Ubunzima bezokugembula buxela impendulo ye-midbrain kwiziphumo ezikufutshane (i-2010)

J Neurosci. 2010 May 5;30(18):6180-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5758-09.2010.

Leqa i-HW1, Clark L.

Ulwazi loMbhali

  • 1Isikolo seNgqondo, kwiYunivesithi yaseNottingham, eNottingham NG7 2RD, eUnited Kingdom.

Abstract

Ukungcakaza ngumdlalo oqhelekileyo wokuzonwabisa oye ungasebenzi kwiqela labantu, kunye 'ne-pathological gambling' yeDSM ithathwa njengeyona ndlela inzima. Ngexesha lokungcakaza, abadlali bafumana uluhlu lokugqwetheka kwengqondo ekhuthaza ukuqikelelwa okungaphezulu kwamathuba okuphumelela. Iziphumo ezikufutshane zicingelwa ukuba ziphembelela oku kugqwetha. Siye saqaphela ngaphambili ukuba abakufutshane-abaphosiweyo baqesha isekethe edibeneyo yokuphumelela imali kwisifundo kumavolontiya anempilo (UClark et al. 2009).

Uphononongo lwangoku lufuna ukwandisa olu qwalaselo kubangcakazi rhoqo kwaye lunxulumanise neempendulo zobuchopho kwisalathiso sobungqongqo bongcakazo. Abangcakazi abangamashumi amabini abaqhelekileyo, abaye batshintsha-tshintsha ukubandakanyeka kwabo ukusuka kubadlali bolonwabo ukuya kubangcakazi abanokubakho, baye bahlolwa ngelixa besenza umsebenzi owenziwe lula womatshini wokungcakaza owazisa impumelelo yemali ngamaxesha athile, kunye nokuphoswa ngokupheleleyo kunye neziphumo ezingaphumeleliyo. Kwiqela elipheleleyo, iziphumo ezikufutshane-ezilahlekileyo zayanyaniswa nempendulo ebalulekileyo kwi-ventral striatum, ekwaye yafunyanwa ngokuphumelela kwemali. Ubukhali bokungcakaza, kulinganiswe kunye neSikrini sokuNgcakaza saseMzantsi Oaks, kuqikelelwe impendulo enkulu kwi-dopaminergic midbrain ukuya kwiziphumo ezikufutshane. Esi siphumo sasinda kulawulo lwe-co-morbidities yeklinikhi ezazikho kubadlali abangcakazayo. Ubunzima bokungcakaza abuzange buqikelele iimpendulo ezinxulumene nokuphumelela kwi-midbrain okanye kwenye indawo.

Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba imisitho ekufutshane-elahlekileyo ngexesha lokungcakaza ifumana umvuzo wokujikeleza kwengqondo kubadlali abaqhelekileyo. Unxulumano nobungqongqo bokungcakaza kwi-midbrain icebisa ukuba iziphumo ezikufutshane-ezinokuthi ziphucule ukuhanjiswa kwe-dopamine kungcakazo ophazamisekileyo, okwandisa ukufana kwe-neurobiological phakathi kokungcakaza kwe-pathological kunye nokuba likhoboka leziyobisi.

Internet: Ukungcakaza, ukuqonda, umlutha, iDopamine, iStriatum, iMidbrain

intshayelelo

Ukungcakaza luhlobo lokuzonwabisa olunokuthi lube nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwabanye abantu: 'i-pathological gambling' yi-DSM-IV Impulse Control Disorder (DSM-IV)Umbutho we-Psychiatric Association, i-2000) ngeempawu ezibandakanya ukurhoxa kunye nokunyamezela (Umkhuhlane, i-2006). Ukuqokelela idatha kubonisa utshintsho lwe-neurobiological kwinkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho kwingxaki yokungcakaza (Ukubuyela et al., 2005, UTanabe et al., 2007, Umkhuhlane, i-2008). Umzekelo, uphononongo lwe-fMRI olusebenzisa umsebenzi wokuqikelela ngokuphumelela kwemali kunye nelahleko lufumene ukuncipha komsebenzi onxulumene nokuphumelela kwi-ventral striatum kunye ne-medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) yabangcakazi be-pathological.Ukubuyela et al., 2005). Iinguqu ezifanayo ziye zachazwa kubaxhaphazi beziyobisi (UGoldstein et al., 2007, Cima et al., 2007), kwaye kucingelwa ukuba kubonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwegalelo le-dopaminergic kwezi zakhiwo. Ukubandakanyeka kweDopaminergic ekungcakazeni kuxhaswa ziingxelo zengxaki yokungcakaza njengesiphumo secala leyeza kwizigulana ezineParkinson's Disease (IDodd et al., 2005, Steeves et al., 2009).

Uphando lwe-Neuroimaging lwengxaki yokungcakaza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku aluhoyi ukuqonda okuntsokothileyo abangcakaza bahlala bekufumana (ILadouceur kunye ne-Walker, i-1996). Kwimidlalo yamathuba anjengeroulette okanye ilotho, abangcakazi badla ngokungaliboni inqanaba elithile lokubandakanyeka kwizakhono ('inkohliso yokulawula') (Langer, ngo-1975). Oku kugqwetheka kwengqondo kuxhaphake kakhulu kubangcakazi abanengxaki (UMiller noCurrie, 2008) kwaye zikhuthazwa ngokuthe ngqo ziimpawu ezithile zemidlalo yokungcakaza (I-Griffiths, i-1993), kubandakanywa ubukho bokuphosa okukufutshane: iziphumo ezingaphumeleli ezisondele kwi-jackpot. Abalahlekileyo abakufutshane bayakwazi ukukhuthaza ungcakazo oluqhubekayo nangona injongo yabo yokungaphumeleli (ilahleko) imeko (I-Kassinove kunye ne-Schare, i-2001, Cote et al., 2003). Iinkqubo ze-neural ezixhasa iziphumo ezikufutshane-ezilahlekileyo zinokubaluleka okubanzi ekuqondeni ukufunda okomeleza: kwimidlalo yezakhono (umzekelo, ibhola ekhatywayo), ukuphoswa kufutshane (umz. ukubetha isithuba) kubonelela ngophawu olusebenzayo lokufunyanwa kwezakhono kunye nomvuzo okufuphi, kwaye ke ngoko. inkqubo yokufunda yokuqinisa inokuthi inike ixabiso kwezi ziphumo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimidlalo yamathuba, ukuphosa okukufutshane akubonisi impumelelo yexesha elizayo, kwaye amandla abo acebisa ukuba imidlalo yokungcakaza inokusebenzisa iindlela zobuchopho ezijongana ngokwemvelo iimeko zezakhono (I-Clark, 2010).

Sisebenzisa umsebenzi womatshini we-slot kumavolontiya asempilweni, safumanisa ukuba ukuphoswa kufutshane kwanxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi obalulekileyo kwimimandla yobuchopho (i-ventral striatum, i-insula yangaphambili) ephendule kwimpumelelo yemali (UClark et al., 2009). Uphononongo lwangoku lujolise ekwandiseni olu qwalaselo kwiqela labangcakazi abaqhelekileyo. Okokuqala, sijonge ukuxhasa ukufumanisa kwethu ukuba iziphumo ezikufutshane ziya kuqesha amacandelo enkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho kubangcakazi abaqhelekileyo. Okwesibini, siye safuna ukuchonga iindawo ezingaphakathi kule nkqubo apho umsebenzi wobuchopho ngexesha lokungcakaza wawunxulunyaniswa nobungqongqo bokungcakaza. Nangona uphononongo lwangaphambili lwe-fMRI luphonononge ingxaki yokungcakaza kusetyenziswa uyilo lolawulo lwetyala, iya iqatshelwa into yokuba ukungcakaza okungacwangciswanga kunomlinganiselo ngokwendalo: abangcakazi abangafikeleliyo kwiikhrayitheriya ze-DSM bahlala bechaza iingozi ezicacileyo ezinxulumene nokungcakaza (umz. ityala, impixano phakathi kwabantu), kwaye ezi ubungozi buyanda ngokuthe ngcembe ngokubandakanyeka ekungcakazeni (umz. ukugembula rhoqo okanye inkcitho) (I-Currie et al., 2006). Ukubonisa oku kuqhubekeka kokungcakaza okungacwangciswanga, siye sasebenzisa i-voxel-wise regression ukuchonga iindawo zobuchopho apho win- kunye nomsebenzi osondeleleneyo onxulumene nokuqikelelwa ngokwahluka komntu kubukhali bokungcakaza.

tindlela

nxaxheba

Abangcakazi abaqhelekileyo (n=24, 3 ababhinqileyo) baye bagaywa ngentengiso. Izifundo ezine zazingabandakanywa kuhlalutyo ngenxa yokunyakaza okugqithisileyo ngexesha lokuskena, ukushiya ubungakanani beqela elixeliweyo le-20 (i-2 yabasetyhini). Izifundo bezizimase iseshoni yokuskena ye-fMRI kwiZiko lokuFumana iWolfson Brain, eCambridge, e-UK. Iprothokholi yamkelwa yiKomiti yeeNdlela zokuziphatha zoPhando lwaseNorfolk & Norwich (COREC 06/Q0101/69) kwaye onke amavolontiya anike imvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi. Amavolontiya abuyiselwe i-£ 40 yokuthatha inxaxheba, kwaye abe nethuba lokuphumelela imali eyongezelelweyo kumsebenzi (ngokungaziwa kwizifundo, le nto yayiyimali eqingqiweyo ye-£ 15).

Indlela yokuziphatha yongcakazo yavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-SOGS (I-Lesieur kunye neBlume, 1987), Umlinganiselo we-16-into yokuzibika ukuvavanya iimpawu ezingundoqo kunye nemiphumo emibi yokungcakaza (umz. ukulahlekelwa, ukuboleka imali, ukuxoka ngokungcakaza, ukungquzulana kwentsapho). Ngaphambi kweseshoni yokuskena, izifundo zaya kwiseshoni yokuhlola ebandakanya udliwano-ndlebe olucwangcisiweyo lwengqondo kunye ne-postdoctoral psychologist (I-Structured Clinical Interview ye-DSM-IV Axis I Disorders; SCID) (Okokuqala et al., 1996). Ukunika i-com-morbidity ephezulu phakathi kwengxaki yokungcakaza kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo (UKessler et al., 2008), sakhetha ukunyamezela ukugula kwengqondo ukuphepha ukukhethwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwesampuli yekliniki-engameleliyo. I-Co-morbidities yaba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-dysthymia yangoku kunye/okanye i-mood disorder-related mood disorder (n=5), ingxaki enkulu yokudakumba ebomini (n=4), i-bipolar disorder yangoku (n=1), ixhala okanye i-panic disorder (n=2) ), ukuxhomekeka kwiziyobisi ubomi bonke (n=3), ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala/iziyobisi ngoku (n=8), ukuxhomekeka kotywala ngoku (n=1). Izifundo ezithathu ngoku bezifumana iyeza le-psychotropic (antidepressant n=2, benzodiazepine n=1). Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe-urinalysis (i-SureStep™, i-Bedford, e-UK) ngomhla we-fMRI scan yafumanisa iimvavanyo ezilungileyo ze-cannabis (THC) kubathathi-nxaxheba be-4. Imilinganiselo yemibuzo yokuzimela ngokwayo yayisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iimpawu zangoku zengqondo: I-Beck Depression Inventory (inguqulo 2) (Beck et al., 1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck et al., 1988), Isikali seNgxelo ye-ADHD yabantu abadala (UKessler et al., 2005), Uluhlu lwePadua lweempawu ze-OCD (Ukutshisa et al., 1996), kunye nePhepha lemibuzo lokuSetyenziswa koTywala (AUQ) (I-Townshend kunye neDuka, ngo-2002).

Procedure

Ngexesha lokuskena kwe-fMRI, izifundo zagqiba iibhloko ze-3 zezilingo ze-60 kwi-Slot Machine Task (UClark et al., 2009), kuthatha malunga nemizuzu engama-45. Izifundo zaqhutyelwa kumsebenzi (izilingo ze-10 kunye ne-2 i-hypothetical wins) ngaphambi kokungena kwi-scanner, kwaye ngexesha lokuskena, iimpendulo zabhaliswa ngokusebenzisa ibhokisi yeqhosha. Ulwakhiwo lovavanyo kunye nesikrini sokubonisa ziboniswa ngaphakathi Umzobo 1. Kulingo ngalunye, iireel ezimbini ziboniswa kwiscreen, kunye ne 'payline' ethe tye ebonakala embindini. Ii-icon ezintandathu ziboniswa kwireel nganye ngokulandelelana okufanayo. Ii-icon ezintandathu zakhethwa kwezinye iindlela ezili-16 ekuqaleni komsebenzi wokuskena, ukunyusa imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka.

Umzobo 1 

Uyilo lomsebenzi. Umsebenzi womatshini wokungcakaza ubonisa iireel ezimbini, ezinee-iyikhoni zokudlala ezintandathu ezifanayo eziboniswa kwireel nganye, kunye ne 'payline' ethe tye kumbindi wesikrini. Kwizilingo ezinemvelaphi yesikrini esimhlophe (njengoko kubonisiwe), ivolontiya ...

Ulingo ngalunye luqhube ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngexesha lesigaba sokukhetha, enye yee-icon ezintandathu yakhethwa kwi-reel yasekhohlo (isigaba sokukhetha; 5s ubude obumiselweyo). Ukulandela ukhetho, i-reel yasekunene yasongelwa i-2.8-6s (isigaba sokulindela), kwaye yehliselwe ukuma, iqala i isigaba sesiphumo (I-4 ilungisiwe). Ekupheleni kovavanyo ngalunye, kwakukho ikhefu eliphakathi kovavanyo lwexesha eliguquguqukayo (2-7s). Kwinqanaba lesiphumo, ukuba i-reel ekunene iye yamisa kwi-icon ekhethiweyo (oko kukuthi ii-icon ezihambelanayo ziboniswe kumgca wokuhlawula), i-£ 0.50 win yanikezelwa; zonke ezinye iziphumo aziphumelelanga. Iimvavanyo apho i-reel yasekunene yamisa indawo enye ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komgca wokuhlawula ziye zachongwa 'kufuphi-ezilahlekileyo'. Ulingo olungaphumelelanga apho i-reel yamisa kwenye yezithuba ezithathu ezishiyekileyo (okt ngaphezu kwesinye isikhundla ukusuka kumgca wentlawulo) zichongwe 'ukuphoswa ngokupheleleyo'. Ngexesha lokukhetha, kulingo olunemvelaphi yesikrini esimhlophe, umthathi-nxaxheba ukhethe i icon yokudlala esebenzisa amaqhosha amabini ukuskrola kwiimilo, kunye neqhosha lesithathu ukuqinisekisa ukhetho (izilingo ezikhethwe ngumthathi-nxaxheba) ngaphakathi kwefestile ye-5s. Kulingo olunemvelaphi yesikrini esimnyama, ikhomputha yakhetha i icon yokudlala, kwaye umxholo wawufunwa ukuqinisekisa ukhetho ngokucinezela iqhosha lesithathu ngaphakathi kwefestile ye-5s (izilingo ezikhethwe yikhompyutha). Umthathi-nxaxheba okhethiweyo (n=90) kunye nezilingo ezikhethiweyo zekhompyutha (n=90) zinikezelwe ngolandelelwano olusisigxina lwe-pseudo-random. Ukuba ukhetho/uqinisekiso alugqitywanga kwifestile ye-5s, "Kade kade!" Umyalezo waziswa, ulandelwa lithuba phakathi kwetyala. Iziphumo zaziyi-pseudo-randomized ukuqinisekisa inani elifanelekileyo lokuphumelela (1/6, i-30 iyonke = i-£ 15), i-uphose kufuphi (2/6, i-60 iyonke) kunye nokuphoswa ngokupheleleyo (3/6, i-90 iyonke).

Kwizilingo ze-1 / 3, ukulinganiswa okuzimeleyo kwafunyanwa kumanqaku amabini ngexesha lovavanyo, kusetyenziswa isikrini se-21-point visual analogue scales. Ukulandela ukhetho, izifundo ezilinganiswe “Uwakala njani amathuba akho okuphumelela?” kwaye emva kwesiphumo, izifundo zilinganiswe "Ufuna kangakanani ukuqhubeka nokudlala umdlalo?". Akukho mda wexesha ubekiweyo kwiireyithingi ezizimeleyo. Idatha esuka kwiireyithingi ezizimeleyo zatshintshwa zaya kumlinganiselo z amanqaku, ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo womntu ngamnye kunye nokutenxa okusemgangathweni kwelo reyithingi, ukuhlawula uguquko ekuzinziseni i-ankile kuzo zonke izifundo. Amanqaku aphantsi ahlalutywa kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo ze-t ezidityanisiweyo (ze 'amathuba okuphumelela') kunye nohlalutyo oluphindaphindiweyo lokungafani (ukuba 'uqhubeke udlala') kunye nesiphumo (amanqanaba e-3: ukuphumelela, ukuphosa, ukuphosa ngokupheleleyo) kunye nokulawula ( Amanqanaba e-2: umthathi-nxaxheba okhethiweyo, okhethwe yikhompyutha) njengezinto.

Inkqubo yoMfanekiso

Ukuskena kwenziwa kwi-Siemens TimTrio 3 Tesla magnetic usebenzisa i-32 slice ye-axial oblique ulandelelwano, kunye nexesha lokuphindaphinda kwe-2s (TE 30ms, flip angle 78 °, ubukhulu be-voxel 3.1 × 3.1 × 3.0mm, ubukhulu be-matrix 64 × 64, intsimi ye- jonga 201mm × 201mm, bandwidth 2232Hz/Px). Ukuqhutywa okuthathu kwezilingo ze-60 kwagqitywa (ukuphindaphinda kwe-630), kunye ne-6 dummy scans elahliweyo ekuqaleni kohambo ngalunye ukuvumela iziphumo zokulingana. I-high-resolution magnetization-prepared quick acquisition gradient-echo sequence (MP-RAGE) umfanekiso wesakhiwo wafunyanwa emva kokuqhutywa kokusebenza ukuze kusetyenziswe ukulungelelanisa indawo.

Idatha ye-FMRI yahlaziywa kusetyenziswa i-SPM5 (i-Statistical Parametric Mapping, i-Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). Ukwenziwa kwangaphambili bekukho ulungiso lwexesha lesilayi, ulungelelwaniso lwangaphakathi-kwesihloko, uhlengahlengiso lwesithuba, kunye nokugudiswa kwendawo kusetyenziswa i-10mm Gaussian kernel. Iiparamitha zokunyakaza kwezifundo zihlolwe ukunyakaza okugqithiseleyo (kuchazwa njenge> 5mm ngaphakathi kokugijima), okubangelwa ukukhutshwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba be-4 (i-1 female) kulo lonke uhlalutyo. Uthotho lwexesha lahluzwa ukupasa okuphezulu (128s). Imiqulu yayiye yesiqhelo kwi-International Consortium ye-Brain Mapping (ICBM) iitemplates ezimalunga ne Talairach & Tournoux (1988) isithuba, kusetyenziswa imatriki ebalwa ngokuqhelanisa umfanekiso ocandiweyo we-MP-RAGE wesakhiwo kwisifundo ngasinye kwi-ICBM engwevu namhlophe itemplates.

Umsebenzi we-canonical hemodynamic response (HRF) uhlaziywe ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokukhetha, isigaba sokulindela kunye nesigaba sesiphumo kwisilingo ngasinye, ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukuhluka okungaqondakaliyo kwi-matrix yoyilo. Ukuhlalutya iimpendulo zobuchopho ezinxulumene nesiphumo, iziganeko zahlulahlulwe kwiintlobo zezilingo ze-8, ezibandakanya i-2 (ukhetho: umthathi-nxaxheba okhethiweyo, okhethiweyo wekhompyutheni) ngu-4 (ukuphumelela, ukufutshane-ulahlekile phambi komgca wokuhlawula, kufuphi-ulahlekile udlulileyo kwi-payline, full-miss) uyilo lwefektri. Iiparamitha zokunyakaza ukusuka kuhlengahlengiso zifakwe kwi-matrix yoyilo njenge-covariates ezingenamdla. I-HRF isetyenziswe njenge-covariate kwimodeli yomgca jikelele, kwaye uqikelelo lweparameter lufunyenwe kwi-voxel nganye, kuhlobo ngalunye lwesiganeko, olubonisa amandla e-covariance phakathi kwedatha kunye ne-canonical HRF. Uthelekiso lwemifanekiso lubalwe phakathi koqikelelo lweparameter olusuka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zolingo, kunye nemifanekiso yochasano yomntu ngamnye yathatyathelwa kuhlalutyo lweqela lesibini leziphumo ezingahleliweyo.

Ukuchasana okune kwahlanganiswa ukuvavanya iimpendulo zobuchopho ezinxulumene nesiphumo kwiqela elipheleleyo labangcakazi abaqhelekileyo: 1) Zonke iimali eziwinileyo (oko kukuthi zombini inxaxheba- kunye nolingo olukhethiweyo lwekhompyuter) kuthatyathwe zonke iziphumo ezingaphumelelanga. I-2) Ngokusondeleyo (kuzo zombini iimthathi-nxaxheba kunye nezilingo ezikhethiweyo zekhompyutha) thabatha iziphumo eziphosiweyo ngokupheleleyo (kuzo zombini iimthathi-nxaxheba kunye nezilingo ezikhethiweyo zekhompyutha). I-3) I-Near-miss by personal control interaction: iindawo ezigaywe ngokuhlukileyo ngokusondeleyo-ziphosa xa kuthelekiswa nokuphosa ngokupheleleyo njengomsebenzi womthathi-nxaxheba ngokuchasene nolawulo lwekhompyutha (okt. 1, -1, -1, 1). 4) Phumelela umsebenzi kulingo olukhethiweyo lomthathi-nxaxheba thabatha umsebenzi wokuphumelela kulingo olukhethiweyo lwekhompyutha. Ukuphonononga ezi ziphumo njengomsebenzi wobungqongqo bokungcakaza, i-voxel-wise univariate regressions yaqhutywa kusetyenziswa amanqaku e-SOGS njenge-predictor variable. Ngokunikwa kwethu i-priori hypotheses malunga nendima yomvuzo wobuchopho ekugqwethekeni kongcakazo kunye nengxaki yokungcakaza, siphumeze umahluko ophumeleleyo (yonke imali iyaphumelela kuthatyathwe kuzo zonke ezingazuziyo, ezithintelweyo kwi p.I-FWE<.05 ilungisiwe) kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili (UClark et al., 2009) njengesigqubuthelo solu hlulo, kunye nohlahlelo lokuhlehla, usebenzisa isixhobo sePickAtlas (UMaldjian et al., ngo-2003). Olu hlalutyo lommandla-lomdla lubekwe kwi-p <.05 ilungiswe ukuthelekisa ezininzi kusetyenziswa ithiyori ye-random field (Worsley et al., 1996), oko kukuthi i-Family Wise Error (FWE) ilungisiwe, kunye ne-cluster threshold ye-10 voxels ukunciphisa izinga lobuxoki (Ifomathi et al., 1995). Lo mqobo weqela ukhethwe ngenxa yokuba ummandla omncinci womdla we-priori (i-midbrain substantia nigra / ventral tegmental area) inomlinganiselo oqikelelweyo we-20-25 voxels (UDuzel et al., 2009). Utshintsho lwesignali lukhutshwe kwi-foci esebenzayo usebenzisa isixhobo se- MARSBAR (Brett et al., 2002) ngeenjongo zokucwangcisa idatha. Uhlalutyo lwengqondo epheleleyo lukwanikezelwa kusetyenziswa i-threshold yokuhlola p <.001 engalungiswanga.

iziphumo

Ukwahluka Gambling Ubungqongqo

Abangcakazi abaqhelekileyo babengamadoda ubukhulu becala (n = 18) abaneminyaka eyi-33.7 (sd 1.8), ithetha iminyaka yemfundo ye-14.5 (sd 0.5) kwaye ithetha ukuba i-NART-iqikelelwe i-IQ epheleleyo ye-111.5 (sd 7.3). Indlela ekhethwayo yokungcakaza kwiqela yayikukubheja kwezemidlalo ngaphandle kwekhosi (umdyarho wamahashe okanye ibhola ekhatywayo), kodwa oomatshini bokungcakaza, amakhadi kunye nelotho zazixhaphakile (bona. Itafile ezongezelelweyo 1). Bonke ngaphandle komxholo omnye bebengabadlali bokungcakaza abasebenzayo, bedlala ubuncinane kanye ngeveki ngohlobo abalukhethayo lokungcakaza; umthathi-nxaxheba owayengasangcakazi wayekhe engadlali kangangonyaka. Ishumi elinesithathu leqela ladibana ne-SOGS threshold ye>=5 ye-Pathological Gambling enokwenzeka (uluhlu lulonke 0-20, ithetha 7.25, i-6.5 ephakathi) (bona Umzekeliso ongezelelweyo 1). Elona nkcitho liphezulu ngosuku nje olunye lahluka ukusuka kwi-£10-£100 (n=5), i-£100-£1000 (n=8), i-£1000-£10,000 (n=5), ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-£10,000 (n=2) ). Idatha echazayo yemilinganiselo yemibuzo yeempawu zeklinikhi zichazwe kuyo Itafile ezongezelelweyo 2.

Iireyithingi eziziintloko ngexesha loMsebenzi we-Slot Machine

Iireyithingi zasemva kokhetho "Uwakala njani amathuba akho okuphumelela?" zaziphezulu kakhulu kwizilingo ezikhethiweyo zabathathi-nxaxheba xa kuthelekiswa nezilingo ezikhethiweyo zekhompyutha (t (19) = 5.2, p <0.001). Esi siphumo solawulo lomntu siqu sancitshiswa njengomsebenzi wobungqongqo bokungcakaza njengoko kulinganiswe yi-SOGS (r20=−0.53, p=0.016). Amanqaku asemva kwesiphumo "Ufuna ukuqhubeka udlala kangakanani?" zihlalutywe kusetyenziswa iindlela ezimbini ze-ANOVA ukuveza umphumo oyintloko wempendulo (F (2,38) = 40.179, p <0.001), akukho mpembelelo iphambili ye-arhente (F (1,19) <1), kunye ne-arhente ngempendulo intsebenziswano (F(2,38)=3.604, p=0.037) (bona Itafile ezongezelelweyo 3). Uloyiso olukhethiweyo lomthathi-nxaxheba lunikwe ireyithingi ephezulu kunoloyiso olukhethwe yikhompyutha (t(19)=2.199, p=0.040), kodwa ulawulo lomntu aluzange luphembelele iireyithingi zokuphoswa kufutshane (t(19)=−1.272, p=0.217 ) okanye ukuphoswa ngokupheleleyo (t(19)=−0.998, p=0.331) iziphumo. 'Qhubeka udlala' iireyithingi beziphezulu emva kokuphumelela xa kuthelekiswa naluphi na uhlobo lokungaphumeleli, kungakhathaliseki ulawulo lomntu (t(19)>3.889, p<0.002 kuzo zonke iimeko), kanti kufutshane nokuphoswa nokuphoswa ngokupheleleyo akuzange kwahluke kumthathi-nxaxheba. -izilingo ezikhethiweyo (t(19)=1.104, p=0.283) okanye izilingo ezikhethiweyo zekhompyutha (t(19)<1). Ke ngoko, akukho siphumo sibonwayo seziphumo ezikufutshane ekuphosweni kovavanyo lokuzixela kubadlali abangcakazayo.

Iimpendulo ze-fMRI kwiZiphumo zoNgcakazo

Imimandla yobuchopho enomdla kwiimali ezingalindelekanga zokuphumelela zachongwa ngokuthelekisa zonke iziphumo eziphumeleleyo kuzo zonke iziphumo ezingaphumeleliyo, ngaphakathi kwe-ROI ezimeleyo echazwe kwi-winner umahluko kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili (UClark et al., 2009). Utshintsho lwesignali olubalulekileyo lwabonwa kwiindawo ezininzi ezinxulunyaniswa nomvuzo kunye nokomeleza ukufunda: i-right ventral striatum (putamen) (incopho yevoxel: x, y, z = 20, 10, -6, Z=3.66, 133 voxels, p.I-FWE=.029) kunye nethalamus (x, y, z = 2, −6, 2; Z=4.71, 14 voxels, pI-FWE=.001), kunye ne-subthreshold foci kwi-ventral striatum yasekhohlo (x, y, z = −16, 2, −6, Z=3.39, p.I-FWE=.065), i-insula yangaphambili macala omabini (x, y, z = 28, 20, −6, Z=3.46, p.I-FWE=.054; x, y, z = 36, 16, −8, Z=3.36, pI-FWE=.070; x, y, z = −36, 18, −6, Z=3.47, pI-FWE=.052), kunye ne-midbrain proximal ukuya kwi-substantia nigra / ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) (x, y, z = −8, −20, −14, Z=3.36, p.I-FWE=.071) (ibonakala kwi Umzobo 2A, i-threshold at p <.001 ngeenjongo zokubonisa). Umahluko ozimeleyo uvavanye iimpendulo zengqondo kwiziphumo ezikufutshane, xa kuthelekiswa nokuphoswa ngokupheleleyo. Kwakukho utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwesignali kwi-right ventral striatum (putamen) (x, y, z = 18, 6, -2, Z=3.67, 52 voxels, p.I-FWE=.032) kunye ne-gyrus ye-parahippocampal ekhohlo (BA 28) ejikeleze i-striatum (x, y, z = -16, -2, -10, Z=4.32, 27 voxels, p.I-FWE=.003) (bona Umzobo 2B). Ukwahlula komthathi-nxaxheba abakhethiweyo abaphumeleleyo kuthatyathwe uloyiso olukhethiweyo lwekhompyuter, kunye nokuchasana kwentsebenziswano malunga nomsebenzi osondeleyo njengomsebenzi wolawulo lomntu, awuzange uvelise naluphi na usetyenziso olubalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-ROI imaski.

Umzobo 2 

A) Ukusebenza okunxulumene noWin (ukuphumelela> iziphumo ezingaphumeleliyo) kubadlali abangcakazayo, kusetyenziswa ummandla womdla wemaski wokuphumelela kwisampulu ezimeleyo (UClark et al. 2009). Umsebenzi uboniswe ku p<0.001 engalungiswanga, k=10, ukubonisa ...

Iimpembelelo zoNgcakazo UBungqongqo beeMpendulo ze-fMRI kwiZiphumo zoNgcakazo

Ubunzima bokungcakaza (inqaku le-SOGS) langeniswa njenge-regressor enye ngokuchasene nokuphumelela kwemali kuthatyathwe zonke ezingaphumeleliyo, kusetyenziswa imaski ye-ROI ebuthathaka. Bekungekho zivoksi zibalulekileyo apho amanqaku e-SOGS aqikelele ukuba anganyuka okanye anciphe kumsebenzi onxulumene nokuphumelela. Nangona kunjalo, uhlahlelo lokubuyela umva malunga ne-minus-miss full-miss umahluko lubonise ukuba ubukhali bokungcakaza be-SOGS babunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nempendulo yobuchopho kwiziphumo ezikufutshane-ezilahlekileyo kwi-midbrain (48 voxels: x, y, z = −6, -18 , −16, Z=4.99, ipheI-FWE<.001; x, y, z = 10, −18, −12, Z=3.90, pI-FWE=.014) (bona Umzobo 3). Ukongeza, siye sabona ukuba ubukhali bokungcakaza bunxulumene kakubi nokuphendula kwengqondo kwiziphumo ezikufutshane-ezilahlekileyo kwi-caudate yasekhohlo (x, y, z = -12, 8, 6, Z=3.91, 11 voxels, p.I-FWE=.013). Eli qela lilele kwincam ye-ROI, ligqithise i-capsule yangaphakathi, kwaye asikwazanga ukuchonga i-win- (contrast 1) okanye i-close-miss- (contrast 2) enxulumene nomsebenzi kule ngqalelo kwidathasethi yangoku, nakwi-liberal. umda (p<.005 engalungiswanga). Ngaphaya koko, umqondiso okhutshiweyo kwi-ventral striatum kunye namaqela e-midbrain aye ngokuqinisekileyo ehambelana kuzo zombini win (r20= 0.72, p <.001) kunye neziphumo ezikufutshane (r20=0.43, p=.06), njengoko kubonwe kwizifundo zangaphambili (D'Ardenne et al., 2008, I-Schott et al., 2008, Kahnt et al., 2009). Ke ngoko, nangona le ncopho yecaudate iye yadibana nokubaluleka kwethu, silumkile malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kulo mmandla ekungcakazeni kufutshane nokuphoswa.

Umzobo 3 

A) Isiphumo sobungqongqo bongcakazo (iSouth Oaks Gambling Screen; SOGS) ekusebenzeni okusondele kokuphoswayo, ngaphakathi kommandla wemaski yomdla (eboniswe ku-p<0.001 ingalungiswanga, k=10). B) Umqondiso okhutshiweyo okufutshane-u-miss-phose umahluko kwi ...

I-kernel egudileyo (10mm) ephunyezwe kuhlalutyo lwethu oluphambili luthintele amandla ethu okusombulula ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwi-midbrain. Siphinde senza imodeli yedatha ye-fMRI sisebenzisa i-kernel encinci ye-4mm. Kuhlalutyo lwengqondo epheleleyo usebenzisa i-threshold yokuhlola (p<.001 engalungiswanga), ukusebenza kabini kwi-midbrain (x = -8, y = -18, z = -18, Z = 3.37, p<0.001; x = 12) , y = −16, z = −12, Z = 3.28, p=0.001) ibonise isiphumo sobungqongqo bongcakazo lwe-SOGS ekusebenzeni okusondele kokuphoswa (kuboniswe kwi Umzobo 4A kumda we p<.005 engalungiswanga). Oku kuvula kuhambelana nomqondiso weSN/VTA odibeneyo (UDuzel et al., 2009).

Umzobo 4 

A) Unxulumano phakathi kobungqongqo bongcakazo (amanqaku e-SOGS) kunye nokuvula okunxulumene kufuphi nokuphosa (kufuphi-ne-miss thabatha i-full-miss) kwi-midbrain (z=−18 kunye ne-z=−12), kusetyenziswa i-kernel encinci (4mm) egudileyo. Umsebenzi umiselwe kwi p<0.005 engalungiswanga ...

Abangcakazi abaqhelekileyo babonise inani lezifo ezihambelanayo zonyango eziye zadibana ngokuphakathi kunye nobukhali babo bokungcakaza. Ukujonga ukuba ngaba umbutho we-midbrain unxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nobungqongqo bokungcakaza endaweni yezi zinto zidibeneyo, sibandakanya amanyathelo aqhubekayo oxinzelelo (BDI), ixhala (BAI), i-ADHD symptomatology (ASRS), impulsivity (BIS), iimpawu ze-OCD (isikali sePadua). ) kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala / ukusetyenziswa kakubi (i-AUQ isikali) njenge-covariate regressors ezongezelelweyo kwi-SOGS regression. Kwimeko nganye, ukusebenza kwe-midbrain (i-peak voxel: x = −6, y = −18, z = −16) yombutho we-SOGS yafunyanwa ngenani le-Z phakathi kwe-2.20-2.56 (p=.014 ukuya kwi-p=.005 engalungiswanga). Ngokwahlukileyo, unxulumano olubi phakathi kwe-SOGS kunye nomsebenzi onxulumene kufuphi no-miss kwi-caudate awuzange uphile ekulawuleni ukudakumba (BDI) kunye ne-OCD (i-Padua scale) iimpawu, kwi-liberal threshold ye-p <0.05 engalungiswanga.

Ezi datha zibonisa ukuba kuyilo lonxibelelaniso, impendulo eyomeleleyo ye-midbrain kwiziphumo ezikufutshane-ezilahlekileyo yayanyaniswa nokungcakaza okungahambi kakuhle. Uphononongo lwangaphambili lolawulo lwabangcakazi bezifo lubonisa i-ovareli intetho umsebenzi onxulumene nomvuzo (Ukubuyela et al., 2005). Ukuphanda oku kungangqinelani kubonakalayo, senze uhlalutyo lwe-post-hoc phakathi kwamaqela sithelekisa impendulo yobuchopho ngokubanzi kumvuzo (uphumelela ngaphandle kweziphumo ezingaphumeleliyo) kubangcakazi bethu abaqhelekileyo ngokuchasene namavolontiya angangcakazeli kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili.UClark et al., 2009). Oku kuqhutywe njengohlalutyo lwengqondo epheleleyo usebenzisa i-threshold yokubaluleka kokuhlola (p <.001 engalungiswanga). Ngokungqinelana ne-Reuter et al, abangcakazi abaqhelekileyo babonisa impendulo ebuthathaka kwimpumelelo yemali kwimimandla emininzi enobuzaza kubandakanya i-striatum kunye ne-rostral anterior cingulate cortex (bona Umzobo 4B kwaye Itafile ezongezelelweyo 5), emva kokwenza iiyantlukwano zeqela ngobudala. Kwakungekho yantlukwano yeqela ngokubanzi kwimpendulo ekufutshane-elahlekileyo. Imodeli exubeneyo ye-ANOVA yedatha yokulinganisa okuzimeleyo kubangcakazi abaqhelekileyo kunye nabangabangcakazi abasempilweni iveze ukuba akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo weqela, nangona kuphawuleka, kwiqela elidityanisiweyo (n=34) bekukho isiphumo esibalulekileyo somthathi-nxaxheba okhethwe kufutshane-uphosiwe. iziphumo zokunyusa amanqaku 'Qhubeka nokudlala' (t(33)=1.87, p=.07) ngokunxulumene nokuphoswa ngokupheleleyo komthathi-nxaxheba (bona Izinto ezongezelelweyo kunye neTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 6).

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Uphononongo lwangoku luphande iimpendulo zobuchopho ngexesha lomsebenzi womatshini wokungcakaza wekhompyuter kwiqela labangcakazi abaqhelekileyo abahluka ekubandakanyekeni kwabo ukusuka kwezolonwabo, kubadlali bezentlalo ukuya kungcakazo ophakathi-oluqilima olunokwenzeka. Ukuphumelela kwemali engalindelekanga emsebenzini kuqeshwe inethiwekhi yemimandla enomvuzo obandakanya i-ventral striatum. Umsebenzi wethu wenze ukuba uthelekiso oluthe ngqo lwe kufuphi nomisi non-win ngokuchasene ukuphoswa ngokupheleleyo abangaphumelelanga, kwaye lo mahluko uveze impendulo yokuphoswa kufutshane nemimandla ye-striatal nayo esabela kwimpumelelo, ngaphandle kwenjongo yokungaphumeleli imeko yezi ziphumo. Olu hlahlelo lwabangcakazi abaqhelekileyo lwandisa iziphumo zethu zakutsha nje kumavolontiya asempilweni anokubandakanyeka okuthobekileyo ekungcakazeni (UClark et al., 2009) Eyona njongo yolu phononongo yangoku yayikukunxulumanisa ezi mpendulo ze-fMRI nokwahluka komntu ngamnye kubukhali bokungcakaza, ukuze kuphononongwe ukubaluleka kwezi mpendulo kuncwadi olusakhulayo lwe-neurobiology yengxaki yokungcakaza (Ukubuyela et al., 2005, Umkhuhlane, i-2008). Amanqaku kwisalathiso sethu sobunzima bokungcakaza (SOGS) asuka ku-0 ukuya ku-19 (bona Umzekeliso ongezelelweyo 1), ngamanqaku e-5 ebonisa ukugembula okunokwenzeka kwe-pathological. Oku kugxininisa ubume obuqhubekayo bobungozi bokungcakaza kubantu abangengabo bezonyango (I-Currie et al., 2006), kwaye ibonisa ukuba indlela yokuhlalutya esekelwe kwi-regression ifanelekile ekuphononongeni iimpawu ze-neural zokungcakaza okungahambi kakuhle. Ngelixa amanqaku e-SOGS ayenganxulumananga nempendulo yobuchopho ekuphumeleleni kwemali, ubukhali bokungcakaza baxelwa kwangaphambili yimpendulo ye-neural kwiziphumo ezikufutshane, kwi-midbrain. Oku kusebenze kwakusondele kwi-nuclei ye-dopaminergic kwi-SN/VTA, ukufunyaniswa okuthe kwangqinwa ngakumbi kukuhlalutywa kwakhona kwedatha yethu kusetyenziswa i-kernel encinci (4mm) egudileyo.I-Bunzeck kunye ne-Duzel, 2006, D'Ardenne et al., 2008, UMurray et al., 2008, Shohamy kunye noWagner, ngo-2008, UDuzel et al., 2009). Ngaphaya koko, unxibelelwano phakathi komsebenzi we-midbrain ukuya ekuphoseni kufutshane kunye nobukhali bokungcakaza aluzange luchazwe ngokulula zezinye iimpawu zekliniki (uxinzelelo, i-impulsivity, i-OCD, ukusetyenziswa kotywala) ezixhaphake ngokuphakathi kubangcakazi abaqhelekileyo.UKessler et al., 2008).

Umbutho oqatshelweyo we-midbrain uyahambelana nendima yokuhanjiswa kwe-dopamine ekungcakazeni okungalungelelananga, okuboniswe zizifundo zangaphambili zabamakishi be-peripheral (Bergh et al., ngo-1997, Meyer et al., 2004) kunye nesiganeko sokungcakaza okubangelwa ngamayeza kwi-Parkinson's Disease (IDodd et al., 2005, Steeves et al., 2009). Esi sifo sidibaniswe ngokukodwa ne-D3-preferent dopamine agonists amayeza, kwaye kuyaphawuleka ukuba i-D3-receptors zininzi kwi-SN yabantu (UGurevich noJoyce, ngo-1999). Ukukwazi kweziphumo ezikufutshane zokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwe-dopamine kwingxaki enzima yokungcakaza kunokuthoba amandla ezi ziphumo ukuvuselela ungcakazo (I-Kassinove kunye ne-Schare, i-2001, Cote et al., 2003, UClark et al., 2009). Izifundo ze-Electrophysiological ezirekhodwa kwi-midbrain neurons zibonise indima eyaziwayo yale nkqubo ekuboniseni umvuzo kunye neekhowudi zeempazamo zokuxela kwangaphambili umvuzo (Schultz, 2002, UMontague et al., 2004). Izifundo ze-neuroimaging zabantu ziqinisekisa iimpendulo ze-midbrain BOLD kwimisebenzi yomvuzo wemali (umz I-Bjork et al., 2004, D'Ardenne et al., 2008, I-Schott et al., 2008), ehambelana nesalathiso esithe ngqo sokukhululwa kwe-striatal dopamine ([11C] ukufuduswa kwe-raclopride) (I-Schott et al., 2008). Ngokuqinisekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba iimpazamo zokubikezela umvuzo zenziwa kwizilingo ezikufutshane-ezilahlekileyo kumsebenzi wangoku: impazamo yokuxela kwangaphambili kwenzeka njengoko i-reel iyancipha kwaye isihloko silindele umphumo ophumelelayo. Oku kulandelwa ngoko nangoko impazamo yokuxela kwangaphambili, njengoko i-reel imisa indawo enye kwi-payline ephumeleleyo. Idatha yamva nje ibonisa ukuba i-midbrain BOLD isignali inokulungelelaniswa ngokukodwa neempazamo eziqikelelweyo ezilungileyo (D'Ardenne et al., 2008), ngokuhambelana nesimbo sokungcakaza ngokubanzi sokuthelekelela ngokugqithisileyo amathuba abo okuphumelela (Ladouceur & Walker 1996). Imiba emibini eyongezelelekileyo yokudubula kwe-midbrain ebonwa kwidatha ye-electrophysiological inokubaluleka kwiziphumo zangoku ze-fMRI. Okokuqala, i-midbrain neurons ibonisa ngokubanzi, apho ivutha khona kwi-stimuli efana neyokuxela kwangaphambili umvuzo (UTobler et al., 2005, Shohamy kunye noWagner, ngo-2008). Yingqikelelo enokuvavanywa yokuba abangcakazi abanengxaki babonisa ukugcwala okugqithisileyo komvuzo-uqikelelo oluqikelelwayo, oluphakathi kwe-midbrain hyper-reactivity. Okwesibini, ii-neuron ze-midbrain zinokubonisa ukukhowuda okuguquguqukayo ngaphakathi komsebenzi, apho impendulo yabo ephezulu ilinganiswe kumvuzo okhoyo (UTobler et al., 2005). Oku kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni singakhange silubone unxibelelwano lwe-midbrain kunye nobungqongqo bokungcakaza kwiziphumo eziphumeleleyo, ngaphandle kwempendulo ye-midbrain iyonke ekuphumeleleni. Nangona kunjalo, asizange sibonise ngokucacileyo ukubaluleka Umahluko ngamandla e-SOGS-midbrain association kwi-close-miss kunye nokuphumelela izilingo. Ukusuka kwi-positive trend-line kwi Umzobo 3C, kucingelwa ukuba umbutho we-SOGS-midbrain unokubonwa kwiziphumo zokuphumelela kwisampuli enkulu.

Uphononongo lwangaphambili lwe-case-control kwi-pathological gamblers ingxelo ncitshiswa Umqondiso weBOLD kwi-ventral striatum kunye ne-PFC ephakathi ekuphenduleni ukuphumelela kwemali (Ukubuyela et al., 2005). Oku kufunyaniswayo kwatolikwa njengobungqina beakhawunti yokusilela komvuzo wokungcakaza kwe-pathological, apho inkqubo yomvuzo we-hypoactive inika umngcipheko kuluhlu lweziyobisi (I-Bowirrat kunye ne-Oscar-Berman, 2005). Umsebenzi oqeshwe kwi-Reuter et al. Uphononongo ibingumsebenzi olula wokukhetha okubini ongenakufane uvelise ukugqwetheka okuntsokothileyo okunokwenzeka kunye nokuqonda kwesakhono okungundoqo ekuziphatheni kongcakazo (ILadouceur kunye ne-Walker, i-1996, I-Clark, 2010). Senze uhlalutyo phakathi kwamaqela ngokuthelekisa abangcakazi abaqhelekileyo ukusuka kuphononongo lwangoku ngokuchasene namavolontiya anokubandakanyeka okuthobekileyo kokungcakaza kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili (UClark et al., 2009). Nangona isekethe efunyenwe ngokuphumelela ngemali yayifana ngokumangalisayo kuwo onke amaqela amabini, abangcakazi abaqhelekileyo babonise impendulo ebambekayo ekuphumeleleni okwakubalulekile kwi-ventral striatum kunye ne-medial PFC, eqinisekisayo. U-Reuters et al (2005). Ngokucacileyo, idatha yangoku ibonisa ukuba le meko yokunqongophala komvuzo wonke idityaniswa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuqeshwa komvuzo wokujikeleza kwengqondo phantsi kweemeko zokugqwetheka kwengqondo (kufutshane-nokuphoswa), okwahlukayo njengomsebenzi wobungqongqo bokungcakaza. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi ziphumo zimbini zirhoxisiwe kuthelekiso oluphakathi kwamaqela omsebenzi ophantse waphoswa, apho kungekho mahluko ubonwayo.

Amanqaku amabini angakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nesifundo sethu sangaphambili abalulekile. Okokuqala, uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili luchaze intsebenziswano phakathi kokuphoswa kufutshane kunye nolawulo lomntu kwi-PFC ephakathi (UClark et al., 2009). Asikwazanga ukungqina le mpembelelo yentsebenziswano kubangcakazi abaqhelekileyo. Ewe, abangcakazi abaqhelekileyo abakhange babonakalise ukufunwa okubalulekileyo kulo mmandla nakwisiseko sokuphumelela umahluko, kwaye izifundo ze-neuropsychological zibonisa ukonakaliswa okuthe ngqo kwiprobes yengqibelelo ye-PFC yangaphakathi kwingxaki yokungcakaza.UGoudriaan et al., 2006, U-Lawrence et al., 2009). Uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili luye lwachaza indima ephambili ye-insula kwimpembelelo ekhuthazayo yokuphosa. Kuphononongo lwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-insula kuthintelwe kukohluko olupheleleyo lokuphumelela, kwinqanaba elingaphantsi nje kokubaluleka kwe-FWE, kwaye ezi mpendulo azizange zidibanise nobungqongqo bokungcakaza. Sikholelwa ukuba ezi mpendulo ze-insula zidlulisela ulwazi malunga ne-peripheral physiology (umzekelo, ukunyuka kwentliziyo) ngexesha lokungcakaza (umz. Craig, 2003), kwaye kunokuba nzima ukwenza le mvukelo kubangcakazi abaqhelekileyo abanamava kakhulu ngemidlalo yokuvuselela amandla. Izifundo zePsychophysiological kubadlali abaqhelekileyo zibonise umahluko womgangatho phakathi kongcakazo kwiseto zaselabhoratri ngokuchasene nendalo (umz. yekhasino) (UAnderson noBrown, 1984, Meyer et al., 2004). Umsebenzi wexesha elizayo odibanisa i-fMRI kunye nokujongwa kwengqondo iyafuneka ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kokuvusa inkanuko kunye nomsebenzi wobuchopho ngexesha lokungcakaza (cf. UCritchley et al., 2001).

Eminye imida yophononongo lwangoku kufuneka iqatshelwe. Okokuqala, ngelixa sasinxibelelana ngeendlela ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zokugula, ezinye iimeko ezifanelekileyo kubandakanya ukuxhomekeka kwenicotine kunye nokuphazamiseka kobuntu (UCunningham-Williams et al., 1998) zange zivavanywe. Okwesibini, ukuthelekisa phakathi kwamaqela ngokuchasene nesifundo sethu sangaphambili kwakungacwangciswanga kwaye amaqela awazange ahambelane kakuhle nobudala kunye nesini. Saye sanxulumana ngokweminyaka kodwa kungekhona isini, njengoko iqela lethu labangcakazi abaqhelekileyo phantse yayingamadoda kuphela. Ukungcakaza okungalungelelananga kuxhaphake kakhulu emadodeni (UKessler et al., 2008), kodwa uphononongo olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuvavanya ukuba iziphumo zethu ziqhelekile kubangcakazi ababhinqileyo. Okwesithathu, iireyithingi zokuzibika azizange zibonise isiphumo esibalulekileyo sokuphoswa kwabantu abangcakazayo rhoqo. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba ngumba wamandla eenkcukacha-manani unikwe ubuthathaka bemilinganiselo ye-analogue ebonakalayo: kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili, iziphumo ezizimeleyo zabonwa kuvavanyo olukhulu lokuziphatha kumavolontiya angama-40. Isiphumo esibalulekileyo somda (okhethiweyo othatha inxaxheba) kufutshane-elahlekileyo ukunyusa inkuthazo yokudlala yabonwa kuhlalutyo oludityanisiweyo lweeseti zedatha ze-fMRI (n = 34, bona Itafile ezongezelelweyo 6). Okokugqibela, intelekelelo yethu yokuba i-dopamine ibandakanyeka ekungcakazeni kufutshane-ephosiweyo kufuneka iphathwe ngenqanaba elifanelekileyo lokulumka kunikezwe ubume obungathanga ngqo bomqondiso weBOLD kunye nesisombululo esilinganiselweyo se-fMRI (bona Duzel et al., 2009 ukuze kuphononongwe). Ezinye ii-neurotransmitters ezibandakanyeka ekungcakazeni, kubandakanya i-serotonin, zikhona kwi-midbrain, kwaye zimodareyithwa zizivuseleli ezikhuthazayo, ngaphandle kweempendulo ze-phasic (UNakamura et al., 2008). Uyilo lwemingeni ye-Pharmacological luya kufuneka ukuphonononga le mibuzo ngokuthe ngqo; umzekelo, Zack & Poulos (2004) Inike ingxelo yokuba i-dopamine agonist engathanga ngqo, i-amphetamine, yanda iminqweno yokungcakaza kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo abantu abangcakazayo abanengxaki. Enye impembelelo yeklinikhi yeziphumo ezinjalo kukuba amachiza anciphisa usulelo lwe-dopamine anokuba nenzuzo yonyango ekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubangcakazi abanengxaki.

Izinto ezongezelelweyo

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Imibulelo

Ixhaswe yinkxaso yeprojekthi evela kwiBhunga loPhando lwezoQoqosho kunye neNtlalo kunye noXanduva kwiTrasti yoNgcakazo kwiLC kunye neTW Robbins (RES-164-25-0010). Igqitywe ngaphakathi kwe-Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, exhaswa ngumvuzo we-consortium ovela kwiBhunga loPhando lwezoNyango (UK) kunye ne-Wellcome Trust. Sinombulelo kubathathi-nxaxheba, kunye nabasebenzi be-radiographic kwi-Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, eCambridge, e-UK.

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