Ukufikelela okwethutyana kulwelo olunamafutha amnandi okunyusa ukwanda kunye nokukhuthaza ukutya kwimodeli yegundane yokusetyenziswa kakhulu (2013)

. Umbhalo obhaliweyo ifumaneka kwi-PMC 2014 Aprili 10.

PMCID: PMC3648600

I-NIHMSID: I-NIHMS455916

Abstract

Ukuphazamiseka kokutya ngokugqithisileyo kubonakala ngeziqendu ezicacileyo zokusetyenziswa kokutya okukhawulezayo kunye nokugqithisileyo. Kwiimpuku, ukunika ufikelelo ngamanqam ekutyeni okunamafutha aswiti kulingisa lo mba wokutya kakhulu. Ezi modeli zisebenzisa ukutya okuqinileyo; nangona kunjalo, isixa esipheleleyo esisetyenzisiweyo sixhomekeke kwinkuthazo, ukunambitha kunye nokuhlutha, okunzima ukuhlukana nokutya okuqinileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, uhlalutyo lwe-lick microstructure lungasetyenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ezi parameters xa i-ingestant ilulwelo. Ke ngoko, siphuhlise imodeli yokuzintyintya ngokusebenzisa i-emulsion yolwelo eyenziwe ngeoli yombona, ikhilimu enzima kunye neswekile. Sibonisa ukuba iimpuku ezinikwe ukufikelela okwethutyana kule emulsion enamafutha aphezulu ziphuhlisa isimilo esifana neso esithelekiseka naso ebesibonwa ngaphambili ngokutya okunamafutha aphezulu. Olunye uphawu lwale ndlela yokuziphatha ibikukunyuka kancinci kokusetyenziswa kwiiveki ezi-2.5 zofikelelo oluphakathi, olungazange lubonakale kwiimpuku ezinikwe ulwelo olunamafutha aphantsi kwishedyuli yofikelelo efanayo. Uhlalutyo lwe-Lick microstructure lucebisa ukuba oku kunyuka kwakubangelwa ubuncinci ngokuyinxalenye ukunyuka kuzo zombini inkuthazo yokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yincasa.

1. intshayelelo

Ukuphazamiseka kokutya ngokugqithisileyo kuxhaphakile kwaye zizifo zengqondo ezintsonkothileyo [, ]. Ukukhangela unyango olusebenzayo kuxhomekeke ekuqondeni okukhulu kweendlela ezisezantsi ze-neural. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuye kwaphuhliswa iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zokutya ngokuzonwabisa. Nangona zahluke kakhulu kwiinkcukacha zazo, zixhaphakile kuninzi lwazo kukuboniswa kwamafutha anencasa kakhulu kunye/okanye ukutya okuswiti [-]. Ngaphezulu kweeveki ezininzi zokufikelela, ukusetyenziswa kweempuku zokutya okunencasa ngexesha lokufikeleleka ngokuthe ngcembe kuyanda [-], kangangokuba i-calorie inake ngeentsuku zokufikelela isondele kwiimpuku ezinikwe ufikelelo oluqhubekayo ekutyeni okufanayo kwekhalori-exineneyo [, , , -]. Ngapha koko, ukuba ukufikelela ekutyeni okunamafutha aphezulu kubonelelwa yonke imihla, iimpuku zinciphisa ukutya kwazo okunekhalori ezisezantsi ezifumaneka ngamanye amaxesha [, , ]. Le pateni iyafana nomjikelo wokuzila ukutya okuziphako zokuphazamiseka kokutya, kwaye idibana nenkcazo yokusebenza kokutya ngokutya: ukusetyenziswa kokutya okuninzi kunokuba bekunokutyiwa ngexesha elifanayo ngokungabikho kweshedyuli yokufikelela okwethutyana [, ].

Nangona iimodeli eziziimpuku zokutya kakhulu zingayibambi imiba entsonkothileyo yentlalo kunye nengqondo enegalelo kukuphazamiseka kokutya kwabantu, zibonelela ngeendlela zokufunda iziphumo zokuzintyintya ngesiquphe kwiinkqubo zobuchopho ezilawula ukusetyenziswa. Inani lotshintsho lwe-neurochemical luye lwanxulunyaniswa nokufikelela okuthe gqolo kokutya ixesha elide (okt, iiveki ezininzi) [, ]. Umzekelo, kwi-nucleus accumbens (NAc), ukuzinkcinkca kukutya okuswiti okanye okunamafutha aphezulu kubangela ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine ephezulu [, , ], ukulawulwa komthuthi we-dopamine [], yehla i-D2 dopamine receptor ebophayo [], kunye nokwanda kokubonakaliswa kwe-D1 dopamine receptors []. Kuba i-NAc dopamine ikhuthaza ukufuna ukutya [], ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba inkuthazo yokufuna ukutya inokuguqulwa kwizifundo zokuzingxala. Ukongeza, ukubonakaliswa kwe-μ opioid receptors kwi-NAc yonyuswa kwizilwanyana ezizingxala. Njengendima yokuziphatha ye-opioidergic neurotransmission kwi-NAc inokuba kukulawula ukuthandeka kokutya okusetyenzisiweyo [, ] okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo zokuhlutha [], utshintsho kwiindlela ze-neural ezijongene nosetyenziso oluqhutywa yincasa kunye nokuhlutha lunokuba negalelo ekulawuleni ukusetyenziswa ngexesha lokuzintyintya. Ke ngoko, ukufumana ulwazi olongezelelekileyo lweenkqubo zokuziphatha kunye ne-neural esisiseko sokuzinkcinkca, kuyafuneka ukwahlula iminikelo yenkuthazo, incasa kunye nokuhlutha ekusebenziseni ngokugqithisileyo.

Zininzi iindlela ezikhoyo zokuphumeza olu qhawulo-mtshato. Umzekelo, ukondla i-sham [] kunye nokulayisha izondlo ze-intragastric [, ] ingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula iziphumo zokuhlutha; incasa iimvavanyo zokuphinda zisebenze umlinganiso wencasa []; kunye nemisebenzi esebenzayo efana neeshedyuli zomlinganiselo oqhubekayo zibonelela ngemilinganiselo ethe ngqo yenkuthazo [-]. Kungenjalo, ipateni yexeshana yokusetyenziswa ngexesha lofikelelo inokulinganiswa ngokweenkcukacha, inika ingqiqo kuzo zontathu iinkqubo kumfuniselo omnye olula. Ngokukodwa, izinga lokuhla kokusetyenziswa ukususela ekuqaleni kokutya, ukubambezeleka ukuqalisa ukusetyenziswa, kunye nezinga lokuqala lokusetyenziswa lisebenza njengemilinganiselo ezimeleyo yokuhlutha, inkuthazo kunye nokuvumba, ngokulandelanayo [-]. Ezi parameters zilinganiswa ngokulula kwizinto ezingenisa ulwelo, njengoko ii-lickometers ezifumanekayo ezithengiswayo zibonelela ngeendlela ezingabizi kakhulu nezisebenzayo zokufumana izitampu zexesha ezichanekileyo zokuziphatha kokugqibela. Ukongeza, le ndlela ivumela uhlalutyo lwenombolo yokuqhafaza kwe-lick kunye nobude, ezinxulumene nenkuthazo kunye nobumnandi, ngokulandelanayo [-]. Ke ngoko, ukubonelela ngeempuku ezitya kakhulu ngokungenisa ulwelo kwiilickometers kuya kuvumela umntu ovavanyayo ukuba afumane ngokukhawuleza ubungqina bempembelelo eyahlukileyo ye-neural manipulations (umzekelo, ii-microinjections zobuchopho) kwimiba ethile yokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo.

Ngoko ke, injongo yolu phononongo kukuphuhlisa imodeli yokuzinkcinkca yokufikelela kwangethuba usebenzisa i-calorie-dense liquid. Nangona izifundo zangaphambili zisebenzise izisombululo ze-sucrose ukuseka ukuzintyintya [, , ], injongo yexesha elide yeemvavanyo zethu kukuhlola igalelo le-μ receptors ze-opioid ekusebenziseni ngokugqithisileyo, kwaye ezi zamkeli zinokukhetha ukulawula ukuvumba kunye nokutya kwamafutha []. Ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu, kubandakanywa nokunciphisa, imixube yokunciphisa kunye neswekile, kunye ne-chow etyetyiswe ngamanqatha, isetyenziselwe ukuseka ukutya okuziinkozo [, , , , , , ]. Nangona kunjalo, nangona izifundo zangaphambili zibonelele ngokufikelela okwethutyana kulwelo olunamafutha aphezulu [], ngokolwazi lwethu imodeli yokuzinkcinkca usebenzisa ulwelo oluswiti olunamafutha aphezulu ayichazwanga ngokweenkcukacha. Apha, sibonisa imodeli enjalo esekelwe kwiprothokholi eyenziwe nguCorwin kunye noogxa, apho iimpuku zinikwa ukufikelela kwiintsuku ezintathu ngeveki kwimixube yamafutha aqinileyo kunye neswekile []. Siyilungisile le nkqubo ngokusebenzisa i-emulsion ye-liquid cream ye-heavy cream, i-corn oil kunye neswekile (i-COS), ihanjiswe kwi-lickometer-equipped sipper tubes, endaweni yomxube oqinileyo wamafutha / ushukela. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Chow kunye ne-COS, kunye nobunzima bomzimba, bafaniswa neqela lolawulo elinikwe ukufikelela okuqhubekayo kwi-COS okanye akukho ukufikelela kwi-COS.

Siye saqikelela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweqela lofikelelo ngethutyana kunganyuka ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwelokuqala ukuya kwixesha elilandelayo lofikelelo njengoko iimpuku zifunda ukusebenzisa ulwelo kwaye zoyise i-neophobia. Nangona kunjalo, ukufikelela kwexesha elide lokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kubangela ukwanda ngokuthe ngcembe kokusetyenziswa okwenzekayo emva kokuba kugqityiwe ukufunda [, , -]. Akwaziwa nokuba oku kunyuka kancinci kubangelwa lutshintsho kwinkuthazo, incasa okanye ukuhlutha. Ukuvavanya i-hypothesis yokuba ukusetyenziswa okwandisiweyo kuncinci ngenxa yokukhuthaza okuphakamileyo kunye nokuvumba, sithelekisa iipatheni zokukhotha kwiigundane ezinikwe i-COS kwiqela lolawulo elinikwe isisombululo esincinci se-caloric ye-cream kunye noshukela (CS) phantsi kweshedyuli efanayo yokufikelela. Nangona omabini la maqela ebonise ukonyuka okukhawulezayo kokusetyenziswa, iqela le-COS libonise ukonyuka kancinci kancinci kuwo onke ama-7 okufikelela ngamaxesha athile, kwaye oku kwanda kancinci kancinci kube sisiphumo sokwanda kwenkuthazo kunye nencasa. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuzinkcinkca ngekhalori ephezulu kubangelwa ngokuyinxenye kusetyenziso oluqhutywa yinkuthazo kunye nencasa, kwaye oku kunyuka kusisiphumo senkqubo yexesha elide eyahlukileyo ekufundeni kokuqala kunye nokunciphisa i-neophobia.

2. Impahla nenkqubo

Izilwanyana ze2.1

Iimpuku zaseMale ze-Long-Evans (n=144) ezinobunzima be-275–300 g zafunyanwa e-Harlan zahlaliswa kwigumbi eline-12 h on, 12 h off light cycle. Iimvavanyo zenziwa ngexesha lesigaba sokukhanya. Izilwanyana beziqhelwa ukuphatha yonke imihla ubuncinci iveki enye phambi kokuba kuqale uvavanyo. Ngeli xesha, i-chow intake kunye nobunzima bomzimba bulinganiswa imihla ngemihla. Ngaphambi kokuqala kovavanyo, amaqela amathathu eempuku ahambelana nesixa esiphakathi se-chow esetyenzisiweyo kunye nobunzima bomzimba. Zonke iinkqubo zezilwanyana zazihambelana ne-US National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, kwaye zavunywa yi-Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ye-Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Ukuziphatha kwe-2.2

2.2.1. Amagumbi okusebenza

Zonke iimvavanyo zokuziphatha zaqhutywa kumagumbi asebenzayo e-Med Associates (30 x 25 cm). Amagumbi ayekhanyiswa ngesibane esinye se-28 V sendlu emhlophe, kwaye ngamaxesha onke ngexesha lovavanyo, ingxolo emhlophe (65 dB) idlalwe ngesithethi esizinikeleyo. Oku, kunye nekhabhathi yemelamine evale ibhokisi nganye, yaqinisekisa ukuba ingxolo encinci yangaphandle iphazamisa izilwanyana. Amagumbi okusebenza axhotyiswe ngee-lickometers ezimbini, enye engenanto kwaye enye izaliswe nge-cream-oil-sucrose liquid emulsion (COS). Kuzo zonke iimvavanyo, ii-photobeams kwii-lickometers zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa amaxesha okukhothwa kunye ne-1 msec isisombululo sexeshana.

2.2.2. Iinestants

I-cream enzima esetyenziselwa i-COS kunye ne-CS iqulethe i-5 g yamafutha, i-1 g carbohydrate kunye ne-1 g yeprotheni nge-15 mL. I-emulsion ye-COS yayilungiselelwe imihla ngemihla ngokuxuba i-500 mL nganye ye-cream enzima kunye ne-corn oil kunye ne-80 g sucrose kunye ne-1 g ye-sodium stearoyl lactylate (i-Niacet Corporation), i-emulsifier. I-emulsion, elungiselelwe ngokusebenzisa i-whisk yocingo, yayizinzile i> 24 hr; emva kwe-24 hr, ukuhlukana okubonakalayo kwezigaba zeoli kunye namanzi kunokubonwa. Isisombululo esincinci se-fatty and less caloric cream-sucrose (CS) sisetyenziswe kwiqela elihlukeneyo lezilwanyana; I-CS yalungiswa ngokuxuba i-1 L cream enzima kunye ne-80 g sucrose. Umxholo wekhalori we-COS wawuyi-5.99 kCal / mL; ixabiso le-CS laliyi-3.65 Kcal/mL; kunye ne-chow (PMI LabDiet 5001), yayingu-3.02 kCal / g.

2.2.3. Inkqubo yokufikelela okwethutyana

Iimpuku zahlulahlulwe zangamaqela amathathu: i-intermittent access (i-binge) iqela (ICOS; n=46), iqela lofikelelo oluqhubekayo (CCOS; n=36) kunye neqela lolawulo alinikwanga ukufikelela kwi-COS (NCOS; n=38). (Inani leempuku ezisetyenzisiweyo likhulu kuba iigundane zaye zasetyenziselwa iimvavanyo ze-pharmacological ukuthelekisa imiphumo yamachiza kumaqela ahlukeneyo; ezi ziphumo azichazwanga apha.) Kwiiveki ze-5, i-ICOS kunye noCCOS amaqela ayenokufikelela kwi-lickometer equkethe i-COS kumagumbi asebenzayo kathathu ngeveki (ngoMvulo, ngoLwesithathu nangoLwesihlanu; MWF) kwi-90 min. UCCOS Iqela lalinalo ad adum ukufikelela kwi-COS ngamaxesha onke kwiikheji zabo zasekhaya. Izitampu zeLick kunye ne-COS ethathayo zarekhodwa ngexesha leeseshoni zokufikelela. Ubunzima bomzimba, ukutya kunye (yeCCOS iqela) Ukuthathwa kwe-COS kwikheji yasekhaya yarekhodwa yonke imihla ukusuka ngoMvulo ukuya ngoLwesihlanu; ke ngoko, imilinganiselo engama-25 ixelwe kuvavanyo lweeveki ezi-5 (Amakhiwane. 2A,D,B,E; 3A,C). NgoMvulo, la manyathelo ahlulwe ngamathathu ukuze aqheleke kwimpelaveki. Ukuthelekiswa kokusetyenziswa kwe-chow ngosuku olungaphambili vs ngosuku emva kweseshoni yokufikelela (Amakhiwane. 2C,F; 3B,D) zenziwa kabini ngeveki (kwi-totali ye-10 uthelekiso kwiiveki ze-5). I-NCOS iimpuku zathengwa ngexesha elinye namanye amaqela kwaye zagcinwa kwikoloni enye, kodwa azizange zinikwe ukufikelela kwi-COS. ad adum ukufikelela kwi-chow kunye namanzi ngamaxesha onke kwi-cage yasekhaya.

Umzobo 2 

Ukutya kweekhalori kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-chow kwathonywa yishedyuli yokufikelela kunye nokungena
Umzobo 3 

Ukufikelela okwethutyana kwi-COS okanye kwi-CS akuchaphazeli ukufumana ubunzima

Uvavanyo olwahlukileyo lusebenzise isisombululo se-caloric CS esisezantsi endaweni ye-COS. Amaqela amathathu eempuku (n=8 nganye) asetyenzisiwe kolu lingelo,CS, CCS kunye NCS, kwaye ezi zaphathwa kanye njenge-ICOS, CCOS kunye NCOS amaqela achazwe ngasentla, ngokulandelelanayo, ngaphandle kokuba iCS yafakwa endaweni yeCOS. NCOS kunye NCS amaqela aphathwa ngokufanayo (akukho ukufikelela kwi-COS okanye i-CS); umahluko yayikukuba iNCOS iqela lagcinwa kwikoloni ngaxeshanye kunye ne-ICOS kunye noCCOS amaqela, ngelixa i-NCS iqela lagcinwa ngaxeshanye kunye ne-ICS kunye noCCS maqela.

2.3. Uhlalutyo lwedatha

2.3.1. Izibalo

Ukuphindaphinda-imilinganiselo ye-ANOVA enento enye (iintsuku) okanye izinto ezimbini (iintsuku kunye neqela) zisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa imiphumo yokuxhamla kunye neenkqubo zokulawula. Ii-ANOVA zalandelwa nguHolm–Sidak iposi iimvavanyo; ilungisiwe p <0.05 ithathwa njengomahluko omkhulu. Iziphumo ze-ANOVA zixelwe kwi 1 Table. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa konyukile kwiiseshini zofikelelo ezilandelelanayo, idatha ukusuka kusuku lwesi-2 ukuya kusuku lwesi-8 yafakelwe kwimodeli yomgca kusetyenziswa ubuncinci bamatyeli aphindwe kabini. Ukuthambeka kuzo zonke ezi ntsuku kwavavanyelwa umahluko omkhulu ukusuka ku-0, kwaye amathambeka athelekiswa phakathi kwe-I.COS kwaye namCS amaqela asebenzisa i-ANCOVA. Lonke uhlalutyo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa imeko-bume yesoftware ye-R [].

1 Table 

Iziphumo ze-ANOVA.

2.3.2. Ukukhotha i-microstructure

Izinga lokukhotha lalichazwa njengenani leekhothwa ngomzuzwana. Izinga lokuqala lokukhothwa lichazwe njengesantya sokukhothwa ngexesha lomzuzu oqala ngokukhothwa kokuqala kokugqabhuka kokuqala kweseshoni [-, ], kunye ne-latency ukuya kwi-lick yokuqala yachazwa njengexesha ukusuka ekuqaleni kweseshoni ukuya kule kukhothwa. Iibhasari zichazwe njengamaqela ezikhothwayo ezahlulwe yi-ILI> 1 s (oko kukuthi, ukupheliswa kokuqhuma kwachazwa ngokuqala kwe-ILI> 1 s). Ubude bexesha kwaye ubungakanani bokuqhuma bhekisa kwixesha eligqitywe kukugqabhuka kunye nenani lokukhothwa koko kugqabhuka, ngokulandelelanayo. Kuphela kugqabhuka izikhothwa ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu eziye zaqwalaselwa. Njengoko uninzi lokusetyenziswa lwenzekile ekuqaleni kweseshoni, uhlalutyo lwe-microstructure licking aluzange lwenziwe kuphela kwiseshoni yonke, kodwa ngokwahlukileyo kwizigaba ezibini: ukuqala kweseshoni (ikota yokuqala, okanye i-22.5 min, ye-90 min iseshoni. ) kunye nokuphela kweseshoni (iikota ezi-3 zokugqibela).

3. Iziphumo

3.1. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nobunzima bomzimba

Iimpuku kwi-ICOS (I-intermittent access to COS) iqela lineeveki ezi-5 zokufikelela kwi-cream (50% v/v), ioli (50% v/v) kunye noshukela (8% w/v) liquid emulsion (COS) ngeentsuku zovavanyo: ngoMvulo. , ngooLwezithathu nooLwezihlanu (kwaye akukho ukufikelela kwi-COS nangaliphi na elinye ixesha). I-COS yanikezelwa nge-lickometer kwimizuzu engama-90 yokufikelela kumagumbi asebenzayo. Ngaphezulu kweeveki ze-5 zokufikelela okuphakathi, umthamo we-COS osetyenzisiweyo unyuke ngokukhawuleza: ngosuku lokufikelela kwi-15 (ekupheleni kwe-5th kwiveki), imali esetyenzisiweyo yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneentsuku ze-1 ukuya kwe-10, kwaye imali esetyenzisiweyo ngeentsuku ze-6 ukuya kwe-15 yayinkulu kuneentsuku ze-1, 2 okanye 3 (Umzobo 1A). Ngokwahlukileyo kwi-ICOS iqela, iimpuku kwi-CCOS iqela (Ukufikelela ngokuqhubekayo kwi-COS) babenokufikelela kwi-COS kungekhona kuphela kwigumbi elisebenzayo ngexesha lemizuzu engama-90 yokufikelela, kodwa nakwi-cage yasekhaya ngamaxesha onke. Njengoko bekulindelekile, uCCOS iqela lisebenzise i-COS encinci kakhulu kune-ICOS iqela kumagumbi asebenzayo kuzo zonke iiseshoni emva kweyokuqala, kwaye akukho mahluko wokusebenzisa kwiintsuku ze-15 zokufikelela (Umzobo 1A).

Umzobo 1 

I-COS, kodwa hayi ukusetyenziswa kwe-CS kwandiswe kuzo zonke iiseshoni zofikelelo ezilandelelanayo

Ngokuchaseneyo neziphumo ezibonwe kwi-ICOS iqela, imali esetyenzisiweyo ayizange inyuke kakhulu kwiiveki zonke kwi-ICS iqela, elinokufikelela kwi-CS, isisombululo esisezantsi se-cream cream / sugar. Ezi mpuku zibonise umgangatho ophantsi wokusetyenziswa kwiseshoni yokuqala yokufikelela, kwaye nangona ukusetyenziswa kuthande ukuba kukhulu kwiiseshoni ezilandelayo (kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kukhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwegumbi nguC.CS qela), akuzange kubekho ukwanda okungaphaya kwiintsuku (Umzobo 1B). Ukungabikho kwesiphumo esibalulekileyo sobalo lweentsuku kwi-ICS iqela liyachasana nefuthe elinamandla leentsuku kwi-ICOS iqela (1 Table); nangona kunjalo, lo mahluko unokuthi, ngokwethiyori, uvele kwinani elincinane lezifundo (kwaye ke ngoko amandla ezibalo) kwi-I.CS iqela. Ngoko ke, saphula i-ICOS iqela libe ngamaqela ama-6 amancinci anobungakanani obuthelekisekayo kwi-ICS iqela (N = 8 for 5 ICOS amaqela amancinci, N = 6 kwiqela elinye elingaphantsi; izifundo kwiqela ngalinye elingaphantsi zaqeqeshwa kunye). Kukho ukwanda okukhulu kokusetyenziswa kwe-COS kwi-5 ye-6 ICOS amacandelwana (isiphumo seentsuku: iqela 1: F(14,211) = 5.87, P <0.001; iqela 2: F(14,210) = 4.06, p <0.001; iqela 3: F(14,200) = 4.83, p <0.001; iqela 4: F(14,196) = 7.98, p< 0.001; iqela 5: F(14,74) = 1.87, p <0.05); kwiqela elingaphantsi eliseleyo, isiphumo siye sasondela ekubalulekeni (F(14,141) = 1.72, p= 0.058). Kwi-ICS iqela, nangona kunjalo, akukho bungqina bokuba kunye nomkhwa oya kwisiphumo esibalulekileyo (p = 0.56; 1 Table). Ke ngoko, ukungabikho kwesiphumo esibalulekileyo seentsuku kwi-ICS iimpuku akunakwenzeka ukuba zibe ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamandla ezibalo.

Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ICS iigundane zafunda ukutya i-CS kunye nokunqoba i-neophobia kwiseshoni enye, kunye nesiphumo sokuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo kufikelele kwi-plateau ngeseshoni yesibini. Ngenxa yokuba ukufunda kokuqala kunye ne-neophobia iziphumo kufuneka zifane ne-ICOS kwaye namCS amaqela, ukwanda okukhulu kokusetyenziswa kwi-ICOS iqela ukusuka kusuku loku-1 ukuya kusuku lwesi-2 (Umzobo 1A) kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubangelwe kukufunda kwasekuqaleni kunye nokuncipha kwe-neophobia. Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda kancinci kancinci ngeentsuku ezilandelayo akuhambelani nezi nkqubo. Ke ngoko, ukwahlula ukwanda kancinci kokuthatha (Umzobo 1A) kunye namanye amanyathelo okugqibela (Amakhiwane. 5 kwaye Kunye ne6) 6) ukusuka kwimiphumo yokufunda yokuqala kunye ne-neophobia, sithelekisa ukusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintsuku zomntu ngamnye kwisiseko sokusetyenziswa kweentsuku ze-2 kunye ne-3.

Umzobo 5 

I-latency yokukhotha kunye nezinga lokuqala lokukhotha litshintshile kwiintsuku zokufikelela okuphakathi kwi-COS
Umzobo 6 

Ukuqhuma kwe-microstructure yatshintsha kuzo zonke iintsuku zokufikelela kwi-COS, kodwa kungekhona i-CS

Isiphumo sokuqala seplateau kwi-ICS Iqela limi ngokwahlukileyo ekunyukeni okuthe chu okubonwa kwi-ICOS iqela, elafikelela kwithafa ngosuku 8. Ukuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokunyuka kokusetyenziswa emva kosuku lokuqala kwi-ICOS kwaye namCS amaqela, sibale ukuthambekela kokunyuka ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kumhla we-8 (Umzobo 1C). Ngelixa ithambeka lalilungile kwaye lahluke kakhulu ku-0 we-ICOS iqela, alahlukanga kakhulu ku-0 we-ICS iqela. Ngaphezu koko, ukuthambeka okuqinisekileyo kubonwe kwi-5 ye-6 ICOS amaqela amancinci achazwe ngasentla (awaboniswanga). Ukongeza, uthelekiso lwemithambeka kwi-ICOS kwaye namCS amaqela asebenzisa i-ANCOVA abonise umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqela amabini (Umzobo 1C). Ngoko ke, i-ICOS Iqela libonise ukunyuka okuthe chu ekusetyenzisweni kumathuba okufikelela okwethutyana angenako ukucaciswa ngokulula njengesiphumo sokufunda kokuqala okanye ukuncitshiswa kwe-neophobia. Oku kunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kuyafana nokwabonwa ngaphambili kwiimpuku ezinikwe ufikelelo ngamanqam ekutyeni okunamafutha aphezulu [, , -].

Enye ingcaciso enokubakho yokwenyuka kancinci kosetyenziso kwi-ICOS Iqela lelokuba iimpuku zifunde ngokuthe ngcembe ukufumana i-COS eninzi ngokukhothwa. Ukuvavanya le ngqikelelo, sithelekise inani leekhothwayo nge ml yolwelo olusetyenzisiweyo kwi-ICOS kwaye namCS amaqela kunye neentsuku zokufikelela kuzo zonke, kusetyenziswa izinto ezimbini ANOVA. ICOS iqela likhothe ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi kune-ICS iqela (umndilili ngokubanzi kwiiseshoni ezili-15: COS: 315.0 ± 52.3 licks/mL; CS: 418.3 ± 106.4 licks/mL; F(1,719) = 13.6; p <0.001) kwaye kubekho isiphumo seentsuku zokufikelela (F(14,719) = 1.8; p = 0.04), kodwa akukho ntsebenziswano (F(14,719) = 0.5; p = 0.9). Iimvavanyo ze-Post-hoc zibonise ukuba umphumo weentsuku wawubangelwa ukunyuka okukhulu kwentsebenzo ukusuka kwimini yokuqala ukuya kweyesibini, kodwa akukho ukwanda okungaphezulu kwiiseshoni zamva. Ke ngoko, ukunyuka kancinci kokusetyenziswa kwi-ICOS Iqela alinakubalelwa kutshintsho ekusebenzeni kokukhothwa.

Enye into enokuthi ibhide kubukho be-emulsifier (i-sodium stearoyl lactylate) kwi-COS, kodwa hayi i-CS: i-I.COS iimpuku kusenokwenzeka ukuba ekuqaleni wayinqanda i-COS ngenxa yobukho be-emulsifier. Ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza i-COS ngaphandle kwe-emulsifier, siye savavanya i-hypothesis yokuba iigundane ziphepha i-emulsifier esetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i-COS ngokuthelekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-CS kunye ne-CS + 0.1% ye-sodium stearoyl lactylate (isisindo / umthamo). Iimpuku ezizintandathu zamadoda zanikwa ngaxeshanye kunye neebhotile eziqulathe ulwelo zombini ngeyure eyi-1 kwikheji yasekhaya. La mava aphindwa kabini emva kosuku olunye lokuhlala; indawo yebhotile ehambelanayo yatshintshwa phakathi kweentsuku ukunqanda icala. Kwiiseshoni zokufikelela ezimbini zokugqibela, iigundane zasela iimali ezifanayo ze-CS (4.2 ± 0.8 ml) kunye ne-CS + emulsifier (5.4 ± 0.4 ml; t-test p> 0.05). Ngoko ke, iigundane aziyikuphepha i-emulsifier.

Kwiiveki ezi-5, i-ICOS kunye noCCOS amaqela adla ngokuqhubekayo i-chow efumaneka ngokukhululekileyo kwikheji yasekhaya. UCCOS iqela litye i-chow encinci (Umzobo 2A) kodwa, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweemali ezinkulu ze-COS, kusadla iikhalori ezininzi ngosuku kune-NCOS iqela lolawulo, elingenakufikelela kwi-COS (Umzobo 2B). ICOS iqela libonise ukuguquka okukhulu kunye nokuqhelekileyo ekusebenziseni i-chow (Umzobo 2A), kunye neempuku kweli qela zitya i-chow eninzi ngosuku ngaphambi kokufikelela kwi-COS kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-24 hr ilandela ukufikelela kwe-COS (Umzobo 2C). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, akukho NCOS okanye uCCOS amaqela ahluka ekusebenziseni i-chow ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi nasemva kwexesha lokufikelela (Umzobo 2C). Kuba mnaCOS iimpuku, isiphumo somnatha yayikukuba ngeentsuku zokufikelela kwe-COS, eli qela latya iikhalori ezipheleleyo ezifanayo nexabiso elidliwe yi-C.COS iqela, kwaye ngeentsuku ngaphandle kwe-COS, i-ICOS iqela lidle ngaphantsi kancinci kune-NCOS iqela. Inani elikhulu leekhalori ezidliwa yi-ICOS Iqela ngeentsuku zokufikelela kwakungenxa yokuthatha i-COS: ekupheleni kweeveki ezi-5, i-ICOS iqela lisetyenziswe kwi-90 min ngaphezulu kancinci kwesiqingatha sesixa se-COS iCCOS iqela elisetyenziswe ngosuku lonke (ngokufikelela kusuku 15: ICOS: 54.2 ± 4.0 kCal ye-COS esetyenzisiweyo; CCOS: 97.7 ± 5.7 kCal ye-COS esetyenzisiweyo). Ezi ziphumo zibangele "i-saw tooth" iphethini ye-caloric intake yonke imihla kwi-ICOS iqela (Umzobo 2B). Isiphumo sokugqibela sinokubonwa kwakhona Umzobo 2C (i ICOS Ukusetyenziswa kwe-chow yeqela ngaphambi kweentsuku zokuzinkcinkca bekungaphantsi kunaleyo ye-NCOS iqela). Ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana neziphumo zabanye abasebenzisa ukufikelela okwethutyana ekutyeni okunamafutha aphezulu njengemodeli yempuku yokuziphatha ngokutya ngokugqithisileyo [, , , , , ].

Okubalulekileyo, le pateni yokondla ayizange ibonwe kwi-ICS iigundane, ezazinokufikelela kwi-cream ephantsi ye-fat cream / i-sugar solution endaweni ye-emulsion ye-COS: i-chow yabo yemihla ngemihla ayizange ichaphazeleke ukuba iigundane zineseshoni yokufikelela kwi-CS (Isazobe 2D,F). Ukongeza, ipateni ye "saw tooth" ye-caloric intake yayincinci kakhulu kwi-ICS iimpuku kunakumCOS iimpuku (thelekisa Umzobo 2E kunye Umzobo 2B). Ngaloo ndlela, ipateni yokusetyenziswa kwe-binge-like yabonwa kunye nokufikelela okuphakathi kwi-COS, kodwa kungekhona nge-CS.

Nangona ubunzima bomzimba weempuku kuwo onke amaqela bunyuke kwiiveki ezi-5, i-CCOS ubunzima beqela bunyuke ngokukhawuleza kunobo bamanye amaqela (Umzobo 3A). Okumangalisayo, ngaphandle kokufikelela kwi-COS iintsuku ezi-3 / ngeveki, i-ICOS iqela alizange lifumane ubunzima obungaphezulu kwe-NCOS iqela (Umzobo 3A). ICOS Ukulawulwa kweegundane ezibonakala ziqhelekileyo zobunzima bomzimba kunokunxulumana nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-chow emva kokuthatha i-COS (Umzobo 2C): inzuzo yabo yobunzima ibinkulu kakhulu kusuku olungaphambi kofikelelo lwe-COS kunosuku olulandelayo ukufikelela (Umzobo 3B). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uCCOS kunye NCOS amaqela afumana ubunzima ngesantya esingaguqukiyo (Umzobo 3B). Ngokufanayo, kunye nesisombululo sekhrimu / iswekile, iCCS ubunzima beqela bunyuke ngokukhawuleza kunobo be-ICS kunye NCS amaqela (Isazobe 3C,D). Ezi ziphumo zihambelana nokuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kunye nokutya okunamafutha aphezulu [, , ]. Babonisa ukuba, njengoko kudla ngokuba njalo kukuphazamiseka kokutya kwabantu [, ], iigundane ezizingcayo ziyakwazi ukukhawulela ukusetyenziswa kwazo emva kokutya okukhulu kwe-caloric yokutya, nasemva kokufikelela okuphindaphindiweyo kokutya okunjalo kwiiveki ze-5.

3.2. Kwixesha leseshoni yokusetyenziswa

Xa zinikwe ufikelelo kulwelo olunencasa kakhulu, ekuqaleni ukusetyenziswa kweempuku ngokukhuthala kuyacutheka njengesondlo esiginyiweyo (kunye nesivuseleli sencasa esikwimeko esihambelana naso) sisebenzisa iindlela zokuhlutha []. Ke ngoko, sibuze ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-COS kulandele ipateni efanayo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiiplani zexesha lokukhotha phezu kweseshoni yemizuzu engama-90 (kwimigqomo emi-5), i-ICOS Iqela libonise isantya esiphezulu kakhulu sokukhotha kwi- ~ 20 min yokuqala yeseshoni kwiveki yesi-5 xa kuthelekiswa neveki ye-1 (Umzekeliso. 4A, B). ICOS Amazinga okukhothwa kweempuku abuyele kumanqanaba asezantsi, angaqhelekanga malunga nemizuzu engama-30 emva kokuqala kweseshoni (Umzekeliso. 4A, B), ngokungqinelana nemigqaliselo yangaphambili []. Ngenxa yokwahlukana okuphawulekayo kumazinga e-lick kwiindawo zokuqala kunye nezilandelayo zeseshoni yokufikelela, kwi-pattern ye-lick elandelayo sihlalutya ukusetyenziswa kwikota yokuqala yeseshoni (i-22.5 min) kunye neekota ezintathu zokugqibela (68.5 min) ngokwahlukileyo.

Umzobo 4 

Ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwe-COS kwiiveki zokufikelela okwethutyana kugxininiswe kwikota yokuqala yeseshoni

Njengoko bekulindelekile, izinga elonyukayo lokusetyenziswa kwikota yokuqala yeseshoni ibinobukhulu obuncinci kwiC.COS iqela (Umzobo 4B). Ngokwenene, kuyamangalisa ukuba uCCOS iimpuku zasela i-COS kakhulu kuzo zonke kumagumbi e-lickometer, njengoko i-COS yayifumaneka ngokukhululekileyo kwiikheji zabo zasekhaya. Enye inokwenzeka kukuba i-COS entsha yayisetyenziswe ngamandla ngakumbi kune-COS kwikheji yasekhaya, eyayifikelela kwiiyure ezingama-24 ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, iqela le-naïve leempuku ze-6 ezinikwe i-COS entsha kunye ne-COS yosuku oludala kwi-1 hr iimvavanyo ezimbini zokukhetha ibhotile kwi-cage yasekhaya ayizange ibonise ukhetho lwe-COS entsha (i-COS entsha: 2.9 ± 0.9 mL; i-COS yosuku: 6.0 ± 1.8 ; t-test p > 0.05). Ke ngoko, ukonyuka kokusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-COS kwiCCOS Iqela linokuba ngumsebenzi wokuvula indlela yokuziphatha elandela ukubekwa kwinoveli ngokwentelekiso (xa kuthelekiswa nekheji yasekhaya) igumbi lelickometer.

3.3. Ukubambezeleka ukuya kwinqanaba lokuqala lokukhotha kunye nenqanaba lokukhothwa kokuqala

Ukwenyuka kancinci kosetyenziso kulo lonke ixesha lokungena kwi-COS (Ikhiwane. 1) kunokubangelwa ngokuyinxenye kukhuthazo olwandisiweyo lokutya kunye/okanye ukwanda kosetyenziso oluqhutywa yincasa. Ukuvavanya ezi ngcamango, sihlolisise i-latency kwi-lick yokuqala yeseshoni (isalathisi se-motivation) kunye nesantya sokuqala sokukhothwa (kucingelwa ukubonisa ukusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yi-palatability) [-]. Kwiiseshini zokufikelela ezilandelelanayo, i-ICOS ukubambezeleka kweqela ukuqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-COS kuye kwaba mfutshane, ngelixa i-CCOS ukubambezeleka kweqela akuzange kutshintshe (Umzobo 5A). Ngaphezu koko, i-latency yokukhothwa kokuqala yayihlala ide kakhulu kwi-CCOS iqela kune ICOS iqela (Umzobo 5A), ngokuhambelana nokwahluka kwenkuthazo enokulindeleka phakathi kwezilwanyana ezinikwe ngokuqhubekayo kunye nokuthintelwa ukufikelela ekutyeni okuthandwayo. Ngokucacileyo, nangona kunjalo, izinga lokuqala lokukhotha liye lanyuka kuzo zonke iiseshini kuzo zombini i-ICOS kunye noCCOS iimpuku, kwaye ngokwesiqhelo ayahlukanga kakhulu kumaqela ngosuku olunikiweyo (Umzobo 5C). Ke, ngokungafaniyo nomlinganiselo wenkuthazo, umlinganiselo wosetyenziso oluqhutywa yincasa unyuke ngokuhambelana kumaqela amabini.

Njengoko bekulindelekile ngenxa yokungabikho kokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwi-ICS iqela, okanye ICS okanye uCCS amaqela abonise ukwehla okukhulu kwi-first lick latency (Umzobo 5B) okanye ukwanda kwinqanaba lokuqala lokukhothwa (Umzobo 5D). Isishwankathelo, ukufikelela kwangethuba kwi-COS (kodwa kungekhona i-CS) kubangele ukwanda okubonakalayo kwi-motivation kunye ne-flatability ehamba kunye nokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwe-COS.

3.4. Inani eligqabhukileyo kunye nobude

Iimpuku zikhotha ngesantya esicingelwayo esingu ~7 Hz. Ngexesha lokutya, ukugqabhuka kokukhothwa ngolu hlobo kuphazanyiswa kukunqumama, okuqhele ukuba > 1 umzuzwana [, ]. Ukusukela kusuku lwesibini lokufikelela ukuya koweshumi elinesihlanu, izinga lokukhotha ngaphakathi kwe-ICOS iqela lahlala lizinzile (6.7 ± 0.2 vs 6.9 ± 0.1 Hz, p> 0.05), ebonisa ukuba ukunyuka kancinci kokusetyenziswa kubonakala kweli qela (Umzobo 1A) bekungekho ngenxa yotshintsho kwi-central pattern generator elawula izinga lokukhotha ngaphakathi.

Inani lokugqabhuka ngexesha lofikelelo kulwelo olunencasa iphenjelelwa yinkuthazo yokutya, ngelixa ubude bokugqabhuka buphenjelelwa ngamandla kakhulu kukunenca kolwelo [, ]. Ngokuvisisana nale ngcamango, uCCOS iimpuku zibonise amanani asezantsi kakhulu kunamCOS iigundane (Isazobe 6A,C). Kwi-ICOS Iqela, inani lokugqabhuka lalixhomekeke kakhulu kwixesha elingaphakathi kwiseshoni yokufikelela: kwikota yokuqala, inani lokuqhambuka liye landa kakhulu kwiiveki ezi-5 zokufikelela, ngelixa lithande ukuhla kwiikota ezintathu zokugqibela.Isazobe 6A,C). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ICS iimpuku, ezingazange zandise ukusetyenziswa kwazo (Umzobo 1B), ayizange ibonise utshintsho kwinani eligqabhukileyo nokuba kukwisigaba sokuqala okanye sasemva kwexesha (Isazobe 6B,D).

Ngokungafaniyo nenani eligqabhukileyo, ubude bexesha alihlukanga kakhulu phakathi kwe-ICOS kunye noCCOS amaqela nangaluphi na usuku (Umzobo 6E). Ngokuqinisekileyo, kubo bobabini ICOS kunye noCCOS amaqela, ixesha lokuqhuma liye landa kwiiveki ze-5 zokufikelela okuphakathi (Umzobo 6E). Ezi ziphumo zokunyuka bezingekho kwi-ICS kunye noCCS iigundane (Umzobo 6F).

Lilonke, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iiveki zofikelelo lwethutyana kwi-COS zibangele ukwanda kancinci kokusetyenziswa kwisigaba sokuqala seseshoni yofikelelo nganye. Olu lwando lwaluhamba kunye ne-latency emfutshane ukuqalisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nenani elikhulu le-lick bursts (ngokuhambelana nokunyuka kwenkuthazo yokutya), kunye nesantya esikhulu sokuqala sokukhotha kunye nobude bexesha elide lokuqhuma (ngokuhambelana nokunyuka kokusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yi-palatability). Akukho ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe okanye ukunyuka kwezalathisi zenkuthazo kunye ne-palatability xa iigundane zinikwa i-CS endaweni ye-COS. Kuthatyathwe kunye, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa okufana nokuxhamla kuncinci ngenxa yokunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwimpembelelo kunye nokunambitha ngaphaya koko kulindelwe. ukusuka ekufundeni kokuqala kunye nokunciphisa i-neophobia.

4. Ingxoxo

4.1. isishwankathelo

Ukutya ngokugqithisileyo kubonakala ngeziqendu ezicacileyo (iiyure ezi-2 okanye ngaphantsi) zokusetyenziswa kokutya okukhawulezayo nangokugqithisileyo okungaqhutywa yindlala okanye imfuno ye-metabolic []. Ukufunda imiphumo yokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwiinkqubo ze-neural ezilawula ukutya, izifundo zezilwanyana zangaphambili zisebenzise ukufikelela okuphakathi kokutya okuphezulu kwi-caloric content, ngakumbi amafutha [, , , , ], kuba abantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu okanye ibulimia badla ngokutya ukutya okuswiti okunamafutha aphezulu [-]. Ukuthathwa kokutya okutyebileyo kunye nesiselo kulawulwa ziinkqubo ezintathu ezinxulumeneyo: ukukhuthaza, ukunambitha kunye nokuhlutha. Ukufunda iindlela ze-neural eziphantsi kokusetyenziswa ngokuzinkcinkca usebenzisa iindlela ezihlaselayo (ezifana ne-intracranial microinjection yamachiza), kuya kuba luncedo ukuhlola ezi nkqubo wedwa. Enye indlela yokwenza oko kukuvavanya ipateni yexeshana yokusetyenziswa, inkqubo eququzelelwa kakhulu ngokuhambisa ulwelo lokungena nge-lickometer. Ke ngoko, siye saphuhlisa imodeli yokufikelela okwethutyana yokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kolwelo olunamafutha aphezulu, ngokusekwe kwiimodeli zokuzinkcinkca ezaqaliswa nguCorwin kunye noogxa bakhe besebenzisa amanqatha aqinileyo [, ] kwaye kamva yandiselwa kumafutha aqinileyo/imixube yeswekile [, , ]. Ngenxa yokuba i-ingestant yenziwe ngezinto ezingabizi, ezifumaneka ngokubanzi (i-supermarket cream, ioli yengqolowa kunye noshukela) kwaye ayifuni izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokulungiselela, imodeli yethu ingasetyenziselwa kwiimvavanyo ezilandelayo ukufumana ubungqina bemiphumo ye-neural manipulations kwi-satiety, i-motivation kunye ne-motivation. ubumnandi ngexesha lokutya kakhulu.

4.2. Ipateni yokusetyenziswa kunye nobudlelwane kwiimodeli zangaphambili zokuzinkcinkca ngofikelelo

Iziphumo zethu ziyafana nezo zisekwe ngaphambili kwiimpuku ezinikwe ufikelelo ngamanqam ekutyeni okuqinileyo okunamafutha aswiti. Ngokukodwa, xa iimpuku zanikwa ukufikelela okungaphakathi kwi-COS (ikhrimu / ioyile / iswekile, ICOS iqela), ukusetyenziswa ngexesha lofikelelo kwandiswe kancinci kancinci kuzo zonke iintsuku zofikelelo, ngokuhambelana nemigqaliselo yangaphambili [-]. Ngaphezu koko, ICOS iigundane zibonise "i-saw tooth" iphethini ye-calorie intake, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-chow emva kokufikelela kwi-COS. Ezi ziphumo zabonwa nangona ukungafani kwenkqubo kwiimodeli zangaphambili, kubandakanywa ukufikelela kwe-cage yasekhaya kwi-calorie ephezulu kunye nokufumaneka kwe-chow ngexesha elidlulileyo. izifundo kodwa hayi ezethu (apho ufikelelo lwe-COS lwanikezelwa kumagumbi ahlukeneyo). Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-caloric intake kwi-COS engapheliyo iintsuku zafikelela kumanqanaba afana nalawo abonwa kwi-24 hr kwiigundane ezinikwe ukufikelela ngokuqhubekayo kwi-COS, kunye ne-chow intake emva kokufikelela kwe-COS kuncitshiswe kumanqanaba angaphantsi kwalawo abonwa kwiigundane anikwe ukufikelela kwi-COS nonke. Ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana neziphumo zangaphambili kusetyenziswa ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu [, , , ]. Ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwikhalori yokutya kubangele ukuguquguquka okufanayo kobunzima, kunye nesiphumo esinesiphumo sokubaCOS iimpuku zafumana ubunzima ngokukhawuleza kuneempuku ezazinokufikelela kwi-chow kuphela. Zithatyathwe kunye, ezi ziphumo zibonisa imigqaliselo yangaphambili kusetyenziswa ufikelelo lwethutyana lokutya okunamafutha aphezulu [, -, ] kwaye bacebise ukuba ufikelelo ngethutyana kulwelo lwe-COS luphembelela ukuzingxala ngendlela efana ngokuphawulekayo naleyo ibangelwa kusetyenziswa ukutya okuqinileyo okunamafutha aphezulu.

Okothusayo kukuba, iimpuku zinikwe ithuba lokungena kwisisombululo esincinci sekhalori yekhrimu kunye neswekile (CS; ICS group) azibonisanga ukunyuka kancinci kokusetyenziswa okanye ipateni yokubona izinyo elibonwa kwiimpuku ezinikwe i-COS. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba amanqatha aphezulu kunye / okanye umxholo wekhalori uyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa isimilo sokuzingxala kule shedyuli. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo aziyi kuthintela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphuhliswa kokuxhamla ngumsebenzi we-lick esebenzayo (ubuninzi be-fluid efunyenwe kwi-lick nganye), eyayinkulu kwi-COS kune-CS. Isizathu salo mahluko asaziwa, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba sinento yokwenza neempawu zomzimba ezahlukeneyo ze-COS kunye ne-CS. Izinga eliphezulu lokutya kweekhalori ezikhuthazwa kukusebenza kakuhle kwe-lick kunokufaka isandla ekunyukeni kokusetyenziswa kwi-I.COS iqela. Ukongeza, iintlobo ezithile zamafutha afunyenwe kwi-oyile yombona zinokufaka isandla ekubeni iimpuku zikhule ngokuzintyintya, njengoko kusenokuba luhlobo lwamafutha (i-emulsion). Ewe, iigundane zisebenzisa i-emulsions yeoli yombona ngakumbi ngakumbi kune-100% yeoli yengqolowa, i-emulsions yeoli yombona ikhupha iqondo elifanayo lokusetyenziswa njengamafutha aqinileyo, kunye ne-emulsions yeoli yombona eneswiti ivusa ukusetyenziswa okukhulu [-]. Ke, ngenxa yokuba izifundo ezininzi zangaphambili zokuzintyintya zisebenzise umxube wamafutha aqinileyo kunye neswekile [, ], ubukho beoli ye-corn emulsified inokuba yinto ebalulekileyo enika i-COS, kodwa kungekhona i-CS, ukukwazi ukukhupha ukusetyenziswa kotywala. Le hypothesis inokuvavanywa ngokumisela ukuba ingaba ioli yombona eswiti / i-emulsions yamanzi (ngaphandle kwekrimu) yenza ukuziphatha okufana nokufana nokunyanzeliswa yi-COS. of corn oyile / emulsions amanzi kunye nozinzo ixesha elide kufuna izixhobo ezibizayo (a microfluidizer), kanti ukulungiswa COS kufuna akukho zixhobo ezintsonkothileyo ngaphezu wire whisky.

Ngenxa yokuba imodeli yethu ye-COS yokuzinkcinkca ibonelela ngeempuku ekutyeni okunamafutha aphezulu iintsuku ezintathu ngeveki, siye sakwazi ukubona ukuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwe-chow ngexesha le-24 elandelayo, eyathi yaphinda yachacha kwi-24 hr elandelayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Chow kwi-24 hr emva kokufikelela okuphakathi kwi-COS (kodwa kungekhona i-CS) yayingaphantsi kakhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwe-24 hr liqela elilawulayo elingenakho ukufikelela kwi-COS kwaphela (NCOS iqela), ngokuhambelana neengxelo zangaphambili ngamafutha kunye nokutya okunamafutha amnandi [, , ]. Kunye neziphumo zethu, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuzinkcinkca kuvula inkqubo yokuhlutha ixesha elide ethintela ukusetyenziswa kweeyure emva kwesiqendu esifutshane sokusetyenziswa ngexesha lofikelelo. Ezi ziphumo zibangel 'umdla xa kujongwa iziphumo zokuba iimpuku zitya ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa nokutya okunekhalori ephezulu yekhalori elinganayo [, , -]. Ukulayishwa kwangaphambili kwe-Intragastric ngamafutha kukhokelela ekuthinteleni okuncinci kokusetyenziswa okulandelayo kunokulayisha kwangaphambili ngedosi ye-isocaloric ye-carbohydrate [], kwaye ezi ziphumo zihlala ixesha elide (ukuya kusuku olunye) []. Ngaloo ndlela, iigundane zigqithisa amanqatha ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba amanqatha angasebenzi kakuhle (ngekhalori nganye) ekusebenziseni iindlela ze-postingestive satiety. Ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba umxholo weswekile we-COS kunye neminye imixube ye-fat / iswekile esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuzinkcinkca ngokungenasiphako inokuba negalelo elikhulu ekuthinteleni kwangethuba lokusebenzisa i-chow. Uphononongo olongezelelweyo oluthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo imiphumo yeswekile kunye ne-fat-containing ingestants kufuneka icacise iindima ezihlukeneyo zamanqatha kunye noshukela kwixesha elide lokuhlutha okubangelwa kukutya.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-COS kwanda ngokuthe ngcembe kuzo zonke iintsuku zokuqala ze-8 (iiveki ze-2.5) zokufikelela okuphakathi. Ngokucacileyo, iigundane ezinikwe ukufikelela okungaphakathi kwi-CS azizange zibonise ukunyuka okufanayo ngokuthe ngcembe, nangona zombini i-COS kunye ne-CS amaqela okufikelela okwethutyana anyuse ukusetyenziswa kwawo kakhulu ukusuka kusuku lokuqala ukuya kweyesibini lokufikelela. Ngenxa yokuba iimpuku kuwo omabini amaqela kufuneka zifunde indlela yokufikelela kwii-lickometers kwaye zoyise i-neophobia yokuqala, okokuqala (usuku loku-1 ukuya kusuku lwesi-2) ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kunokubalelwa kwezi nkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda kancinci kancinci kwi-ICOS iqela alihambelani nezi nkqubo kuba ayizange ibonwe kwi-ICS iqela. Ukonyuka kancinci okufanayo kuye kwaxelwa kwiimpuku ezinikwe ukutya okuswiti kunye / okanye okunamafutha aphezulu okanye ulwelo nokuba ziintsuku ezi-3 / iveki okanye iishedyuli zofikelelo zemihla ngemihla [-, , ]. Ezi ziphumo zihluke ngokuphawulekayo nezo zisuka kwiimpuku zinikwe ukufikelela ngokuqhubekayo ekutyeni okunekhalori ephezulu: ukusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla mhlawumbi kuncipha kancinci ukusuka kwincopho yokuqala [, , ], njengakwisifundo sethu (Ikhiwane. 3), okanye ihlala ingatshintshi [, ]. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo ngexesha lokuxhamla kwi-intermittent binges ngenxa yenxalenye yokunyuka kokusetyenziswa okungekho kwizifundo ezingathinteliyo; kuba esi siphumo sixhomekeke kumafutha kunye / okanye umxholo wekhalori we-ingestant, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukunyuka akusiyo isiphumo esilula sokufunda ukutya okanye ukunqoba i-neophobia. Endaweni yoko, usetyenziso olunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe lunokwenzeka ngenxa yezinye iinkqubo ezisisiphumo somzimba kunye/okanye iipropathi zezondlo ze-COS eziyahlulayo kwi-CS.

Iimodeli zangaphambili zokuzinkcinkca iimpuku zisebenzise ukufikelela kwamaxesha ngamaxesha kukutya okunamafutha aphezulu njengolawulo lweentsuku ezi-3/iveki “ukuzintyintya” ukufikelela [, , , , , , , -]. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiphononongo zisebenzise ukufikelela kwemihla ngemihla kwimodeli yokuzingca [, , , , , ]; ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwekhalori ephezulu yokungena kudla ngokunyuka kwixesha lokufikelela kwemihla ngemihla, nangona oku kunyuka kunokuba kubizwe ngaphantsi kweentsuku ze-3 / ukufikelela kweveki []. Ke, kukho ukubhideka okuthile malunga nokuba yintoni na eyiyo yokuzinkcinkca nokulawula iiprothokholi zofikelelo. Iziphumo zethu zibonelela ngesisombululo esinokubakho: zibonisa ukuba iqela lolawulo linikwe ukufikelela okwethutyana kwi-CS kwishedyuli efanayo neqela le-COS lokuzibhokoxa lingabonakalisi ukusetyenziswa okwenyukayo. Ndinamava ICOS iimpuku zisebenzisa iikhalori ezininzi ngexesha lokufikelela kunamCS iimpuku, kwaye ke uthelekiso phakathi kwala maqela luvumela isigqibo sokuba mnaCOS iimpuku zidibana nenkcazo yokusebenza kokutya ngokuzinkcinkca (ukutya iikhalori ezinkulu kwixesha elithintelweyo kunezo ezingatyiyo ezitya ngexesha elifanayo). Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-COS kunye ne-CS (okanye, ngokubanzi, i-calorie ephezulu kunye nesezantsi okanye ulwelo oluphezulu kunye nolwelo olunamafutha aphantsi) kunokungqineka kuluncedo kwimifuniselo eyongezelelweyo apho kufuneka ulawulo lokuzinkcinkca ngotywala. Le modeli inenzuzo eyongezelelekileyo yokuba ibona ukutya okuziinkozo komntu kuba abantu bazintyintya ngokutya okunamafutha aphezulu, okunekhalori ephezulu, ngelixa ukutya okungatyibiliki kubandakanya ukutya okuncinci kwekhalori-exineneyo. Kwelinye icala, abantu abazintyintya ngotywala batya ukutya okuqinileyo nokuqinileyo, kanti i-COS ne-CS zilulwelo.

4.3. Ukukhuthaza, ukunambitha kunye nokuhlutha ekusebenziseni ngokugqithisileyo

Xa kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi, utshintsho kwiinkqubo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo lunokuba sisiseko sokunyuka kancinci kokusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintsuku zokufikelela kwangethuba: (1) ukusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yincasa kunokunyuka; (2) inkuthazo yokuqalisa ukusetyenziswa inokunyuka; kunye/okanye (3) iindlela zokuhlutha zinokuncitshiswa ekusebenzeni, ngokwenjenjalo kwandiswa “ukutya” okuthathiweyo ngexesha lofikelelo. Iziphumo zethu zibonelela ngobungqina obucebisayo bokunyuka kokusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yincasa kunye nenkuthazo yokutya. Ngokukodwa, ukunyuka okuthe ngcembe ekusetyenzisweni kwe-COS kuzo zonke iintsuku zokufikelela kwangethuba kwakuhamba kunye nokuncipha kwe-latency ukuya kwi-lick yokuqala, inani elikhulu le-lick bursts, ukunyuka kwesantya sokukhothwa kumzuzu wokuqala wokufikelela, kunye nokugqabhuka kwexesha elide. Ezi zimbini zangaphambili zijongwa njengezalathisi zenkuthazo, kwaye ezi zimbini zokugqibela zizalathiso zokulula [, , ]. Nganye kwezi zonyuke kakhulu kuzo zonke iintsuku njengoko ukusetyenziswa kusanda kakhulu. Njengoko nganye yezi nguqu kwipateni yokukhothwa ithanda ukonyusa ukusetyenziswa, sigqibe kwelokuba ukusetyenziswa okwenyukayo kuzo zonke iiseshini zokufikelela kusisiphumo solu tshintsho lwesakhiwo, kwaye ngenxa yoko ukwanda kwenkuthazo kunye nencasa. Ngaphaya koko, oku kunyuka kwemilinganiselo yenkuthazo kunye nokunencasa akuzange kubonwe kwi-ICS iqela, elingazange libonise ukwanda kokusetyenziswa. Ke ngoko, ukunyuka kwenkuthazo kunye nokuthandeka kunokwenzeka ukuba kube sisiphumo sekhalori ephezulu kunye / okanye umxholo wamafutha we-COS xa kuthelekiswa ne-CS.

Yintoni enokuba ngunobangela wokonyuka okuthe chu okujongwayo kwinkuthazo nokuba nencasa? Ukukhuthazwa akusiyo inkqubo yobuchopho obubodwa, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwengqondo ebonisa umsebenzi weendlela ezininzi ze-neural. Umzekelo, indlala ikhuthaza inkuthazo ekusondeleni ekutyeni, kodwa indlela yokuziphatha ekhuthazayo efanayo inokuphenjelelwa sisivuseleli esinxulumene nokutya nakwizifundo ezingalambanga, njengokutya okumiselweyo []. Indlela ethile ye-neural ephantsi kwenkuthazo eyongeziweyo kwiimpuku ezizonwabisayo ayaziwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba inkqubo yokumisela ibandakanyeka, efana nokuba i-stimuli kwigumbi lokufikelela idityaniswe ne-COS kwaye ngenxa yoko, kwiiseshoni ezizayo, ikhuthaza ukufuna, ukusondela kunye nokuqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-COS ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba isilwanyana sibekwe kwindawo. igumbi. Ngaloo ndlela, ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwenkuthazo eboniswa yi-ICOS iigundane zinokuba ngumsebenzi wokuqiniswa kokuqina kokuvuselela okungavumelekanga (COS); isisombululo se-CS sinokuba namandla anganeleyo okuqinisa ukukhuthaza ukwanda kokusetyenziswa ngaphaya kokufunda kokuqala.

Indlela yokuziphatha ekhuthazayo ihlala ixhomekeke kwingqikelelo ye-dopamine kwi-nucleus accumbens [-], kunye nokusela kakhulu i-sucrose kukhatshwa kukunyuka kwe-extracellular dopamine kwi-accumbens []. Ngaphaya koko, ukusetyenziswa ngokuzingxamela okufana nokutshintsha kwexesha elide kwinkqubo ye-accumbens dopamine, kubandakanya ne-D1 receptor ephezulu kunye ne-dopamine transporter expression, kunye nokuncipha kwe-D2 receptor expression [], ecebisa ukuba utshintsho lwexesha elide kumsebenzi we-dopamine lubandakanyeka ekutyeni ngokugqithisileyo. Inene, iimpuku ezinikwe ixesha elide lokungena kumafutha zibonise iindawo zokuqhawuka eziphezulu kwishedyuli eqhubekayo yokuqinisa amanqatha []. Olu qwalaselo aluxhasi nje kuphela isigqibo sethu sokuba inkuthazo yokutya okunencasa yongezwa ekutyeni ngokutya, kodwa ibonelela ngobungqina obungakumbi bokubandakanyeka kwe-mesolimbic dopamine, njengoko ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yomlinganiselo oqhubekayo kuxhomekeke kwi-accumbens dopamine []. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezongezelelweyo ziyafuneka ukugqiba ukuba ngaba kukho ikhonkco elibangelayo phakathi komsebenzi we-dopamine kwi-accumbens kunye nokwandisa inkuthazo yokutya njengoko kukhula ukuzintyintya.

Ukongeza kwiinguqu zokuziphatha ezihambelana nokunyuka kwenkuthazo, siye sabona iziphumo ezichazwe ngokukhawuleza ngokunyuka kokusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yi-palatability (ukwanda kwesantya sokukhothwa kokuqala kunye nobude bokuqhuma kwe-lick). Inani lezakhiwo zobuchopho zibandakanyeka ekusetyenzisweni okuqhutywa yi-palatability, kubandakanywa i-nucleus accumbens, i-nucleus yendlela yodwa, i-amygdala, i-ventral pallidum, indawo ye-ventral tegmental, kunye ne-hypothalamus esecaleni.-]. Ngokukodwa, ii-receptors ze-opioid, ngakumbi kwi-accumbens [, -] inokuba negalelo kusetyenziso oluqhutywa yincasa. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukusetyenziswa ngokuzinkcinkca kunxulunyaniswa nokulawulwa kwe-μ receptors kwi-accumbens [], ecebisa ukuba ukonyuka kwe-opioidergic neurotransmission kusenokuba noxanduva lokonyuka kokusetyenziswa okuqhutywa kukuncasa okubonwa ngexesha lofikelelo lokuzinkcinkca. Ezi ngqikelelo zilindele uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-opioid receptor function kwizilwanyana ezizitikayo.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, imilinganiselo yencasa yanda kungekuphela nje kwi-ICOS iimpuku, kodwa kwiCCOS iqela ngokunjalo. Ezi ziphumo ke ngoko zicebisa ukuba lufikelelo olude kwi-COS, hayi uphazamiseko lofikelelo, olubangela ukwanda kosetyenziso oluqhutywa yincasa. Omnye umahluko phakathi kweCCOS kwaye namCOS amaqela kukuba CCOS iimpuku ziye zatyeba, njengoko bekuya kulindeleka oko ad adum ukufikelela ekutyeni okunamafutha aphezulu kubangela ukutyeba [, , ]. Ke ngoko, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yincasa yokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kunokonyuka kwizifundo ezityebileyo. Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise iziphumo ezintsonkothileyo zokutyeba kwincasa. Kwimeko enye, ukuxinana okusezantsi kwamafutha kunye ne-sucrose bekunganencasa kangako ekutyebeni kuneempuku ezibhityileyo, ngelixa ugxininiso oluphezulu lwaluthandeka kancinci []. Kolunye uphononongo, imilinganiselo ye-sucrose palatability (ubukhulu bokuqhuma) ayizange ichaphazeleke konke konke kukutyeba [], kwaye kwenye, amanyathelo okunencasa aye ancitshiswa kuhlobo lweempuku ezityebileyo []. Umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwesifundo sethu kunye nezifundo zangaphambili kukuba siye savavanya ukuthandeka kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu apho izilwanyana zazinofikelelo oluqhubekayo lwe-24 hr (okt, siye savavanya ukuthandeka kokutya okubangela ukutyeba), ngelixa ezinye izifundo zinike. izilwanyana ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kwikheji yasekhaya, kodwa kuvavanywa ukunambitha kweoyile okanye izisombululo zesucrose. Olu yilo lunokuthi luveze iziphumo ezingalunganga ezinokuthi zithintele ukuchongwa kwendlela eyongezelelekileyo yokuncanca. Uyilo lovavanyo olunciphisa iziphumo ezichaseneyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukuvavanya ngokubanzi i-hypothesis yokuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yincasa kusenokubakho kwizifundo ezityebileyo.

Uqwalaselo lokuba iigundane ezinikwe ufikelelo oluqhubekayo kwi-COS zibonise ukonyuka kokusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yincasa, kodwa kubonise ukuhla kwe-caloric intake (kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-COS) ukusuka kusuku lokuqala (Ikhiwane. 2) icebisa ukuba enye inkqubo, enje ngokuhlutha, ichasene nokunyuka kwencasa ukunqanda ukuthathwa ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba ingaba iindlela zokuhlutha zisebenza ngakumbi kwii-binger ezinamava kuneempuku ezingenalwazi ukuya kwi-COS. Nge-5th iveki yokufikelela okuphakathi, ICOS iigundane zibonise ukuhla okubukhali kokusetyenziswa kwi-20-30 min yokuqala emva kokuba ixesha lokufikelela liqale. Oku kuncipha kungenzeka ngenxa yokuhlutha okukwimeko kunye nokungenamiqathango [], kwaye ibonisa ukuba iindlela zokuhlutha zomelele kwiimpuku ezizityayo, zibandakanya iziphumo kwizigulane ze-bulimia yabantu []. Nangona izinga lokuhla likhawuleza kwiveki yesi-5 kuneeveki ezidlulileyo (ingakumbi iveki ye-1), lo mlinganiso unokuphenjelelwa ngamazinga ahlukeneyo okuthathwa kokuqala kwiiseshoni zangaphambili kunye neeseshoni zasemva kwexesha (eziyimisebenzi yenkuthazo kunye nokunambitha). Ngoko ke, umsebenzi owongezelelweyo, mhlawumbi usebenzisa i-intragastric preloading, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola ukuba ngaba ukungafani kwiindlela zokuhlutha kunokubangela ukuba kube negalelo ekunyukeni ngokuthe ngcembe kokusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintsuku zokufikelela kwangethuba. Nangona kunjalo, ukwehla okunamandla ngaphakathi kweseshoni yokusetyenziswa kungasetyenziswa kwizifundo zexesha elizayo njengomlinganiselo wokuhlutha xa uvavanya iziphumo zokwenziwa kwe-neural manipulations ekusetyenzisweni kotywala ngokugqithisileyo.

4.4. Izigqibo

Sibonisa ukuba ulwelo oluswiti olunamafutha aphezulu lunokusetyenziswa kwiimpuku ukuphembelela ukuzintyintya ngendlela efana naleyo ibibonwa ngaphambili kwiimodeli zokufikelela okwethutyana kusetyenziswa ukutya okuqinileyo okunamafutha aphezulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-infusions yolwelo kunenzuzo ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, i-caloric liquid encinci inokunikwa kwishedyuli yokufikelela efanayo njengokulawula ukusetyenziswa kotywala. Okwesibini, ukuchaneka kwexeshana okubonelelwa ngomlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa ngeelickometers kuya kuququzelela uphando olongezelelweyo lokuziphatha ngokuzinkcinkca, ngakumbi ukusebenzisa i-electrophysiology ekuziphatheni kwezilwanyana. Okokugqibela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-lick-fat ingestant kwenza uhlalutyo lwe-lick microstructure, olunokuthi lusetyenziswe ukuqokelela ubungqina okanye ngokuchasene nokwahlukana kwe-satiety, inkuthazo kunye ne-palatability kwiigundane ezizinkcinkcayo ezilandela ukuxhatshazwa kwe-neural (umzekelo, i-microinjection yendawo ye-neuroactive compounds). Apha, sisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-microstructural ukubonisa ukuba ukunyuka kancinci kokusetyenziswa kuwo onke amaxesha ofikelelo alandelelanayo kungenxa yobuncinci ngokuyinxenye yokunyusa inkuthazo yokuqalisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokunyusa ukusetyenziswa okuqhutywa yincasa. Uphando olongezelelekileyo lwezi nkqubo kwiimpuku zokuzintyintya nge-COS luya kukhokelela ekuqondeni okuphuculweyo kweendlela ze-neural eziphantsi kokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo.

​ 

Iimbalasane

  • Siseka imodeli yokufikelela okwethutyana yokutya kakhulu sisebenzisa ulwelo oluswiti olunamafutha aphezulu
  • Iigundane zinyusa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiiveki ze-2.5 zeeseshoni zokufikelela kwangethuba
  • Uhlalutyo lwe-Lick microstructure luyahlukanisa inkuthazo kunye nokumnandi
  • Ukusetyenziswa okunyukayo kungenxa yokwanda kwenkuthazo kunye nencasa
  • Iimpuku ezinikwe ukufikelela kulwelo olutyebileyo oluqhubekayo ziye zityebe kwaye zibonise ukonyuka kwencasa

Imibulelo

Siyambulela uGqr. UGary Schwartz kunye noNicole Avena ngeengxoxo ezincedo, uDkt Schwartz kunye ne-Animal Energy Balance Phenotyping Core yeNew York Obesity Nutrition Research Centre yokusetyenziswa kwamagumbi asebenzayo, kunye ne-Niacet Corporation ngesipho sabo sesisa se-sodium stearoyl lactylate. Olu phando luxhaswe ngezibonelelo ezivela kwi-Klarman Family Foundation, i-NARSAD kunye ne-NIH (MH092757) ukuya kwi-SMN, kunye ne-Hilda kunye ne-Preston Davis Foundation ubudlelwane kwi-SL.

amaNqaku

Eli phepha laxhaswa yile nkxaso-mali ilandelayo:

Iziko leSizwe leMpilo yengqondo : I-NIMH R21 MH092757 || MH.
Iziko leSizwe lokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweZiyobisi : NIDA R01 DA019473 || DA.

Imihlathi

 

Iphepha elichazayo ukuba awusenanto oyifunayo: Le fayili yeFayile yombhalo wesandla ongabhalwanga owamkelwe ukushicilelwa. Njengenkonzo kumakhasimende ethu sinika le ngcaciso yokuqala kwincwadi yesandla. Umbhalo wesandla uza kufumana ukukopishwa, ukufakela, nokuphonononga ubungqina obunokubakho ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe kwifomu yayo yokugqibela. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngexesha lokuveliswa kweeprogram ezinokuthi zifumaneke ezinokuthi ziphazamise umxholo, kunye nazo zonke izisemthethweni ezichasayo ezisetyenziswa kwiphephancwadi.

 

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