Ulwalamano lomvuzo wokuThengwa kokutya kunye nokuThengwa kokuThengwa kokuThengiswa koTywala: IsiFundo sokuBoniswa kweMifanekiso yokuHlulwa kweMagnetic Resonance (2008)

. Umbhalo obhaliweyo ifumaneka kwi-PMC 2009 Meyi 13.

PMCID: PMC2681092

I-NIHMSID: I-NIHMS100845

U-Eric Stice kwaye Sonja Spoor

I-Oregon Research Institute

Cara Bohon

ISebe lePsychology, kwiYunivesithi yaseOregon

UMarga Veldhuizen kwaye Dana Small

I-JB Pierce Laboratory, kwiYunivesithi yaseYale

Abstract

Siye savavanya i-hypothesis yokuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu bafumana umvuzo omkhulu ekutyeni (umvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo) kunye nokusetyenziswa okulindelweyo (umvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo) kunabantu ababhityileyo abasebenzisa i-imaging magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enamantombazana angama-33 afikisayo (M yobudala = 15.7 SD = 0.9) .

Oi-bese inxulumene namantombazana afikisayo abhityileyo abonise ukusebenza okukhulu ngokudibeneyo kwi-gustatory cortex (yangaphambili kunye ne-insula ephakathi, i-operculum yangaphambili) kunye nakwimimandla ye-somatosensory (i-parietal operculum kunye ne-Rolandic operculum) ekuphenduleni ukuthathwa kwe-chocolate milkshake (ngokuchasene nesisombululo esingenancasa) kunye ukusetyenziswa kwangempela kwe-milkshake (ngokuchasene nesisombululo esingenancasa); le mimandla yobuchopho ifaka i-sensor kunye nemiba ye-hedonic yokutya.

Nangona kunjalo, oI-bese enxulumene namantombazana aselula athambileyo nawo abonise ukuncipha kokusebenza kwi-caudate nucleus in impendulo ekusetyenzisweni kwe-milkshake ngokuchasene nesisombululo esingenancasa, ngenxa yokuba banciphise ukufumaneka kwe-dopamine receptor.

Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba abantu ababonisa ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-cortex ene-gustatory kunye nemimandla ye-somatosensory ukuphendula kulindelo kunye nokutyiwa kokutya, kodwa ababonisa ukusebenza okubuthathaka kwi-striatum ngexesha lokutya, banokuba semngciphekweni wokutya kakhulu kunye nokufumana ubunzima.

Internet: ukutyeba, umvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo, umvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo, i-fMRI

Ukutyeba kakhulu sisifo esinganyangekiyo esibizwa ngokuba kukusweleka okungaphezulu kwe-111,000 ngonyaka e-US, okubangelwa kakhulu sisifo se-atherosclerotic cerebrovascular, isifo sentliziyo, umhlaza wesikhumba, i-hyperlipidemia, uxinzelelo lwegazi, isifo senyongo, kunye nesifo seswekile.). Ngelishwa, unyango olukhethiweyo lokutyeba lukhokelela ekulahlekeni kobunzima okwethutyana () kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zokuthintela ukutyeba aziyinciphisi ingozi yokufumana ubunzima bexesha elizayo (). Olu ngenelelo lunokuba nokusebenza okulinganiselweyo ngenxa yokuba ukuqonda kwethu iinkqubo ze-etiologic akuphelelanga. Nangona kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukutyeba kakhulu kusisiphumo sokulinganisela kwamandla okulungileyo, akucaci ukuba kutheni abanye abantu benexesha elinzima kangaka lokulinganisa i-caloric intake kunye nenkcitho.

Enye ingcaciso enokwenzeka yeyokuba abanye abantu banezinto ezingaqhelekanga kumvuzo wokuziphendulela ekutyeni okanye ekuthathweni okulindelweyo okonyusa umngcipheko wokutyeba. Abanye abaphengululi bacinga ukuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu bafumana ukusebenza okukhulu kwenkqubo yomvuzo we-meso-limbic ekuphenduleni ukutya (umvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo), oko kunokonyusa umngcipheko wokutya kakhulu.; ). Oku kufana nemodeli yokuqinisa ubuntununtunu bokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, ebeka ukuba abantu abathile babonise ukusebenza okungaphezulu komvuzo wokujikeleza kwiziyobisi zengqondo (). Ngokwahlukileyo, abanye bacinga ukuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu bafumana ukusebenza okuncinci kwenkqubo yomvuzo we-meso-limbic ekuphenduleni ukutya, okukhokelela ekubeni batye kakhulu ukuhlawula obu kusilela (; ). Oku kufana nethisisi ye-syndrome yokusilela komvuzo, ecebisa ukuba abantu baguqukele kutywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ukuvuselela ukujikeleza komvuzo ovilaphayo (). I-hypothesis yesithathu kukuba umvuzo omkhulu olindelweyo ovela ekutyeni (ulindelo lokutya umvuzo) wonyusa umngcipheko wokutya kakhulu (; ).

Imigca emibini yobungqina ibonisa ukuba kunokuba luncedo ukwahlula ngokwengqiqo phakathi komvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo kunye nolindelo lokutya lomvuzo. Okokuqala, izifundo zezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba ixabiso lokutya lokutya liyatshintsha ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kokutya ukuya ekutyeni okulindelweyo emva kokubekwa kwimeko, apho iimpawu ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kokutya ziqala ukufumana umvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo. Iinkawu ezi-Naive ezingazange zifumane mvuzo kwisimo zibonise ukusebenza kwe-mesotelencephalic dopamine neurons kuphela ekuphenduleni incasa yokutya; Nangona kunjalo, emva kokulungiswa kwemeko, umsebenzi we-dopaminergic waqala ukwandulela ukuhanjiswa komvuzo kwaye ekugqibeleni owona msebenzi uphezulu waphakanyiswa sisivuseleli esilungiselelweyo esasixela kwangaphambili umvuzo ozayo kunokuba sifumane ukutya okwenyani (; ). yafumanisa ukuba eyona ntshukumo inkulu ye-dopaminergic yenzeka ngendlela elindelekileyo njengoko iimpuku zazisondela kwaye zicinezela ibha evelise umvuzo wokutya kunye nokusebenza kwehla njengoko impuku ifumene kwaye yatya ukutya. Kanjalo, Ufumanise ukuba umsebenzi we-dopamine wawumkhulu kwi-nucleus accumbens yeempuku emva kokubonisa isivuseleli esinemeko esihlala sibonakalisa ukufunyanwa kokutya kunasemva kokuziswa kwesidlo esingalindelekanga. Okwesibini, ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba basebenza nzima kangakanani ukufumana ukutya okutyiwayo kumsebenzi osebenzayo (abathi bavunyelwe ukuba bawudle kamva) kukuxela kwangaphambili okunamandla. i-ad lib i-caloric intake kunokulinganisa okumnandi kokutya ukutya okune-snack (; ). Ezi datha zikwabonakala ngathi zithetha ukuba umvuzo olindelweyo ovela ekutyeni sisigqibo esomeleleyo sokutya kwekhalori kunomvuzo ofunyanwa xa kutyiwa ukutya. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi datha zithetha ukuba kunokuba luncedo ukwahlula phakathi komvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo kunye nolindelo lokuvuza lokutya xa uvavanya izinto ezinokubakho ezisemngciphekweni wokutyeba.

Izifundo zokucinga ngengqondo zichonge imimandla ebonakala ngathi ifaka umvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo kubantu abanobunzima obuqhelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunencasa, xa kuthelekiswa nokutyiwa kokutya okungenancasa okanye ukutya okungenancasa, kubangela ukuba kusebenze ngakumbi i-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) kunye ne-operculum yangaphambili / insula, kunye nokukhululwa okukhulu kwe-dopamine kwi-dorsal striatum (; ; ). Olunye uphononongo lokucinga ngengqondo luchonge imimandla ebonakala ngathi ifaka umvuzo wokutya olindelweyo kubunzima obuqhelekileyo babantu. Ukufumana ukutya okunencasa okulindelweyo, ngokuchasene nokulindelweyo kokutya okungathandekiyo okanye ukutya okungenancasa, kubangela ukuba kusebenze ngakumbi kwi-OFC, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, striatum (caudate nucleus kunye neputamen), indawo ye-ventral tegmental, midbrain, parahippocampal furus, igyrus (; ). Olu phononongo lucebisa ukuba imimandla ethile yengqondo eyahlukileyo iyabandakanyeka kulindelo kunye nomvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo, kodwa kukho ukugqithelana (OFC kunye ne-striatum). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuphela zizifundo ezimbini ezithelekise ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza ekuphenduleni kulindelo kunye nomvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo kwimimandla ekwanti ebonisa ukusebenza okukhulu ekuphenduleni isigaba esinye somvuzo wokutya ngokuchasene nesinye. Ukulindela incasa emnandi, ngokuchasene nencasa yokwenyani, kubangele kusebenze ngakumbi kwi-dopaminergic midbrain, i-nucleus accumbens, kunye ne-amygdala yangasemva yasekunene (). Olunye uphando lufumene ukuba ukulindela isiselo esimnandi kubangele ukuba kusebenze ngakumbi kwi-amygdala kunye ne-mediodorsal thalamus, ngelixa ukufunyanwa kwesiselo kubangele ukuba kusebenze ngakumbi kwi-insula / operculum ekhohlo (Encinci et al, 2008). Ezi zifundo zimbini zibonisa ukuba i-amygdala, i-midbrain, i-nucleus accumbens, kunye ne-mediodorsal thalamus zisabela ngakumbi ekusetyenzisweni okulindelweyo xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kokutya, ngelixa i-operculum yangaphambili/i-insula isabela ngakumbi ekusetyenzisweni ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kokutya okulindelweyo. Ke ngoko, ubungqina obukhoyo bubonakala bucebisa ukuba imimandla yobuchopho eyahlukileyo iye yabandakanyeka ekufakeni ikhowudi yolindelo kunye nomvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo, nangona uphando oluninzi luya kufuneka ngaphambi kokuba izigqibo eziqinileyo zibekho.

Iziphumo ezithile zibonakala zihambelana nethisisi yokuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu bafumana umvuzo omkhulu wokutya, nangona kungacacanga ukuba ngaba iziphumo zibonakalisa ukuphazamiseka kokutya ngokuchasene nolindelo lokutya. Isihlobo esityebileyo kubantu abatyebileyo sikhumbula ukuba ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kunye neswekile eninzi kumnandi kwaye kuxela ukuba ukutya komeleza ngakumbi (; ; ). Abantwana abasemngciphekweni wokutyeba kakhulu ngenxa yeqondo lokutyeba kakhulu kwabazali bathanda ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi njengoko kumnandi kwaye babonisa indlela yokondla ngakumbi kunabantwana babazali ababhityileyo (; ). Abantwana abatyebe ngokugqithiseleyo badla ngokutya xa bengekho balamba () kwaye usebenze nzima ekutyeni kunabantwana ababhityileyo (). Ukuzixela ngokwakho iminqweno yokutya ehambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye nobunzima bomzimba kunye nokutya okulinganiselwe kwekhalori (; ; ; ). Abantu abadala abatyebe kakhulu baxela ukuba banqwenela ngamandla ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu, okuneswekile eninzi (; ) kwaye basebenzele ukutya okuninzi kunabantu abadala ababhityileyo (; ). Ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kwabantu abatyebileyo kubonise ukuphumla okukhulu kwe-metabolic cortex yomlomo, ummandla ohambelana nokuziva emlonyeni, imilebe kunye nolwimi (), enokuthi inike owayesakuba buthathaka ngakumbi kwiipropathi ezinomvuzo zokutya kunye nokwandisa umngcipheko wokutya kakhulu.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zimbalwa izifundo zokucinga zobuchopho zithelekise ukusebenza kwengqondo ekuphenduleni unikezelo lokutya okufanekisiweyo okanye ukutya okukokwenyani phakathi kwabantu abatyebileyo abatyebileyo. Olunye uphononongo lufumene ukwanda kokusebenza kwi-parietal efanelekileyo kunye ne-cortices yesikhashana emva kokuvezwa kokutya okufanekisiweyo kubasetyhini abatyebileyo kodwa abangaqinanga kwaye oku kusebenze kuhambelana ngokufanelekileyo nokulinganisa indlala (). Ufumene impendulo enkulu ye-dorsal striatum kwimifanekiso yokutya okunekhalori ephezulu kwivesi yabantu abadala abatyebileyo kwaye ubunzima bomzimba bunxibelelene kakuhle nempendulo kwi-insula, claustrum, cingulate, somatosensory cortex, kunye ne-OFC esecaleni. kufunyenwe ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-medial kunye ne-lateral ye-OFC, i-amygdala, i-ventral striatum, i-medial prefrontal cortex, i-insula, i-anterior cingulate cortex, i-ventral pallidum, i-caudate, kunye nempendulo ye-hippocampus kwimifanekiso yokutya okunekhalori ephezulu (ngokuchasene nokutya okunekhalori ephantsi) kwisalamane esityebileyo. ukuxhomekeka kubantu ngabanye. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwe-OFC kunye ne-cingulate ekuphenduleni ukujonga imifanekiso yokutya okunencasa ehambelana kakubi ne-BMI phakathi kwabasetyhini abanobunzima obuqhelekileyo (Killgore & Yargelun-Todd, 2005). yafumanisa ukuba i-dorsal insula kunye ne-hippocampus yangasemva zihlala zisabela ngendlela engaqhelekanga ekutyeni kokutya okutyebileyo ngaphambili xa kuthelekiswa nabantu ababhityileyo, okukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba ezi mpendulo zingaqhelekanga zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokutyeba.

Ezinye iziphumo zihambelana kakhulu noluvo lokuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu banokufumana umvuzo omncinci wokutya. bafumanise ukuba i-D2 receptors ziyancitshiswa kwi-striatum kubantu abatyebe ngokugqithisileyo ngokomlinganiselo wobunzima bomzimba wabo, becebisa ukuba babonise ukubophelela kwe-dopamine receptor kwinkqubo ye-meso-limbic. Nangona kusafuneka kugqitywe ukuba ngaba abantu abatyebileyo babonisa ukuncitshiswa kwe-D2 receptor density xa kuthelekiswa nabantu ababhityileyo, iigundane ezityebileyo zinamanqanaba asezantsi e-basal dopamine kunye nokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-D2 receptor kuneempuku ezibhityileyo.; ; ), kodwa iigundane ezityebileyo zibonisa ukukhutshwa okungaphezulu kwe-dopamine ngexesha lokutyisa kuneempuku ezibhityileyo (). Ngapha koko, abantu abadala abatyebileyo nabatyebileyo abane-TaqI A1 allele, enxulunyaniswa nokunciphisa i-D2 receptors kunye nokubonakaliswa okubuthathaka kwe-dopamine, sebenza ngakumbi ukufumana ukutya kwiiparadigms ezisebenzayo (, ). Ezi ziphumo zingqinelana nobungqina bokuba isimilo esikhobokisayo esinje ngotywala, inikotini, intsangu, icocaine, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-heroin kunxulunyaniswa nokuncipha koxinzelelo lwe-D2 ye-receptor kunye nobuntununtunu be-mesolimbic circry ukuvuza (; ). cinga ukuba intsilelo kwi-D2 receptors inokubangela ukuba abantu basebenzise iziyobisi zengqondo okanye batye kakhulu ukonyusa inkqubo yomvuzo we-dopamine. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kunye nokutya okuphezulu kweswekile kukhokelela ekulawuleni okuphantsi kwe-D2 receptors (), impendulo ehambelanayo ye-neural ekusebenziseni okungapheliyo kweziyobisi zengqondo (). Enyanisweni, uphando lwezilwanyana lubonisa ukuba ukutya okuphindaphindiweyo kokutya okumnandi kunye okunamafutha kubangela ukulawulwa kwe-D2 receptors kunye nokunciphisa i-D2 sensitivity.; Kelley, Will, Steininger, Xhang, & Haber, 2003); utshintsho olwenzeka ekuphenduleni ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi.

Lilonke, kukho ubungqina obuvelayo bokuba abantu abatyebe ngokugqithiseleyo banokubonisa ukungaqhelekanga ngokubanzi kumvuzo wokutya onxulumene nabantu abatyebileyo. Ngokukodwa, isalamane esityebileyo kubantu abatyebileyo baxela ukunqwenela okukhulu kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu / okuneswekile eninzi, ukufumana ukutya okomeleza ngakumbi, ukubonisa ukuphumla okukhulu kwe-somatosensory cortex, kwaye ubonise ukuphinda usebenze ngakumbi kwe-cortex eguquguqukayo ekutyeni nasekuboniseni ukutya okanye ukutya okunemifanekiso. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina bokuba abantu abatyebe ngokugqithiseleyo babonisa i-hypofunctioning striatum, enokuthi ibakhuthaze ukuba batye kakhulu ukonyusa inethiwekhi yomvuzo ovilaphayo okanye inokuba sisiphumo sommiselo we-receptor. Enye into enokuthi ibe negalelo kwiziphumo ezixubeneyo kukuba izifundo ezininzi zisebenzise iindlela zokuzibika, ezinokuthi zilahlekise kuba abo balwa nokutya ngokugqithiseleyo banokucinga ukuba ukutya kunomvuzo ngakumbi kubo, okuchaphazela indlela abazalisa ngayo izikali. Ngaphaya koko, izikali zokuzixela zinokucofa umvuzo olindelweyo wokutya, okanye inkumbulo yomvuzo ovela ekutyeni, kunokuba umvuzo ofunyenwe ngexesha lokutya, njengoko izifundo zingakhange zilinganise umvuzo ngexesha lokutya. Ukongeza, izinto ezifunyenweyo ezivela kwiingxelo zobuqu kunye namanyathelo okuziphatha zisesichengeni sokuthambekela kokunqweneleka koluntu. Ukongeza, amaphononongo ambalwa abandakanyeke ekutyeni okanye ukuvezwa kukutya kokwenyani, okunokuthi kuthintele ukuqinisekiswa kwe-ikholoji yeziphumo. Mhlawumbi okona kubaluleke kakhulu, izifundo zangaphambili azizange zisebenzise iiparadigm eziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuvavanya iyantlukwano yomntu ngamnye kumvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo kunye nolindelo lokutya xa kuthelekiswa notyebe kakhulu kubantu abatyebileyo. Ke, sicinga ukuba kunokuba luncedo ukusebenzisa iiparadigms zokucinga zobuchopho ezijonga ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza komjikelezo womvuzo ekuphenduleni ukutya kunye nokutya okulindelekileyo. Kulwazi lwethu, izifundo azizange zisebenzise ukucinga kwengqondo ukuvavanya ukuba ngaba abantu abatyebileyo babonisa ukusebenza okwahlukileyo komvuzo wokutya okujikelezayo ngexesha lokutya okanye ukusetyenziswa okuqikelelweyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abatyebileyo.

Uphononongo lwangoku lufuna ukubonisa ngakumbi ubume bomahluko ngamnye kwimpendulo ye-neural ekutyeni kusetyenziswa indlela yokucinga yobuchopho enenjongo, ngethemba lokuba ukuqonda okuphuculweyo kwe-neurological substrates ezonyusa umngcipheko wokutyeba kuya kuqhubela phambili iimodeli ze-etiologic kunye noyilo lokuthintela okusebenzayo ngakumbi. kunye namanyathelo onyango. Sandisa iziphumo zangaphambili ngokuvavanya ukusebenza ngokuphendula ekufumaneni i-chocolate milkshake ngokuchasene nesisombululo esingenancasa (umvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo) kunye nokuphendula kwizikhokelo ezibonisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-chocolate milkshake ngokuchasene nesisombululo esingenancasa (ulindelo lokutya umvuzo) phakathi kwabantu abatyebileyo nabatyebileyo. Siye saqikelela ukuba isihlobo esityebileyo kubantu ababhityileyo sinokubonisa ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-gustatory cortex kunye ne-somatosensory cortex, kunye nokusebenza okuncinci kwi-striatum, ukuphendula kulindelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-milkshake. Sikwacingele ukuba ubunzima bomzimba babathathi-nxaxheba buya kubonisa ubudlelwane bomda ukuze kusebenze kule mimandla yobuchopho. Sifunde ulutsha kuba sifuna ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba imbali ende yokutyeba inokubangela ukuba i-receptor phantsi-ummiselo wesibini ukuya kukutya okutyebileyo okungapheliyo. Sifunde abantu ababhinqileyo kuba eyona njongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya ukuba ingaba ukuphambana komvuzo wokutya kuhambelana na ne-bulimic pathology, enqabileyo emadodeni.

indlela yokwenza

nxaxheba

Abathathi-nxaxheba babengamantombazana angama-44 aselula anempilo (M ubudala = 15.7; SD = 0.93); I-2% yabemi baseAsia / Pacific Islander, i-2% yabase-Afrika baseMelika, i-86% yabemi baseYurophu baseMelika, i-5% yabemi baseMelika baseMelika, kunye ne-5% yelifa lemveli elixubileyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abavela kuphononongo olukhulu lwabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo zabasetyhini ababonakala behlangabezana neendlela zokubandakanywa kuphononongo lwangoku lokucinga babuzwa ukuba banomdla wokuthatha inxaxheba kuphononongo malunga nempendulo ye-neural ekunikezelweni kokutya. Abo baxela ukutya ngokutya okanye ukuziphatha okuhlawulelayo kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo ze-3, nayiphi na ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza e-psychotropic okanye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, ukulimala kwentloko kunye nokulahlekelwa yingqondo, okanye ingxaki yengqondo ye-Axis I yangoku yayingabandakanywa. Idatha evela kubathathi-nxaxheba be-11 ayizange ihlalutywe ngenxa yokuba babonisa ukunyakaza kwentloko ngokugqithiseleyo ngexesha lokuskena; I-4 ibonise ukunyakaza kwentloko echazwe ukuba i-scans yapheliswa kunye nokunyakaza kwentloko enye i-7 idlula i-2 mm (M = 2.8 mm, uluhlu lwe-2-8 mm). Ngenxa yokuba amava abonisa ukuba kubandakanywa abathathi-nxaxheba ababonisa ukuhamba kwentloko enkulu kune-1 mm bazisa ukuhluka kweempazamo ezigqithisileyo, sihlala sibakhuphela ngaphandle abathathi-nxaxheba kwizifundo zethu (umz., , ; ). Oku kubangele isampuli yokugqibela yabathathi-nxaxheba be-33 (uluhlu lobunzima bomzimba = 17.3-38.9). IBhodi yokuHlola iziko lendawo yamkele le projekthi. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba nabazali banike imvume ebhaliweyo.

Amanyathelo

Isidumbu somzimba

Isalathiso sobunzima bomzimba (BMI = kg / m2) yayisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukutyeba (). Emva kokususwa kwezihlangu kunye needyasi, ubude bulinganiswe kwi-millimeter ekufutshane kusetyenziswa i-stadiometer kwaye ubunzima buhlolwe kwi-0.1 kg ekufutshane kusetyenziswa isikali sedijithali. Kwafunyanwa imilinganiselo emibini yobude nobunzima. I-BMI inxibelelana nemilinganiselo ethe ngqo yamafutha omzimba ewonke njengamandla amabini e-x-ray absorptiometry (r = .80 ukuya ku-.90) kunye nemilinganiselo yezempilo ebandakanya uxinzelelo lwegazi, iiprofayili ze-lipoprotein ezimbi, izilonda ze-atherosclerotic, amanqanaba e-insulin e-serum, kunye nesifo sikashukela kwiisampuli zokufikisa (). Ngokwendibano (), ukutyeba kwachazwa kusetyenziswa i-95th i-percentiles ye-BMI yobudala kunye nesondo, ngokusekelwe kwidatha yembali emele ilizwe ngenxa yokuba le nkcazo ihambelana ngokusondeleyo ne-BMI cut-point ehambelana nomngcipheko okhulayo weengxaki zempilo ezinxulumene nobunzima.). Ulutsha olufikisayo olunamanqaku e-BMI angaphantsi kwama-50th Ipercentile kusetyenziswa ezi zithethe zembali zichazwe njengeengqimba. Phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba be-33 ababonelele ngedatha ye-fMRI esebenzayo, i-7 yahlelwa njengabatyebe kakhulu, i-11 yahlelwa njengeencinci, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba be-15 abaseleyo bawela phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini zigqithisileyo.

I-fMRI paradigm

Abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba batye izidlo zabo eziqhelekileyo, kodwa bayeke ukutya okanye ukusela (kubandakanywa neziselo ze-caffeinated) kwiiyure ze-4-6 ngokukhawuleza zandulela iseshoni yabo yokucinga ngeenjongo zokulinganisa. Sikhethe eli xesha lokuvinjwa ukubamba imeko yendlala abantu abaninzi abayifumanayo njengoko besondela kwisidlo sabo esilandelayo, elixesha apho iyantlukwano yomntu ngamnye kumvuzo wokutya iya kuba nefuthe ngokufanelekileyo kwikhalori. Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba bawugqiba iparadigm phakathi ko-16:00 no-18:00, kodwa iseti engaphantsi yagqiba ukuskena phakathi ko-11:00 no-13:00. Phambi kweseshoni yokucinga, abathathi-nxaxheba babeqhelene ne-fMRI paradigm ngokuziqhelanisa kwikhompyuter eyahlukileyo.

I-milkshake paradigm yenzelwe ukuvavanya umvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo kunye nolindelo lokutya. Izivuseleli zinikezelwe kwimitsi emi-4 eyahlukeneyo yokuskena. Izivuseleli bezibandakanya iimilo ezi-3 ezimnyama (idayimane, isikwere, isangqa) ezibonisa ukuhanjiswa nokuba yi-0.5 ml ye-chocolate milkshake (izikhakha ezi-4 ze-Haagen-Daz vanilla ice cream, iikomityi ezi-1.5 ze-2% yobisi, kunye namacephe a-2 etshokholethi kaHershey. isiraphu), isisombululo esingenancasa, okanye akukho sisombululo. Nangona ukudityaniswa kweempawu kunye ne-stimuli kunye nobude benkcazo ye-stimulus kunqunywe ngokungenamkhethe kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, asizange senze i-random order of presentation kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Isisombululo esingenancasa, esasiyilelwe ukulinganisa incasa yendalo yamathe, yayiquka 25 mM KCl kunye 2.5 mM NaHCO.3 (). Sasebenzisa amathe angengowamvelo kuba amanzi anencasa eyenza i-taste cortex isebenze (Zald & Pardo, 2000). Kwi-50% yetshokholethi kunye nezilingo zesisombululo esingenancasa incasa ayizange ihanjiswe njengoko bekulindelekile ukuvumela uphando lwempendulo ye-neural ukulindela incasa engazange idideke kunye nokufunyanwa kwangempela kwencasa (izilingo ezingabonakaliyo) (Umzobo 1). Kwakukho iziganeko ezithandathu zomdla kule paradigm: (1) i-chocolate milkshake cue elandelwa yincasa ye-milkshake (cue ye-milkshake edityanisiweyo), (2) ukwamkelwa kwencasa ye-milkshake (ukuhanjiswa kwe-milkshake), (3) incasa yetshokholethi ye-milkshake elandelwa kukungabinancasa kwe-milkshake ( i-milkshake cue engadityaniswanga), (4) isicombululo esingenancasa silandelwa sisicombululo esingenancasa (i-paired tasteless cue), (5) ukufunyanwa kwesisombululo esingenancasa (ukuhanjiswa okungenancasa), kunye (6) nesicombululo esingenancasa silandelwa kukungabi nancasa (incasa engenancasa) . Imifanekiso inikwe imizuzwana emi-5-12 (M = 7) usebenzisa iMATLAB eqhutywa kwiWindows. Ukuhanjiswa kwencasa kwenzeka kwimizuzwana emi-4 ukuya kwe-11 (M = 7) emva kokuqala kophawu. Ngenxa yoko, isiganeko ngasinye sahlala phakathi kwe-4-12 imizuzwana. Ubaleko ngalunye beluneziganeko ezili-16. Ukunambitheka kwahanjiswa kusetyenziswa iimpompo zesirinji ezimbini ezicwangcisiweyo (Braintree Scientific BS-8000) ezilawulwa yiMATLAB ukuqinisekisa umthamo ongaguqukiyo, izinga, kunye nexesha lokunikezelwa kwencasa. Iisirinji ezingamashumi amathandathu eeml ezizaliswe yitshokholethi yobisi kunye nesisombululo esingenancasa zadityaniswa ngeTygon yetyhubhu ngesikhokelo samaza esidityaniswe kwikhoyili yentloko yeentaka kwiskena seMRI. I-manifold ingena emilonyeni yabathathi-nxaxheba kwaye yazisa incasa kwindawo ehambelanayo yolwimi. Le nkqubo isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuhambisa ulwelo kwisikena kwaye ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwenye indawo (umz., ). I-taste cue yahlala esikrinini imizuzwana ye-8.5 emva kokuba i-taste ihanjiswe, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba baginye xa isimo sinyamalala. Inqaku elilandelayo livele kwisekhondi eli-1 ukuya kwe-5 emva kokuba i-cue yangaphambili ihambile. Imifanekiso yaboniswa ngeprojekti yedijithali/inkqubo yokubonisa isikrini esibuyela umva kwiscreen ngasemva ekupheleni kwe-MRI scanner bore kwaye yabonakala ngesibuko esifakwe kwikhoyili yentloko.

Umzobo 1 

Umzekelo wexesha kunye nomyalelo wokuboniswa kwemifanekiso kunye neziselo ngexesha lokuqhuba.

Imigca emihlanu yobungqina kuphononongo oluqhubekayo lwe-fMRI olusebenzise le paradigm kunye namantombazana afikisayo (N = 46) icebisa ukuba ngumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo womahluko womntu ngamnye kumvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo kunye nowokugqibela. Okokuqala, abathathi-nxaxheba balinganisa i-milkshake njengento ebalulekileyo (t = 9.79, df = 45, r = .68, p ' Okwesibini, ukulinganiswa kobumnandi be-milkshake ehambelana nokusebenza kwi-insula yangaphambili (r = .70) ekuphenduleni kwiimpawu ze-milkshake kunye nokusebenza kwi-parahippocampal gyrus ekuphenduleni ukufunyanwa kwe-milkshake (r = .72). Okwesithathu, ukusebenza kwimimandla emele umvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo kunye nowokugqibela (; ; ) ekuphenduleni ulindelo kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-milkshake kule paradigm ye-fMRI ehambelanayo (r = .84 ukuya ku-.91) ngokuzithanda ngokuzixelayo kunye nomnqweno wokutya okuhlukahlukeneyo, njengoko kuhlolwe ngoguqulelo olulungisiweyo lwe-Inventory Craving Inventory ().1 Okwesine, ukusebenza ngokuphendula kumvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo kunye nowokugqibela kule paradigm ye-fMRI correlates (r = .82 ukuya ku-.95) kunye nokuba abathathi-nxaxheba basebenza nzima kangakanani ukutya kunye nokuba bangakanani ukutya abakusebenzelayo kumsebenzi wokuziphatha osebenzayo ovavanya ukungafani komntu ngamnye ekuqiniseni ukutya (). Okwesihlanu, abathathi-nxaxheba ababonisa ukusebenza okukhulu ngakumbi ekuphenduleni kulindelo kunye nomvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo kule paradigm ye-fMRI ibonise kakhulu (p <.05) ubunzima obuninzi ngaphezu kokulandelwa kweminyaka eyi-1 kunabathathi-nxaxheba ababonisa ukusebenza okuncinci kule paradigm (r = .54 ukuya ku-.65). Ngokudibeneyo, ezi ziphumo zibonelela ngobungqina bobunyani bale paradigm yomvuzo wokutya we-fMRI.

Ukulinganisa kunye nohlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani

Ukuskena kwenziwa yi-Siemens Allegra 3 Tesla intloko kuphela ye-MRI scanner. Ikhoyili eqhelekileyo yecage yeentaka yasetyenziswa ukufumana idata ebuchotsheni bonke. Umqamelo we-thermo foam vacuum kunye ne-padding eyongezelelweyo yayisetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukuhamba kwentloko. Lilonke, iiskeni ezili-152 zaqokelelwa ngethuba lemitsi emine yokusebenza. Izikena ezisebenzayo zisebenzise i-T2* enobunzima begradient ye-echo planar imaging (EPI) ngokulandelelana (TE=30 ms, TR = 2000 ms, flip angle=80°) kunye nesisombululo senqwelomoya esiyi-3.0 × 3.0 mm2 (64 × 64 matrix; 192 × 192 mm2 icandelo lokujonga). Ukugubungela ubuchopho bonke, izilayi ze-32 4mm (ukufumana okungaphakathi, ukungafikeleli) zaza zafunyanwa ecaleni kwe-AC-PC transverse, inqwelomoya etshatileyo njengoko kumiselwe licandelo le-midsagittal. Izikram zesakhiwo zaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa ukubuyiswa kwe-T1 yokulandelelanisa ubunzima (MP-RAGE) kulungelelwaniso olufanayo kunye nokulandelelana kokubonelela ngemifanekiso ene-anatomic eneenkcukacha ehambelana nesikali esisebenzayo. Ukulandelelana okuphezulu kwesakhiwo se-MRI (FOV = 256 × 256 mm2, 256 × 256 matrix, ubukhulu = 1.0 mm, inombolo yesilayidi ice 160) zifunyenwe.

Idatha yayiqhutywe ngaphambili kwaye ihlalutywe kusetyenziswa isofthiwe ye-SPM5 (iSebe eliYamkelekileyo le-Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK) kwi-MATLAB (Mathworks, Inc., Sherborn, MA) (Friston et al., 1994; ). Imifanekiso yayiyi-time-acquisition ilungiswe kwisilayi esifunyenwe kwi-50% ye-TR. Yonke imifanekiso esebenzayo yaphinda yahlengahlengiswa kwintsingiselo. Imifanekiso (i-anatomical kunye nokusebenza) yayiqhelekileyo kwingqondo ye-template ye-MNI eqhelekileyo ephunyezwe kwi-SPM5 (ICBM152, ngokusekelwe kumyinge we-152 eziqhelekileyo ze-MRI scans). Ukwenziwa kwesiqhelo kubangele ubungakanani bevoxel obuyi-3 mm3 yemifanekiso esebenzayo kunye nobungakanani be-voxel ye-1 mm3 kwimifanekiso yolwakhiwo. Imifanekiso esebenzayo yagudiswa nge-6 mm FWHM isotropic Gaussian kernel.

Ukuchonga imimandla yobuchopho eyenziwe yasebenza ukuphendula kumvuzo ogqityiweyo siye sathelekisa impendulo ye-BOLD ngexesha lokufumana i-milkshake xa sifumana isisombululo esingenancasa. Sithathele ingqalelo ukufika kwencasa emlonyeni njengomvuzo wokugqiba, kunokuba incasa iginywe, nangona kunjalo, siyavuma ukuba iziphumo zasemva kokutya zinegalelo kwixabiso lokutya lomvuzo (). Ukuchonga imimandla yobuchopho esetyenzisiweyo ukuphendula kumvuzo olindelekileyo kwi-milkshake paradigm, impendulo yeBOLD ngexesha lokubonisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-milkshake okuza kwenzeka yathelekiswa nempendulo ngexesha lonikezelo lwe-cue ebonisa ukuhanjiswa kwesisombululo esingenancasa. Sihlalutye idatha evela kwinkcazo ye-cue engahambelani apho izinto ezithandayo azizange zinikezelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufumana eyona nto incasa akusayi kuba nefuthe kwinkcazo yethu yokusebenza kwengqondo elindelekileyo. Iziphumo ezingqamene nemeko kwivoxel nganye ziye zaqikelelwa kusetyenziswa iimodeli zomgca jikelele. IiVectors zokuqalisa kwisiganeko ngasinye somdla zahlanganiswa kwaye zangeniswa kwi-matrix yoyilo ukwenzela ukuba iimpendulo ezinxulumene nesiganeko zinokulinganiswa ngumsebenzi we-canonical hemodynamic response (HRF), njengoko uphunyeziweyo kwi-SPM5, equka umxube we-2 imisebenzi ye-gamma. xelisa incopho yokuqala kwimizuzwana emi-5 kunye ne-undershoot elandelayo. Ukuphendula ngokungafaniyo okubangelwa ukugwinya izisombululo, safaka ixesha lokunyamalala kwe-cue (izifundo zaqeqeshwa ukugwinya ngeli xesha) njengento eguquguqukayo engenamdla. Siphinde sabandakanya izinto eziphuma kwi-hemodynamic zexeshana ukufumana imodeli engcono yedatha (). Isihluzi se-128 sesibini sokupasa okuphezulu (ngengqungquthela ye-SPM5) sisetyenziselwe ukususa ingxolo ye-low-frequency kunye nokuhamba kancinci kwisignali.

Iimephu zomahluko zomntu ngamnye zakhiwe ukuthelekisa ukusebenza ngaphakathi komthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye kulwahlulo olukhankanywe ngasentla kwi-SPM5. Uthelekiso phakathi kweqela emva koko lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iimodeli zesiphumo esingacwangciswanga ukujongana nokuhlukahluka kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Uphononongo lomvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo, iparamitha yoqikelelo lwemifanekiso evela kwi-milkshake - umahluko ongenancasa wangeniswa kwinqanaba lesibini le-2×2 ANOVA (obese vs. Lean) ngo (irisithi ye-milkshake - irisithi engenancasa). Uhlalutyo lomvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo, iparameter eqikelelwayo yemifanekiso esuka kwimilkshake engadityaniswanga - umahluko ongenancasa ongenancasa (okt, i-milkshake cue engalandelwa yirisithi ye-milkshake - incasa engenancasa engalandelwa yirisithi engenancasa) yangeniswa kwinqanaba lesibini 2×2 ANOVA (obese vs. ngqiyama) ngo (i-milkshake engabhangiswanga - incasa engapheliyo). Ke, sisebenzise iimodeli ze-ANOVA ukuvavanya ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo babonise ukugqwesa okukhulu kokutya okungaqhelekanga kunabathathi-nxaxheba ababhityileyo.

Iimephu zochasiso zeSPM zomntu ngamnye ziye zangeniswa kwiimodeli zobuyiselo kunye namanqaku e-BMI afakwe njenge-covariate. Le modeli ivavanye ukuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba abanamanqaku aphezulu e-BMI babonise ukusebenza okukhulu okukholelwa ukuba babonisa umvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo kunye nolindelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba abanamanqaku asezantsi e-BMI. Siqikelele le mifuziselo yokubuyisela ukubonelela ngovavanyo olubuthathaka ngakumbi kobu budlelwane sisebenzisa idatha evela kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwisampulu (iimodeli ze-ANOVA zibandakanya kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo nabatyebileyo).

Ukubaluleka kokusebenza kweBOLD kuchongwa ngokuqwalasela zombini ubukhulu bempendulo kunye nobungakanani bempendulo. I-SPM ixhomekeke ikakhulu kubukhulu obuphezulu ukumisela ukubaluleka, ukumisela inqobo yokuqina engqongqo kunye t-imephu zithe kratya p <0.001 (engalungiswanga) ngevoxel kunye nekhrayitheriya yobungakanani obukhululekileyo (iinqobo zeqela le-3 voxels). Ukulandela ingqungquthela siye sasebenzisa lo mgaqo ukuze sibone ukubaluleka kokwenza kusebenze kwethu kuzo zombini iimodeli zokubuyisela umva kunye neemodeli ze-ANOVA. Amaqela okuvuselela athathwa njengento ebalulekileyo p < .05 (ngokubhekiselele kumaqela) alungiswe ukuthelekisa amaninzi kwingqondo yonke. Ngokusekwe kwizifundo zangaphambili senze uphando oluthe ngqo kwiindawo ezenziwe kumvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo kunye nolindelo lokutya: i-striatum, i-amygdala, imimandla ye-midbrain, i-orbitofrontal cortex, i-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, i-insula, i-anterior cingulate gyrus, i-parahippocampal gyrus, kunye ne-fusiform gyrus.

iziphumo

Uvavanyo lokuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo babonise umahluko kumvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba ababhityileyo (i-milkshake cue ngokuchasene ne-tasteless cue)

Senze uhlalutyo oluthelekisa iimpendulo zengqondo kumantombazana akwishumi elivisayo atyebileyo (N = 7, M BMI = 33, SD = 4.25) ukuthembela kumantombazana afikisayo (N = 11, M BMI = 19.6, SD = 1.08) usebenzisa imodeli ye-ANOVA yeqela. Itotali yamaqela e-activation ayi-13 abekwe ngaphakathi kwe-insula, ummandla we-Rolandic, kunye nemimandla yesikhashana, engaphambili kunye ne-parietal opercular; abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo babonise ukusebenza okukhulu kwezi ndawo xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba ababhityileyo (Umzobo 2A-B kwaye 1 Table). Kula maqela ali-13 asebenzayo, i-9 yawela ngasekhohlo kunye ne-4 kwi-hemisphere yasekunene. Abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo babonise ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-cortex yangaphambili ye-cingulate yekhohlo (indawo ye-ventral Brodmann (BA) 24) kunabathathi-nxaxheba abancinci. 1 Table ulungelelaniso lweengxelo, ubungakanani bevoxel, abulungiswanga p-amaxabiso, kunye nobukhulu besiphumo (η2). Amanani e-p aliqela ayebalulekile p < .05 ingqondo epheleleyo ilungiswe kwinqanaba le-cluster. Ubungakanani besiphumo kolu hlahlelo basuka kwabancinci (η2 = .01) ukuya kubukhulu (η2 = .17), enesiphumo esiphakathi .05, esimele ubungakanani besiphumo esiphakathi ngokwe .2

Umzobo 2 

A. Icandelo le-Saggital le-activation enkulu kwi-insula yangaphambili yasekhohlo (-36, 6, 6, Z = 3.92, P engalungiswanga <.001) ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo ekutyebeni xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ezibhityileyo kunye ne-B. iigrafu zebar yeparameter uqikelelo ukusuka ...
1 Table 

Imimandla ebonisa ukuSebenzisa okuNyuliweyo ngexesha loMvuzo woKutya okulindelekileyo kunye noMvuzo wokuTya oQhelekileyo kwi-Obese Adolescent Girls (N = 7) xa kuthelekiswa neLean Adolescent Girls (N = 11)

Uvavanyo lokuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba be-BMI babonise ubudlelwane bomda kumvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo

Iimephu ze-SPM zochasaniso zomntu ngamnye zangeniswa kwiimodeli zohlengahlengiso kunye namanqaku e-BMI njenge-covariate yokuvavanya ukuba i-BMI inxulumene ngokuhambelana nokwenziwa kusebenze ekuphenduleni kumvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo. Olu hlalutyo lwalunovakalelo ngakumbi kuba lwalubandakanya bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, kunokuba batyebe nabatyebileyo nje abathathi-nxaxheba. Sifumene ulungelelwaniso oluhle lwe-BMI kunye nokusebenza kwi-ventral lateral kunye ne-dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex kunye ne-operculum yesikhashana ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo (Umzobo 3A kwaye 2 Table). Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye yeempembelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu p < .05 ingqondo epheleleyo ilungiswe kwinqanaba le-cluster. Ubungakanani besiphumo kolu hlalutyo bebubukhulu becala ngalinye iikhrayitheriya (uluhlu r = .48 ukuya ku-.68), ngentsingiselo r = .56.

Umzobo 3 

A. Icandelo le-Axial le-activation enkulu kwi-operculum yexesha lasekhohlo (TOp; −54, -3, 3, Z = 3.41, P engalungiswanga <.001) nakwi-cortex ye-ventrolateral prefrontal yasekunene (VLPFC; 45, 45, 0, Z = 3.57, P engalungiswanga <.001) kwi ...
2 Table 

IiNgingqi eziphendulayo ngexesha loMvuzo woKutya okulindelekileyo kunye noMvuzo wokuTya oPhetheyo njengoMsebenzi weSalathiso soMzimba (N = 33)

Uvavanyo lokuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo babonise umahluko kumvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba ababhityileyo (ukufumana i-milkshake ngokuchasene nokufumana incasa)

Xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ngokubhekiselele kumvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo, sifumene ukuba amantombazana akwishumi elivisayo atyebileyo abonise ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-operculum ye-Rolandic kunye ne-operculum yasekhohlo engaphambili ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba ababhinqileyo (Umzobo 2C-D kwaye 1 Table). Iqela lokuvula kwi-operculum ye-Rolandic yayibalulekile kwi p < .05 ingqondo epheleleyo ilungiswe kwinqanaba le-cluster (bona 1 Table). Ubungakanani besiphumo kolu hlahlelo basuka kwabancinci (η2 = .03) ukuya phakathi (η2 = .08), enesiphumo esiphakathi .06, esimele ubungakanani besiphumo esiphakathi ngokwe iikhrayitheriya.

Uvavanyo lokuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba be-BMI babonise ubudlelwane bomgca kumvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo

Iimephu ze-SPM zochasaniso zomntu ngamnye ziye zangeniswa kwiimodeli zobuyiselo kunye namanqaku e-BMI njenge-covariate yokuvavanya ukuba i-BMI inxulumene ngokuhambelana nokusebenza ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo. Ubudlelwane obuhle bufunyenwe phakathi kwe-BMI kunye nokusebenza kwi-insula kunye nemimandla emininzi ye-operculum (Umfanekiso 3B–C kwaye 2 Table). I-BMI iphinde yadityaniswa kakubi nokusebenza kwi-nucleus ye-caudate ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo kule modeli enovakalelo, ebonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba be-BMI abaphezulu babonise ukuhla kwempendulo kule ndawo xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba be-BMI ephantsi.Umzobo 3D-E kwaye 2 Table). Akukho nalinye kumaxabiso e-p ebebalulekile p < .05 ingqondo epheleleyo ilungiswe kwinqanaba le-cluster. Ubungakanani besiphumo kolu hlalutyo bephakathi (r = .35) ukuya kubukhulu (r = .58) nganye indlela, enesiphumo esiphakathi ebesikhulu (r = .48).

ingxoxo

Olu phononongo luvavanye i-hypothesis yokuba amantombazana akwishumi elivisayo atyebileyo angabonisa ukusebenza okwahlukileyo kwisekethe yomvuzo ekuphenduleni ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunye nokuqikelelwa kokusetyenziswa okunxulumene namantombazana akwishumi elivisayo abhinqileyo kwaye ukusebenza kuya kunxulumana ngokuhambelana ne-BMI yabathathi-nxaxheba. Iimpendulo zobuchopho zavavanywa ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwe-milkshake yetshokholethi ngokuchasene nesisombululo esingenancasa (umvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo) kunye nokuphendula kwizikhokelo ezibonisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-chocolate milkshake ngokuchasene nesisombululo esingenancasa (umvuzo wokutya olindelweyo). Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando lwangaphambili (umz., ), besilindele ukungaqhelekanga kumvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo kunye nolindelo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo ngokunxulumene nabalingane babo ababhityileyo.

Njengoko kucingelwa, iimpendulo kumvuzo wokutya kunye nolindelo lokutya kwimimandla eqikelelweyo zahlukile kumantombazana afikisayo atyebe kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabalingane babo ababhityileyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo babonise ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-core gustatory cortex (i-insula yangaphambili / i-operculum yangaphambili) kunye ne-somatosensory cortex (i-operculum ye-Rolandic, i-operculum yesikhashana, i-parietal operculum, kunye ne-posterior insula) kunye ne-anterior cingulate ekuphenduleni kumlinganiselo wethu wokulindela ukutya okulindelweyo. ukuthembela kubathathi-nxaxheba. Ezi mpembelelo zesayizi bezincinci ukuya kubukhulu ngobukhulu, kunye ne-avareji yobungakanani besiphumo obuphakathi. I-insula iboniswe ukuba idlale indima ekulindelweyo kokutya (; ; ) kunye nokunqwenela ukutya (). Ngaphaya koko, uBalleine kunye noDickenson (2001) babonise ukuba izilwanyana ezinokususwa kwe-insula ziyasilela ukufunda ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ephendula ekutyeni ithotyiwe, ikwacebisa nendima ye-insula kumvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo. Ummandla we-ventral anterior cingulate ufunyenwe ubandakanyeka kwikhowudi yomxholo wamandla kunye nokunambitha kokutya (). Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo zethu zinokucebisa ukuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu baye bafumana ulindelo olwandisiweyo lokunencasa kwe-milkshake xa kuthelekiswa nabantu ababhityileyo. Kuya kubaluleka kwizifundo zexesha elizayo ukuba kuthintelwe ukuba imeko eyenzeka ngenxa yokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kunye nokutya okuneswekile ephezulu ayinagalelo kumvuzo ophakamileyo wokutya olindelweyo oboniswe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo.

Kwakhona njenge-hypothesized, bekukho ubungqina bokuba abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo babonise ukusebenza okwahlukileyo ekuphenduleni kumvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo onxulumene nabathathi-nxaxheba ababhinqileyo. Owangaphambili ubonise ukunyuka kwe-activation kwi-operculum ye-Rolandic, i-operculum yangaphambili, i-insula yangasemva, kunye ne-cingulate gyrus ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nokugqibela. Ubungakanani besiphumo bebuncinci ukuya phakathi ngobukhulu, kunye nobukhulu obuphakathi besiphumo obuphakathi. Ezi ziphumo zidibana nezo zezifundo zangaphambili; ifumene ukuba ipesenti yamafutha omzimba ahambelana nokunyuka kokusebenza kwi-insula ngexesha lamava okuqonda ukutya kunye ufumene ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-cortex ye-somatosensory ngelixa uphumle njengomsebenzi we-BMI. Ngenxa yokuba i-insula kunye ne-operculum engaphezulu iye yanxulunyaniswa nomvuzo wokuthatha inxaxheba ekutyeni (; ), ezi ziphumo zinokuthetha ukuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu bafumana umvuzo omkhulu wokutya xa kuthelekiswa nabantu ababhityileyo, ezinokuhambelana nedatha yokuziphatha evela kwezinye izifundo njengoko kuchaziwe kwintshayelelo.

Siphinde savavanya ukuba ingaba i-BMI ihambelana ngokuhambelana nokusebenza ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya okulindelekileyo kunye nowokugqibela kunye neemodeli zokubuyela umva ukubonelela ngovavanyo olubuthathaka ngakumbi lobudlelwane obucingelwayo. Xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ezifunyenwe kwiimodeli ze-ANOVA, sifumene ukwanda kokusebenza kwi-operculum yethutyana ukuya kumvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo njengomsebenzi we-BMI. Ngaphaya koko, iimpendulo ezinkulu zifunyenwe kwi-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ekuphenduleni kumvuzo wokutya olindelweyo njengomsebenzi we-BMI. Kwakhona xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ezivela kwiimodeli ze-ANOVA kukunyuka kokusebenza kwi-insula / frontoparietal operculum ekuphenduleni umvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo njengomsebenzi we-BMI. Ngokubanzi, iziphumo zemodeli yokubuyisela umva ngokubanzi zidibana neziphumo ezivela kwiimodeli ze-ANOVA, nangona uhlahlelo lokugqibela lubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo nabatyebileyo, bebonelela ngeziphumo ezongezelelweyo ezihambelana neengqikelelo zethu. Ubudlelwane obuchongiweyo kwiimodeli zokuhlehla beziyiziphumo ezinkulu.

Okubangela umdla kukuba, iimodeli zohlengahlengiso zicebise ukuba i-BMI yayinxulumene ngokungafaniyo nokusebenza kwinucleus ye-caudate ekuphenduleni kumvuzo wokutya ogqityiweyo, njengoko kucingelwa kusekwe kwiziphumo zangaphambili.). Oku ibiyisayizi enkulu yesiphumo. Ukufumana kwethu okusebenzayo kuqinisekisa kwaye kwandisa iziphumo ezichazwe kuphononongo oluqhutywe ngu , apho bafumanisa ukuba ukutyeba kwe-morbidly kubonise ukunciphisa ukufumaneka kwe-D2 receptor ekuphumleni kwi-putamen ngokulingana ne-BMI yabo. Ezi ziphumo zinokubonisa ukufumaneka kwe-dopamine receptor ephantsi. Kuyenzeka ukuba abantu batye kakhulu ukuvuselela inkqubo yomvuzo esekwe kwi-dopamine eyonqenayo kunye nexesha elide (). Kungenjalo, ukuthathwa okuphezulu kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kunye neswekile ephezulu kunokubangela ukulawulwa kwe-receptor, njengoko kubonwe phakathi kwabasebenzisi beziyobisi (). Njengoko kuphawuliwe, uphando lwezilwanyana lubonisa ukuba ukutya okuphindaphindiweyo kokutya okumnandi kunye okunamafutha kubangela ukuthotywa kwe-D2 receptors kunye nokunciphisa uvakalelo lwe-D2 (; ). Olunye utoliko olunokwenzeka kukuba abantu abatyebileyo babonisa i-hypofunction yomvuzo wokutya xa bephumle, kodwa besebenza ngokugqithisileyo xa bevezwe ekutyeni okanye kwiimpawu zokutya. Olu toliko luhambelana nobungqina bokuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu nasemva kokuba batyebe kakhulu babonisa ukusabela okukhulu kwi-dorsal insula kunye ne-posterior hippocampus emva kokutya okunxulumene nabantu ababhityileyo (), ukuba sesichengeni kwizinto zokutya kubangela ukuba kusebenze ngakumbi kwi-parietal efanelekileyo kunye ne-temporal cortices kubantu abatyebileyo kodwa abangathembekanga (; ), ukuba abantu abatyebileyo babonisa ukusebenza okukhulu kwi-dorsal striatum, insula, claustrum, kunye ne-somatosensory cortex ekuphenduleni ukutya kunabantu ababhityileyo (), ukuba iigundane ezityebileyo zinamanqanaba asezantsi e-basal dopamine kunye nokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-D2 receptor kuneempuku ezibhityileyo (; ; ) kunye neempuku ezityebileyo zibonisa ukukhutshwa okungaphezulu kwe-dopamine ngexesha lokutyisa kuneempuku ezibhityileyo (). Nangona kunjalo, olu toliko aluhambelani nobungqina bokuba ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kubantu abatyebileyo babonisa ukuphumla okukhulu kwe-metabolic cortex yomlomo we-somatosensory cortex () kunye nokuba kusebenze i-OFC kunye ne-cingulate ekuphenduleni ukujonga imifanekiso yokutya okunencasa ehambelana kakubi ne-BMI phakathi kwabasetyhini abanobunzima obuqhelekileyo (). Kuya kuba luncedo kuphando lwexesha elizayo ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi inkcazo echaza iziphumo ezibonakala zingahambelani, njengoko kuya kuqhubela phambili kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu kwe-etiologic kunye neenkqubo zokulondoloza ezifaka isandla ekutyebeni.

Ngokudibeneyo, iziphumo zangoku zibonisa ukuba imimandla yobuchopho eyahlukeneyo isebenze ngokulindelekileyo ngokuchasene nomvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo, oligalelo elibalulekileyo kuba zizifundo ezimbalwa kuphela eziye zazama ukuchonga i-neural substrates yolindelo kunye nomvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo. Kwiimodeli ze-ANOVA ezithelekisa ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ababhityileyo (1 Table), i-operculum ye-Rolandic kunye ne-operculum yangaphambili yenziwe yasebenza ngokubili ukulindela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-milkshake, kodwa i-operculum yesikhashana, i-parietal operculum, i-insula yangaphambili, i-posterior insula, kunye ne-ventral anterior cingulate yasebenza kuphela ekuphenduleni ukufunyanwa kwe-milkshake. Kwiimodeli zokuhlehla ezivavanye ubudlelwane be-BMI kwimimandla yokusebenza (2 Table), bekungekho kuthungelana kwimimandla esebenzayo: ngelixa i-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, i-dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex kunye ne-operculum yesikhashana zenziwe zasebenza ukuphendula ukwamkelwa okulindelweyo kwe-milkshake, i-insula, i-frontoparietal operculum, i-parietal operculum, kunye ne-acudivated nucleus ukufumana i-milkshake. Ezi ziphumo zidibana kakhulu nezo zisuka kwizifundo zangaphambili eziphande imimandla yobuchopho ejolise kumvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo kunye nolindelo lokutya (; ; ; Small et al., 2008; ).

Olu phononongo luyinoveli kuba lolunye lolokuqala ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-BMI kunye nempendulo ye-neural kumvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo kunye nowokugqibela usebenzisa iparadigm ebandakanya ukuhanjiswa kokutya kwiskena. Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo lwalunemida emininzi ekufuneka iqatshelwe. Okokuqala, sasinobungakanani besampulu ephakathi ukuvavanya phakathi kweziphumo zeqela, nangona yayinkulu kunezifundo ezininzi ze-fMRI ezipapashwe ngaphambili zomvuzo wokutya opapashwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Okwesibini, sasebenzisa incasa enye kuphela enencasa. Mhlawumbi ezinye izinto ezithandwayo zinomvuzo ngakumbi kubathathi-nxaxheba kwaye beziya kubangela impendulo enkulu yomvuzo kwingqondo. Okwesithathu, ekubeni ukufunyanwa kwe-milkshake kwakusoloko kulandelwa yi-cue (okt, ayizange ihanjiswe ngaphandle kwe-cue), abathathi-nxaxheba bahlala besazi malunga nencasa ngaphambi kokuba ihanjiswe. Izifundo ezidlulileyo (umz., ) baye bafumana impendulo eyahlukileyo kwincasa kunye neencasa njengomsebenzi wokuba zilindelwe okanye bezingalindelekanga. Ke ngoko, abaphandi kufuneka baqwalasele ukubandakanya umlinganiselo wempendulo ekufumaneni umvuzo wokutya ongalindelekanga kwizifundo ezizayo. Okwesine, iimpawu ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiparadigm ye-milkshake yayizimilo zejometri, ezinokuthi zingabi nantsingiselo yaneleyo yomvuzo kubathathi-nxaxheba kwaye ke ngoko inokuba ivelise iimvakalelo ezilindelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Okwesihlanu, siqokelele idatha yokuziphatha elinganiselweyo ukuze siqinisekise i-paradigm ye-fMRI kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo sethu. Nangona kunjalo, idatha yokwenyani evela kwizifundo eziqhubekayo kusetyenziswa le paradigm icebisa ukuba ngumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo womahluko womntu ngamnye kumvuzo wokutya.

Ukuqukumbela, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukwahluka kwempendulo ye-neural ngexesha lokulindela kunye nomvuzo wokutya ogqibeleleyo njengomsebenzi wesimo sokutyeba kunye ne-BMI, nangona kuya kubaluleka ukuphinda obu budlelwane kwiisampulu ezizimeleyo. Kuba bekukho impendulo enkulu kwimimandla emininzi ebonakaliswe ukufaka umvuzo wokutya kubathathi-nxaxheba abatyebileyo, indlela yokuphendula iyahambelana nezifundo zokuziphatha ezicebisa ukuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu balindele umvuzo ongakumbi ovela ekutyeni kwaye babe namava olonwabo olukhulu xa besitya. Nangona kunjalo, siphinde safumanisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abane-BMI ephezulu babonise ukusebenza okuncinci kwi-striatum ekuphenduleni ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunxulumene nabo bane-BMI ephantsi, ehambelana nesiphakamiso sokuba abantu abatyebe kakhulu banokufumana ukukhutshwa kwe-phasic dopamine xa besebenzisa ukutya okunxulumene noko. abantu abatyebileyo. Kuyenzeka ngokwebhayoloji ukuba abantu balindele umvuzo ongakumbi ovela ekutyeni kwaye babe namava olonwabo olukhulu xa besitya, kodwa babe namava okukhutshwa kwe-dopamine encinci xa kutyiwa ukutya, njengoko nganye ibandakanya ukujikeleza kwe-neural. Nangona kunjalo, kuyenzeka ukuba ezinye zezi zinto zingaqhelekanga zibakho ngaphambi kokutyeba kakhulu ngelixa ezinye zisisiphumo sokutya kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, iziphumo ezimbini zangaphambili zinokunyusa umngcipheko we-hyperphagia ebangela ukulinganisela kwamandla okulungileyo, kwaye umphumo wokugqibela unokuba yimveliso ye-receptor phantsi-ummiselo wesibini ekusebenziseni ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kunye noshukela ophezulu. Ngenye indlela, i-hypofunctioning ye-dopamine-mediated umvuzo wesekethe inokubangela ukuba abantu batye kakhulu ukubuyisela le ntsilelo yomvuzo, ethi ngokubeka imeko ivelise umvuzo wokutya olindelekileyo kunye nophuhliso oluphakamileyo lwe-somatosensotry cortex. Kuya kubaluleka kwizifundo ezilindelekileyo ukuphanda ukuba yeyiphi kwezi zinto zingaqhelekanga ezandulela ukuqala kokutyeba kakhulu kwaye ziyimveliso yokutya kakhulu okungapheliyo. Siyathemba ukuba uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lweziphene ezandulela ukutyeba kwangaphambili lunokuvumela ukuyilwa kothintelo olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nongenelelo lonyango.

Imibulelo

Olu phononongo luxhaswe yinkxaso yophando (R1MH64560A) evela kwiZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo.

Ndiyabulela kumncedisi wophando lweprojekthi, uKeely Muscatell kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abenze olu phononongo lwaba nokwenzeka.

Imihlathi

1I-Inventory yokuLalela ukutya (FCI, ) ivavanya iqondo lokunqwenela ukutya okwahlukeneyo. Silungelelanise esi sikali ngokucela iireyithingi zendlela abathathi-nxaxheba abanencasa abakufumana ngayo ukutya ngakunye. I-FCI yasekuqaleni ibonise ukuhambelana kwangaphakathi (α = .93), i-2-iveki yokuvavanya kwakhona ukuthembeka (r = .86), kunye novakalelo ekuboneni iziphumo zongenelelo (; ). Kuphononongo lokulinga (n = 27) isikali esinqwenelekayo kunye nesikali se-palatability sibonise ukuhambelana kwangaphakathi (α = .91 kunye .89 ngokulandelanayo).

2Nangona ezinye iipakethe zesoftware, njenge-AFNI (Uhlalutyo lwe-NeuroImages eSebenzayo), igxininise ngokukodwa kumthamo kwaye ngaloo ndlela isebenzise imilinganiselo yeqela elikhulu, i-SPM igxininise ngokuyintloko ekugxininiseni kwaye isebenzisa ikhrayitheriya encinci yeqela (kodwa iimfuno zokuqina okuphezulu). Ukusebenzisa imfuno emandla ye t < 0.001 kunye ne-contiguous 3-voxel ubuncinane be-cluster criterion to threshold t-maps ngumgangatho we-SPM kwaye yindlela esiyisebenzisileyo kwizifundo zangaphambili. Kulo mongo kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba onke amaqela esiwachazayo makhulu kune-3 voxels (Iifayile 1 kwaye And22).

3Ngokusekwe kubungqina bokuba umsebenzi we-neural onxulumene nomvuzo kubasetyhini uyanda ngexesha lesigaba esiphakathi se-follicular (), senze i-dichotomous variable ebonisa ukuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba bagqiba i-fMRI scans ngexesha lesigaba se-midfollicular (iintsuku ze-4-8 emva kokuqala kwee-menses; n = 2) okanye hayi (n = 31). Xa silawula oku kuguquguquka kulo lonke uhlalutyo, ukusebenza kwimimandla echazwe kuyo kwahlala kubalulekile.

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