Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). I-2017 Jun 14; 8: 127. doi: 10.3389 / fendo.2017.00127. eCollection 2017.
UMichaud A1, UVainik U1,2, IGarcia-Garcia I1, Dagher A1.
Abstract
Ukunyanzelwa kubhekisa kutyekelo lokwenza ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokujonga ngokupheleleyo iziphumo. Umkhwa kucingelwa ukuba ubangelwa kukunxibelelana phakathi kweempendulo ezivuselelweyo eziphezulu zokufumana umvuzo kunye nokuzeyisa. Izifundo ziphakamise ukuba ukunyanzelwa kubeka esichengeni sokuba likhoboka kunye nokukhuluphala. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo kule ndawo azicacanga, mhlawumbi ngenxa yobunzima obuphezulu be-phenotypic yeziyobisi kunye nokukhuluphala. Ukugxila kwimpembelelo yokunganyanzelekanga, injongo yolu phononongo kukusombulula ukungqamana phakathi kweziyobisi kunye nokukhuluphala kwimimandla emine: (1) uphando lobuntu, (2) imisebenzi ye-neurocognitive, (3) ubuchopho bokucinga, kunye (4) ubungqina beklinikhi. Sicebisa ukuba imimandla emithathu enxulumene nokunganyanzelekanga ibalulekile ngokukodwa ekuqondeni kwethu ukufana phakathi konxinzelelo kunye nokukhuluphala: ukuzilawula okuphantsi (ukuBhengeza okuphezulu / isazela esiphantsi), ukuziva ngomvuzo (ukuphakama okuphezulu / ukugxeka okuqinisekileyo), kunye nefuthe elibi (iNeoticotic / Ukugxininisa okungalunganga). Izifundo ze-Neurocognitive zibonise ukuba ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nokulutha zombini kunxulunyaniswa nokwenza izigqibo okunganyanzelekanga kunye nokuthatha ingqalelo ekuphenduleni iziyobisi okanye iindlela zokutya, ngokulandelelana. Ukuphosa le nto, ukutyeba kakhulu kunye neendlela ezahlukileyo zeziyobisi zibonakala zibonisa uguquko olufanayo kwimisebenzi yobuchopho be-MRI ekuphenduleni kwimisebenzi yokulungisa kunye nangexesha lokuzibamba. Ngokubanzi, uphononongo lwethu lubonelela ngendlela edibeneyo yokuqonda ezo zinto zokutyeba kakhulu ezibonisa ukufana kokuziphatha. Ukongeza, sicebisa ukuba ungenelelo lonyango olujolise kulawulo lwe-inhibitory lunokubonisa indlela ethembekileyo yokuthintela kunye / okanye unyango lokukhuluphala.
IINKCUKACHA: iziyobisi ubuchopho; ukunganyanzelekanga; ukutyeba kakhulu; ubuntu kunye neempawu ze-neurocognitive
PMID: 28659866
PMCID: PMC5469912
DOI: I-10.3389 / fendo.2017.00127
intshayelelo
Ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nokulutha kunobunzima kunye neemeko ezixineneyo ekuphambaneni kwebhayoloji kunye nempilo yengqondo. Isininzi soncwadi lwezenzululwazi lubalule ukubaluleka kwe-neurobiological and neuropsychological factor in pathophysiology of obesity (Umzobo 1) (1, 2). Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ubungqina obukhulayo bucebisa ukuba ukukhuluphala kwabelana ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokulutha ngokweenkqubo ze-neurobiological system eziphantsi komvuzo kunye neenkqubo zokuzilawula (3-5). Injongo yolu phononongo kukuvavanya ngokunzulu ukugcwala phakathi kokulutha kunye nokukhuluphala kwimimandla emine: (1) uphando lobuntu, (2) umsebenzi we-neurocognitive, (3) ingqondo yokucinga kwengqondo, kunye (4) ubungqina bekliniki.
Umzobo 1. Ingqondo ye-endophenotype yobuthathaka bokuba semngciphekweni. Ubuntu, ukuqonda, kunye nokusebenza kwengcinga yokusebenza kwengqondo ekhulisa ukukhuluphala. Ukutya okungalawulwa (i-UE) kubangelwa kukunxibelelana kwemvakalelo yokufumana umvuzo ophakamileyo kunye nokuzibamba ngendlela engeyiyo. I-OFC, i-cortex ejikelezayo; I-PFC, indawo yokuqala; I-ACC, i-cortex yangaphandle yangaphandle; UBED, ingxaki yokutya ngokutya; I-ADHD, ukunqongophala kwengqondo / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo; I-BMI, isalathiso sobunzima bomzimba.
Iindlela zobuchopho zoMdla wokuLawula kunye nokuLawulwa
Iinkqubo ezintathu zobuchopho ezidityanisiweyo zilawula ukutya kunye nokutya kwindlela yokuziphatha: (1) i-hypothalamus, ephendula kwizibonakaliso zangaphakathi zokulinganisa amandla, (2) inkqubo ye-limbic [amygdala / hippocampus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), kunye ne-striatum], Ibandakanyeka kukufunda kunye nememori kunye ne-encode ixabiso okanye ukukhuthaza isidlo sokutya, kunye (3) nenkqubo yolawulo lwengqondo (ikakhulu).6, 7). Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo walezi nkqubo ugcina amandla e-homeostasis, wenza ukuba kufundwe malunga nomxholo wezondlo zokutya, kwaye ukhuthaza inkuthazo yokufuna nokutya ukutya njengoko kufanelekile.
Nangona kunjalo, umahluko umntu ngamnye kwiindlela ze-neurobiological ezichaphazelekayo kulawulo lokukhetha ukutya kunye nokungena kokutya kusenokucacisa ukuba kutheni abanye abantu bechaphazeleka kakhulu ekufumaneni ubunzima kunabanye (8). Ewe kunjalo, abantu abatyebileyo banokuba neempawu ezibonisa ukuba banomdla wokuzonwabisa xa bechaphazeleka kwimeko elungileyo yendawo. Olunye lolo phawu kukungakhathali. Nangona uninzi lweenkcazo lukhona (9-14), ukunyanzelwa kuthathwa ngokubanzi njengokuthanda ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokujonga ngokupheleleyo iziphumo (15). USharma et al. (16) Kutsha nje kwenziwe uhlalutyo lwezinto eziphambili ze-meta-analytic kunye nesindululo sokuba impulsivity sisakhiwo esinezinto ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya izinto ezahlukeneyo zengqondo ezinje nge disinhibition, neuroticism, ukutyeba ngokugqithisileyo, ukujonga iimvakalelo, ukungakhathaleli, ukwenza izigqibo okungafunekiyo, ukungalawuleki kokuthintelwa, kunye nokungabikho Uguquko lwengqondo16-19).
Ukunyanzeliswa yinto ephambili yeziphazamiso ezininzi ze-neuropsychiatric ezifana ne-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), i-mania, kunye nokuphazamiseka kobuntu (20, 21). Izifundo ezininzi ziye zachaza ukuba ukunganyanzelekanga, uphawu olujongwa ngokubanzi kubantu abantsundu.22-26), isenokunxulunyaniswa nokhetho lokutya lwekhalori ephezulu, ukutya okungalawulwanga, kunye nophuhliso lokutyeba kakhulu (27-31). Umzekelo, abantu ababonakaliswa kukuziphatha okungasasebenziyo kunye nokuphendula okuphezulu kwimivuzo enokubakho kunokuba semngciphekweni wokukhulisa ukuthoba kwesisindo xa kutyhilwa kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-obesogenic8, 28, 32). Iinkqubo zeNeourohaisheral ezikhokelela ekungeneleleni zibangelwa kukunxibelelana kwempendulo ephezulu yokuvuselela kwimivuzo enokubakho (okt. Imvakalelo yokuziva) kunye nokuzibamba okungalunganga (okt, ukuzenzekela okuzenzekelayo)14, 28). Inkqubo yomvuzo icingelwa ngokubanzi ukubandakanya indawo zokuqikelela ze-mesolimbic dopamine neurons, ngelixa ukuzilawula kuxhomekeka kumbono wokuqala wecortex (PFC), ngakumbi i-PFC yasemva kwexesha, kunye ne-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Ukwahluka komntu ngamnye kwinto enganyanzelekangakiyo kunokwenza iqela elingelolakho kulo lonke ukukhuluphala kunye nokusetyenziswa iziyobisi. Kule meko, izifundo ezininzi ziphakamise ubukho bokufana phakathi komlutha kunye nokukhuluphala ekusebenzeni komvuzo (4, 5, 33, 34). Ngapha koko, iziyobisi ezikhobokisayo kucingelwa ukuba zikhobokisa ngenxa yezenzo zazo kwiinkqubo ze-neural ezilawula iimpendulo zenyameko kwimivuzo yendalo njengokutya (4, 34-36). Ukujikeleza kwedopamine kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufakweni kwexabiso lokuqiniswa kwezinto ezihluthayo (37, 38).
Ngokuthathela ingqalelo ukuba ezinye zeempawu ezibonisa ubungozi bokuba likhoboka lokuziphatha gwenxa kunokubonisa izinto ezinobungozi ekutyeba kakhulu, olu hlaziyo lujolise ekujonganeni nalo mbuzo ulandelayo: Ngaba indlela yokuziphatha engalawulekiyo nelambathayo kukuchongwa kweziyobisi likwakhona ngokutyeba kakhulu? Amacandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa ubungqina ngokobuntu, imisebenzi ye-neurocognitive, i-neuroimaging, kunye nobungqina bekliniki.
Iimpawu zoBuntu
Iimpawu zomntu zibonisa utyekelo lokuqonda, uvakalelo, kunye nokuziphatha kwindlela yokuphendula nakwimeko. Imikhwa ebamba utyekelo olungxamisekileyo inxulunyaniswa nokufumana ubunzima kunye nokuthengisa iziyobisi (39). Uhlalutyo lokuqala lwe meta-analytic eyintloko kuhlalutyo lweemibuzo ezinobuntu luchonge ezintathu ezingafaniyo zokuntywila (16): ((I-1) i-Disinhibition ngokuchasene neContraint / Isazela, (i-2) i-Neuroticism / i-Negative Emotionality, kunye (3) ye-Extraversion / Positive Empho. Le milinganiselo ibalasela kakuhle kubume be- "Big tano"40), i-UPPS (ngokungxamisekileyo, ukunyamezelana, ukujonga ubungakanani, ukujonga ukubuyiswa)19), kunye nezinye iingxaki ezininzi zokungqinelani9, 11). Ke ngoko, sisebenzisa le nto yezinto ezintathu ukubola okungafunekiyo (16) njengesakhelo sesiseko sokucwangcisa ubungqina bokuba ubungqindilili obulinganiswa nobuntu bunxulunyaniswa nokulutha nokukhuluphala (Itheyibhile 1).
1 Table. Isishwankathelo sonxibelelwano oluphambili phakathi kokulutha okanye ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nemilinganiselo yokunyanzelwa.
Ukuchazwa kweNtsholongwane ePhakamileyo kunye nokuBamba okuBanzi / iSazela
I-Disinhibition ngokuchasene neConstraint / Conscienceness factor inamacala amabini ahambelana nokuziphatha okukuziphatha: ukungabikho kokucwangcisa, okukhokelela ekungakwazikeni ukwala ngokungxama, kunye nokusilela okanye ukunyamezelana, okukhokelela ekungakwazi kuhlala nako kokuzibamba ebusweni ubunzima (16). Le nto inxulumene nala manyathelo alandelayo avela kwizikali ezixhaphakileyo zobuntu: ukungabikho kokunyamezelela kunye nokungabikho kokulungiswa kwangaphambili kwe-UPPS, isazela esiPhantsi esivela kwi-NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised NEO-PI-R, kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwemoto kunye nokungafikeleli kwisigqibo I-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) (16).
Amanqaku asezantsi kwiNkcubeko yeSazela anxulumene neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha (41) kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni (42-44), iingxaki zokungcakaza (45), ukutshaya (46-48), kunye notywala (49, 50). Ngaphezulu, isazela esisezantsi sonyusa umngcipheko wokuphinda ubuye emva konyango (51). Ukunqongophala kokucwangciswa okanye ukuvavanywa kwangaphambili kusetyenziswa isikali se-UPPS ikwangummelekisi ozimeleyo ongumlutha (52). Ke ngoko, i-Disinhibition ephezulu kunye ne-domain ye-Conscienceness ephantsi yokunyanzeliswa rhoqo inxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko ophezulu wokulutha, ukuxhasa ukubaluleka kokuzibamba ekuchaseni ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi.
Kwangokunjalo, ukukhuluphala ngokufuthi kunxulunyaniswa nenqanaba elincitshisiweyo lesazela (28, 53) njengoko kulinganiswe yi-NEO-PI, umbutho oqinisekisiweyo kuhlalutyo olukhulu lwe-meta olubandakanya kufutshane nabantu be-50,000 (54). Kwisampulu enkulu ye-heterogenible usebenzisa i-BIS, Meule kunye neBlechert (31) ifumanise ukuba ukuphononongwa okuphezulu kunye nokuxhuzula kwimoto bekuxelwa kwangaphambili kwisalathiso sobunzima bomzimba (BMI) emva kohlengahlengiso lweenkcukacha-manani zobudala nezesondo. Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo sasincinci, kwaye ukungacwangcisi ukunyanzeliswa kwakungadibani kakhulu ne-BMI (31). Okokugqibela, izifundo ezisebenzisa i-UPPS zifumene umanyano phakathi kwe-BMI kunye nokungabikho kokunyamezela, nto leyo ukungakwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi ocelimngeni (55, 56). Ngaphaya koko, amanqanaba aphezulu okubulala iintsholongwane, njengoko athelekiswa liKhweshine leFactor Eating, anxulunyaniswa nokufumana ubunzima bomzimba ngaphambi kwexesha (57). Ukulahla intshabalalo apha kubhekisa kumkhwa wokutya kakhulu ekuvezweni kokutya okuthandekayo okanye iimeko zoxinzelelo, uphawu olunxulumene nokuziva kunye nokuzeyisa. Ukukhanya kwezi zifundo, ukukhuluphala kubonakala kunxulunyaniswa ne-Disinhibition ephezulu kunye nesazela esisezantsi. Ezi mpawu zinokonyusa utyekelo lomntu lokutya kakhulu kwiimeko ezithile kwaye zinokubangela ukugcinwa kokuziphatha okunxulumene nokuncitshiswa kobunzima bomzimba kwabo batyebileyo (58).
I-Neuroticism / Ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga
Into ene-Neuroticism / Ukuziphatha okungalunganga kubonakalisa utyekelo lokwenza ngokungxama ngokuphendula kwiimvakalelo ezingalunganga kunye namava okunqwenela xa ukwimeko yeemeko ezimbi (16). Kubonakaliswa kwi-neuroticism kwi-NEO-PI-R, ukungxamiseka okungathandekiyo kwi-UPPS, kunye nokugxilwa okujolise kwi-BIS (16).
I-Neuroticism (NEO-PI-R) inxulumene nemimandla eyahlukeneyo yokuthengisa iziyobisi, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (42-44), ingxaki yokungcakaza (45), ukutshaya (46-48), kunye notywala (49, 50), kwaye nangomngcipheko wokuphinda ubuye umva emva konyango (51). Olunye uphononongo luye lwachaza umanyano phakathi konxunguphalo olubi (i-UPPS) kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (59-62). Lilonke, abantu abanokuziphatha okubi banokubandakanya ekusebenziseni iziyobisi njengendlela yokujongana noxinzelelo kunye nemvakalelo engalunganga.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhuluphala kunye ne-neuroticism abubonakali kangako. Ngelixa uphononongo lwangaphambili luxele ikhonkco phakathi kwezi zimbini (28, 53), Uhlalutyo lwe meta lwakutsha nje alufumananga umanyano (54). Unokwenzeka koku kunqongophala kobudlelwane obalulekileyo kukuba ubunzima bomzimba bunxulunyaniswa kuphela neempawu ezithile zeemvakalelo ezimbi. Umzekelo, ibonakaliswa rhoqo ukuba kuphela kwe-impulsorness subfactor ("N5: Impulsiveness") ye-NEO-PI-R ilungelelanisa ngokudibanayo (39, 63). Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwi-UPPS ixhasa lo mbono, njengonxunguphalo olubi, ukuthambekela kokuva iimpembelelo ezomeleleyo ngexesha lokuchaphazeleka kakubi, unxibelelene ne-BMI enkulu (55, 56). Eminye imibandela enokuthi ithambise ikhonkco phakathi kokutyeba kakhulu kunye ne-Neuroticism / i-Nexative Emotionality ibandakanya into yokuba umbutho unokubakho kuphela kubafazi kwaye nokuba ne-neuroticism inokubangela ukuba babe phantsi, ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco kwiingxaki zokutya (64). Oku kungabususa ubudlelwane obusebenza phakathi konxinzelelo kunye ne-neuroticism kwizifundo zabantu. Okokugqibela, ikhonkco phakathi kwe-neuroticism kunye nokukhuluphala kunokuthi kuqhutywa yimibuzo emibini kwinqanaba le-Neuroticism ye-NEO PI-R ejolise ngqo ekungalawulekeni kokutya (i-UE) yokuziphatha (65, 66).
Ngamafutshane, unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-Neuroticism / Negative Emotionality domain kunye nokukhuluphala ngokweqile kunokungahambelani kangako kunoko ngesazela nangokuDakumba. Nangona kunjalo, olu phawu lobuntu lunokumisela umntu othile ukuba atye kakhulu kwiimeko zokuxinezeleka ngokweemvakalelo (67), enokuthi ikhokelele ekuthandeni ixesha elide.
Ukuphambuka / Ukuxhonywa okuqinisekileyo
Umba wokuNgqinisisa / oqinisekileyo wokukhuthaza ubhekisa kukufuna uvakalelo kunye novakalelo kwimicimbi yokutya okanye yokuvuza (16). Abantu abane-Extraversion ephezulu / i-Positive Emotionality banomdla kwizimo ezilungileyo zemo engqongileyo kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba bazibandakanye kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezirhabaxa okanye ezinomvuzo xa befumana iimvakalelo ezakhayo. Kuthiwa bafuna inoveli kunye namava amnandi. Ukuphambuka / Ukuxhonywa okuqinisekileyo kokunxibelelana kunye ne-extraversion domain kwi-Model Factor Model yobuntu kunye nokuBuya ngokuKhangela kwi-UPPS (16). Uvakalelo lokuNikwa umvuzo kwinxalenye yokuNcama ukujeziswa kunye nokubuzwa kubuyekezo lwemibuzo (i-SPSR) luluhlu lwemibuzo oluzenzele lona oluvavanyo lobu bukhulu (28, 68).
Izifundo ezininzi zibonisa ukuba ukungafikeleli ngenxa yomvuzo kubonisa umngcipheko wokufumana iziyobisi kunye nokutya kakhulu ngokuphucula amandla okufumana iziyobisi okanye ukutya okufumanekayo (69, 70). Amanqaku aphezulu ku-Extraversion ahambelana nokunxila kweziyobisi (47). Umkhwa onxulumene noko, ukungxamiseka okuqinisekileyo, utyekelo lokuthatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza ukuphendula kwiimvakalelo ezakhayo, lwadityaniswa nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (59-62). Ukongeza, ukuKhangela kwimbuyekezo kuqhelekile kunxulumana nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye neengxaki zotywala (62). Ngokubanzi, uncwadi luhambelana ngokudibeneyo ne-Extraversion / Positive Emotionality domain yokuphembelela kukuphazamiseka okunomlutha.
Ezinye izifundo ziphakamise ukuba i-BMI ephezulu inxulunyaniswa namanqanaba ongezelelweyo okungaqhelekanga (28, 53). Amanqaku aphezulu kwi-Extraversion nawo abonakala ebikezela ubungakanani bokufumana ubunzima (emva kweminyaka ye-2) (71). Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo eziphikisanayo zikhona, ngohlalutyo lwemeta (54) ukusilela ukubonisa ubudlelwane obungqinelana phakathi kokukhuluphala kunye nokugqithisa kwizifundo ezide. Nangona kunjalo, uDavis et al. (72) ifumanise ukuba imbonakalo yomvuzo, njengoko kuvavanywa yi-SPSR, inxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okungalunganga njengokukhetha ukutya ukutya okunekhalori ephezulu kunye nokutya kakhulu (72). Bacebise ukuba abanye abantu banokuphinda babe nokusebenza kwakhona kwiindlela zokutya kwaye nolawulo lwesisindo, kwaba bantu, banokuthi babonise umzabalazo oqhubekayo kwimeko yokutya ngokutyebileyo yanamhlanje. Isebenzisa i-SPSR, eli qela likwabonisa ubudlelwane obunemilo e-U phakathi kovuyo lomvuzo kunye ne-BMI kwisampula yezifundo ezigubungela inani elikhulu lokuxabiseka kokucebisa, iphakamisa ukuba izifundo ezinobundilele kunye nezona zityebe kakhulu zazingathantamisi mbuyekezo kunakwizifundo ezikhulupheleyo nezinamafutha.73). Ngokusebenzisa i-Behaisheral activation Scale, amanye amaqela anike ubungqina bobudlelwane be-quadratic phakathi kwe-BMI nemvakalelo yokuvuzwa (74, 75). Ukucacisa obu budlelwane be-curvilinear, uDavis noFox (73) iphakamise ukuba kokubini hyper- kunye ne-hyposensitivity yokuvuza kunokubangela ukukhuluphala. Umba wobudlelwane be-U-shape engaphakathi kwi-BMI kunye ne-Extraversion ucebisa ukuba umahluko kuluhlu lweesampulu ze-BMI kwizifundo zonke zinokuphendula ngokuchaseneyo kuncwadi. Ukongeza koku, isini sinokuguqula ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-Extraversion kunye ne-BMI. Kwabafazi, amanqaku aphantsi kwi-Extraversion abonakala enxulumene nokunamathela ngakumbi (76, 77), ngelixa kuchasene into eyindoda (76, 78).
Ngokubanzi, nangona iziphumo eziphikisanayo zikhona, ubungqina bokwangoku buqondisa kwicala leeprofayile zokunyanzela ukufana nokukhuluphala kunye nongxaki yomlutha. Ngokukodwa, ezi ngxaki zimbini zibonakala njengezabelana ngolawulo oluphantsi lolwazelelelo (ukuphakama okuphezulu / Isazela esiphantsi), kunye nomkhwa wokwenza izigqibo ezinyanzelekileyo ukuphendula kwi-positive (i-Extraversion / i-Positive Emotionality) kunye ne-negative (high Neuroticism / Negative Emotionality). Umzobo 2 bonisa ukujonga okugcweleyo ngumahluko kubuntu ngokutyeba kakhulu kunye neziyobisi njengoko zithathwe kwi-Ref. (39, 42, 79). Oku kubonisa ukuba ngelixa, kwinqanaba elibanzi, ukukhuluphala kubonakala ngathi kuyafana nokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo, kukho umahluko kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo lezibonelelo zobuntu.
Umzobo 2. Iiprofayili zobuntu zokutyeba ngokugqithisileyo kunye ne-phenotypes yomlutha ngokwe-NEO-ubuntu bokuhlaziywa kwezinto. Sibonisa umahluko kwiiyunithi ze-T-amanqaku phakathi kwe-oese thabatha ubunzima bomzimba kunye neqela elilawulayo leqela lemotor. Kwinqanaba elibanzi lezinto, zonke i-phenotypes zabelana nge-Neuroticism ephezulu (Ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-Negative) kunye ne-Agreeableness kunye neConscienceness (i-Disinhibition ephezulu). Nangona kunjalo kwinqanaba elicocekileyo lobuso, iiprofayili ziya zincipha ngokufanayo. Umzekelo, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kuhluka kolunye uhlobo lweziyobisi kuphela kufikelela kwinqanaba elinye le-Neuroticism, kwaye hayi kuzo zonke iinkalo zesazela. Ke ngoko, ngelixa kukho ukufana okubanzi, ukutyeba kakhulu kunye neziyobisi ezinokubakho ngokuchaseneyo. Amanqaku afunyenweyo afunyenwe kula maphepha (39, 42, 79).
Imisebenzi yeNeococitive
Imisebenzi esekwe kwelebhu esetyenziswayo inokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa inhibitory control okanye ukuzilawula ngokwakho. Imizekelo exhaphakileyo esetyenziswayo ngumsebenzi wokuphungula ukulibaziseka, umsebenzi wokumisa umqondiso (SST), umsebenzi ka-Go / No-Go, umsebenzi we-Stroop, kunye nomsebenzi wokucwangcisa amakhadi eWisconsin (WCST) (80). Olu vavanyo lwe-neurocognitive luvavanya imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokungaxhaswanga, kubandakanya ukukhetha okunganyanzelekanga, ukuphendula ngokungxamisekileyo, nokungakhathali (15, 81). USharma et al. (16) yenze nohlalutyo lwe-meta-analytic inqanaba lezinto zokuhlalutya ezona zinto zisetyenziswayo zokuziphatha zokunyanzeliswa kwaye zichonge imimandla emine engamandla: (1) izigqibo ezenziwayo, (2) ukunganaki, (3), kunye (4), ) Ukutshintsha. Amacandelo alandelayo achaza ukuba ezi ndawo zinganyanzelekanga zinxulunyaniswa njani nokulutha nokukhuluphala (iThebhile 1).
Isigqibo esenziweyo
Ukwenza izigqibo okungafunekiyo (okanye ukhetho olunyanzelisayo) kubhekisa kumkhwa wokulibazisa ukulunga kunye nokukhetha umvuzo okhoyo kwangoko (16). Uvavanywa ngohlobo lomsebenzi wokuphungula ukulibaziseka, apho abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kwemali encinci, encinci kunye nenani elikhulu,82). Izinga lokuthoba isantya sokuncitshiswa kunxulunyaniswa nokukhetha okukhulu kwimivuzo ekhawulezileyo, ebonakalisa ukwenziwa kwezigqibo.
UKirby noPetry (83) babonakalise ukusebenzisa inguqulelo yemibuzo yalo msebenzi ukuba abantu abathetha iziyobisi banamazinga aphezulu okuphulukanisa nembuyekezo elindelekileyo kunolawulo. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta ezimbini zikwabonelela ubungqina obuqatha bokuba isantya sokunciphisa isaphulelo sinxulunyaniswa nobunzima kunye nokuxhaphaka kokuziphatha okuchaseneyo (84, 85). Ubungakanani bombutho bebufana phakathi kweentlobo ngeengxaki zokunxila (utywala, ukungcakaza, icuba, i-cannabis, i-opiates, kunye nezivuseleli)85). Elona qela likwachaze nobudlelwane obufanayo nokukhuluphala: nangona iziphumo ziyahluka, uhlalutyo lwabo lweemeta luye lwagqiba ukuba ukutyeba kakhulu kunxulumana nokucothiswa kwezaphulelo zemali kunye nemivuzo yokutya (86). Okubangela umdla, u-Weygandt et al. (87) kutshanje kufunyaniswe ukuba ukusebenza kwe-MRI (fMRI) yokusebenza kweendawo ezingalawuleki ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuncitshiswa kunxulunyaniswa nolondolozo lobunzima bomzimba ngexesha elide. Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, izifundo ezikhulupheleyo zibonakala ngathi zinokubambezeleka ekunciphiseni ukutya xa kuthelekiswa nolunye uhlobo lwemivuzo. Kwangokunjalo nezifundo ezinamakhoboka eziyobisi zinokuncitshiswa okukhulu kweziyobisi ngokuthelekiswa nolunye uhlobo lwemivuzo (28, 85, 86). Ukwenza izigqibo okungafunekiyo kwimikhwa kunye nokukhuluphala kunokusichaza isizathu sokuba abanye abantu baziphathe ngendlela engalunganga enika umvuzo kodwa onoyisayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Olunye uluvo kuthatho lwezigqibo olungxamisekileyo lujikeleza umxholo wokuziva usemngciphekweni. Ukuziva ubungozi kubhekisele kwinqanaba lokutsala okanye ukujija kwiziphumo ezingaqinisekanga (88). Ukuziphatha okuphakathi kokukhangela umngcipheko kunokubonakalisa izibonelelo zokufunyanwa kwemeko ezintsha kunye nezixhobo kwaye kunokukhokelela ekufumaneni izinto ezibonakala ngathi zibalulekile. Nangona kunjalo, umtsalane ogqithileyo emngciphekweni unokunxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezibi kwaye unokuba nenxaxheba kuphuhliso lweziyobisi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingcinga yokuziva ubungozi isetyenziselwe ukuchaza isimilo esinganyanzelekangayo kumlutha kunye nokukhuluphala (89, 90). Zombini iziyobisi kunye nokukhuluphala kunokubandakanya ukuya kwinqanaba elithile kwindlela yokuthanda ulonwabo lwexeshana elincinci ngaphandle komngcipheko weziphumo ezibi zexesha elide.89, 91). Izifundo ezininzi ziphakamise ubukho beenguqu ezinxulumene nomlutha kukhetho olunobungozi. Umzekelo, xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni, abathathi-nxaxheba abazinkcinkca ngotywala babonisa ukwanda komngcipheko xa belindele ilahleko enkulu engalindelekanga yemali (92). Ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ngobungozi kunye nezaphulelo zokulibaziseka okuphezulu kuyabonakala kuthintela ukugcinwa kokungakhathali kulandela unyango.93).
Zimbalwa kakhulu izifundo eziphonononge ngokuthe ngqo umngcipheko-uthatha ukufana okanye ukungafani phakathi komlutha kunye nokukhuluphala kuze kube ngoku. Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abantu abatyebileyo abanengxaki yokutya ngokungafanelekanga (BED) bathathe izigqibo ezinobungozi emsebenzini wemali njengamakhoboka eziyobisi (94).
Ukuthintela
I-inhibition domain ibhekisa kubuchule bokucinezela iimpendulo zemoto engaphambi kwayo (16). Imisebenzi eluvavanyayo inhibition ibandakanya iGo / Hayi-Go kunye ne-SST (80, 82). Kumsebenzi weGo / No-Go, abantu bacelwa ukuba baphendule ngokukhawuleza xa kuvela imvuselelo ebonakalayo ephindaphindiweyo (Yiya umqondiso) kodwa banqande impendulo yabo xa kuvela umqondiso wokuma onqamlezayo (uphawu lokungahambeli). Kumsebenzi we-SST, isiginali yokumisa iboniswa emva komqondiso ongu-Go wokulinganisa amandla omntu ukumisa impendulo esele iqalile (95).
Ubungqina obunokwenzeka bunxibelelanisa iziyobisi kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory control.96-98). Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwe-97 yezifundo usebenzisa imisebenzi ye-SST okanye yeGo / No-Go exela ukuba ulawulo lwe-inhibitory control lubonwa ngokubanzi kwizifundo ezinobunzima bokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nokungcakaza kwe-pathological (99). Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho bungqina bokusilela ukunqanda inhibitory kwizifundo ezifunyaniswe ukuba zinesifo se-cannabis, opioid, okanye isiyobisi se-Intanethi (99).
Ngokufanayo, ukutyeba kunxulunyaniswa nolawulo olungalunganga lwe-inhibitory. Uphengululo loncwadi olubanzi lufumanise ukuba abantu abatyebileyo nabanotyeba kakhulu banolawulo olusebenzayo lokulawula inhibitory kwiinguqulelo ezithile zokutya ze-SST (100). Ababhali bacebise ukuba i-SST inokuba ngummakishi olungileyo ukuba achonge abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana isisindo okanye abaphendule kancinci kungenelelo lokunciphisa umzimba (100). Ulawulo lwe-inhibitory elambathayo lukwanxulunyaniswa nokufumana ubungakanani obuphezulu bokufumana ubunzima (101, 102kunye nokutya103). Ngaphaya koko, uvavanyo lwe meta lwakutsha nje luqinisekisile ukuba abantu abadala batyebileyo babonisa intsilelo yokulawula inhibitory xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olunamandla104). Iziphumo ezifanayo ziye zaxelwa kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo (104-108). Nangona kunjalo, uLoeber et al. (109) ayifumananga mahluko ubonakalayo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abanomdla okanye abatyebileyo ekusebenzeni ngexesha lokutya okunxulumene nokuya / kukuhamba-hamba. Ngaphaya koko, abanye abafumananga siphumo se-BMI ngomntu ngamnye kwintsebenzo ye-SST ekuphenduleni ukutya, kodwa kunxibelelwano oluluqilima phakathi kwe-BMI kunye nokuxhonywa (110).
Ngapha koko, uVoon et al. (111) Usebenzise ixesha lokuphendula ngokulandelelana ukusuka kuvavanyo lweentonga kuvavanyo lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxhotyiswa kwemoto: ukulinda ukungxamela okanye ukuphendula ngaphambi kwexesha. Bafumanise ukuba iimpendulo zangaphambi kwexesha zaziphezulu kakhulu kubantu abanomlutha (utywala, ukutshaya, kunye neziyobisi) kodwa hayi kwizifundo ezi-feta okanye ze-BED. Ke, ezinye iindlela zokungxamiseka kweemoto ezibonakalayo kumlutha azikho ngokutyeba kakhulu.
Inattention
Isizinda sesithathu sokungxamiseka esiqwalaselwe apha kubhekisa kubuchule bokunika ingqwalaselo kwimisebenzi ethile ngelixa kucinezela impendulo ekuphazamiseni (16). Umsebenzi we-Stroop udla ngokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa isizinda sokungakhathali sokungxamiseka (16). Lo msebenzi ufuna ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bachonge (ngesiqhelo ngamazwi) umbala wegama elibhaliweyo, ngaphandle kokufunda igama ngokwalo. Xa igama liprintwe ngombala ongachanekanga negama (umzekelo, igama eli-blue liprintwe luhlaza), kukho ukungqubana phakathi kokufunda amagama kunye nokubiza amagama. I-PFC iye yachukunyiswa ekwenzeni umsebenzi weStroop (112).
Ukuphuculwa kwalo msebenzi, "umlutha-we-Stroop," apho isisusa sokuphambuka simele into yesiyobisi somdla, sikwasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iinkqubo zokujonga ezinxulumene nokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo (113). Ewe, bukhona ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba abantu abakhoboka lotywala banomdla wokukhathalela izinto ezinxulumene neziyobisi, ezinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunqwenelweni ziziyobisi, ekuseleni, nasekubuyeleni kwakhona (114). Ngokufanayo, olunye uphononongo luxelile ukuba abantu abatyebileyo banokuba nengxaki yokujongana neendlela ezinxulumene nokutya, ezinokonyusa ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunye nokufumana isisindo ngokuhamba kwexesha (115). IHolo et al. (116) ifumanise ukuba amanqanaba aphakamileyo okungaqwalaselwanga abaxeli bokutya okune-khalori ephezulu. Ngaphaya koko, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba abantu abatyebileyo baphawulwa ngamanqaku asezantsi kwimisebenzi yemveli ye-Stroop (117). Nangona olunye uphononongo lubike ukunxulumana okungahambelani phakathi kokukhathalelwa kwezinto ezihambelana nokutya kunye nokukhuluphala (28, 115, 118, 119), Ngaphambili sigqibe kuvavanyo olubanzi lokuba umsebenzi weStroop ungomnye wemisebenzi yokulawula engqondakaliyo ebonisa ukuhlangana okunesidima nokuziphatha okuhambelana nokutya (28).
Ukutshintsha
Ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha, okanye ukubanakho ukutshintshela ingqalelo okanye umsebenzi usekwe ekuphenduleni kwimithetho etshintshayo, ikwanokunxulunyaniswa nokuqhutywa shushu (16). Uvavanywa ngokwesiqhelo ne-WCST (16). Ngeli xesha lo msebenzi, abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba batshatise ikhadi lokuphendula libe linye kumakhadi odidi amane asekwe kwimithetho ethile (umzekelo, umbala, ubume, okanye inombolo) (120). Imigaqo iyatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha kunye nezifundo kufuneka zilungise impendulo yazo. Umkhwa wokusilela ukutshintsha ubizwa ngokuba yonyamezelo, kwaye unokubonakalisa uhlobo lokungxamiseki. Ukungaguquki kwengqondo eguqukayo inxulunyaniswe nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo (121, 122).
Uhlalutyo lwakutshanje lukaMorris noVoon (122) Ucacise ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwengqondo eguquguqukayo yokuvavanywa kusetyenziswa i-WCST kunye nomlutha awuhambelani. Ewe, ezinye izifundo zenze ingxelo yobuthathaka bokubhetyebhetye kweziyobisi ezichasene neziyobisi (123) kunye nabantu abangabikho iziyobisi (ukugembula, i-bulimia)124). Nangona kunjalo, abanye abafumananga unxibelelwano lubalulekileyo phakathi kokusebenza kwi-WCST kunye nokulutha (125-127). Ngokumalunga nokukhuluphala, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubike ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwi-WCST kubantu abatyebileyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abanengxaki yokutya (128). Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe meta (121uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo (118) zombini kuxelwe ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweWCST kubantu abatyebileyo xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo. Nangona kunjalo, ukutyeba ngaphezulu kunabantu abatyeba kakhulu akuzange kubonakaliswe kukuphazamiseka okuguqukayo (121).
Ngokubanzi, ubungqina obukhoyo ngoku kwimisebenzi ye-neurocognitive kukuba abo batyebileyo kunye nomlutha bobabini babonakala ngokuthathwa kwezigqibo kukwenza izigqibo kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo ukuphendula iziyobisi okanye ukutya. Ukongeza, ukutyeba kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa notshintsho lweengqondo eziguqulweyo (ukutshintsha-ukutshintsha) kuvavanywa kwi-WCST kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory oluvavanyiweyo oluvavanywayo kunye ne-SST.
Neuroimaging
I-Neuroimaging isetyenziselwe ukuphanda ukuhambelana okusebenzayo kunye ne-anatomical ye-neural yokuba semngciphekweni wokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi nokutya kakhulu. Ukuba semngciphekweni wokulutha kungakuthathwa njengokuvela kwintsebenzo yempendulo ekhuthazayo kwizimo zeziyobisi, ubume bokuyilwa komkhwa, ukuzilawula okungalunganga, kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwemvakalelo engalunganga (129, 130). Ezi nkqubo zihambelana neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho kodwa ezidibeneyo: (1) inkqubo ye-mesolimbic dopamine, ifakwe kumvuzo, inkuthazo, kunye nemeko yokuziqhelanisa, ebandakanya indawo yecandelo le-ventral, i-ventral striatum, i-anterior insula, i-OFC, i-amygdala, kunye ne-hippocampus kunye ( I-2) imijikelezo yolawulo lobuqili, ethintelwe kukuzibamba, kubandakanya i-CCC ephakathi nephakathi, kunye ne-insula (131). Izifundo zangaphambili ze-neuroimaging zisikhanyisile ngendima yenkqubo ye-mesolimbic kwi-pathophysiology ye-drugiction (132-139). Abathathi-nxaxheba abanomlutha kubonakala ngathi babonisa ukunyanzelwa kokunyanzelwa kwe-FMRI kwiindawo zangaphakathi, kwi-amygdala, nakwimimandla ye-OFC ekuphenduleni kwimikhwa yeziyobisi (133). Ngokubanzi, ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana nokubona ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwiziyobisi iziyobisi babonisa ukujongwa okuphezulu kwengqwalaselo okanye inkuthazo kwiziphumo ezinxulumene neziyobisi (130).
Ngokumalunga nemijikelezo yolawulo lwengqondo, ulutsha oluqala ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi lubonakala lubonisa ukunciphisa inqanaba leoksijini yokuxhomekeka kwegazi (i-BOLD) kwindawo yecortexal preortal cortex (DLPFC), i-putamen, kunye ne-parietal cortex ephantsi ngexesha lomsebenzi / Wokuhamba u-Go, ucebisa ukuba Ukusebenza gwenxa kwesiseko kwezi ndawo zinokuqikelela ukuqaliswa kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (140, 141). Kule vein, umsebenzi we-theoretical ugxininise indima ephambili yeendawo ze-PFC kuhlobo lokuphela kobukhoboka112). Umzekelo, abathathi-nxaxheba abanobukhoboka babonakala ngathi babonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwangaphambili, okubandakanya i-dysal function ye-PFC (i-dACC kunye ne-DLPFC) ekubandakanyekeni kokuzibamba, i-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) ebandakanyeka kulawulo lweemvakalelo kunye nokudibana kwe-cortex kunye umva we-OFC obandakanyeka kwi-inhibitory okanye iimpendulo ezizenzekelayo (112). Kucetywe ukuba i-PFC ibandakanyeke kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezingekho mgangathweni ngokubhekisele kwimimandla yokulawula imimandla esekwe kwinkqubo yokufumana umvuzo (112, 142). Umzekelo, amandla oqhagamshelo phakathi kwe-dACC kunye ne-striatum inxulunyaniswa kakubi nobukrelekrele biso se-nicotine (143). Ukusebenza gwenxa kwe-PFC kunokuba yinto enokwenzeka kwi-endophenotype ebizwa ngegama Impendulo ezingalunganga zokuthintela kunye nobuphawu (112). Le endophenotype yomibini inyusa ubuntununtunu kwizidakamizwa kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuthintela isimilo esingalunganga (144). Ngokuhambelana nezi ziphumo, ukuthanda iziyobisi kubonakala kubandakanya i-amygdala, ACC, OFC, kunye ne-DLPFC (145), ukucebisa ukubandakanyeka kuzo zombini izixhobo ezinxulumene nomvuzo kunye nolawulo lwezixhobo.
Izifundo ezininzi zokucinga ngengqondo zikwaxhasa umbono wokuba ubungozi bokufumana ubunzima kunye nokutya kakhulu kunokubangelwa kukunxibelelana phakathi kwemizwa yokutya okunyuselweyo (ukukhuthaza isidima sendawo) kunye nolawulo olungekuko lwe-inhibitory. Ukuphendula imbonakalo yokutya okubonakalayo, abathathi-nxaxheba abanengxaki yokukhuluphala bakonyusa ukwenziwa kwe-PFC enesidima, i-ventral striatum, i-parahippocampal gyrus, i-precyral gyrus, i-front / inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), kunye nesihlobo se-ACC kwizifundo ezi-lean (119-121). Imimandla yobuchopho kucingelwa ukuba ibeka iimpendulo kwimbuyekezo, ukunyusa isikhukula, ukulungelelaniswa kwemoto kunye nememori. Uyilo lophononongo olude lubonise ukuba imisebenzi eyandisiweyo ye-BOLD kwiindawo ezinxulumene nomvuzo (okt, i-ventral striatum kunye ne-OFC) iqikelela ukuzuza kwesisindo, iphakamisa ikhonkco phakathi kokuphendula okuphezulu komvuzo kunye nokuphuhliswa koxinzelelo (146, 147). Ngokuphathelele kwimijikelezo yolawulo lwe-inhibitory, abathathi-nxaxheba abanengxaki yokukhuluphala babonakala bebonisa ukungaguquki komsebenzi ogcweleyo kwi-DLPFC kunye ne-insula ekuphenduleni iindlela ezibonakalayo zokutya (148), icebisa ukubandakanyeka okuncitshisiweyo kwezixhobo ze-neural ezinxulumene nokuthintelwa, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nolwazi lokuqonda. Qaphela, uphononongo olude lubike ukuba ukwanda kokusebenza kwi-DLPFC ekuphenduleni kwimifanekiso yokutya enekhalori ephezulu inxulunyaniswa nokunciphisa umzimba ngokuzithandela (149, 150). Umdla onokwenzeka kukuba iinkqubo zokuzilawula kwi-DLPFC zinokuwujongela phantsi umsebenzi we-VMPFC kwaye ke, zilungelelanise ukhetho lokutya (151). Ukuxhasa le modeli, ukusebenza ngokudibeneyo okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-DLPFC kunye ne-VMPFC kunxulunyaniswa nokulahleka kwesisindo okuphumelela (102) kunye nezigqibo zokutya okunempilo151). Ngaphaya koko, ezinye izifundo ze-FMRI ziye zaxela ukuba ukumiselwa kokunqwenela ukutya kuyayanyaniswa nomsebenzi owandisiweyo kwi-DLPFC, IFG, nakwi-dorsal ACC (152-154).
Izifundo ezimbalwa ze-neuroimaging kwi-obesity ziye zajongana ngqo neenkqubo zokulawula ukuqonda ngokusebenzisa ubucukubhede bolawulo lwe-inhibitory. Apha, izifundo ze-fMRI zifumene ubudlelwane obungalunganga phakathi kokusebenza kobuchopho kwimimandla yolawulo oluphezulu (i-PFC yecala) kunye ne-BMI (155-157). Izifundo ze-Longitudinal ziye zaxela ukuba umsebenzi kwi-DLPFC ngexesha lokulawulwa kwengqondo kubonakala ngathi kuqikelelwa ukuphulukana nobunzima bomzimba emva konyango (87, 102). Kwelinye icala, ukonakala kokulawulwa kwengqondo kwimimandla ethandwayo (i-1) yehlise ukufunyanwa kwendlela yokuziphatha ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwesisindo kunye (2) ukuphucula ukhuthazo lokutya ukutya okutyebileyo, nokuba akukho mfuneko yamandla (6, 158).
Ngokudibeneyo, uphononongo olukhankanyiwe ngaphambili lubonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanengxaki yokukhuluphala kunye nezigulana ezinolutshintsho zisebenza ngokufanayo kwimimandla yangaphambili nakwimijikelezo ye-mesocorticolimbic. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku izifundo ezimbalwa ze-neuroimaging ziye zathelekisa ngokuthe ngqo iimpembelelo zokutyeba kakhulu kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo zeziyobisi ekusebenzeni kwengqondo. Inqaku lokugqibela libaluleke ngokukodwa, kuba ukutya kunye neendlela zeziyobisi zibonakala zisebenza kwimimandla yobuchopho efanayo ebandakanyekayo kwiinkqubo zembuyekezo, ezinje nge-striatum, amygdala, OFC, kunye ne-insula (135). Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwangaphambili luqwalasele ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanengxaki yokukhuluphala kunye nezifundo ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi babonisa umsebenzi ophakamileyo oBALASELEKILEYO kwi-amygdala kunye ne-ventral striatum ekuphenduleni iindlela ezifanelekileyo (ukutya ngokukhuluphala kunye neziyobisi iziyobisi) (159).
Ngokubanzi, izifundo ezikhoyo ze-fMRI zibonelela ngobukho benkqubo ye-neural ekwabelanayo ehambelana nokukhuluphala kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulutha. Ulawulo lwe-inhibitory olubi ngokudibeneyo kunye nokunyuka kwemvakalelo yokufumana ingqalelo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwii-cues (ukutya okanye iziyobisi) kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini ukukhuluphala kunye nokuphazamiseka okuluthayo.
Ubungqina bezonyango
Ukuphazamiseka kokutya ngokutya
Ukuphazamiseka kokutya inyama ye-Binge- (BED) yingxaki yokutya eyaziwa ngeziqendu zokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kunamanani esiqhelo okutya ngamaxesha amafutshane (160). Oku kulunywa kunxulunyaniswa nemvakalelo yokulahleka kolawulo kunye noxinzelelo olulandelayo kunye nokubekeka. Izifundo ezininzi zinika ingxelo yokuba abantu abanomboniso we-BED bonyusa ukunganyanzelekanga, imvakalelo eguqulweyo yomvuzo, kunye nokutshintsha ukunikwa ingqalelo kunye nokukhumbula inkumbulo kukunxibelelana nokutya (161, 162). Umzekelo, abantu abane-BED banokulibaziseka kabukhali kwezaphulelo kwimivuzo (163) kunye nokwenza umsebenzi osezantsi kwimimandla ye-PFC ngexesha lolawulo lwe-inhibitory.164, 165), ukucebisa ukuba ukungxamiseka kunokuba yinto enxulumene kakhulu ne-BED. I-BED iveza ukufana kwe-phenotypic kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa iziyobisi (166). Ewe, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye neBED ziimpawu zombini ngokuphulukana nolawulo lokusebenzisa kakhulu, kunye nokugcwala okungapheliyo nangona zineziphumo ezibi (167).
Uqwalaselo lokuba i-BED yabelana ngokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha okungaphantsi kokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni iziyobisi kukhokelele ekusebenziseni ibinzana elithi "iziyobisi zokutya," ngokukodwa ngokubhekisele kubantu abahlangabezana neendlela zokuvavanya i-BED, kodwa ngakumbi ikakhulu njengengcaciso yokukhuluphala. Imodeli ibonakalisa ukuba ukutya okutya okuneswekile kunokukhokelela kwimpendulo yokulutha kubantu abasemngciphekweni kunye nabasemngciphekweni omkhulu (168, 169). Ukwahluka komntu ngamnye “kumakhoboka okutya” kungasetyenzwa kusetyenziswa izikali ezifana neYale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) (166, 170, 171) okanye i-YFAS 2.0 (uhlengahlengiso oluhlengahlengisiweyo lwenkqubo ye-DSM-5 yokuphazamiseka kwento enxulumene nezinto kunye neziyobisi) (172). Nangona kunjalo, imodeli "yokulukutya" ebantwini ihlala inempikiswano (173-177). Eyona nto igxekwa kakhulu kukuba imodeli isekwe kakhulu kwizifundo zezilwanyana kwaye uhlobo kunye nenani lokutya okubonakaliswa 'kukulutha "kukungabalulekanga (173, 174, 177). Ngapha koko, izilwanyana azifane zibonakalise indlela yokuziphatha efana nokongeza iswekile; ezi ndlela zenzeka kuphela xa ukufikelela kwiswekile kuyinto edlulayo, kwaye kungengenxa yempembelelo yeswekile (177). Oku kusilela ekubonakaliseni into eyi-arhente yokulutha ekutyeni kukhokelele kwezinye zezobuphembelela ukuba zivumele ukubhekisa kwimeko leyo kuthiwa "kukungamakhoboka okutya" endaweni yoko (178). Siphakamise igama elithi "UE" (65). Ukongeza, nangona amanqaku "amakhoboka okutya" adityaniswa kakuhle namanyathelo aliqela okuncomeka (179), ayingabo bonke abantu abanengxaki yokukhuluphala okanye iBED bonisa "ukulutha kokutya," kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, abanye abantu ababonisa "ikhoboka lokutya" abayigqibi (174, 180). UDavis (171) Icebisa ukuba "umlutha wokutya" wenza inqanaba lokugqibela lesongezo lokutya (65) kwaye unokumamela inkqutyana egqithileyo ye-BED. Kwindlela efanayo, iBED idityaniswe ngokutyeba kakhulu; Nangona kunjalo, i-BED inokwenzeka nakubantu abanobubanzi bomzimba obonakalayo (181). Njengoko kucetyisiwe kwizifundo ezidlulileyo, abantu abatyebileyo abane-BED babonakala ngathi bafanekisa kwaye banqabile ngokufihlakeleyo (166, 182). Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa imigca phakathi kwe-BED, "umlutha wokutya," kunye nokukhuluphala kuchazwa, ezi meko zibonakala ngathi zabelana ngeempawu eziqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukunganyanzelekanga kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle.
Ukuchaphazeleka kwengxaki / ukuphazamiseka kwesiqhelo
Ingxaki yokusilela / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yengqondo ephawuleka ukungakhathaleli, uvavanyo lwengqondo, kunye nokuxhonywa (160). Izifundo ze-Neuroimaging ziphakamise ikhonkco phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwimijikelezo yangaphambili. Umzekelo, kwizifundo ze-anatomical kuqaphele ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-ADHD babonisa ubucekeceke be-cortical kwi-PFC, enxulumene nokusilela kolawulo lwe-inhibitory (183, 184). I-comorbidity yesiqhelo ye-ADHD kukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa iziyobisi (185-187). Umzekelo, uphononongo olude ekufumaneni ukuba abantwana kunye nolutsha olune-ADHD basemngciphekweni ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokutshaya icuba emva kokulandela iminyaka ye10 (188).
Kukho nobungqina obukhulayo bonxibelelwano phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokukhuluphala. Nangona kunjalo, obu budlelwane buhlala bunempikiswano (189, 190). Ingxelo ye-meta-analytic yakutsha nje ifumene ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokukhuluphala kunye ne-ADHD kubantwana nakubantu abadala emva kolawulo lwezinto ezinokubangela umngcipheko (umzekelo, isini, uyilo lwesifundo, ilizwe kunye nomgangatho wokufunda)190). Kwelinye icala, olunye uhlaziyo lwamva lwe-meta luxele ukuba amandla omanyano phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokukhuluphala. Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani besiphumo buyenyuka kunye nobudala obucebisa ukuba unxibelelwano lomelele kubantu abadala kunabantwana (189). Izifundo ezimbini ezide zafumanisa ukuba abantu abane-ADHD basemngciphekweni ophezulu wokutyeba kunolawulo (191, 192). Uphengululo lwamva nje oluhlelelekileyo lufumanise ukuba amandla omanyano phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokutya okungasasebenziyo kwakumodareyitha (193). Ngapha koko, ulungelelwaniso lwofuzo lwafunyanwa phakathi kwe-ADHD, BMI, kunye nokutshaya (194). Ukucacisa ikhonkco phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokukhuluphala, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ezi zinto zimbini ziphazamisayo zibonisa izinto ezihambelana nokuchaphazeleka, njengokuxhonywa kunye nokungakhathalelwa (195). UDavis et al. (196) iphakamise ukuba abantu abane-ADHD banokungathobeki ngakumbi kwimiqondiso yabo yangaphakathi yendlala kunye nokugcuma, oku kungakhokelela ekutyeni okulandelayo kamva. Into enomdla kukuba, unyango lwe-pharmacological ye-ADHD ene-dopaminomimetics inokulungiselela ukulawulwa kobunzima ngokumodareyitha amasignali e-satiety kunye nokuziphatha kokuziphatha (197). Ngokubanzi, i-ADHD ibonakala inxulunyaniswa nobukhoboka kunye nokukhuluphala kunye ne-neural endophenotypes ephambili kuzo zombini, oko kukuthi, ukusilela kokuzibamba kunye nokuxhonywa.
Uxinzelelo okanye uXinzelelo lweMvakalelo
Uxinzelelo sisimo somngcipheko ubiquitous kuzo zonke iingxaki zengqondo, kwaye ineziphumo ezibalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu okukhoyo ngokutyeba kunye nokukhuluphala (198, 199). Izifundo zibonakalise unxulumano phakathi koxinzelelo kunye nokunqwenela iziyobisi (200, 201). Ukuchaphazeleka okungapheliyo koxinzelelo lobomi kukwabeka kusengaphambili kutshintsho ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kweziyobisi ukuya ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kweziyobisi (202), kwaye kubonakala ngathi konyusa umngcipheko wokuphinda ubuye phakathi kwabasebenzisi abangahlawulwayo (202). Uxinzelelo yenye yezinto eziphambili zendlela yokulutha olucetyiswe nguKoob noLe Moal (203). Ngokwalo mgaqo-sikhokelo, ukulutha kunokuthathwa njengenkqubo eqhubekayo ye-hedonic kunye ne-homeostasis dysregulation (204). I ukucaphukisa uxinzelelo Umjikelo uchaza ukuba ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nokusilela kumgaqo wokuzitshintsha kunokubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo yomvuzo. Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kusanda, abaguli bafika kwisimo se-pathological esibonakaliswa kukuchaphazeleka okungalunganga kokudakumba kunye noxinzelelo, olubizwa ikakhulu emva kokurhoxiswa kweziyobisi. Imodeli ibonakalisa ukuba eli lizwe elinemvakalelo elingafaniyo lenza ukuba kube nenkuthazo enamandla yokufuna iziyobisi, kuba abaguli abakwinqanaba elinzulu leziyobisi banokusebenzisa iziyobisi ukuze bafumane isiqabu kuxinzelelo (203).
Ngokumalunga nokukhuluphala, ubungqina obunyukayo bibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo lunokuguqula iipatheni zokutya (198, 205). Imeko yokuziphatha engalunganga okanye uxinzelelo olungapheliyo yonyusa iphaneli yokutya okanye iminqweno yokutya, ingqalelo ekhethiweyo ngokutya, kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo ngabantu abafuna ukutya kakhulu (umzekelo, iilekese kunye netshokholethi) (206-209). Ukonyuka kokufuna ukutya kunye nokutya ekutyeni ngexesha leemvakalelo ezifuna amandla kunokuhambelana nento yokuba ukutya oko kubizwa ngokuba "kukutya okuthuthuzelayo" kukhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwempembelelo ezimbi (210, 211), ngokuhambelana nemodeli yeKoob neLe Moal. Ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo kunye nokutya, nangona kunjalo, kuboniswa okwahluka okumangalisayo. Ewe, uxinzelelo lunokunxulunyaniswa zombini kunye nokuthanda ukutya okucothayo (205), nge-30 yeepesenti yabemi ababona ukunyuka komnqweno wokutya, i-48% ukuthanda ukutya, kwaye enye ayitshintshi (212). Izifundo ziphakamise ukuba ukutyeba kakhulu kwenza ingqikelelo ebalulekileyo yokunyuka kokutya ngexesha loxinzelelo. Umzekelo, ngelixa uxinzelelo lomsebenzi linxulunyaniswa nokufumana isisindo kubathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda abane-BMI ephakanyisiweyo, uxinzelelo olufanayo lwengqondo lukhokelela ekulahlekeni kwesisindo kubathathi-nxaxheba abazondlayo (213). Okokugqibela, abantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu babonakala ngathi banengxaki enkulu yeziganeko zobomi eziguqukayo kunye noxinzelelo olungapheliyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abazondlayo198).
Uxinzelelo lwenza kwiindawo zobuchopho ezibandakanyeka kumacala omabini ommiselo wokunqwenela: umvuzo / inkqubo yenkuthazo kunye neendlela ezithintelayo zolawulo. Umzekelo, uTryon et al. (214) ifumanise ukuba ekuphenduleni kwimifanekiso yokutya enekhalori ephezulu, abantu basetyhini abaphawuleka ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu bonyusa ukusebenza kwimimandla yobuchopho ebandakanyeka kumvuzo nakwinkuthazo kunye nasekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwimimandla yaphambi kokuqala. Aba basetyhini babonakalise ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kokutya okunekhalori ephezulu emva kweseshoni yokuskena. Kwikhowudi efanayo, Maier et al. (215) Ndithelekisa iimpendulo ze-neural phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababelwe uxinzelelo lweLebhu ngokuchasene nezo zabelwe imeko yokungathathi cala ngexesha lomsebenzi wokukhetha ukutya. Izihloko ezinikwe uxinzelelo zibeka ixabiso elingakumbi kulombhalo wezinto zokutya ezibonisiweyo. Ukuthelekisa oku, i-ambygdala yamazwe amabini kunye ne-nucleus yasekunene ebonakalayo iveze ubungakanani bencasa yeenketho ezikhethiweyo ngokuqina xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba. Ababhali bazitolika ezi ziphumo njengokucebisa ukuba uxinzelelo olungamandla lunganyusa uphawu olunomvuzo wokukhuthaza ukutya (215). Ngapha koko, uJastreboff et al. (216) kuqatshelwe ukuba abantu abatyebileyo babonisa ukunyuka kokusebenza kwimimandla ebusayo, engasenanto, nethambeka ngokuphendula uxinzelelo kunye neendlela zokutya ezithandekayo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangamakhoboka. Oku kunyuka kwe-corticolimbic-striatal activation ekuphenduleni iindlela zokutya kunye noxinzelelo kwakudityaniswa ngokuhambelana nomnqweno wokutya, ukucebisa ukuba abanye abantu banokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokutya ukutya okuphezulu kwekhalori ngexesha loxinzelelo (216). Kwisiseko semodeli yethiyori ephakanyiswe nguSinha noJastreboff (198), iindlela zokutya ezithandekayo ezidityaniswa nokuchaphazeleka okungapheliyo koxinzelelo zinokuguqula iimvakalelo, iimpendulo ze-metabolic (umz., i-glucose kunye ne-hormonal-balance hormones), kunye neempendulo zokuphendula koxinzelelo (umz. ukuzeyisa, nokwenza izigqibo. Ke, ukuziva ngoxinzelelo kunokunxibelelana neenkqubo zembuyekezo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukutya kakhulu (okanye bobabini) kubantu abasesichengeni (217).
isiphelo
Ubungqina bokungahambelani
Ngaphandle kokufana okuvezwe apha kukho ubungqina bokuba ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukileyo kwaye zinokugqitha ngokuyinxalenye (218). Ngelixa ezinye izifundo ziye zabona amaqondo aphezulu okuphazamiseka219, 220), abanye baye baxela ukusilela konxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kweziyobisi kunye nokukhuluphala (221-224). Imiba yendlela (224) kunye nobunzulu obumangalisayo obunobunzulu kunye ne-heterogeneity enxulumene nokukhuluphala kunye nokulutha (225) inokunceda ekucaciseni ukungangqinelani okubonwe phakathi kwezifundo. Izinto ezininzi (umzekelo, ukunganyanzelekanga kunye neempawu zoxinzelelo) zinokunxibelelana nokukhuluphala / indlela yokutya ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo ekunzima ukuziphendula kwizifundo ezinesampulu ezincinci zesampulu. Ezi zinto zinokuchaza izifundo ezingqubanayo ezincwadini. Ngaphaya koko, umdla onokwenzeka kukuba ezinye izinto ezincinci zokutyeba kunokubeka emngciphekweni ophezulu wokuhlakulela isimilo33). Umzekelo, abanye abaguli abahlinzwa emva kwexesha le-bariatric kubonakala ngathi babonisa ukunyuka kwamanani eengxaki zokulutha (226-228). Le nto ixhaphakileyo ibizwa ngokuba "kukungalungisi okanye ukugqithisa."
Izithintelo zoqwalaselo lwangoku kufuneka zamkelwe. Ukutyeba kakhulu kubangelwa kukungalingani okungapheliyo phakathi kokutya kunye nenkcitho yamandla. Phantse lonke uphononongo ngokutyeba kakhulu kunye nokungxamiseka okuvezwe apha chaza abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo ngokwe-BMI (kg / m2). Ngelixa iBMI isisibonakaliso sokudibana ngokupheleleyo, eyona nto intle kukuba isenokungadibani neepatheni zokutya. Kule vein, kubalulekile ukuba ubandakanye inkcazo yabathathi-nxaxheba ngokweendlela zokutya okanye iipateni zabo ze-UE. Ngaphezulu, iimeko zeklinikhi ezihlala zibakhona kwimeko yokukhuluphala, njenge-BED okanye i-ADHD azivavanywa ngokwenkqubo kwaye azifakwanga kuzo zonke izifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kuphononongo lwangoku. Eli nqaku lenza isithintelo esibalulekileyo esinokuthi sigubungele okanye sithambise ukungqengqeleka phakathi kobukhoboka kunye nokukhuluphala.
Ukuqukumbela Izivakalisi
Ukulutha kunye nokukhuluphala ziingxaki zempilo ezinobunzima obukhulu bokubakho. Ubungqina obukhulayo obuvela kubuntu, ubuchwephesha bengqondo, kunye nokufunda ngengqondo kucacisa ukuba ukudityaniswa kolawulo oluncitshisiweyo kwaye, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elincinci, ukwandiswa kokuva komvuzo yinto yomngcipheko kuphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwezi syndromes zombini. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwisizinda solawulo lokuqonda (umzobo 2) njengoko kulinganiswa yiConscienceness kunye ne-Disinhibition factor kumaphepha emibuzo, ubuntu kwimisebenzi yolawulo, okanye ukunciphisa ukufunyanwa kweendawo ezinxulumene nolawulo lwengqondo, njenge-PFC yecala, kwizifundo ze-fMRI. Abantu ababonakaliswe kukutya okuphezulu kwaye banolawulo oluphezulu lwengqondo banokulawula ngcono ubunzima bomzimba wabo kwindawo etyebileyo yokutya okuthandekayo.
Uhlalutyo lwangoku lubonelela ngombono obanzi wokutshintsha okunxulumene nokunganyanzelekanga ekutyebeni kakhulu kunye nokulutha Iziphengululo zoqwalaselo zinamandla okwazisa ngeendlela zekliniki ezijolise kuthintelo okanye unyango lokukhuluphala. Ukuzibamba kokuziqhelayo kukuqagela kweziphumo zonyango oluhlwempuzekileyo kwimpatho yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (51) kwaye unokuba ngomnye kunyango wokutyeba kakhulu. Iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku zinokuthi, ngenxa yoko, zibe nomdla kubanyangi bokuziphatha okuqinisekileyo okujolise ekukhuthazeni iindlela zokwenza umthambo kubathathi-nxaxheba abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu. Ungenelelo olukhethekileyo lolawulo lwe-inhibitory lunokubonisa indlela ethembisayo yokuthintela ukutyeba kakhulu kubantu abazilawulayo kunye nokufumana umvuzo omkhulu.
Umbhali Wemivuzo
I-AM: uyilo kunye nokuqonda komxholo wesandla; wabhala umbhalo obhaliweyo; kwaye yanika imvume yokugqibela. I-UV kunye ne-IG: yabhala yaze yahlaziya ngokucacileyo lo mbhalo-mbhalo; wanika imvume yokugqibela. I-AD: uyilo kunye nokuqonda komxholo wesandla; wabhala kwakhona wahlaziya kabukhali; ukubeka iliso kwizifundo kunye noxanduva lokufumana inkxaso-mali; kwaye yanika imvume yokugqibela.
Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.
Inkxaso
Lo msebenzi uxhaswe yimali esebenzayo evela kwiZiko laseKhanada loPhando ngezeMpilo ukuya kwi-AD. I-AM ngumamkeli wobudlelwane be-postdoctoral evela kumaZiko oPhando ngezeMpilo eCanada.
Ucaphulo
1. I-O'Rahilly S, e-Farooqi IS. Ukutyeba ngokugqithisileyo komntu: isifo sokuchaphazeleka esibonakalayo esijongene nemeko yokusingqongileyo. Diabetes (2008) 57(11):2905–10. doi:10.2337/db08-0210
2. Volkow ND, O'Brien CP. Imicimbi ye-DSM-V: ngaba ukukhuluphala kufanelekile kubandakanywe njengokudakumba kwengqondo? IJ Psychiatry (2007) 164(5):708–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.5.708
3. UFrascella J, uPotenza MN, uBrown LL, uMntwana onguMntwana ongu-Ar. Ngaba uhambisa umlutha kumdibaniso omtsha? Ukwabiwa kwengqondo ekwabelaneni ngengqondo kuvula indlela yeziyobisi ezingezizo iziyobisi. Ann NY Acad Sci (2010) 1187:294–315. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05420.x
4. I-Volkow ND, i-RA elumkileyo. Ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi kungasinceda njani ukuba siqonde ukukhuluphala? Nat Neurosci (2005) 8(5):555–60. doi:10.1038/nn1452
5. IVolkow ND, Baler RD. NAMHLANJE ngokujikeleza kobuchopho obujikelezayo: iimpembelelo zokutyeba kakhulu kunye nomlutha. Iintlobo zeeurosci (2015) 38(6):345–52. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.002
6. Umdaka A. Umsebenzi wobuchopho obukhoyo ngokutya. Iindlela ze-Endocrinol Metab (2012) 23(5):250–60. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.02.009
7. Umyalezo A. Ummiselo wokukhethwa kokutya kukujikeleza kwesigqibo. Nat Neurosci (2013) 16(12):1717–24. doi:10.1038/nn.3561
8. I-Boswell RG, Kober H. Ukutya kwakhona kwe-cue kunye nokulangazelela ukutya kwangaphambili kunye nokufumana isisindo: uphononongo lwe-meta-analytic. I-Obes Rev (2016) 17(2):159–77. doi:10.1111/obr.12354
9. Grey JA. Isiseko se-psychophysiological ye-intiganaion-extraversion. Behav Res Ther (1970) 8(3):249–66. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(70)90069-0
10. I-Eysenck SB, i-Eysenck HJ. Indawo yokuziva ungxamisekanga kwinkqubo yenkcazo yobuntu. IB J J Cl Clin Psychol (1977) 16(1):57–68. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb01003.x
11. Patton JH, uStanford MS, uBarratt ES. Ubume beempawu zenqanaba le-Barratt impulsiveness. J Clin Psychol (1995) 51(6):768–74. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1
12. UZuckerman M. Ukucaciswa kweendlela zokuziphatha kunye neebhayoloji zeMeko-bume yokuFuna. ENew York: IYunivesithi yaseCambridge Press (1994).
13. Cloninger CR. Indlela ecwangcisiweyo yenkcazo yeklinikhi kunye nokuhlelwa kokwahluka kobuntu. Isicelo. Arch Gen Psychiatry (1987) 44(6):573–88. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014
14. UDawe S, uLoxton NJ. Indima yokuphembelela kuphuhliso lokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuphazamiseka kokutya. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2004) 28(3):343–51. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007
15. UDalley JW, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Ukunyanzelwa, ukunyanzelwa, kunye nokulawulwa kokuqonda okuphezulu. Neuron (2011) 69(4):680–94. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.020
16. USharma L, uMarkon KE, uClark LA. Ukuya ithiyori yeentlobo ezithile zokuziphatha "ezinganyanzelekanga": uhlalutyo lwemeta lokuziphatha kunye namanyathelo okuziphatha. Psychol Bull (2014) 140(2):374–408. doi:10.1037/a0034418
17. Robbins TW, Gillan CM, Smith DG, de Wit S, Ersche KD. I-endophenotypes ye-Neococitiveitive of impulsivity kunye nokunyanzelwa: ngokubhekisele kubuntununtunu bengqondo. Iindlela ezihambelana neCogn Sci (2012) 16(1):81–91. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.009
18. UFranken IHA, van Strien JW, Nijs I, uMuris P. Impulsivity inxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha kwisigqibo sokuziphatha. Psychiatry Res (2008) 158(2):155–63. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.06.002
19. I-Whiteside S, i-Lynam D. Imodeli emihlanu yeFactor kunye nokuxhonywa: usebenzisa imodeli yobuntu ukuqonda ukuqonda ukunganyanzelekanga. Pers Umahluko ohlukileyo (2001) 4:669–89. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7
20. Isibonelelo JE, Potenza MN, abahleli. I-Oxford Handbook yeMpembelelo yokuLawulwa kweMpembelelo. 1st ed. I-Oxford University Press (2011). Ifumaneka kwi: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195389715
21. IChamberlain SR, iSahakian BJ. I-neuropsychiatry yokunyanzeliswa. Curr Opin Psychiatry (2007) 20(3):255–61. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ba4989
22. I-Perry JL, UCarroll ME. Indima yokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni gwenxa kweziyobisi. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2008) 200(1):1–26. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1173-0
23. Potenza MN, Taylor JR. Ifunyenwe elunqulweni: ukuqonda okunyanzelekileyo kunye nokuhlangana okunxulumene nako ngokwenza uphando ngokubalulekileyo kunye nophando lwezonyango. Biol Psychiatry (2009) 66(8):714–6. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.004
24. I-Verdejo-García A, iBechara A. Ingcinga ethile yokwenziwa kotywala. Neuropharmacology (2009) 56(Suppl 1):48–62. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.035
25. Belin D, Mar AC, Dalley JW, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Ukunyanzelwa okuphezulu kuxela kwangaphambili ukutshintshela ekuthatheni i-cocaine. inzululwazi (2008) 320(5881):1352–5. doi:10.1126/science.1158136
26. Brewer JA, Potenza MN. I-neurobiology kunye ne-genetics yokupheliswa kokulawulwa kwempembelelo: ubudlelwane neziyobisi. Biochem Pharmacol (2008) 75(1):63–75. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.043
27. I-Davis C. Iimpawu zengqondo zepsychological kwiprofayili yomngcipheko wokutya kakhulu kunye nokufumana ubunzima. Int J Obes (2005) 2009 (33 Suppl 2): S49-53. doi: 10.1038 / ijo.2009.72
28. UVainik U, Dagher A, Dubé L, Fellows LK. Ukuhambelana kwe-Neurobehavioural ye-index yesisindo somzimba kunye nokuziphatha kokutya kubantu abadala: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2013) 37(3):279–99. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.008
29. UGuerrieri R, uNederkoorn C, uJansen A. Unxibelelwano phakathi kokungxamiseki kunye nendawo yokutya eyahlukeneyo: ifuthe lazo ekutyeni nasekutyeni kakhulu. I-Int J Obes (yeNdlela) (2008) 32(4):708–14. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803770
30. UGuerrieri R, uNederkoorn C, uStankviewicz K, uAlberts H, uGeschwind N, uMartijn C, et al. Impembelelo yokuziphatha kunye nokuphembelela kokunyanzelwa yimeko yokutya ukutya kubafazi abasempilweni abaqhelekileyo. Ukutya (2007) 49(1):66–73. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.11.008
31. I-Meule A, Blechert J. Trait impulsivity and index index of body: a-cross-sectional research in 3073 itself shows a good, kodwa ubudlelwane obuncinci kakhulu. Ezempilo Psychol Vula (2016) 3(2):2055102916659164. doi:10.1177/2055102916659164
32. UBryant EJ, uKing NA, uBlundell JE. I-Disinhibition: Iziphumo zayo kukunqwenela ukutya kunye nommiselo wobunzima. I-Obes Rev (2008) 9(5):409–19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00426.x
33. UDavis C, uCurtis C, uLeviitan RD, uCarter JC, uKaplan AS, uKennedy JL. Ubungqina bokuba "likhoboka lokutya" luhlobo olufanelekileyo lokutyeba kakhulu. Ukutya (2011) 57(3):711–7. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.017
34. UV osisilumko, uSpindler J, deWit H, uGerberg GJ. I-Neuroleptic-indved "anhedonia" kwiigundane: iibhloko zephimozide zinomvuzo womgangatho wokutya. inzululwazi (1978) 201(4352):262–4. doi:10.1126/science.566469
35. UDavis C, uCarrter JC. Ukutya ngokugqithisileyo okunyanzelekileyo njengesifo sokulutha. Uhlalutyo lwethiyori kunye nobungqina. Ukutya (2009) 53(1):1–8. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.018
36. UKenny PJ. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zeselfowuni kunye neemolekyuli kukukhuluphala neziyobisi. Nat Rev Neurosci (2011) 12(11):638–51. doi:10.1038/nrn3105
37. Ulumkile RA. I-neurobiology yokunqwenela: iimpembelelo zokuqonda kunye nonyango lokulutha. J Abnorm Psychol (1988) 97(2):118–32. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.118
38. I-Salamone JD, iCorrea M. Iimbono ezixhasayo zokunyanzeliswa: iimpembelelo zokuqonda imisebenzi yokuziphatha ye-nucleus accumbens dopamine. Behav Brain Res (2002) 137(1–2):3–25. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00282-6
39. I-Sutin AR, iFerrucci L, iZonderman AB, iTerracciano A. Ubuntu kunye nokukhuluphala ngokweqile kwithuba lokuphila kwabantu abadala. J Pers Soc Psychol (2011) 101(3):579–92. doi:10.1037/a0024286
40. John OP, Srivastava S, abahleli. Iimpawu ezintlanu ezinkulu zeteknoloji: imbali, umlinganiso, kunye nembono zethiyori. Incwadana yesimilo: Ithiyori kunye noPhando. I-2nd ed (1999). p. I-102-138.
41. UBogg T, uRobert BW. Isazela kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nempilo: Uhlalutyo lwe-meta-yeendlela eziphambili zokuziphatha ezifaka isandla ekufeni. Psychol Bull (2004) 130(6):887–919. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887
42. UTerracciano A, Löckenhoff CE, Crum RM, Bienvenu OJ, Costa PT. Iiprofayili ezinhlanu zeFactor Model zabasebenzisi bamachiza. BMC Psychiatry (2008) 8:22. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-22
43. UKotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D. Ukunxibelelanisa iimpawu zobuntu “ezinkulu” kuxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa iziyobisi: Uhlalutyo lwe-meta. Psychol Bull (2010) 136(5):768–821. doi:10.1037/a0020327
44. URuiz MA, uPincus AL, uSchinka JA. Ukukhuphela ngaphandle isifo kunye nemodeli yezinto ezintlanu: Uhlalutyo lwe meta lweempawu zobuntu ezinxulunyaniswa nobuntu bokungahambi kakuhle, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kunye nokuvela kwazo. J Pers Disord (2008) 22(4):365–88. doi:10.1521/pedi.2008.22.4.365
45. Brunborg GS, Hanss D, Mentzoni RA, Molde H, Pallesen S. Ingxaki yokungcakaza kunye nemizekelo emihlanu yezinto zobuntu: isifundo esikhulu esisekwe kubemi. likhoboka (2016) 111(8):1428–35. doi:10.1111/add.13388
46. UMalouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS. Imodeli yezinto ezintlanu zobuntu kunye nokutshaya: uhlalutyo lwe-meta. J Ukufundisa ngeziyobisi (2006) 36(1):47–58. doi:10.2190/9EP8-17P8-EKG7-66AD
47. Hakulinen C, Hintsanen M, Munafò MR, Virtanen M, Kivimäki M, Batty GD, et al. Ubuntu kunye nokutshaya: uhlalutyo-meta ngamnye-umntu othatha inxaxheba uhlalutyo lwezifundo ezisithoba zeqela. likhoboka (2015) 110(11):1844–52. doi:10.1111/add.13079
48. UTerracciano A, Costa PT. Ukutshaya kunye nemizekelo emihlanu yobuntu. likhoboka (2004) 99(4):472–81. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00687.x
49. UMalouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Rooke SE, Schutte NS. Ukubandakanywa kotywala kunye nemodeli emihlanu yeFactor yobuntu: uhlalutyo lwe-meta. J Ukufundisa ngeziyobisi (2007) 37(3):277–94. doi:10.2190/DE.37.3.d
50. URuiz MA, uPincus AL, uDickinson KA. I-NEO PI-R yokuqikelela ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene notywala. J Pers Ukuhlola (2003) 81(3):226–36. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8103_05
51. I-Bottlender M, Soyka M. Impembelelo yobuntu obahlukeneyo (i-NEO yesihlanu-Factor Inventory) kwiziphumo zezigulana ezixhomekeke etywaleni i6 kunye ne12 kwiinyanga emva konyango. Psychiatry Res (2005) 136(1):61–7. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.013
52. I-Torres A, Catena A, Megías A, Maldonado A, Cándido A, Verdejo-García A, et al. Iindlela zokomoya nezingavisisaniyo neemvakalelo ekuziphatheni okungafunekiyo kunye nokulutha. Front Hum Neurosci (2013) 7:43. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00043
53. UGerlach G, Herpertz S, uLoeber S. Ubuntu beempawu kunye nokukhuluphala: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo. I-Obes Rev (2015) 16(1):32–63. doi:10.1111/obr.12235
54. UJokela M, Hintsanen M, Hakulinen C, Batty GD, Nabi H, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Umbutho wobuntu kunye nophuhliso kunye nokuqhubeka kokutyeba kakhulu: uhlalutyo lweemeta olusekwe kwidatha yomthathi-nxaxheba. I-Obes Rev (2013) 14(4):315–23. doi:10.1111/obr.12007
55. Murphy CM, Stojek MK, MacKillop J. Unxibelelwano phakathi kweempawu zobuntu ezingathandekiyo, umlutha wokutya, kunye nesalathiso sobunzima bomzimba. Ukutya (2014) 73:45–50. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.008
56. I-Mobbs O, i-Crépin C, iTiéry C, iGolay A, uVan der Linden M. Ukutyeba kunye neenkalo ezine zokunyanzelwa. Iingcebiso ngezezifundo eziNyamezelayo (2010) 79(3):372–7. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.03.003
57. IHays NP, iRoberts SB. Izinto ezinokuziphatha ekuziphatheni “ukubulala intsholongwane” kunye “nokuthintela” zihambelana nokufumana isisindo kunye ne-BMI kwabasetyhini. Ukutyeba kakhulu (Intwasahlobo yesilivere) (2008) 16(1):52–8. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.12
58. I-Sullivan S, Cloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Klein S. Ubuntu kwiimpawu zokutyeba kakhulu kunye nobudlelwane bokunciphisa umzimba. I-Int J Obes (yeNdlela) (2007) 31(4):669–74. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803464
59. Smith GT, Fischer S, Cyders MA, Annus AM, Spillane NS, McCarthy DM. Kwinyani kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo zocalucalulo phakathi kweempawu ezinjenge-impulsrenity-iimpawu. U vavanyo (2007) 14(2):155–70. doi:10.1177/1073191106295527
60. I-whiteside SP, iLynam DR. Ukuqonda kakuhle indima yokuxhonywa kunye nokubekwa ngaphandle kwengqondo kwi-psychopathology ekusebenziseni gwenxa utywala: ukusetyenziswa kwesilinganiselo sokuziphatha okungafunekiyo i-UPPS. Khanyisa i-Psychopharmacol (2003) 11(3):210–7. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.3.210
61. I-Verdejo-García A, Lawrence AJ, Clark L. Impulsivity njengophawu lokusemngciphekweni wokuphazamiseka ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi: uphononongo lokufunyaniswe kuphando olusemngciphekweni omkhulu, abagembuli beengxaki kunye nezifundo zemanyano yemfuza. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2008) 32(4):777–810. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003
62. Mitchell MR, Potenza MN. Iziyobisi kunye neempawu zobuntu: ukungakhathalelwanga kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo. UCrr Behav Neurosci Rep (2014) 1(1):1–12. doi:10.1007/s40473-013-0001-y
63. UTerracciano A, Sutin AR, McCrae RR, Deiana B, Ferrucci L, Schlessinger D, et al. Iimpawu zobuntu ezinxulunyaniswa nabangaphantsi kunye nokukhuluphala. Psychosom Med (2009) 71(6):682–9. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181a2925b
64. I-Sutin AR, iTerracciano A. Iimpawu ezintlanu zoMzekelo weempawu eziSini kunye nenjongo kunye namava e-weighting body. J Pers (2016) 84(1):102–12. doi:10.1111/jopy.12143
65. UVainik U, uNeseliler S, Konstabel K, Fellows LK, Dagher A. Ukutya kuthatha amanqaku emibuzo njengento eqhubekayo yengcinga enye. Ukutya okungalawulwa. Ukutya (2015) 90:229–39. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.004
66. UVainik U, Mõttus R, Allik J, Esko T, Realo A. Ngaba ukuhambelana komkhwa kubangelwa zizikali okanye izinto ezithile? Umzekelo wokuhlalutya ubuntu kunye ne-BMI. I-Euro J Pers (2015) 29(6):622–34. doi:10.1002/per.2009
67. I-Emery RL, uKing KM, uFischer SF, uDavis KR. Indima yokumodareyitha engxamisekileyo ngokungafanelekanga kumanyano olunokwenzeka phakathi kokuthintela ukutya kunye nokuzinkcinkca ukutya. Ukutya (2013) 71:113–9. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.001
68. I-Torrubia R, Āvila C, iMoltó J, iCasera X. Imvakalelo yokufumana isohlwayo kunye nokuziva unembuyekezo yokufumana iphepha lemibuzo (SPSRQ) njengenqanaba lokuxhalaba kukaGrey kunye nemilinganiselo yokunganyanzelekanga. Pers Umahluko ohlukileyo (2001) 31(6):837–62. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00183-5
69. UKreek MJ, Nielsen DA, Butelman ER, LaForge KS. Iimpembelelo zemfuzo kunyanzeliso, ukuthatha umngcipheko, ukuphendula ngoxinzelelo kunye nokuba semngciphekweni wokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye neziyobisi. Nat Neurosci (2005) 8(11):1450–7. doi:10.1038/nn1583
70. Dagher A. I-neurobiology yesifiso sokutya: indlala njengesiyobisi. Int J Obes (2009) 33(S2):S30–3. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.69
71. I-Magee C, Izulu P. Iimpawu ezinkulu ezintlanu zobuntu, ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nokufumana isisindo seminyaka eyi-2 kubantu abadala baseOstreliya. I-Fac Health Behav Sci (2011) 3:332–5. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.02.009
72. UDavis C, Patte K, uLevi R, uReid C, uTweed S, nguCurtis C. Ukusuka kwinkuthazo ukuya kwisimo: imodeli yokuziva ngomvuzo, ukutya kakhulu, kunye nokutya okuthandayo kwiprofayili yomngcipheko wokutyeba kakhulu. Ukutya (2007) 48(1):12–9. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.05.016
73. UDavis C, Fox J. Ubunono bokufumana umvuzo kunye nesalathiso sobunzima bomzimba (BMI): ubungqina bolwalamano olungelulo. Ukutya (2008) 50(1):43–9. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.007
74. I-Dietrich A, i-Federbusch M, i-Grellmann C, i-Villringer A, i-Horstmann A. Inqanaba lomzimba, indlela yokutya, iimvakalelo zokufumana umvuzo / isohlwayo, kunye nesini: ubudlelwane kunye nokuxhomekelana. Ingqondo yangaphambili (2014) 5:1073. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01073
75. I-Verbeken S, iBroet C, iLammertyn J, i-Goossens L, i-Moens E. Ngaba ukuziva imbuyekezo kunxulumene kanjani nokuqina komzimba ebantwaneni? Ukutya (2012) 58(2):478–83. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.018
76. I-kholo ye-MS, uFlint J, uFirburn CG, uGoodwin GM, uAllison DB. Umahluko ngokwesini kubudlelwane phakathi kobuntu nobungakanani bomzimba. Obes Res (2001) 9(10):647–50. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.86
77. UDavis C, uCerullo D. Ukuhanjiswa kwamanqatha kubafazi abancinci: ukuhlangana kunye nokuhlangana kwezinto zokuziphatha, zomzimba nezengqondo. I-Psychol Health Med (1996) 1(2):159–67. doi:10.1080/13548509608400015
78. Brummett BH, Babyak MA, Williams RB, Barefoot JC, Costa PT, Siegler IC. Imimandla yobuntu be-NEO kunye nenqanaba lokuxela ngesini kunye nokuhamba kwesalathiso sobunzima bomzimba ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-14 ngexesha lobomi. J Zobuqu (2006) 40(3):222–36. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.12.002
79. I-Bagby RM, Vachon DD, Bulmash EL, Toneatto T, Quviv LC, Costa PT. Ukungcakaza okungapheliyo kunye nemeko yeempawu ezintlanu. Pers Umahluko ohlukileyo (2007) 43(4):873–80. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.011
80. Iigumbi zeCD, iGaravan H, iBellgrove MA. Ukuqonda kwisiseko se-neural sokuphendula ekuvinjelweni kwengqondo kunye ne-neuroscience yonyango. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2009) 33(5):631–46. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016
81. Hamilton KR, Mitchell MR, Wing VC, Balodis IM, Bickel WK, Fillmore M, et al. Ukunyanzelwa kokuzikhethela: iinkcazo, imiba yokulinganisa, kunye nefuthe lonyango. Ukungahambi kakuhle buqu (2015) 6(2):182–98. doi:10.1037/per0000099
82. IMacKillop J, Weafer J, Grey JC, Oshri A, Palmer A, de Wit H. Isimo sokugqibela sokunyanzeliswa: ukhetho olungenakuphikiswa, isenzo esingxamisekileyo, kunye neempawu ezingathandekiyo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2016) 233(18):3361–70. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4372-0
83. UKirby KN, uPetry NM. I-heroin nabaxhaphazi be-cocaine banezaphulelo eziphezulu zembuyekezo ebambezelayo kunotywala okanye kulawulo olungasebenzisi iziyobisi. likhoboka (2004) 99(4):461–71. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x
84. IMacKillop J, iAmlung MT, Imbalwa i-LR, iRay LA, i-LH emnandi, iMunafò MR. Ukuncitshiswa komvuzo wokunciphisa kunye nokuziphatha okuluthayo: Uhlalutyo lwe-meta. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2011) 216(3):305–21. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0
85. I-Amlung M, Vedelago L, Acker J, Balodis I, MacKillop J. Steep ukulibaziseka kwesaphulelo kunye nokuziphatha okuluqilima: uhlalutyo lwe-meta lokudibana okungapheliyo. likhoboka (2016). i-Doi: 10.1111 / engeza.13535
86. Amlung M, Petker T, Jackson J, Balodis I, MacKillop J. Steep isaphulelo sokulibaziseka kwemali kunye nembuyekezo yokutya kukukhuluphala: uhlalutyo lwe-meta. Psychol Med (2016) 46(11):2423–34. doi:10.1017/S0033291716000866
87. Weygandt M, Mai K, Dommes E, Ritter K, Leupelt V, Spranger J, et al. Ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo kwi-dorsolateral pre kwangaphambilial cortex ezichaphazela ubunzima bokutya emva kokutya kwakhona ukukhuluphala. Neuroimage (2015) 109:318–27. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.073
88. U-Plt ML, uWatson KK, uHayden ngu-Malusi SV, uKlein JT. I-Neuroeconomics: iimpembelelo zokuqonda i-neurobiology yokulutha. 2nd ed. Ku: Kuhn CM, Koob GF, abahleli. Inkqubela-phambili kwi-Neuroscience yesiyobisi. I-Boca Raton, i-FL: ICRC Press / iTaylor kunye noFrancis (2010). (Imida kwiNeuroscience). Ifumaneka kwi: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53362/
89. Weinstein SM, Mermelstein R, Shiffman S, Flay B. Mood variability kunye nokunyuka kwecuba ukwanda kwabafikisayo. I-Psychol Addict Behav (2008) 22(4):504–13. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.22.4.504
90. U-Brogan A, u-Heert D, u-O'Callaghan G, uYoder R, u-O'Shea D. Ukuthathwa kwezigqibo phakathi kwabantu abadala abadala abaziphethe kakuhle. J Psychosom Res (2011) 70(2):189–96. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.07.012
91. I-Leehr EJ, Krohmer K, Schag K, Dresler T, Zipfel S, Giel KE. Imodeli yokulawulwa kwempembelelo yokuphazamiseka kokutya kunye nokukhuluphala - uphononongo lwenkqubo. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2015) 49:125–34. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.008
92. Worbe Y, Irvine M, Lange I, Kundu P, Howell NA, Harrison NA, et al. Ukudityaniswa kwe-Neuronal yokujonga umngcipheko wokufuna ukulahleka okulindelweyo kwabo basela kakhulu. Biol Psychiatry (2014) 76(9):717–24. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.028
93. UStevens L, uVerdejo-García A, Goudriaan AE, Roeyers H, Dom G, Vanderplasschen W. Impulsivity njengezinto ezinobungozi kwiziphumo zonyango olungalunganga: uphononongo lweziphumo ezifunyenweyo zeemvakalelo phakathi kwabantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi. J Ngaphantsi kweNyango yoTywala (2014) 47(1):58–72. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.01.008
94. I-Voon V, iMorris LS, i-Irvine MA, iRuck C, iWorbe Y, iDerbyshire K, et al. Ukuthatha umngcipheko ekuphazanyisweni kwemivuzo yendalo kunye neziyobisi: Uqhakamshelwano lwe-neural kunye nefuthe lobukho, ubugorha, kunye nobukhulu. Neuropsychopharmacology (2015) 40(4):804–12. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.242
95. Logan GD, Cowan WB, Davis KA. Kwikhono lokuthintela iimpendulo zexesha elilula kunye nokuzikhethela: imodeli kunye nendlela. J Qhelanisa i-Psychol Hum Percept Perform (1984) 10(2):276–91. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.10.2.276
96. I-Kaufman JN, i-Ross TJ, i-Stein EA, iGaravan H. Cingate i-hypoactivity kubasebenzisi becocaine ngexesha lomsebenzi we-NO-NOGO njengoko kuboniswe kwimicimbi enxulumene nokusebenza komfanekiso oshukumisayo. J Neurosci (2003) 23(21):7839–43. doi:23/21/7839 [pii]
97. U-Hester R, Garavan H. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwesiyobisi se-cocaine: ubungqina bendawo yangaphambili, i-cingate kunye nomsebenzi weseli. J Neurosci (2004) 24(49):11017–22. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3321-04.2004
98. Fu L, Bi G, Zou Z, Wang Y, Ewe E, Ma L, et al. Umsebenzi wokuthintela ukungalunganga kubantu abaxhomekeke kwi-heroin: isifundo se-fMRI. Neurosci Lett (2008) 438(3):322–6. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.033
99. USmith JL, uMatick RP, uJamadar SD, u-Iredale JM. Ukushokoxeka kuthintelo lokuziphatha kokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye neziyobisi: uhlalutyo lwe-meta. Utywala beziyobisi (2014) 145:1–33. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.009
100. Bartholdy S, Dalton B, O'Daly OG, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo lobudlelwane phakathi kokutya, ubunzima kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory usebenzisa umsebenzi wesignali yokumisa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2016) 64:35–62. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.010
101. Kulendran M, Vlaev I, u-Sugden C, uKumkani D, u-Ashrafian H, ngesisa P, et al. Uvavanyo lwe-Neuropsychological njengokuqikelela ukulahleka kwesisindo kulutsha olutyebileyo. Int J Obes (2014) 38(4):507–12. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.198
102. Weygandt M, Mai K, Dommes E, Leupelt V, Hackmack K, Kahnt T, et al. Indima ye-neural impulse yokulawula iindlela zempumelelo yokutya kukukhuluphala. Neuroimage (2013) 83:669–78. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.028
103. I-Appelhans BM, uWoolf K, iPagoto SL, uSchneider KL, uWhite whit, uLiebman R. Uthintelo lokufumana ukutya: isaphulelo ukulibaziseka, imvakalelo yokutya, kunye nokutya okuthandekayo kwabasetyhini abatyebe ngokugqithisileyo kunye nabakhulu. Ukutyeba kakhulu (Intwasahlobo yesilivere) (2011) 19(11):2175–82. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.57
104. I-Lavagnino L, i-Arnone D, iCao B, i-Soares JC, iSelvaraj S. Inhibitory control in obesity and a binge yokutya ingxaki: uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nemeta yezifundo ze-neurocognitive kunye neuroimaging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2016) 68:714–26. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.041
105. Reinert KRS, Po'e EK, Barkin SL. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuphatha kunye nokukhuluphala ebantwaneni nakwishumi elivisayo: uphononongo loncwadi olucwangcisiweyo. Izinto zeJ (2013) 2013:820956. doi:10.1155/2013/820956
106. UMiller AL, Lee HJ, Lumeng JC. I-biomarkers ehambelana nokukhuluphala kunye nomsebenzi olawulayo ebantwaneni. Pediatr Res (2015) 77(1–2):143–7. doi:10.1038/pr.2014.158
107. Liang J, Matheson BE, Kaye WH, Boutelle KN. I-Neurocognitive ulungelelwaniso lokukhuluphala kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nokukhuluphala ebantwaneni nakwishumi elivisayo. Int J Obes (2014) 38(4):494–506. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.142
108. UCarnell S, Benson L, Pryor K, Driggin E. Iimpawu ezincomekayo ukususela kwasebusaneni ukuya ebusheni: ukusebenzisa iindlela zokuziphatha kunye neural ukuphanda umngcipheko wokutyeba kakhulu. Physiol Behav (2013) 121:79–88. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.015
109. Loeber S, Grosshans M, Korucuoglu O, Vollmert C, Vollstädt-Klein S, Schneider S, et al. Ukuthintelwa kolawulo lwe-inhibitory ekuphenduleni iindlela ezinxulunyaniswa nokutya kunye nokukhathalela abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo lobunzima. Int J Obes (2012) 36(10):1334–9. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.184
110. Mühlberg C, Mathar D, Villringer A, Horstmann A, Neumann J. Ukuma kwindawo yokujonga ukutya-indlela isini kunye nokukhuluphala okunempembelelo ngayo kwisithintelo sokuphendula. Ukutya (2016) 107:663–76. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.121
111. I-Voon V, i-Irvine MA, i-Derbyshire K, i-Worbe Y, iLange I, i-Abbott S, et al. Ukulinganisa "ukulinda" ukunganyanzeleki kwikhoboka leziyobisi kunye nokuphazamiseka kokutya kwi-analog ye-analogue ye-rodent serial reaction time task. Biol Psychiatry (2014) 75(2):148–55. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.013
112. IGoldstein RZ, iVolkow ND. Ukusebenza kakubi kwe-cortex yangaphambi kokulutha: ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezinomdla kunye neziphumo zeklinikhi. Nat Rev Neurosci (2011) 12(11):652–69. doi:10.1038/nrn3119
113. I-Cox WM, uFadardi JS, iPothos EM. Uvavanyo lwe-addro-Stroop: ingqwalaselo yethiyori kunye neengcebiso zenkqubo. Psychol Bull (2006) 132(3):443–76. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.443
114. Inkundla M, Cox WM. Ukuthathela ingqalelo inxaxhileyo kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezimbi: ukuphononongwa kophuhliso lwayo, izizathu, kunye nemiphumo. Utywala beziyobisi (2008) 97(1–2):1–20. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.030
115. I-Nijs IMT, uFranken IHA, uMuris P. Ungenelelo olunxulumene nokutya iStroop kubantu abatyebileyo nabanobunzima obuqhelekileyo: indices zokuziphatha kunye ne-electrophysiological. Yitya i-Behav (2010) 11(4):258–65. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.07.002
116. IHolo PA, Lowe C, Vincent C. Izixhobo ezilawulayo zolawulo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokutya okukhoyo phambi kokuthintela ukuthelekiswa kunye nokuququzelela ukuqhuba. J Behav Med (2014) 37(4):587–94. doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9528-3
117. U-Wu X, uNussbaum MA, uMadigan ML. Umsebenzi olawulayo kunye nemilinganiselo yengozi yokuwa phakathi kwabantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu. Ukujonga izakhono zeMot (2016) 122(3):825–39. doi:10.1177/0031512516646158
118. I-Fitzpatrick S, Gilbert S, Serpell L. Ukuhlolwa kwakhona kweenkqubo: Ngaba umntu onengxaki yokutya okanye ukutyeba kakhulu angasebenzi kakuhle kwimisebenzi yokuziphatha? I-Neuropsychol Rev (2013) 23(2):138–56. doi:10.1007/s11065-013-9224-7
119. Werthmann J, Jansen A, Roims A. Uxhalabile okanye unqwenela ntoni? Uhlalutyo olukhethiweyo lobungqina bokujongana nokutya okunomdla kunxulumene nabantu abatyebe kakhulu, abaguli abanengxaki yokutya, abanokutya abazithintelayo kunye neesampuli ezisempilweni. Proc Nutr Soc (2015) 74(2):99–114. doi:10.1017/S0029665114001451
120. I-Berg EA. Indlela elula yokulinganisa ukuguquguquka ekucingeni. J Gen Psychol (1948) 39:15–22. doi:10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159
121. U-Wu M, u-Brockmeyer T, uHartmann M, uSkunde M, uHerzog W, uFryerich HC. Ukutshintsha kokutshintsha kwesakhono kuwo wonke umda wokuphazamiseka kwindlela yokutya kunye nokukhuluphala kunye nokukhuluphala: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lwe-meta. Psychol Med (2014) 44(16):3365–85. doi:10.1017/S0033291714000294
122. I-Morris LS, i-Voon V. Ubungqingqwa bokuqonda kweziyobisi ngokuziphatha. UCrr Behav Neurosci Rep (2016) 3:49–57. doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0068-3
123. UWoicik PA, Urban C, Alia-Klein N, uHenry A, uMaloney T, uTelang F, et al. Ipateni yonyamezelo kumakhoboka e-cocaine inokuveza iinkqubo ze-neurocognitive ezichazwe kuVavanyo lweKhadi lokuHlela ukuCwangcisa. I-Neuropsychologia (2011) 49(7):1660–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.037
124. UAlvarez-Moya EM, uJiménez-Murcia S, uMoragas L, uGómez-Peña M, Aymamí MN, Ochoa C, et al. Ukusebenza okuphezulu phakathi kwabongcakazo basetyhini ababhinqileyo kunye nezigulana zealbonda: iziphumo zokuqala. J Int Neuropsychol Soc (2009) 15(2):302–6. doi:10.1017/S1355617709090377
125. Isibonelelo S, Contoreggi C, London ED. Abaxhaphazi beziyobisi babonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kuvavanyo lwelabhoratri yokuthatha izigqibo. I-Neuropsychologia (2000) 38(8):1180–7. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00158-X
126. Ngoku i-Nowakowska K, Jabłkowska K, Borkowska A. [Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo kwizigulana ezinokuxhomekeka etywaleni]. Psychiatr Pol (2007) 41(5):693–702.
127. Boog M, Höppener P, Vande Wetering BJM, Goudriaan AE, Boog MC, Franken IH. Ukuguquguquka kokuqonda kokungcakaza kubakho ikakhulu ekuthathweni kwezigqibo. Front Hum Neurosci (2014) 8:569. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00569
128. I-Perpiñá C, i-Segura M, iSanchez-Reales S. Ukuguquguquka kwengqondo kunye nokuthatha izigqibo kwiingxaki zokutya kunye nokukhuluphala. Yitya ubunzima beLight (2016). doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0331-3
129. Dagher A. Utywala kunye nemeko yokuzibamba. Biol Psychiatry (2014) 76(9):674–5. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.019
130. I-Koob GF, iVolkow ND. I-Neurobiology yokulutha: uhlalutyo lobuchwephesha. I-Lancet Psychiatry (2016) 3(8):760–73. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8
131. IGaravan H, Weierstall K. I-neurobiology yomvuzo kunye neesistim zokulawula ukuqonda kunye nendima yabo ekukhuthazeni isimilo sempilo. Edlulileyo kwiMed (2012) 55(Suppl):S17–23. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.05.018
132. I-Kühn S, Gallinat J. Ibhayoloji yesiqhelo yokufuna ngokungekho mthethweni iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni- uhlalutyo lwe-meta-uvavanyo lokuphendula kwengqondo kwakhona. Eur J Neurosci (2011) 33(7):1318–26. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07590.x
133. I-Chase HW, i-Eickhoff SB, i-Laird AR, iHogarth L. Isiseko se-neural sokuvuselela iziyobisi kunye nokunqwenela: uhlalutyo olunokwenzeka lokuvavanywa kwemeta. Biol Psychiatry (2011) 70(8):785–93. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.025
134. I-Schacht JP, i-Anton RF, i-Myrick H. Isifundo esisebenzayo se-neuroimaging yokuvuselela i-cue kwakhona: ukuphononongwa kwe-meta-ubungakanani kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo. Umlutha weBool (2013) 18(1):121–33. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00464.x
135. I-Tang DW, i-Fellows LK, i-DM encinci, i-Dagher A. Ukutya kunye neendlela zeziyobisi kusebenze kwimimandla yobuchopho obufanayo: uhlalutyo lwe-meta-yezifundo ze-MRI ezisebenzayo. Physiol Behav (2012) 106(3):317–24. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.009
136. IHanlon CA, isiXuku esiDineneyo, iNaselaris T, iCanterberry M, iCortese BM. Ukusebenza kwe-cortex ebonakalayo kwimikhombandlela yeziyobisi: Uhlalutyo lwe meta lwephepha elisebenzayo le -urouro ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Utywala beziyobisi (2014) 143:206–12. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.028
137. U-Engelmann JM, uVerace F, uRobinson JD, uMininix JA, uLam CY, uCui Y, et al. I-subural subctates yokutshaya i-cue reacwork: Uhlalutyo lwe-meta-yezifundo ze-fMRI. Neuroimage (2012) 60(1):252–62. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.024
138. I-Noori HR, Cosa Linan A, Spanagel R. Ngokugqithwa okugqithisileyo kwimigangatho ye-neuronal yokubuyela kwisidakamizwa, ukungcakaza, ukutya kunye nezesondo: uhlalutyo olubanzi lwe-meta. I-Euro Neuropsychopharmacol (2016) 26(9):1419–30. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.06.013
139. UMeng Y, Deng W, uWang H, uGu W, uLi T. Ukungazisebenzisi kwangaphambili kwabantu abanengxaki yokudlala kwi-Intanethi: Uhlalutyo lwe-meta yokuphononongwa kwezifundo zokucinga ngemagneti. Umlutha weBool (2015) 20(4):799–808. doi:10.1111/adb.12154
140. UNorman AL, uPulido C, uSqueglia LM, uSpadoni AD, uPaulus MP, uTapert SF. Ukusebenza kwe-Neural ngexesha lokuthintela kuqikelela kokuqaliswa kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ebusheni. Utywala beziyobisi (2011) 119(3):216–23. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.019
141. I-Wetherill RR, iSqueglia LM, iJang TT, iTapert SF. Uvavanyo olude lwe-inhibition yokuphendula kwolutsha: ukungafani kwe-neural ngaphambi nasemva kokuqaliswa kokusela kakhulu. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2013) 230(4):663–71. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3198-2
142. I-Tang YY, i-Posner MI, iRothbart MK, iVolkow ND. Ukujikeleza kokuzibamba kunye nendima yawo ekunciphiseni ukulutha. Iindlela ezihambelana neCogn Sci (2015) 19(8):439–44. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.007
143. Hong LE, Gu H, Yang Y, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Buchholz B, et al. Umbutho wokulutha i-nicotine kunye nezenzo ze-nicotine kunye neesekethe ezahlukeneyo ze-cingate cortex. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2009) 66(4):431–41. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.2
144. IGoldstein RZ, iVolkow ND. Iziyobisi kunye neziyobisi ezingaphantsi kwayo: Isiseko se-neuroimaging sokuzibandakanya kwe-cortex yangaphambili. IJ Psychiatry (2002) 159(10):1642–52. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1642
145. UWilson SJ, u-Sayette MA, uFiez JA. Iimpendulo eziphambili zangaphambili kwizikhokelo zeziyobisi: Uhlalutyo lobuchwephesha. Nat Neurosci (2004) 7(3):211–4. doi:10.1038/nn1200
146. Iidemon KE, Heatherton TF, Kelley WM. Ukwahluka komntu ngamnye kwi-nucleus eqokelela umsebenzi kukutya kunye nemifanekiso yesondo exela ukuzuza kwesisindo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. J Neurosci (2012) 32(16):5549–52. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5958-11.2012
147. Stice E, Burger KS, Yokum S. Umvuzo wokuphendula wengingqi uxela ukuzuza kwesisindo kunye neziphumo zokumodareyitha kweTaqIA allele. J Neurosci (2015) 35(28):10316–24. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3607-14.2015
148. IBrooks SJ, eCedernaes J, kwiSchiöth HB. Ukonyusa ukwenziwa kokuqala kunye nokwenziwa kweparafocampal ngoncedo olucekeceke lwangaphambi kokuqala kunye nokufakelwa kwe-cortex kwimifanekiso yokutya kukukhuluphala: uhlalutyo lwe-meta-yezifundo ze-fMRI. PLoS One (2013) 8(4):e60393. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060393
149. UGoldman RL, uCanterberry M, uBorckardt JJ, uMadan A, uBrr TT, uGeorge MS, et al. Ukulawulwa kwesekethe kulawula umahluko wokuphumelela ekuphulukaneni nesisindo emva koqhaqho lwesibeleko. Ukutyeba kakhulu (Intwasahlobo yesilivere) (2013) 21(11):2189–96. doi:10.1002/oby.20575
150. Jensen CD, Kirwan CB. Ukuphendula kwengqondo okusebenzayo kwimifanekiso yokutya kwiindawo zokunciphisa ubunzima zolutsha xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye nobunzima obukhulu. Ukutyeba kakhulu (Intwasahlobo yesilivere) (2015) 23(3):630–6. doi:10.1002/oby.21004
151. IHare Ta, iCamerer CF, uRangel A. Ukuzilawula xa usenza izigqibo kubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo yokuxabisa i-vmPFC. inzululwazi (2009) 324(5927):646–8. doi:10.1126/science.1168450
152. UGiuliani NR, uMann T, uTomiyama AJ, uBerkman ET. Iinkqubo ze-Neural eziphantsi kokuphononongwa kwakhona kokutya okunqwenelekayo ngokobuqu. J Cogn Neurosci (2014) 26(7):1390–402. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00563
153. Hollmann M, Hellrung L, Pleger B, Schlögl H, Kabisch S, Stumvoll M, et al. Ukudityaniswa kwe-Neural kulungelelwaniso lomgaqo wokunqwenela ukutya. Int J Obes (2012) 36(5):648–55. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.125
154. I-Siep N, I-Roows A, i-Roebroeck A, i-Havermans R, i-Bonte M, i-Jansen A. Ukulwa nezilingo zokutya: iziphumo zokumisela kwakhona ukuqonda kwakhona, ukunyanzela kunye nokunyusa ukusebenza kwe-mesocorticolimbic enxulumene nokukhuthaza umdla. Neuroimage (2012) 60(1):213–20. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.067
155. I-Batterink L, Yokum S, Stice E. Imisipha yomzimba ihambelana ngokungaphaya kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory ekuphenduleni ukutya phakathi kwamantombazana afikisayo: isifundo se-fMRI. Neuroimage (2010) 52(4):1696–703. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.059
156. UHendrick OM, uLuo X, uZhang S, uLi C-SR. Ukuqhubekeka kobungqingqwa kunye nokukhuluphala: uphononongo lwangaphambili lokucinga lomsebenzi wokumisa. Ukutyeba kakhulu (Intwasahlobo yesilivere) (2012) 20(9):1796–802. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.180
157. He Q, Xiao L, Xue G, Wong S, Ames SL, Schembre SM, et al. Ukungakwazi ukuyixhathisa isilingo sekhalori esityebileyo kukudityaniswa nokutshintsha okuphakathi kweenkqubo ze-neural ezibandakanya ukubongoza kunye nokuzibamba. Nutr J (2014) 13:92. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-92
158. I-Appelhans BM. I-Neurobehaifeal inhibition yokondla okuqhutywa ngumvuzo: iimpembelelo zokutya kunye nokukhuluphala. Ukutyeba kakhulu (Intwasahlobo yesilivere) (2009) 17(4):640–7. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.638
159. UGarcía-García I, Horstmann A, Jurado MA, Garolera M, Chaudhry SJ, Margulies DS, et al. Ukulungiswa komvuzo kukutyeba, iziyobisi kunye neziyobisi. I-Obes Rev (2014) 15(11):853–69. doi:10.1111/obr.12221
160. Umbutho wezengqondo zaseMelika. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities. 5th ed. I-Washington, DC: I-DSM-5 I-American Psychiatric Publishing (2013).
161. I-Kessler RM, iHutson PH, iHerman BK, iPotenza MN. Isiseko se-neurobiological yesifo sokutya okukutya. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2016) 63:223–38. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.013
162. Voon V. Ucalu-calulo olubonakalayo kwingxaki yokutya ngokungxama: ukuxhonywa kokuthathwa kwezigqibo. Umvavanyi we-CNS (2015) 20(6):566–73. doi:10.1017/S1092852915000681
163. UDavis C, Patte K, Curtis C, Reid C. Ukuzonwabisa kwangoko kunye neziphumo ezizayo. Isifundo se-neuropsychological sokutya okukutya kakhulu kunye nokukhuluphala. Ukutya (2010) 54(1):208–13. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.002
164. Hege MA, Stingl KT, Kullmann S, Schag K, Giel KE, Zipfel S, et al. Ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kokutya okuneengxaki zokutya kukuguqula ukusebenza kokuthintela kunye nenethiwekhi yengqondo. Int J Obes (2015) 39(2):353–60. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.99
165. I-Balodis IM, i-Molina ND, i-Kober H, i-Worhunsky PD, i-White MA, i-Sinha R, et al. Ama-neural substrates adibeneyo kulawulo lwe-inhibitory kulawulo lokutya oluzenzekelayo olunxulumene nokunye ukubonakalisa ukutyeba. Ukutyeba kakhulu (Intwasahlobo yesilivere) (2013) 21(2):367–77. doi:10.1002/oby.20068
166. Schulte EM, Grilo CM, Gearhardt AN. Ukwabelana ngeendlela ezizodwa kunye neendlela ezizodwa ezibangela ukuba ube nokutya okungahambi kakuhle kunye nokuphazamiseka. Clin Psychol Rev (2016) 44:125–39. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001
167. I-Gearhardt AN, i-AM emhlophe, iPotenza MN. Ingxaki yokutya okukutya kunye nesiyobisi. Uhlaziyo lweziyobisi kwiCrr Rev (2011) 4(3):201–7. doi:10.2174/1874473711104030201
168. IAvena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Ubungqina bokulutha iswekile: indlela oziphethe ngayo kunye nemithambo-luvo yokuphazamiseka, ukutyeba kakhulu iswekile. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2008) 32(1):20–39. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019
169. Schulte EM, Joyner MA, Potenza MN, Grilo CM, Gearhardt AN. Ukuqwalaselwa okwangoku malunga nokulutha kokutya. I-Curr Psychiatry Rep (2015) 17(4):563. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0563-3
170. UGearhardt AN, uCorbin WR, uBrownell KD. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuqala kwesigaba seYale yokuKutya ngokuTya. Ukutya (2009) 52(2):430–6. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.003
171. UDavis C. Ukusuka ekutyeni kakhulu ukuya “kukungotyolwa kokutya”: umbono wokunyanzelwa nobukhali. I-ISRN ii-Obes (2013) 2013:435027. doi:10.1155/2013/435027
172. UGearhardt AN, uCorbin WR, uBrownell KD. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. I-Psychol Addict Behav (2016) 30(1):113–21. doi:10.1037/adb0000136
173. I-Ziauddeen H, i-Fletcher PC. Ngaba umlutha wokutya uyinto esebenzayo neluncedo? I-Obes Rev (2013) 14(1):19–28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01046.x
174. I-Ziauddeen H, i-Farooqi IS, i-Fletcher PC. Ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nengqondo: yeka njani imodeli yokulutha? Nat Rev Neurosci (2012) 13(4):279–86. doi:10.1038/nrn3212
175. I-Corsica JA, iPelchat ML. Iziyobisi: Ngaba kuyinyani okanye bubuxoki? I-Curr Opin Gastroenterol (2010) 26(2):165–9. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e328336528d
176. I-Avena NM, iGearhardt AN, iGold MS, iWang GJ, iPotenza MN. Ukulahla umntwana kunye namanzi okuhlamba emva kokuhlanjwa okufutshane? Icala elinokubakho lokugxotha umlutha wokutya ngokusekwe kwidatha emiselweyo. Nat Rev Neurosci (2012) 13 (7): 514; impendulo yombhali 514. i-doi: 10.1038 / nrn3212-c1
177. I-Westwater ML, i-Fletcher PC, iZiauddeen H. Itshoba leShukela: ilizwe lesayensi. I-Euro J Nutr (2016) 55(Suppl 2):55–69. doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6
178. Hebebrand J, Albayrak Ö, Adan R, Antel J, Dieguez C, de Jong J, et al. "Ukutya umlutha", kunokuba "kukutya okutya", ukubamba okungcono kunokuziphatha. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2014) 47:295–306. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016
179. UPedram P, uWadden D, uAmini P, uGulliver W, uRandell E, uCahill F, et al. Iziyobisi: Ukuxhaphaka kokunxulumana PLoS One (2013) 8(9):e74832. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074832
180. Long CG, Blundell JE, Finlayson G. Uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo lwesicelo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwe-YFAS elichongiweyo "kukungalunganga kokutya" ebantwini: ngaba "iziyobisi" ezinxulumene nokutya zibangela inkxalabo okanye ingqiqo engenanto? Iinyani zee-Obes (2015) 8(6):386–401. doi:10.1159/000442403
181. UDe Zwaan M. Binge ukuphazamiseka kokutya kunye nokukhuluphala. I-Int J Obes Dibana neMetab Disord (2001) 25(Suppl 1):S51–5. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801699
182. Schag K, Schönleber J, Teufel M, Zipfel S, Giel KE. Ukunyanzeliswa okuhambelana nokutya kukukhuluphala kunye nokuphazamiseka kokutya- uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo. I-Obes Rev (2013) 14(6):477–95. doi:10.1111/obr.12017
183. UDavis C. Ukutsala / ukusilela / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo: ukungadibani nokutya kakhulu kunye nokukhuluphala. I-Curr Psychiatry Rep (2010) 12(5):389–95. doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0133-7
184. UMateyu M, Nigg JT, Fair DA. Ukujongana nokungahambi kakuhle Ku: Andersen SL, Pine DS, abahleli. I-Neurobiology yobuntwana. IBerlin Heidelberg: ISpringer (2013). p. I-235-66. (Izihloko zangoku kwi-Behaisheral Neurosciences). Ifumaneka kwi: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7854_2013_249
185. I-Ottosen C, Petrosen L, Larsen JT, Dalsgaard S. Isini umahluko kubudlelwane phakathi koqwalaselo / ukukhubazeka kwengqondo / ukuphazamiseka koxinzelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. J Am Academy Adolesc Psychiatry (2016) 55(3):227.e–34.e. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.010
186. I-Charach A, Yeung E, Climans T, uLillie E. Ukukhathalelwa kwengqondo yabantwana / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ebuntwaneni kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwixesha elizayo: uthelekiso lokulinganisa. J Am Academy Adolesc Psychiatry (2011) 50(1):9–21. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.019
187. I-Lee SS, i-Humphreys KL, uFlory K, uLiu R, uGlass K. Ukuphumelela komhlangano wokukhathalela umntwana / ukujongana neentsholongwane (hyperactivity disorder) (ADHD) kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuxhaphaza / ukuxhomekeka: uphononongo lwe-meta-analytic. Clin Psychol Rev (2011) 31(3):328–41. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006
188. I-Wilens TE, uMartelon M, uJoshi G, uBateman C, uFry R, uPetty C, et al. Ngaba i-ADHD iyakuxela ukuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa iziyobisi? Isifundo sokulandela unyaka se-10 sabantu abadala abancinci abane-ADHD. J Am Academy Adolesc Psychiatry (2011) 50(6):543–53. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021
189. I-Nigg JT, Johnstone JM, Musser ED, Long HG, Willoughby MT, Shannon J. Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) kunye nokukhuluphala / ukutyeba: idatha entsha nohlalutyo lwe-meta. Clin Psychol Rev (2016) 43:67–79. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.005
190. ICortese S, iMoreira-Maia CR, iSt Fleur D, iMorcillo-Peñalver C, iRohde LA, uFaraone SV. Umanyano phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokukhuluphala: uphononongo lwenkqubo nohlalutyo lwe-meta. IJ Psychiatry (2016) 173(1):34–43. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020266
191. UCortese S, uRamos Olazagasti MA, Klein RG, uCastellanos FX, Proal E, Mannuzza S. Ukutyeba emadodeni anomntwana ongu-ADHD: unyaka olawulwa ngu-33, olindelwe, nophumeleleyo. Pediatrics (2013) 131(6):e1731–8. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0540
192. UKhalife N, Kantomaa M, uGlover V, uTammelin T, uLaitinen J, uEbeling H, et al. Ukuqwalaselwa kwengqondo yomntwana / ukunqongophala kwengqondo yobuntwana / iimpawu zesifo somzimba ziimpawu zomngcipheko wokutyeba kakhulu kunye nokungasebenzi komzimba ekukhuleni. J Am Academy Adolesc Psychiatry (2014) 53(4):425–36. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.01.009
193. I-Kaisari P, iDourish CT, iHiggs S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) kunye nokuziphatha okungalunganga kokutya: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nesikhokelo sophando oluzayo. Clin Psychol Rev (2017) 53:109–21. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.002
194. UDuncan L, Perry JRB, Patterson N, Robinson EB, Daly MJ, Price AL, et al. I-atlas yokuhambelana kwemfuza kuzo zonke izifo zabantu kunye neempawu. Nat Genet (2015) 47(11):1236–41. doi:10.1038/ng.3406
195. ICortese S, Isnard P, Frelut ML, Michel G, Quantin L, Guedeney A, et al. Ukunxibelelana phakathi kweempawu zokungakhathali / isifo sokungasebenzi kakuhle emzimbeni kunye nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kwisampulu yezonyango yabafikisayo abagqithisileyo. I-Int J Obes (yeNdlela) (2007) 31(2):340–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803400
196. UDavis C, uLeviitan RD, uSmith M, Tweed S, uC Curtis C. Umanyano phakathi kokutya kakhulu, ukutyeba kakhulu, kunye nengxaki yokuqhwalela / ukungahambi kakuhle kwendlela yokusebenza: indlela yokumisela imodeli. Yitya i-Behav (2006) 7(3):266–74. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.09.006
197. ICortese S, iCastellanos FX. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokukhuluphala: iimpembelelo zonyango. Ugqirha Rev Neurother (2014) 14(5):473–9. doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.904748
198. I-Sinha R, iJastreboff AM. Uxinzelelo njengomngcipheko oqhelekileyo wokukhuluphala kunye nokulutha. Biol Psychiatry (2013) 73(9):827–35. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.032
199. Morris MJ, Beilharz JE, Maniam J, Reichelt AC, Westbrook RF. Kutheni le nto ukukhuluphala kwengxaki kuyingxaki kwi-21st century? Ungenelelo lokutya okuthandekayo, iindlela kunye nendlela yomvuzo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuqonda. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2015) 58:36–45. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.002
200. U-Epstein DH, u-Willner-Reid J, uVahabzadeh M, Mezghanni M, uLin JL, uPreston KL. Iingxelo zedayari yangempela yexesha lokuboniswa kwe-cue kunye nemo yangaphambili kwiiyure ngaphambi kwecocaine kunye ne-heroin inqwenela kunye nokusetyenziswa. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2009) 66(1):88–94. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.509
201. I-Sinha R, i-Catapano D, i-O'Malley S. Uxinzelelo olunomdla kunye nempendulo yoxinzelelo kubantu abaxhomekeke kwi-cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (1999) 142(4):343–51. doi:10.1007/s002130050898
202. I-Sinha R. Uxinzelelo olungapheliyo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kunye nokuba semngciphekweni wokulutha. Ann NY Acad Sci (2008) 1141:105–30. doi:10.1196/annals.1441.030
203. I-Koob GF, i-Le Moal M. Ukuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi: dysregulation ye-hedonic homeostatic. inzululwazi (1997) 278(5335):52–8. doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.52
204. I-Koob GF, i-Le Moal M. Ukulutha kunye nenkqubo yangaphakathi yobuchopho. Annu Rev Psychol (2008) 59:29–53. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548
205. I-Geliebter A, i-Aversa A. Ukutya ngokweemvakalelo kukukhuluphala, ubunzima obuqhelekileyo, kunye nabantu ababuthathaka. Yitya i-Behav (2003) 3(4):341–7. doi:10.1016/S1471-0153(02)00100-9
206. IHepworth R, Mogg K, Brignell C, Bradley BP. Imozulu engalunganga inyusa ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kukutya okukhoyo kunye nolangazelelo lokutya. Ukutya (2010) 54(1):134–42. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.09.019
207. I-Chao A, i-Grilo CM, i-White AM, iSinha R. Ukutya kunqwenela ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo olungapheliyo kunye nesalathiso sobunzima bomzimba. J Psychol yezeMpilo (2015) 20(6):721–9. doi:10.1177/1359105315573448
208. U-Oliver G, uWardle J. Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zoxinzelelo ekukhetheni ukutya. Physiol Behav (1999) 66(3):511–5. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00322-9
209. UZellner DA, Loaiza S, Gonzalez Z, Pita J, Morales J, Pecora D, et al. Ukukhetha ukutya kutshintsha phantsi koxinzelelo. Physiol Behav (2006) 87:789–93. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.014
210. UDallman MF, Pecoraro N, Akana SF, la Fleur SE, Gomez F, Houshyar H, et al. Uxinzelelo olungapheliyo kunye nokukhuluphala: umbono omtsha "wentuthuzelo yokutya". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003) 100(20):11696–701. doi:10.1073/pnas.1934666100
211. IMacht M, uMueller J. Iziphumo ezikhoyo zetshokolethi kwizimo eziphembelela ulingelo. Ukutya (2007) 49:667–74. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.004
212. UMacht M. indlela iimvakalelo ezichaphazela ngayo ukutya: imodeli yendlela emihlanu. Ukutya (2008) 50(1):1–11. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002
213. I-Kivimäki M, iNtloko J, Ferrie JE, Shipley MJ, Brunner E, Vahtera J, et al. Uxinzelelo lomsebenzi, ukuqina kwesisindo kunye nokwehla kobunzima: ubungqina beziphumo zokutshutshiswa koxinzelelo lomsebenzi kwisalathiso sobunzima bomzimba kwisifundo seWhitehall II. Int J Obes (2006) 30(6):982–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803229
214. I-Tryon MS, iCarter CS, i-Decant R, iLaugero KD. Ukuvezwa koxinzelelo olungapheliyo kunokuchaphazela impendulo yobuchopho kwii-calories eziphezulu zokutya kunye nokunyanzelwa kwemikhwa yokutya ye-obesogenic. Physiol Behav (2013) 120:233–42. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.010
215. Maier SU, Makwana AB, Hare TA. Uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lubangela ukuzilawula kukhetho olujolise ngqo kwinjongo ngokuguqula unxibelelwano olusebenzayo ngaphakathi kwimijikelezo yesigqibo sobuchopho. Neuron (2015) 87(3):621–31. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.005
216. UJastreboff AM, uSinha R, uLacadie C, uDM omncinci, uSherwin RS, uPotenza MN. Ukudityaniswa kwe-Neural koxinzelelo- kunye nokutya okubangelwa kukutya okunqwenelekayo kukukhuluphala: ukunxulumana namanqanaba e-insulin. Uncedo lweSwekile (2013) 36(2):394–402. doi:10.2337/dc12-1112
217. UAdam TC, uEpel ES. Uxinzelelo, ukutya kunye nenkqubo yembuyekezo. Physiol Behav (2007) 91(4):449–58. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011
218. U-Barry D, Clarke M, Petry NM. Ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nobudlelwane bayo neziyobisi: ngaba ukuzonwabisa kukuzonwabisa ngendlela yokuziphatha? Am J Addict (2009) 18(6):439–51. doi:10.3109/10550490903205579
219. UBarry D, uPetry NM. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwesalathiso sobunzima bomzimba kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwahlukile ngokwesini: iziphumo ezivela kuPhando lweSizwe lwe-Epidemiologic kwiNotywala nakwiimeko ezihambelana noko. Umlutha we-Behav (2009) 34(1):51–60. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.08.008
220. IGrucza RA, Krueger RF, Racette SB, Norberg KE, Hipp PR, Bierut LJ. Unxibelelwano oluvelayo phakathi kwengozi yotywala kunye nokukhuluphala e-United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2010) 67(12):1301–8. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.155
221. USimon GE, uVon Korff M, Saunders K, Miglioretti DL, uCrane PK, van Belle G, et al. Umanyano phakathi kokukhuluphala kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwi-US yabantu abadala. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2006) 63(7):824–30. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.824
222. Ukukhetha i-RP, iGrant BF, iChou SP, iCompton WM. Ngaba ukutyeba kakhulu, ukutyeba kakhulu, kunye nokutya kakhulu kunxulunyaniswa nengqondo? Iziphumo ezivela kuvavanyo lukazwelonke lwesifo esiphathelele kwiziselo ezinotywala kunye neemeko ezinxulumene noko. J Clin Psychiatry (2007) 68(7):998–1009. doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n0704
223. Scott KM, McGee MA, Wells JE, Oakley Browne MA. Ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubantu abadala ngokubanzi. J Psychosom Res (2008) 64(1):97–105. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.006
224. ISansone RA, iSansone LA. Ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi: ngaba kukho ubudlelwane? I-Innov Clin Neurosci (2013) 10(9–10):30–5.
225. I-Green MA, i-M eqinile, i-Razak F, i-SV yase-Subramanian, i-Relton C, u-Bissell P. Ngoobani aba-feta? Uhlalutyo lweqela elihlola amaqhekeza e-oese. J Impilo yoLuntu (2015) 2:fdv040. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdv040
226. UKing WC, u-Chen JY, uMitchell JE, u-Kalarchian MA, uSteffen KJ, uEngel SG, et al. Ukudalwa kokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kotywala ngaphambi nasemva kotyando lwe-bariatric. JAMA (2012) 307(23):2516–25. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6147
227. I-Conason A, Teixeira J, Hsu CH, Puma L, Knafo D, Geliebter A. Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okulandelayo emva kokuhlinzwa kwesisindo se-bariatric. I-JAMA Surg (2013) 148(2):145–50. doi:10.1001/2013.jamasurg.265
228. I-Steffen KJ, Engel SG, Wonderlich JA, Pollert GA, Sondag C. Utywala kunye nezinye izifo ezinxilisayo ezilandela utyando lwe-bariatric: ubukho, umngcipheko kunye nee etiologies ezinokubakho. I-EU Yidla i-Disord Rev (2015) 23(6):442–50. doi:10.1002/erv.2399
Amagama aphambili: ukutyeba kakhulu, umlutha, ukunyanzeliswa, ingqondo, ubuntu kunye neempawu ze-neurocognitive
Isicatshulwa: IMikaud A, iVainik U, iGarcia-Garcia I kunye neDagher A (2017) Zigqitha kwi-Neural Endophenotypes kulukhuphelo kunye nokukhuluphala. Umphambili. I-Endocrinol. I-8: 127. doi: 10.3389 / fendo.2017.00127
Ifunyenwe: 06 ngo-Matshi 2017; Wamkelwe: 26 Meyi 2017;
Ipapashwe: 14 ngoJuni 2017
U lungiswe ngu:
UHubert Vaudry, KwiYunivesithi yaseRouen, eFrance
Ajongwe kwakhona ngu:
Ilanga leLanga, KwiSikhumbuzo seYunivesithi yaseNewfoundland, eCanada
USusanne E. la Fleur, KwiYunivesithi yaseAmsterdam, eNetherlands
Ilungelo lokushicilela: © 2017 Michaud, Vainik, Garcia-Garcia and Dagher. Eli linqaku lokufikelela ngokuvulekileyo elihanjiswe phantsi kwemiqathango ye Ilayisenisi ye-Creative Commons License (CC BY). Ukusetyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa okanye ukuveliswa kwamanye amaqonga kuvumelekile, ngaphandle kokuba umlobi (original) okanye umnikezeli welayisenisi anikezelwe ukuba umshicilelo wokuqala wolu phephancwadi ukhankanywe, ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi owamkelekileyo wemfundo. Akukho tyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa okanye ukuveliswa kuvunyelwe okungahambisani nale migomo.
Imbalelwano: I-Elena Dagher, [imeyile ikhuselwe]
;