha zifikelela kude njengoko aziyi kukhokela kuphela uphando lwexesha elizayo kodwa kunye noyilo lwezonyango kunye nokuziphatha okunyanga ukutyeba kunye nokuphazamiseka kokutya.
Umbhali Wemivuzo
I-HM kunye ne-CM banceda ukuba bacinge ngoluvo, baphonononge uncwadi, babhala iinxalenye zombhalo-ngqangi, kwaye bahlela inguqulelo yangaphambi kokugqibela yombhalo wesandla. I-EQ-C kunye ne-SY babandakanyeka kwiingxoxo zengcamango yokuqala, bahlaziywa iindawo zoncwadi, babhala iinxalenye zombhalo wesandla, kwaye bahlela umbhalo wesandla wangaphambili. I-H-RB yafumana ingcamango yokuqala yoluvo, yaxoxa ngeenguqulelo ezininzi zombhalo wesandla kunye nabo bonke abasebenzisana nabo, yaphanda uncwadi, kwaye yabhala umbhalo-ngqangi wokugqibela.
Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.
Inkxaso
Lo msebenzi uxhaswe ngamaZiko ezeMpilo eSizwe isibonelelo se-DK047348 (H-RB), i-DK092587 (HM), kunye ne-DK081563 (CM).
Ucaphulo