Amanqanaba e-cortisol endogene anxulumene nobuzwe obungalinganiyo bokungabonakali kwemali ngokubhekiselele kwimali engeyiyo-mali kwi-pathological gamers (2014)

Front Behav Neurosci. I-2014 Mar 25; 8: 83. doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2014.00083. eCollection 2014.

Li Y1, Sescousse G2, UDreher JC1.

Abstract

Ukungcakaza okungokwasemzimbeni kukuziphatha okuzibonakalisa kukusilela okungapheliyo ukuxhathisa umnqweno wokungcakaza. Ukwabelana ngokufana okuninzi ngeziyobisi. Iihomoni ze-Glucocorticoid kubandakanya ne-cortisol kucingelwa ukuba zidlala indima ephambili kubuthathaka ekuziphatheni okulimazayo, ngokusebenza kwindlela yomvuzo we-mesolimbic. Ngokusekwe kwingxelo yethu yangaphambili yokuziva singalingani kwimali yokuchasana nezinto ezingezizo ezemali kwinkuthazo ye-pralis ye-pathological gambler (PGs), siphande ukuba ingaba oku kungalingani kulawulwa ngumahluko ngamnye kumanqanaba e-cortisol endogenous. Sisebenzise i-imaging resonance imaging esebenzayo (fMRI) kwaye savavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanqanaba e-cortisol kunye neempendulo ze-neural kwimali yokuchasana nemali engeyiyo imali, ngelixa ii-PG kunye nolawulo olusempilweni lwalubandakanyeka kumsebenzi wokulibaziseka wokuphembelela wokubambisa imali kunye nemivuzo engaqhelekanga. Sifumene unxibelelwano olululo phakathi kwamanqanaba e-cortisol kunye neempendulo zestriatal yempikiswano kwimali ngokuchasene ne-erotic cues kwii-PGs, kodwa hayi kulawulo olusempilweni. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-ventral striatum ngommandla ophambili apho i-cortisol modulates inkuthazo yokuqhubela phambili ukungcakaza ngokuchaseneyo nokukhuthaza ukungqubana nokungcakaza kwii-PG. Iziphumo zethu zandisa indima ecetywayo yeehomoni ze-glucocorticoid kwikhoboka leziyobisi kukuziphatha okukhoyo, kwaye sincede ukuqonda ifuthe le-cortisol ekuqhubekisweni komvuzo kwi-PGs.

Internet: I-cortisol, umvuzo, ukugembula kwe-pathological, i-fMRI, i-ventral striatum, umlutha, inkuthazo, ihomoni ye-glucocorticoid

intshayelelo

Ihomoni ye-Glucocorticoid (i-cortisol ebantwini kunye ne-corticosterone kwiintonga) iveliswa yi-adrenal cortex emva kokuba i-axothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis ivuselelwa yimeko yengqondo okanye yephysologic evusa umdla (Sapolsky et al., 2000; UHerman et al., 2005; Ulrich-Lai kunye noHerman, 2009). La mahomoni aneendima eziyimfuneko kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zomzimba, ezinjengokwenza ngokuchasene noxinzelelo kunye neendlela ezichasene nokuvuvukala, kwaye, ngokwenza oko, zineziphumo ezibanzi zokuziphatha. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, indima enokubakho yeehomoni ze-glucocorticoid kwiphazamiso yengqondo ifumene ingqalelo eyonyukayo (Meewisse et al., 2007; IWingenfeld kunye neWolf, 2011). Ngokukodwa, ekukhangelo lwezinto ezinobungozi bokuba likhoboka leziyobisi, ukwandisa amanqaku okubonisana phakathi kokusebenza kwe-HPA kunye nokuvezwa kweziyobisi (uStephen kunye neWand, 2012). Umzekelo, unxibelelwano oluqinisekileyo phakathi kwamanqanaba eglucocorticoid kunye nolawulo lwe-psychostimulants luye lwabonwa kwiintonga (Goeders and Guerin, 1996; UDeroche et al., 1997). Ukongeza, ukuphathwa kweziyobisi kuvelisa iimpendulo zoxinzelelo-njenge-cortisol (Broadbear et al., 2004) Ngokunjalo, ukulawulwa kakhulu kwe-cortisol kukhuthaza umnqweno wecocaine kubantu abaxhomekeke kwi-cocaine (Elman et al., 2003). Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo azikhombisi kuphela kwikhonkco phakathi kwehomoni ye-glucocorticoid kunye nesiyobisi (i-Lovallo, 2006), kodwa kwakhona ugxininise kwimfuno yokuphuhlisa iithiyori zokudibanisa iindlela ezichaphazela indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi.

Izifundo zezilwanyana kunye neze-neuroimaging zibonisa ukuba umlutha kubandakanya ukutshintsha ukusebenza kwenkqubo yomvuzo we-mesolimbic (Koob noLe Moal, 2008; I-Koob neVolkow, 2010; Schultz, 2011). Omnye umgca wophando ubonakalisile ukuba impendulo eguqulweyo ye-HPA inxulumene notshintsho kulawulo lwe-dopaminergic (Oswald kunye neWand, 2004; UAlexander et al., 2011) kwaye ukuba iihomoni ze-glucocorticoid zineemodyul modicators ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine kwindlela ye-mesolimbic, ngakumbi kwii-nucleus accumbens (NAcc; Oswald et al., 2005; Wand et al., 2007). Ukwakha kobu bungqina, kucetywayo ukuba iihomoni ze-glucocorticoid zinefuthe elisebenzayo ekuphenduleni kokuziphatha kweziyobisi zokuxhatshazwa, kwaye ukuba le miphumo iyenziwa ngokusebenzisa Inkqubo kwinkqubo yembuyekezo ye-mesolimbic (uMarinelli noPiazza, 2002; de Jong kunye de Kloet, 2004). Ngapha koko, kwisiseko senkuthazo yovuselelo ithiyori yokuba inkqubo yomvuzo we-mesolimbic iwela umlo ohambelana nesiyobisi (hypinsensitivity (Robinson kunye neBerridge, 1993; Vezina, 2004, 2007; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2008), kucetywe ukuba iihomoni ze-glucocorticoid zibe negalelo kwikhoboka leziyobisi ngokuguqula le nkqubo ye-neural ngqo (uGoodman, 2008; UVinson noBrennan, 2013).

Ukungcakaza okungapheliyo kukuziphatha okubonakaliswa kukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kokungcakaza kunye nokulahleka kolawulo, okufumene ingqalelo enkulu kutshanje (van Holst et al., 2010; Conversano et al., 2012; Achab et al., 2013; UClark noLimbrick-Oldfield, 2013; Petry et al., 2013; Umkhuhlane, 2013). Ukusukela ekuziphatheni kwe-pathological ukugembula kwabelana ngokufana kweziyobisi ngeziyobisi ngokwezifo zeklinikhi (umzekelo, ukuthanda, ukunyamezela, ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo, okanye iimpawu zokurhoxa), ubume be-heritability, kunye neprofayile ye-neurobiological (Potenza, 2006, 2008; Petry, 2007; IWareham nePotenza, 2010; ULeeman noPotenza, 2012), inokufana ngokufanayo phantsi kwempembelelo yehomoni ye-glucocorticoid. Nangona kunjalo, kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nokunxibelelana phakathi kwehomoni ye-glucocorticoid kunye nokuvuselelwa komvuzo wokungcakaza kwi-pathological. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sivavanye ukuba i-cortisol i-endool imodareyitha njani ukuqhubekeka kokusebenza kwemali kunye nezinto ezingezozemali kwi-PG. Ukufezekisa le njongo, siphinde sahlalutya idatha ebipapashiwe ngaphambili kusetyenziswa umsebenzi wokulibaziseka wokusebenzisa imali kunye nembuyekezo yembuyekezo kwi-PG kunye nolawulo olusempilweni (Sescousse et al., 2013), kwaye kwenziwe uhlalutyo olongezelelekileyo lokuhlalutya phakathi kwamanqanaba e-basal cortisol kunye neempendulo ze-neural. Ngokusekwe kwindima yehomoni ye-glucocorticoid kwikhoboka leziyobisi, silindele ukuba amanqanaba e-cortisol e-endo native adibane neempendulo ze-neural kwi-cult-ehambelana neziyobisi kunye nokuchasene ne-non-addiction. Ngokukodwa, kuba uhlalutyo lwethu olushicilelwe ngaphambili lufumene impendulo eyahlukileyo kwimicimbi yemali ngokuchaseneyo ne-erotic kwi-ventral striatum yabadlali abangcakazayo (Sescousse et al., 2013), besilindele ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu e-cortisol anganyaniswa nempendulo eyahlukileyo kulindelo lwemali ngokuchasene nemivuzo ephikisayo kwii-PG.

Impahla nenkqubo

I zifundo

Siphonononge izifundo ze-20 zokulawula impilo kunye nee-20 PG. Onke ayengamadoda anelungelo lokwabelana nobuni. Sikhethe ukufunda amadoda kuphela kuba amadoda ngokubanzi aphendula ngakumbi kukhuthazo lwesini olubonakalayo kunabafazi (Hamann et al., 2004; Uqhekeza kwaye uWallen, 2008) kwaye ngenxa yokuba kukho ukuxhaphaka okuxhaphakileyo kokungcola kwe-pathological emadodeni kunaphakathi kwabafazi (Blanco et al., 2006; UKessler et al., 2008). Idatha evela kwezi zifundo sele isetyenzisiwe kuphononongo lwe-imaging resonance imaging (fMRI) epapashiweyo ejolise ekuthelekiseni imivuzo ephambili kunye neyesekondari kulawulo olusempilweni kunye nokungcola kwe-pathological (PG; Sescousse et al., 2013). Uhlalutyo lwethu lwangoku lugxile ngqo kubudlelwane namanqanaba e-cortisol kwaye ke iyinto eqale ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-Sescousse et al. (2013), Uhlalutyo lwethu olupapashiweyo alubandakanyi datha kwii-PG ezimbini, ngenxa yeengxaki zobugcisa kunye nomsebenzi wokuboniswa kwimeko enye, kwaye ngenxa yokuziphatha okungahambelani kakhulu ngokomgangatho we-hedonic kuwo wonke umsebenzi kwelinye icala. Kuhlalutyo lwangoku, siphinde sayilahla le datha kumnxibelelanisi we-pathological, ngenxa yokusilela ekuqokeleleni iisampulu zegazi ngempumelelo. Ke ngoko, iziphumo ezixeliweyo zisekwe kwizifundo zokulawula impilo ze-20 kunye nee-17 PGs. Zonke izifundo zinike imvume ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kulingo. Uphononongo lwamkelwe yikomiti yokuziphatha yendawo (iZiko Léon Bérard, eLyon, eFrance).

Izifundo zenziwe udliwanondlebe nolwakhiwo-lwazi (uNurnberger et al., 1994) yenziwe ngugqirha wezifo zengqondo. Zonke ii-PG zadibana ne-DSM-IV-TR [Diagnostic kunye ne-Statistical Manual yeNgqondo yokuPhazamiseka kwengqondo (ushicilelo lwesine, uhlaziyo lwesicatshulwa)] yeendlela zokufumana isifo sokungcakaza. Izigulana zazinamanqaku asezantsi e-5 kwiphepha lemibuzo yeScreen Oaks Gcane Screen (SOGS; uluhlu: 5-14) (Lesieur kunye neBlume, 1987). Ngokubalulekileyo, bonke babengabathengisi abangasebenziyo, kwaye kwakungekho namnye owayephantsi kunyango okanye unyango naluphi na uhlobo. Izifundo zokulawulwa kwezempilo zazinamanqaku e-0 kwiphepha lemibuzo le-SOGS, ngaphandle kwesifundo esinye esasinamanqaku e-1. Kuwo omabini amaqela, imbali yokuphazamiseka okukhulu kuxinzelelo okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi / ukuxhomekeka (ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka nicotine) kunyaka odlulileyo kuthathwe njengesiqhelo sokungabandakanywa. Zonke ezinye iingxaki ze-axis ye-DSM-IV-TR ye-I azikhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokubhekisele kubomi bokuxilongwa.

Sisebenzise inani lemibuzo ukuvavanya izifundo zethu. Uvavanyo lwe-Fagerstrom lokuxhomekeka kweNicotine (FTND; Heatherton et al., 1991) balinganisa ukuxhomekeka kwengqondo yabo yicotine; Uvavanyo lweSazisi seNzixhobo zoTywala (AUDIT; Saunders et al., 1993) wayeqeshiselwe ukuqikelela ukuba basela njani utywala; Ixhala loxinzelelo lweSibhedlele kunye noxinzelelo (HAD; Zigmond kunye neSnaith, 1983) isetyenziselwe ukuvavanya impawu zoxinzelelo kunye nexhala; kwaye ekugqibeleni uLuhlu lweArhente yokuBelana ngesondo (i-SAI; iHoon kunye neChambless, 1998) yasetyenziswa ukuvavanya ukuvuswa kwabo ngokwesondo. Omabini la maqela ayehambelana nobudala, ukuxhomekeka kwe-nicotine, imfundo, isiselo esinxilisayo, kunye neempawu zokudakumba (Itheyibhile (Itheyibhile1) .1). Ii-PG zifumene amanqaku aphezulu ngaphezulu kwinkxalabo yenkxalabo yemibuzo yeHAD. Okubaluleke kakhulu, la maqela mabini awahlukanga kwinqanaba lengeniso kunye nokwabelana ngesondo (iThebhile (Itheyibhile1), 1), ngaloo ndlela siqinisekisa ukukhuthaza okunokuthelekiswa kuwo onke amaqela kwimivuzo yemali kunye nezenzuzo.

1 Table 

Iimpawu ezibonakalisa ubuntu kunye neeklinikhi zee-PG kunye nolawulo olusempilweni.

Ukuvavanya ukunyanzelwa kwezifundo ngemali, sibabuza malunga nexesha eliqhelekileyo abazakuthatha ngayo ingqekembe ye-0.20 € esitratweni kwisikali ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-5 (uTobler et al., 2007) kwaye batshatise la maqela mabini ngokusekwe kulo mgangatho (iThebhile (Itheyibhile1) .1). Ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izifundo ziya kuba kwimeko efanayo yokuvuselela umdla wokuzibona, sibacele ukuba baphephe nayiphi na indlela yokunxibelelana ngesondo ngexesha le-24 h ngaphambi kweseshoni yokuskena. Okokugqibela, sikwazame ukonyusa ukhuthazo lwemali ngokuxelela izifundo ukuba imbuyekezo yezemali ngokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba inokongeza ii-winnings eziqokelelwe komnye waba mathathu. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha, nangona kunjalo, kwaye bengazi ezi zifundo, bonke bafumana isixa semali esiphelileyo ekupheleni kovavanyo.

Zonke izifundo zazingenamayeza kwaye yayalelwa ukuba zingasebenzisi nasiphi na isiyobisi gwenxa ngaphandle kwecuba ngemini yeskena.

Umsebenzi wovavanyo

Sisebenzise umsebenzi wokulibazisa wokukhuthaza ngembuyekezo yomvuzo kunye nezemali (umzobo (Figure1A) .1A). Inani elipheleleyo leemvavanyo yayiyi-171. Elinye lazo lalinezigaba ezibini: ulindelo lomvuzo kunye nesiphumo somvuzo. Ngexesha lokulindela, izifundo zabona enye yeendlela ze-12 zibhengeza uhlobo (imali / i-erotic), amathuba (i-25 / 50 / 75%) kunye nokuqina (okuphantsi / okuphezulu) komvuzo ozayo. Indawo yolawulo eyongezelelweyo yayihambelana nethuba lokufumana umvuzo. Emva kwexesha lokulibaziseka eliguqukayo (uphawu lombuzo olukudwebe ngaphandle kwe-pseudo), izifundo zacelwa ukuba zenze umsebenzi wokubonwa kocalulo. Ukuba baphendule ngokuchanekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-1 s, baye bavunyelwa ukujonga iziphumo zedrafti ye-pseudo-random. Kwizilingo ezivuthiweyo, umphumo waba ngumfanekiso o-erotic (onomxholo omkhulu okanye ophantsi) okanye umfanekiso wokukhankanya ngokukhuselekileyo inani lemali ephumeleleyo (ephezulu [10 / 11 / 12 €] or low [1 / 2 / 3 € ]). Ukulandela isiphumo ngasinye somvuzo, izifundo zacelwa ukuba zinike umlinganiso we-hedonic kwisikali esiyi-1-9 engapheliyo (1 = yonwabile kancinci; 9 = yonwabile kakhulu). Kwizilingo ezingazukuvuzwa kunye nolawulo, izifundo zanikwa imifanekiso "ekrwitshiwe". Umnqamlezo wobumbeko ekugqibeleni wasetyenziswa njengendawo yokuphumla yokuvavanywa kobude obuguqukayo.

Umzobo 1 

Umsebenzi wokulibazisa wokunyusa kunye neziphumo zokuziphatha. (A) Izihloko ziqale zabona intaba ibazisa ngohlobo (ipiknikol), ubungakanani (ubungakanani bepikoto) kunye nokwenzeka (kwitshathi yepayi) yomvuzo ozayo. Amatyala amathathu amelwe apha: ithuba le-75% lokufumana ...

Isibindi

Iindidi ezimbini (ubuninzi obuphezulu kunye nobunzulu) bemifanekiso engamanyala kunye neenzuzo zemali zisetyenzisiwe. Ubunqunu njengeyona ndlela iphambili eqhuba ixabiso lomvuzo weshukumiso, sahlulahlula saya kwiqela “eliphantsi kakhulu” elibonisa abantu ababhinqileyo benxibe impahla yangaphantsi okanye impahla yokuhlamba kunye neqela “elinamandla amakhulu” libonisa amabhinqa anqunu kwindawo yokumema. Imifanekiso nganye evusa inkanuko inikezelwa kube kanye ngexesha lomsebenzi ukuphepha ukuhlala. Into efanayo yokumangaliswa yaziswa kwimivuzo yemali ngokutshintsha ngokungafaniyo amanani asengozini (amanani asezantsi: 1, 2, okanye 3 €; izixa eziphezulu: 10, 11, okanye 12 €). Imifanekiso ebonisiweyo kwiimvavanyo ezingenasiphelo kunye nezolawulo ziinguqulelo ezikrokrisayo zemifanekiso esetyenzisiweyo kuvavanyo oluvuthiweyo kwaye ngenxa yoko iqulethe ulwazi olufanayo ngokubhekisele kwibhanyabhanya kunye nokukhanya.

Imilinganiselo ye-cortisol ye-plasma

Ukuze sinciphise umphumo we-circadian hormone rhymms, saqhuba zonke iiseshoni ze-fMRI phakathi kwe8.50 kunye ne11.45 AM. Ngaphambi nje kweseshoni yokuskena, iisampulu zegazi zaqokelelwa (kuthetha ixesha, i-9.24 AM ± 0.27 mn) ukulinganisa amanqanaba e-cortisol ye-plasma kwisifundo ngasinye. Ukuqwalaselwa kweCortisol kwakulinganiswa ngu-radioimmunoassay kusetyenziswa i-antiserum ephakanyiswe kumvundla ogonyelwe i-cortisol 3-O (carboxy-methyl oxime) i-bovine serum albhamuin conjugate, 125I-cortisol njenge-tracer kunye ne-buffer equkethe i-8-anilino-1-naphtalene sulfonic acid (ANS) ye-cortisol-corticosteroid-binding globulin dissociation. Apha ngezantsi kuchazwe inkqubo. I-100 μL ye 125I-cortisol (10000 dpm) ixutywe nomgangatho okanye isampulu (i-10 μL), i-buffer (500 μL) kunye ne-100 μL yesisombululo se-antiserum. Iisampulu zifakwe kwi-45 min kwi-37 ° C kunye ne-1 h kwi-4 ° C. Umda kunye ne-cortisol yasimahla yahlukaniswa sisiyobisi somxube we-PEG-anti-rabi gamma globulin. Emva kwecentrifugation, irediyo yokusebenza kweyona supernatant, equlathe i-cortisol ibotshelelwe kwi-antibody, yabalwa kwikhawuntara ye-gamma. I-coefficients engaphakathi kunye naphakathi kokungafaniyo ibingaphantsi kwe-3.5 kunye ne-5.0% ngokulandelanayo kwinqanaba le-300 nmol / L cortisol. Le ndlela iqinisekisiwe yi-chromatography yegesi / imilinganiselo yokujonga ubunzima (Chazot et al., 1984).

Umsebenzi wokufumana i-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) yokufumana idatha

Ukulinganisa kwaqhutywa kwiskena se-1.5 T Nokia Sonata, kusetyenziswa i-coil yentloko yesibhozo. Iseshoni yokuskena yohlulwa yaba ziimbaleki ezintathu. Ngamnye wabo ubandakanye ukuphindaphinda kayi-cue nganye, ngaphandle kwemeko yolawulo, iphindwe izihlandlo ezisithoba. Oku kuvelise uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-171. Kwindlela nganye yokubaleka, ukulandelwa kweemeko ezahlukeneyo kwenziwa kwi-pseudorandomised kunye nokwenziwa ngcono ukuze kuphuculwe isigqibo sesiginali. Ukulandelelana kokubaleka bekuchasene phakathi kwezifundo. Phambi kokuskena, zonke izifundo zanikwa imiyalelo yomlomo kwaye zaziwa ngumsebenzi wokuqonda kwiseshoni yoqeqesho emfutshane. Nganye yeendlela ezintathu ezibalekayo ezisebenzayo zineevolumu ze296. Izilayi ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu ezidityanisiweyo ezihambelana ne-anterior commissure-posterior commissure zafunyanwa ngevolthi (intsimi yokujonga, i-220 mm; matrix, 64 × 64; ubungakanani be-voxel, i-3.4 × 3.4 × 4 mm; umda, 0.4 mm), kusetyenziswa i I-gradient-echoechoplanar imaging (EPI) T2 * -ukulandela ukulandelelana (ixesha lokuphindaphinda, i-2500 ms; i-echo ixesha, i-60 ms; i-flip angle, i-90 °). Ukuphucula intsimi ye-homogeneity yendawo kwaye ngenxa yoko kuncitshiswe ubucukubhede bokungqungqa kwindawo ye-orbitofrontal, kwenziwa umjikelo wesandla ngaphakathi komhlaba oxande kubandakanya ne-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) kunye ne-basal ganglia. Isisombululo esisezantsi se-T1-enesilinganiselo sobunzima bokumakishwa kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kamva senziwa kwisifundo ngasinye.

Umsebenzi wokuhlaziya idatha ye-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Uhlalutyo lwedatha lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). Inkqubo yaphambi kokusebenza ibandakanya ukucinywa kwemiqolo emine yokuqala yokusebenza yeqela ngalinye, ulungiso lwexesha lesilungiso kwimilinganiselo eseleyo kunye nolungelelwaniso lomhlaba kumfanekiso wokuqala wongcelele lwexesha ngalinye. Emva koko, sisebenzise utdiffana utility1 ukukhangela izinto eziyintsalela kuthotho lwexesha kwaye kuzimodareyithe dummy regressors kwimodeli yethu yomgca ngokubanzi. Emva koko, imifanekiso esebenzayo yayiqhelekileyo kwi-Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) indawo ye-stereotaxic isebenzisa itemplate ye-EPI ye-SPM2 kunye nendawo ethe tyibilikisiwe nge-10 mm egcwele ububanzi kwisiqingatha-esiphezulu se-isotropic Gaussian kernel. Isikali se-anatomical saye safakwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo kwindawo ye-MNI kusetyenziswa i-icbm152 ithemplethi yengqondo kwaye ihlawulwe kuzo zonke izifundo. Umfanekiso otyhidiweyo we-anatomical wasetyenziswa njenge template ukubonisa imisebenzi esebenzayo.

Ukulandela inyathelo lokulungiselela kwangaphambili, idatha yokusebenza kwisifundo ngasinye yafakwa kuhlalutyo olunxulumene nomsitho. Iimpendulo kwimicimbi yemali kunye nezesiza ezingekho mthethweni zazimodareyithwa ngokwahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi ye-2.5 s yemoto-yexesha-etshixiwe ukuya ekuqaleni kwendawo. Kwityala ngalinye, kongezwa ii-orthogonal regametric regressor kwi-account for the varial-to-test varigement inokwenzeka emvuzweni nasekuqiniseni. Imeko yokulawula yenziwa imodeli kwi-regressor eyahlukileyo. Iziphumo ezihambelana nesiphumo zimodareyithwe njengeziganeko ezivalelwe ixesha lokubonakala komvuzo. Imivuzo emibini (eyemali / erotic) kunye neziphumo ezibini ezinokubakho (ezixhamliweyo / ezingafakwanga mbuyekezo) zimodareyithwe njengemeko ezine ezahlukeneyo. Ii-covariate ezimbini zibonisa ngokuchanekileyo umlinganiso kunye namaxabiso zongezwa enye imeko yokufumana umvuzo, ngelixa enye imodeli ye-covariate yokubonakalayo yongezwa kwimeko nganye engafumani mvuzo. Umbuyisi wokugqibela umodareyitha ukuvela komfanekiso obukrwada kwimeko yokulawula. Zonke ii-regressor zaye zaqinisekiswa kamva ngomsebenzi wokuphendula we-canonical hemodynamic kwaye zangena kuhlalutyo lwenqanaba lokuqala. Isihluzi esigqithileyo esinegama elisikiweyo le-128 s lasetyenziswa kumdlalo wexesha. Imifanekiso eqhekekileyo yabalwa ngokusekwe kumgangatho wokulinganisa okukhutshwa yimodeli ejikelezileyo, emva koko yadluliselwa kuhlalutyo lweqela lesibini.

Inqanaba lesibini lokuhlalutya kugxilwe kwinqanaba lokulindela. Kuqala, sivavanye umahluko "wemali> i-erotic cue" kwizifundo zokungcakaza. Lo mahluko ubekelwe umda kusetyenziswa impazamo kubulumko besapho ngobulumko (FWE) olungisiweyo p <0.05. Emva koko, ngokusekwe kwi-hypothesis yethu, siphande ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanqanaba e-basal cortisol kunye nempendulo yengqondo eyahlukileyo kwimilinganiselo yemali xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezibonisa inkanuko. Olu nxibelelaniso lwalubalwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwiqela ngalinye, emva koko lwathelekiswa phakathi kwamaqela. Ngokusekwe kwi kuqala I-hypotheses ngokubhekisele kwindima ye-ventral striatum ekuboniseni isisisenti sokukhuthaza ukuvuza, sisebenzise ulungiso oluncinci lwethamo (i-SVC) ngokusekwe kwimigangatho yeradiyo ye-7 mm ejikelezwe kwii-voxels eziphezulu ezixeliweyo kuhlalutyo lwamva lwe-meta kuhlaziyo lomvuzo (x, y, z = 12, 10, −6; x, y, z = −10, 8, −4) (Liu et al., 2011). Sisebenzise umda we-Clus-bulumko we-FWE olungisiweyo p I-0.05. Ukuchaza ngakumbi iipateni zokuvula, sisebenzise ibhokisi yesixhobo ye-EasyROI ukukhupha uqikelelo lweparamitha kumaqela abalulekileyo kwi-ventral striatum.

iziphumo

Idatha yeHormonal

Akukho mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwee-PGs kunye nezifundo zolawulo olusempilweni eziye zaqwalaselwa kumanqanaba e-basal cortisol (ii-PGs: kuthetha = 511.59, SD = 137.46; Ukulawulwa kwempilo: kuthetha = 588.7, SD = 121.61; t(35) = -1.81, p > 0.05). Oku kuyahambelana nokufunyenwe kwizifundo zamva nje zokuxela akukho mahluko kumanqanaba asisiseko e-cortisol phakathi kokuzonwabisa kunye nee-PGs (UFranco et al., 2010; IParis et al., 2010a,b). Ukongeza, senze uhlalutyo lokunxibelelana phakathi kwamanqanaba e-cortisol kunye nokomngcipheko weempawu zokungcakaza kwii-PG njengoko zalathwe kwinqanaba le-SOGS. Isiphumo sethu khange siveze unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwezi zinto zixabisekileyo (r = -0.35, p = 0.17).

ukuziphatha

Kwisifundo sethu esingaphambili (Sescousse et al., 2013), eyona nto iphambili ekufumaneni ukuba neendlela zokuziphatha yayiliqela = ukuhlangana kodidi lwentsebenzo kwidatha yexesha lokuphendula, ibonisa intshukumo engenamandla yokuthetheleleka kuthelekiswa nemivuzo yemali yokungcakaza. Ngenxa yokuba isifundo esinye sahluthwa kuhlalutyo lwethu lwangoku ngenxa yokusilela ukuqokelela idatha ye-hormonal, siphinde senza olu hlalutyo ngaphandle kwesi sifundo. Iqela elidlulileyo lomvuzo uhlobo lwentsebenzo luhlale lubalulekile ngaphandle kwesihloko (F(1, 35) = 7.85, p <0.01). Ukongeza, zikaTukey i-post-hoc t-Ivavanyo ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwenzeka ngenxa yokucothisa kwamaxesha okucaphuka kwe-erotic (kuthetha = 547.54, SD = 17.22) xa kuthelekiswa nemivuzo yemali (kuthetha = 522.91, SD = 14.29) kwizitabane ezinxulumene nolawulo olusempilweni (p <0.01) (Umzobo (Figure1B) .1B). Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho nxibelelaniso lubalulekileyo phakathi kwamanqanaba e-basal cortisol kunye nokusebenza kwimisebenzi yocalulo kwiqela ngalinye.

Ukulungelelaniswa kweBrain-cortisol

Uhlalutyo lwethu olushicilelwe ngaphambili lubhengeza ukusebenzisana kweqela elithile lomvuzo kwi-ventral striatum, kubonisa impendulo enkulu ekwiimpikiswano ezichasene ne-erotic kwi-PGs xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo (Sescousse et al., 2013). Kuhlalutyo lwethu lwangoku, iziphumo zodidi lomvuzo lweqela lomvuzo zazisabalulekile emva kokususa isifundo esilahliweyo (x, y, z = −9, 0, 3, T = 4.11; I-18, 0, 0, T = 3.88; p(SVC) <0.05, FWE). Uhlalutyo lwangoku lujolise kwindlela le mpendulo eyahlukileyo inxulumene ngayo namanqanaba e-cortisol engapheliyo. Uhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso phakathi kwesihloko lubonakalise ubudlelwane obulungileyo phakathi kwamanqanaba e-cortisol kunye neempendulo ze-BOLD kwimali xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokuziphatha kwi-ventral striatum yabangcakazi (x, y, z = 3, 6, −6, T = 4.76, p(SVC) <0.05, FWE; Umzobo Figure2A), 2A), kodwa abukho ubudlelwane obunjalo kulawulo olusempilweni. Thelekisa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwamaqela kwakubalulekile (x, y, z = −3, 6, −6, T = 3.10, p(SVC) I-0.05, FWE; Umzobo Isazobe2B) .2B). Siphinde saphonononga ukuba ingaba amanqanaba e-cortisol adityaniswa njani nomsebenzi wobuchopho ocaciswa ngumvuzo ngamnye ngokwahlukileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nentambo yolawulo. Olu hlalutyo aluzange luveze nakuphi na ukunxibelelana okubonakalayo kwindawo yentshukumo yangaphakathi kwiqela ngalinye (kwi p <0.001 ayichanekanga).

Umzobo 2 

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kokuphinda kwenzeke kwakhona kwe-criatal cue kunye ne-basal cortisol kumngcakazo. (A) Iimpendulo zestriatal yempikiswano yemali ngokuchasene neendlela ezixhaphakileyo zokungcakaza kulungelelwaniso oluqinisekileyo kunye namanqanaba e-basal cortisol. Isiza sokuchithachitha sibonisa le nto ...

ingxoxo

Ngokolwazi lwethu, esi sisifundo sokuqala ukuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanqanaba e-cortisol kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo ngexesha lomsebenzi wokulibaziseka kwii-PG. Ngokuhambelana neyethu kuqala I-hypothesis, saphawula ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu e-cortisol aphezulu ayanyaniswa nempendulo ekhulayo yokwahluka kwendalo kwimicimbi yemali ngokuchaseneyo ne-erotic kwi-ventral striatum yabadlali bokungcakaza xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni. Oku kubonisa indima ekhethekileyo ye-cortisol kukukhuthaza ukugembula 'ukubhekisa kwizimali ezihambelana neendlela ezingezozemali. Ke ngoko, i-cortisol inokuba negalelo kwinkqubo yokulutha kwii-PG ngokwandisa uburharha bezinto ezinxulumene nokungcakaza ngaphezulu kolunye uchuku. Kungenxa yokuba ukhuthazo olukhoyo lwezinto ezinxulumene nokungcakaza kwii-PG zibangela iminqweno yokungcakaza, oku kuxhasa ikhonkco phakathi kwe-cortisol kunye ne-PG's yenkuthazo yokufumana umvuzo wemali.

Indlela enye enokuthi i-cortisol isebenze ngayo ukuphembelela umsebenzi wobuchopho obonisiweyo yi-glucocorticoid receptors kwi-NAcc. Kuboniswe ukuba iihomoni ze-glucocorticoid zisebenza kwingqondo ngokubopha ngamacala amabini aphambili anomdla: i-mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) kunye ne-glucocorticoid receptor. Ihomoni ye-Glucocorticoid idlala indima esisiseko kwindlela yokuziphatha enxulumene nomvuzo ngokusebenzisa ifuthe lazo kwi-mesolimbic dopamine circry kunye ne-NAcc ngokukodwa. Umzekelo, ubungqina bezilwanyana bubonisa ukuba iihomoni ze-glucocorticoid zihambisa usasazo lwe-dopamine kwigobolondo ye-NAcc ngokusebenzisa ii-glucocorticoid receptors (uMarinelli noPiazza, 2002). Izifundo zeMicrodialysis ziye zaxela ukuba i-corticosterone ineziphumo ezivuselelayo zokuhanjiswa kwedopamine kwi-NAcc (uPiazza et al., 1996). Ngaphaya koko, ukumiliselwa kwabachasene ne-glucocorticoid receptor antagonists kunefuthe ekukhuseleni i-dopamine ekhutshwe iziyobisi kwi-NAcc (Marinelli et al., 1998). Ngokuhambelana nezi ziphumo kwizilwanyana, izifundo zabantu zafumana ubungqina bokuba amanqanaba e-cortisol ayanyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo nokukhululwa kwe-dopamine ye-amphetamine kwi-ventral striatum (Oswald et al., 2005).

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba asizange siqwalasele umohluko kumanqanaba e-basal cortisol phakathi kwee-PG kunye nolawulo. Nangona oku kufunyanwayo kuvumelana neengxelo zangaphambili ezingabonisi mahluko kumanqanaba e-basal cortisol phakathi kwe-PG kunye nabadlali bokuzonwabisa (Meyer et al., 2004; IParis et al., 2010a,b), akuthethi ukuba akukho kusebenza kwe-HPA kwii-PG. Ewe, ngelixa uninzi lwezifundo zangaphambili eziphanda amanqanaba e-cortisol kwii-PG ziye zajolisa kwiimpendulo ze-HPA kwimikhwa yokuphembelela yokuphembelela, njengezixhobo zokungcakaza (iRamirez et al., 1988; Meyer et al., 2000; UFranco et al., 2010), kwisifundo sangoku silinganise isiseko cortisol kunye nolwalamano lwayo kunye nokusebenza kwe-striatal. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izinto, ezinje ngexesha lomhla xa igazi okanye amathe eqokelelwa kuvavanyo lomgangatho we-cortisol, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kuba kukho umahluko owaziwayo wendlela yokwahluka kwamanqanaba e-cortisol, enokuthi yahluke phakathi kwee-PG kunye nolawulo olusempilweni okanye ukungcakaza. Ngokukodwa, ii-PGs zinokunyuka ngakumbi kwe-cortisol kulandela ukuvuka kunabantu abangcakazayo (Wohl et al., 2008).

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqwalasele kukuba nangona i-cortisol isoloko isetyenziswa njenge biomarker yoxinzelelo lwengqondo, ubudlelwane obulinganayo phakathi kwe-cortisol kunye namanye amanyathelo e-HPA enxulumene ne-endocrine signals ayisiyo nto (iHellhammer et al., 2009). Ngaphaya koko, ukungabikho kobudlelwane phakathi komvuzo onxulumene nomvuzo kunye ne-basal cortisol kumanqanaba aphantsi kolawulo kuhambelana nefuthe lokutshintsha koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nenqanaba le-cortisol elibonwe kuncwadi lwe-neuroimaging loncwadi ekuqhubekeni kwembuyekezo kubantu abaphilayo. Umzekelo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje uxele ukuba uxinzelelo lwehlisa ukusebenza kwe-NAcc ekuphenduleni kwimivuzo, kodwa i-cortisol icinezela olu lwalamano, njengoko i-cortisol ephezulu yayihambelana nokusebenza ngamandla kwe-NAcc ukuphendula kumvuzo (u-Oei et al., 2014). Olunye uphando lubike ukuba uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwehlise impendulo ye-drial (hayi eyangaphakathi) kunye ne-OFC kwiziphumo zemali (Porcelli et al., 2012), ngelixa kungekho mahluko wabonwa kwi-NAcc phakathi kweqela loxinzelelo kunye neqela lolawulo lisebenzisa inkqubo ye-induction-induction (Ossewaarde et al., 2011). Ngokudibeneyo, ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo ze-fMRI zibonisa ubudlelwane obungebobuncinci phakathi koxinzelelo, amanqanaba e-cortisol kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo kwaye iphakamise ukuba uxinzelelo kunye ne-cortisol inokudlala iindima ezichaseneyo zokuguqula imvakalelo yokuvuselela uvakalelo olunokubangela ukuvuselela nge-stralatum yangaphakathi.

Imida eliqela yesifundo esikhoyo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Okokuqala, yi-PG yamadoda kuphela ebandakanyekayo kufundo lwangoku. Akukacaci ukuba iziphumo zethu zangoku ziya kwandiswa na kubasetyhini abangcakazayo. Lo ngumbuzo obalulekileyo kuba umahluko ngokwesondo ukhona kwiinkalo ezininzi zomsebenzi wokungcakaza (Tschibelu no-Elman, 2010; Isibonelelo et al., 2012; UGonzález-Ortega et al., 2013; van den Bos et al., 2013). Ngaphaya koko, imo yokulinganisa yeqela leempawu zehormle ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kuyahluka phakathi kwezesondo (Kivlighan et al., 2005; Reil, 2012; Vest kunye nePike, 2013). Olu phando lwangoku lubandakanya amadoda kuphela kuba ikakhulu aphendula kukhuthazo lwesini olubonakalayo kunabasetyhini (uStevens noHamann, 2012; Wehrum et al., 2013) kwaye ubonise umngcipheko ophakame weengxaki zokungcakaza okanye ubukhali bokungcakaza kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini (iToneatto kunye neNguyen, 2007; Wong et al., 2013). Okwesibini, asinakukwenza i-Causal infereferes ngokubhekisele kwimpembelelo ye-cortisol kwiimpendulo ze-neural ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zethu zisekwe kuhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso. Uyilo lwe-pharmacological olunolawulo lwangaphandle lwe-cortisol xa kuthelekiswa nemeko ye-placebo luya kufuneka ukuvavanya indima ye-cortisol kwikhoboka lokungcakaza. Ngaphandle kokukhawulelwa oku, sikholelwa ukuba iziphumo zethu zangoku zibonelela ngesiseko sophando ngakumbi kwintsebenzo phakathi kwe-cortisol kunye neempendulo zobuchopho kwiimpawu zokukhuthaza.

izigqibo

Sifumene ukuba, kwii-PGs, amanqanaba e-cortisol e-endo native adityaniswa nokwenza into ngokungafaniyo kwestriatum yempendulo ekuphenduleni kwimfuzo enxulumene nongcakazo enxulumene nokuphembelela okungahambelani nongcakazo. Iziphumo zethu zikhomba kubaluleko lokudibanisa i-endocrinology nenkqubo ye-neuroscience yengqondo yokucacisa iinkqubo ze-neural eziphantsi kokuziphatha okungalunganga kokungcakaza. Okokugqibela, olu phononongo lunokuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kuphando olwenzileyo lokuphanda ngendima ye-cortisol kwisimo sokuba semngciphekweni ukuphuhlisa iziyobisi zokuziphatha ezifana nokungcola kwe-pathological.

Ukungquzulana kwintetho yomdla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

Imibulelo

Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngaphakathi kobume be-LABEX ANR-11-LNABX-0042 yeUniversité de Lyon, ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ethi "Investissements d'Avenir" (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) eqhutywa yi-Arhente yoPhando yeLizwe yaseFrance (ANR) . U-Yansong Li wayexhaswa ngumanyano lwe-PhD oluvela kuPari Mutuel Urbain (PMU). UGuillaume Sescousse wayexhaswa ngemali yokufunda evela kwi-Ofisi yoPhando lwaseFrance kunye neSiseko soPhando ngezoNyango. Siyambulela uPD Domenech noG. Barbalat ngovavanyo lweklinikhi lwee-PG. Siyambulela uGqirha I. Obeso ngohlaziyo oluluncedo kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo kunye nabasebenzi be-CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant ngoncedo olulungileyo ngokuqokelela idatha.

Imihlathi

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