ImiSebenzi yeBrain eSebenziseneyo edibaniswa neCaving and Cue Reactivity kubantu abane-Intanethi yokuHlalwa kweeMidlalo: Ubungqina obuThathaniswa nabaSebenzi beMidlalo ye-intanethi (2017)

Lingxiao Wang,^1,2,3 Lingdan Wu,⁴ Yifan Wang,¹ Hui Li,¹ Xiaoyue Liu,¹ Xiaoxia Du,⁵ kwaye UGuangheng Dong^1,6,*

Nangona i-neural subctates yokuphinda isebenze kwi-Intanethi yokudlala kwi-intanethi yokudlala (IGD) kuvavanywe kwizifundo ezidlulileyo, uninzi lwezi zifundo zijolise kuthelekiso phakathi kwezifundo ze-IGD kunye nolawulo olusempilweni, olungenakukhetha isiphumo esingaqhelekanga sokuqhelaniswa ne-cue. Ukoyisa lo mkhawulo, isifundo esikhoyo sijolise kuthelekiso phakathi kwezifundo ze-IGD kunye nabasebenzisi bokuzonwabisa bomdlalo we-Intanethi (RGU) abadlala imidlalo ekwi-intanethi ngokuzonwabisa kodwa bangakhuli ukuxhomekeka. Idatha evela kwi-40 RGU kunye nezifundo ze-30 IGD zaqokelelwa ngelixa zisenza umsebenzi onxulumene nokubuya kwe-cue kwisikena se-fMRI. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba izifundo ze-IGD zinxulunyaniswa nokunyanzeliswa kwecortex (OFC) yecala lokuncipha kunye nokuncitshiswa kokuncitshiswa kwicala lasekunene i-cortex cortex (ACC), ukuchaneka kwesona sithuba sasekhohlo. I-OFC iyabandakanyeka kuvavanyo lomvuzo kwaye i-ACC iyanyanzeleka ekusebenzeni kolawulo ngokusekwe kuphando lwangaphambili. Ngaphaya koko, ukwenziwa kwe-OFC kudityaniswe kunye nomnqweno wokudlala umdlalo. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza okuphezulu kwi-OFC kunokuphakamisa umnqweno ophezulu wokudlala umdlalo, kunye nokusebenza kwe-ACC ephantsi kunokubonisa ukukhubazeka ekuthinteleni umnqweno kwizizathu ezinxulumene nomdlalo kwizifundo ze-IGD. Ukongeza, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-precuneus, umdlalo we-precentral kunye ne-postcentral unokuphakamisa intsilelo ekukhutshweni komdlalo wokudlala. Ezi ziphumo zichaza ukuba kutheni izifundo ze-IGD zikhulisa ukuxhomekeka ekudlaleni umdlalo ngelixa izifundo ze-RGU zinokudlala imidlalo ekwi-intanethi ngokuzonwabisa kunye nokuthintela utshintsho olusuka kumdlalo wokuzithandela ukuya ekugqibeleni IGD.

nxaxheba

Isifundo esikhoyo savunywa yiKomiti yoPhando lwaBantu yeYunivesithi yaseZhejiang. Amashumi amane eRGU kunye ne30 yabantu abane-IGD baqeshwa kolu phando. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babenikwe ekunene kwaye banike umxholo obhaliweyo onolwazi ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. Abathathi-nxaxheba bavavanywa ngokwamanqaku abo kwiimvavanyo zovavanyo lwe-Intanethi zeYoung (IAT) (Oselula, 2009), iikhrayitheriya zokuvavanya izinto ze-IGD ezicetywe yikomiti ye-DSM-5 (I-petry et al., 2014), kunye neveki yabo yokudlala kwi-Intanethi. I-young's IAT inezinto ze-20. Izifundo zangaphambili zingqina ukuthembakala kunye nokunyaniseka kwe-IAT ekucwangciseni i-IAD (UWidyanto noMcmurran, 2004; UWidyanto et al., 2011). Into nganye ye-IAT yoLutsha ivavanya ubungakanani beengxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (okt, ukuxhomekeka kwengqondo, ukurhoxa, kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nokulala, isikolo, okanye umsebenzi) kwi-5-point-esikalini. Abantu abafumene amanqaku phakathi kwe-31 kunye ne-49 amanqaku athatyathwa njengabasebenzisi abasebenza kwi-Intanethi abagcina ulawulo lwe-Intanethi, nangona ngamanye amaxesha banokuchitha ixesha elide kakhulu kwi-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi. Amanqaku phakathi kwe-50 kunye namanqaku e-80 atyhila iingxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi njengesiphumo sokungalawulwa kwe-Intanethi.¹.

Iikhrayitheriya zokufakwa kwiqela le-IGD zezi zilandelayo: (1) inikwe amanqaku amakhulu kune-50 kwi-IAT yeYoung (I-Lin et al., 2015a,b; U-Wang L. et al., 2016a,b); (I-2) yadibana kunye ne-5 DSM-5 yeekhrayitheriya; (3) ukudlala imidlalo kwi-intanethi ngumsebenzi wabo omkhulu we-Intanethi; (4) dlala imidlalo ye-intanethi ngaphezulu kwe-14 h ngeveki, ubuncinci beminyaka ye-2; (5) ukuqinisekiswa kweLigue of Legends (umdlalo odumileyo kwi-Intanethi eChina) njengokuphela kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi ekwi-Intanethi. Ukufakwa kwe-RGU lelona nyathelo liphambili lofundo lwangoku. Iikhrayitheriya zokufakwa kwiqela leRGU zazisetyenziswa ngaphambili (U-Wang Y. et al., 2016a) kwaye kuchazwe ngokufutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: (1) amanqaku angaphantsi kwe-50 kwi-IAT yeYoung; (I-2) yadibana ezimbalwa kune-5 DSM-5 criteria; (3) dlala imidlalo ye-intanethi ngaphezulu kwe-14 h ngeveki, ubuncinci beminyaka ye-2; (4) ukuqinisekiswa kweMidlalo yeLegends njengekuphela komthombo wemidlalo ye-Intanethi ekwi-Intanethi; (I-5) ibike ukuba akukho mvakalelo yokuzisola okanye ityala lokudlala imidlalo ye-Intanethi kwaye ichaze ukuba ukusebenzisa kwabo rhoqo akuphazamisananga nesikolo, usapho, umsebenzi, okanye iimbophelelo zentlalo. Iikhrayitheriya zokugxothwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba zibandakanyiwe (i-1) iirekhodi zembali zangoku okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo (umzekelo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, isifo sengqondo kunye nokuxhomekeka kweziyobisi) kuvavanywa udliwanondlebe nonyango lwengqondo olucwangcisiweyo (MINI) (I-Lecrubier et al., 1997); (I-2) yangaphambili okanye yangoku yokusebenzisa ukungcakaza kunye neziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni (okt, i-heroin, intsangu) okanye naluphi na olunye uhlobo lweziyobisi (umzekelo, utywala). Abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba bangathathi naliphi na iyeza okanye izinto kubandakanya iti kunye nekhofi ngosuku lokuskenwa.

itafile Table11 ibonisa ulwazi lwendawo yala maqela mabini. Kwakungekho mahluko mkhulu kubudala, amanqaku e-BDI, inqanaba lemfundo kunye nexesha lokudlala kwi-IGD kunye neqela le-RGU, ngelixa amanqaku e-IAT kunye ne-DSM-5 yamanqaku eqela le-IGD ayephezulu kakhulu kunalawo eqela le-RGU.

 

1 Table

Ulwazi lwendawo yokuhlala kunye nolwahluko lwamaqela.

Umsebenzi kunye neNkqubo

Umsebenzi wokwenziwa ngokutsha kwe-cue enxulumene nesiganeko wasetyenziswa kolu phando. Inamacala amabini emifanekiso ye-cue: Imifanekiso enxulumene nemidlalo ye-30 kunye nemifanekiso ehambelana ne-30 echaphazela imifanekiso (isiseko esingathathwanga). Kwaye kuhlobo ngalunye, isiqingatha semifanekiso ye-30 yayiqukethe ubuso kunye nesiqingatha siphethe isandla. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi inani Isazobe1A1AImifanekiso ehambelana nemidlalo ichaza umntu odlala umdlalo we-Intanethi (i-LOL) kwikhompyuter, enemifanekiso ebonisa ubuso kwaye enye enesiqingatha ibonisa izandla. Ukuthayipha imifanekiso ehambelana nayo, loo mntu uchwetheza inqaku elikwi-keyboard ephambi kwekhompyuter. Umsebenzi wabathathi-nxaxheba yayikukuphendula ukuba ngaba kukho ubuso emfanekisweni. Kwafuneka bacinezele iqhosha '1' (bhekisa 'ewe') kwikhibhodi xa ubuso babukhona kwaye cinezela u '2' (bhekisa ku 'hayi') xa kungekho bungqina buveza.

 

ISIGABA 1

(A) Imizekelo yesinxibelelanisi esihambelana nokudlala (ngasekhohlo) kunye nokushukumisela okunxulumene nokuchwetheza (ngasekunene). (B) Umda wexesha lokuvavanywa kwintsebenzo enxulumene nomcimbi. Uhlobo lovavanyo lomsebenzi likwisiTshayina. "”Lithetha" inqanaba le ...

inani Isazobe1B1B ibonisa umgca wexesha lokuvavanywa kwesampulu emsebenzini. Okokuqala, i-500 ms yomnqamlezo eqingqiweyo yathunyelwa, ilandelwa ngumfanekiso we-cue njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Yonke imifanekiso yenziwa ngocwangco. Imifanekiso nganye yaziswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3000 ms, ngexesha apho abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka benze impendulo. Isikrini siye saphenduka esimnyama emva kokucinezelwa kweqhosha kwaye sahlala (i-3000 - ixesha lokuphendula) ms. Ke, kwinqanaba lokuvavanya okunqwenelekayo, abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba bavavanye amanqanaba okunqwenela kwabo isifiso esivumelanayo esikwinqanaba lendawo ye5-point, 1 (akukho mnqweno) kwi5 (enqwena kakhulu). Eli nqanaba lahlala laya kuthi ga kwi-3000 ms kwaye lapheliswa yiqhosha-lokushicilela. Okokugqibela, isikrini esingenanto se-1500-3500 ms sangeniswa phakathi kwesilingo ngasinye. Umsebenzi wonke uqulathe uvavanyo lwe-60 kwaye uthathe phantse i-9 min. Umsebenzi waziswa kwaye idatha yokuziphatha yaqokelelwa yi-E-prime software (Psychology Software Izixhobo, Inc.). Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba bagcwalise iphepha lemibuzo le-10-into yokubhengeza imibuzo, ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-10 yokuvavanya ukuthanda umdlalo ngaphambi kokufumana i-fMRI (imaging magnetic resonance imaging) scan (I-Cox et al., 2001).

Uhlalutyo lweedatha

Iiparamitha zomsebenzi womsebenzi wokwenziwa ngokutsha kwe-cue yayilixesha lokuphendula (i-RT) kwaye zithetha amanqanaba okulangazelela (okunxulumene nokuthayipha okunxulumene nokuthayipha), abizwa njengabanomdla wokufumana amanqaku. Ukongeza, amanqaku okunqwenela ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwe-fMRI, ebizwa ngokuba ngamanqaku okuqala onqwenela, nawo ahlahlelwa. Ukujonga umohluko phakathi kwe-IGD neqela le-RGU, senze isampulu ezimeleyo t-Ukugqalwa kwezi paramitha zintathu.

Ukufunyanwa komfanekiso kunye nokulungiswa kwangaphambili

Idatha yokusebenza ye-MRI yaqokelelwa yinkqubo ye-3T MR (i-Nokia Trio) ene-gradient-echo EPI T2^* Ukulandelelana kwempuphu ebucayi kwi-33 slices, ukulandelelana okuhlanganisiweyo, ubukhulu be-3 mm, ixesha le-30 ms echo (TE), ixesha lokuphindaphinda le-2000 ms (I-X), i-220 mm x 220 mm yendawo yokujonga, i-90 ° iflip angle kunye ne-64 × 64 yematrix. . Zonke izilingo zaziswa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yeVenisco edityanisiweyo (iNkampani yeAvnivo²) ngokusebenzisa esweni kwentloko kwikhoyili, evumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bajonge izilingo eziboniswe kwiscreen.

Idatha ye-fMRI ihlaziywe kusetyenziswa i-SPM8 (Imephu ye Statistical Parametric³). Imifanekiso yasikwa ixesha, yaphinda yenziwa ngokutsha kwaye yabelwa ivolumu yokuqala. Kwaye ke iivolumu ezibhalisiweyo ze-T1 zaqhelekiswa kwitemplate ye-SPM T1 zaze zalungiswa zisebenzisa i-6 mm FWHM Gaussian Kernel ngendawo. Akukho mntu uthatha inxaxheba akabandakanywa ngenxa yokuhamba okukhulu kwentloko coefficients esekwe kwiikhrayitheriya (intshukumo yentloko <2.5 mm kunye ne-2.5 degree).

Uhlalutyo lwenqanaba lokuqala le-FMRI

Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sisebenzise imodeli ejikelezayo yomgangatho (i-GLM) yokujonga ukuxhomekeka kwenqanaba leoksijini yegazi (i-BLOD) enxulumene neendidi ezimbini zesehlo (izilingo ezinxulumene nomdlalo, izilingo ezinxulumene nokuchwetheza) nabanye (uphuthelwe okanye uphendule ngempazamo). I-GLM yakha imatriki yokubonisa ukudityaniswa kwamanyathelo okuqala afunyenwe ngumsebenzi wempendulo we-haemodynamic (HRF), ebandakanya zonke iimeko zolingo (izilingo ezinxulumene nomdlalo, izilingo ezinxulumene nokuchwetheza, kunye nezilingo ezingaphoswanga entloko. Emva koko, ukuphucula i-signal-to-noise ratio, isihluzi esigqithileyo sokudlula (ixesha elisikiweyo liyi-128 s) lasetyenziswa ekucoceni ingxolo ephindaphindayo.

Uhlalutyo lweQela lesiSibini le-FMri

Uhlalutyo lwenqanaba lesibini lwenziwa kwinqanaba leqela. Ekuqaleni, sichonge ii-voxels ezibonisa isiphumo esiphambili kwiimvavanyo ezinxulumene nomdlalo kunye nokulingwa okunxulumene nokuchwetheza kwiqela ngalinye (IGD, RGU). Okwesibini, sanquma ii-voxels ezahluke ngokupheleleyo kumqondiso we-BOLD phakathi kwala maqela mabini [(IGD _midlalo - IGD _ukuthayipha) - (RGU _midlalo -I-RGU _ukuthayipha)]. Saye sachonga amaqela amaqela emixholo eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo kumbhalo ongachanekanga p <0.005. Okokugqibela, la maqela avavanyelwe inqanaba leqela le-FWE (isilumko-sobulumko-kwimpazamo) yokulungiswa p <0.05. Ngokukodwa, uqikelelo lweAlfaSim lubonise ukuba ubungakanani beeklasta ze-voxels ezili-15 ezinokufezekisa umda omncinci p <0.05 ngokufanelekileyo. I-kernel egudileyo isetyenziswe ekulingiseni ubuxoki (imisindo) yeemephu kusetyenziswa isoftware yeAlphaSim yayiyi-6.0 mm kwaye yaqikelelwa kumhlaba oshiyekileyo weemephu ezichaseneyo zidityaniswe kwisampulu enye t-vavanyo.

Uhlalutyo lokuLawula

Ukuchonga unxibelelwano phakathi kwemisebenzi yobuchopho kunye nokusebenza kokuziphatha, okokuqala sikhuphe isibonakaliso se-BOLD kwixabiso elichanekileyo lamaqela aseleyo abonise ukungafani kweqela. Emva koko idatha ye-BOLD yazo zonke izifundo yathunyelwa kuhlalutyo lokubhalwa kwakhona kunye ne-RT, amanqaku abonisa umnqweno, amanqaku okuqala okufuna, kunye ne-IAT kunye namanqaku e-DSM. Qaphela, uhlalutyo lokuvuselela amandla lwasetyenziswa apha ukuphelisa iimpembelelo zabathengisi, ezimele unxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokusebenza kokuziphatha.

UkuSebenza ngokuSebenza

Iziphumo zokuziphatha zibonakalise ukuphakama okuphezulu kunqwenelekayo (IGD: 1.98 ± 1.10, RGU: 1.21 ± 0.78, t(1,69) = 3.25, p = 0.002) kunye namanqanaba okuqala okukhangela (IGD: 53.10 ± 15.36, RGU: 39.13 ± 15.71, t(1,69) = 3.72, p = 0.000) kwiqela le-IGD xa kuthelekiswa neqela leRGU. Akukho mahluko obalulekileyo weqela wafunyanwa kwi-RT ukubonakalisa imifanekiso. Ukongeza, sifumene ulungelelwaniso oluqinisekileyo phakathi kwe-IAT, amanqaku e-DSM kunye namanqaku okuqala okukhanuka azo zonke izifundo (Amanani I-2A, B) kunye neqela le-IGD (Amanani I-2C, D). Kwaye amanqaku abonisa umnqweno abonakalisa ulungelelwaniso olululo kunye ne-IAT, amanqaku e-DSM kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, ngokulandelelana (Amanani I-2E, F).

 

ISIGABA 2

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kobukrakra kunye namanqaku anqwenelayo. (A, B) Amanqaku okuqala okukhanuka abonisa ukuhambelana okuhle namanqaku e-IAT, amanqaku eDSM kuzo zonke izifundo ngokulandelelana. (C, D) Amanqaku okuqala okukhangela abonisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uneempawu ezintle ...

Iziphumo zokulinganisa

Siphonononge imisebenzi yobuchopho kumsebenzi wokwenza umsebenzi kwakhona phakathi kwe-IGD neqela le-RGU (inani Umfanekiso33 kwaye itafile Table22). Iqela le-IGD libonise ukwanda kokusebenza kwe-BOLD kwi-OFC ngasekhohlo xa kuthelekiswa neqela le-RGU, kwaye kunciphise imisebenzi yobuchopho kwi-ACC yasekunene, ukuchaneka kwesokudla, kwesobunxele basekhohlo kunye ne-postcentral gyrus kwiqela le-IGD xa kuthelekiswa neqela le-RGU.

 

ISIGABA 3

Imimandla yobuchopho ebonisa umohluko obonakalayo kwizifundo ze-IGD xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ze-RGU. Izifundo ze-IGD zibonise ukuphuculwa kokusebenza (kuboniswe ngokubomvu) kwicala lasekhohlo le-orbitofrontal (OFC), kunye nokucutha ukusebenza (kuboniswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kwigumbi elingaphandle elingaphandle ...

 

2 Table

Imimandla yobuchopho ebonisa umahluko obalulekileyo weqela kwisibonakaliso seBOLD.

Uhlalutyo lweziphumo zoPhumo

Njengamandla omqolo wokuphinda kwakhona kwi inani Umfanekiso44, bekukho ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo lokuhlengahlengiswa phakathi kokusebenza kwengqondo kwi-OFC, i-ACC, i-precuneus, i-gypus yangaphambili kunye ne-postcentral gyrus kunye ne-IAT, amanqaku e-DSM, okuthetha ukuba ukwenziwa kwengqondo kwezi ndawo bekungqinelaniswa kakuhle okanye ngokungalunganga ne-IAT, amanqaku e-DSM kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Kwangelo xesha, ulungelelwaniso lwendibaniselwano phakathi kokusebenza kobuchopho kwezi ngingqi (ngaphandle kwe-ACC) kunye namanqaku okuqala okubonisa abalulekile okanye abaluleke kakhulu. Kwakhona, sibeka iziphumo zokuhlengahlengisa ngokulandelelana kumanani ukubonisa umahluko phakathi komgca wokuhlengahlengisa kunye nophindaphindo olomeleleyo.

 

ISIGABA 4

Ulwalamano lokurekhodwa phakathi kwemisebenzi yobuchopho kunye nokusebenza kokuziphatha. p (umgca) kumfanekiso ngamnye ubhekisa kwi pUbungqina bobuchwephesha bokulinganisa okuhambelanayo. p (ukomelela) kumfanekiso ngamnye ubhekisa kwi pUbungqina bokuqina bokuqina bokuqina (A) Ibonisa ...

Umnqweno oPhezulu weMidlalo-edlalwa kwi-IGD

Iziphumo ezikhoyo zokucinga ziye zabonisa ukuba izifundo ze-IGD zibonisa imisebenzi ephezulu yobuchopho kwicala lasekhohlo le-CHC kuneqela le-RGU xa kutyhilwa kwizinto ezihambelana nomdlalo. I-OFC icingelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ibandakanyeke kwindlela yokuziphatha eqondiswe kwiinjongo ngokuvavanya isikhuthazo kunye nokukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yokufezekisa iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo (Imiqulu, i2000). Inqaku elifanayo lixeliwe kwizifundo ezinengxaki yokuphazamiseka, ukugembula kwengqondo, kunye nemidlalo ekwi-intanethi.Cima et al., 2002; UMyrick et al., 2004; Kosten et al., 2005; Franklin et al., 2007; Filbey et al., 2008). I-OFC yafunyaniswa ukuba ivuselelwe ngokulindelwa kunye nokuhanjiswa komvuzo (Elliott et al., 2000; Imiqulu, i2000; Schultz et al., 2000). Ivelisa kwaye igcine ulindelo lomvuzo onokubakho onxulunyaniswa nokomelela ngokudibanisa umlando wamava kunye neziganeko zangoku (Bonson et al., 2002). Ezi ziphumo zinokubonisa indima ebalulekileyo ye-OFC kumnqweno wokudlala umdlalo kwi-IGD.

Kuphando lwangoku, iqela le-IGD lixele kakhulu umnqweno kwimidlalo ye-intanethi kuneqela le-RGU ngexesha nangaphambi kokukorwa kwe-fMRI. Kwakukho umanyano phakathi komqondiso we-BOLD we-OFC, amanqaku okuqala okukhanuka, kunye nexabiso le-IGD (amanqaku e-IAT, amanqaku e-DSM) phakathi kwabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Ke, xa kukhulu amaxabiso e-IGD, umnqweno onamandla wokudlala-midlalo kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwi-OFC kuya kujongwa. Ukuthatha konke, sicebisa ukuba izifundo ezine-IGD zivelise ulindelo lomdlalo-umdlalo ngokuvavanya ixabiso lomvuzo wokuziphatha komdlalo (owawukhuthazwe yimidlalo enxulumene nemidlalo) kwi-OFC. Ke ngoko, babonisa umnqweno onamandla wokudlala umdlalo kuneqela le-RGU, ngokuhambelana nomnqweno onamandla wokuthatha iziyobisi kwizyobisi.UArthur et al., 2001; I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2002). Ngenye indlela, i-OFC inokuthi ibandakanyeke kweminye imisebenzi, enjengokunqanda nokunye. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zenzelwa ukuba ziphande ngeli thuba.

Ubuchule boLawulo lweeMki kwi-IGD

Kwisifundo sangoku, umsebenzi wobuchopho obuncitshisiweyo wafunyanwa kwi-ACC elungileyo kwiqela le-IGD uthelekisa neqela leRGU ekuphenduleni izinto ezinxulumene nomdlalo. Kananjalo, iimeko ezimbi phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-ACC, i-DSM kunye ne-IAT amanqaku afunyanwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, nto leyo iphakamisa ukuba ukusebenza okungezantsi kwi-ACC kuhamba kunye nobunzima be-IGD. Ezi ziphumo zibonakalisa ukuba i-ACC idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenziweni kwakhona kwe-IGD, ngokuhambelana nophando lwaphambi kokumiswa kwakhona kwe-IGD kunye nolunye uhlobo lweziyobisi.Ko et al., 2008; UGoudriaan et al., 2010; U-Engelmann et al., 2012; I-al et al., I-2012; Liu et al., 2016).

Ubungqina bokuguqula ubungqina bubonakalisile ukuba i-ACC ibandakanyeka kulawulo lolawulo (I-Kerns et al., 2004; Dong et al., 2011a; I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2011; I-Wheelock et al., 2014). Ulawulo oluphezulu lubhekisa kubuchule bokwalathisa okanye ukuyeka indlela yokuziphatha kunye neengcinga, ngakumbi xa indlela yokuziphatha (okanye iingcinga) isenokungabi yingenelo okanye zithathwe njengezingalunganga (I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2011). Uphando oluninzi lwe-neuroimaging luye lavavanya amandla okuphathwa kolawulo olungalunganga oluchongiweyo kukungasebenzi kakuhle okanye ubugwenxa be-ACC ebantwini abane-IGD (Dong et al., 2011a, 2013a; Zhou et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Dong kunye nePotenza, 2016), kwikhobisi leziyobisi kunye nokungcakaza kwengqondo (I-Ruiter et al., 2011; Moeller et al., 2013; I-Santangelo et al., 2013; Schmidt et al., 2014; UFeng et al., 2015). Ukusebenza okungcono kolawulo kubasebenzisi bokuzonwabisa abakumdlalo we-intanethi kunokuba iziyobisi ezikwi-intanethi zinxulunyaniswa nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwi-ACC kwisigqibo sokuthatha izigqibo (U-Wang Y. et al., 2016b). Idityaniswe nezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, iziphumo ezikhoyo zingabonakalisa ubuchule bokulawula ulwazelelelo kwizifundo ze-IGD, ezihamba kunye nekhono elingcono lolawulo kwizifundo ze-RGU. Ukongeza, izifundo ezine-IGD zichaziwe ukuba zidibanise nentsilelo kulawulo lolawulo kwimisebenzi yokuqonda (U-Hester et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2011b; Wang et al., 2017) kwaye iphawuleka ngokuncipha kwesakhono sokulawula kumdlalo we-Intanethi (I-Lin et al., 2015a). Ngaphandle koko, babonisa amanqaku aphezulu ekungxamisekeni (ULee et al., 2012) kwaye ke zibhalwe njengophawu lokungalawuleki kolawulo (I-Sadock kunye ne-Sadock, i-2007). Ezi zinto zenzekileyo ze-IGD ziyahambelana neziphumo zethu. Ngenye indlela, i-ACC ikwanyanzeliswa kwiinkqubo zokuqwalaselwa (Bush et al., 1999; USeidman et al., 2006),, ke, ukwenziwa okungezantsi kwe-ACC kungacebisa ukunciphisa inani lokujonga kwizifundo ze-IGD. Nangona kunjalo, sijonga inqaku lomsebenzi ohambelana nomsitho onxulumene nomsitho, ofuna ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bacinezele umnqweno wabo wokudlala umdlalo kwaye bajolise kulo msebenzi (ucinezela iqhosha elichanekileyo), kwaye sithathe iziphumo ezingaphezulu ngokudibeneyo. Izifundo ze-IGD zibonisa ukusilela kolawulo lomnqweno wabo obukhali wokudlala-umdlalo (ucaphukiswa yimidlalo enxulumene nemidlalo) xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ze-RGU, ezihambelana nokukhubazeka okulawula ukuthintela ukunxanelwa iziyobisi iziyobisi.UArthur et al., 2001; I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2002; I-Sinha kunye neLi, i-2007). Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ziyafuneka ukuphanda lo mbandela. Ngokukodwa, imodeli yokuziphatha ye-IGD ecetyiswe ngu Dong kunye nePotenza (2014) Utyhile iminqweno ephuculweyo yokudlala umdlalo kunye nolawulo olungalunganga kwiminqweno enjalo egqitywe kukuncipha komsebenzi wolawulo oluphezulu kubantu abane-IGD. Iziphumo ezikhoyo zinokuba negalelo ekuqinisekiseni ubukho ngokubanzi kunye nokufumaneka kwemodeli.

Iindima ze-Precuneus, Precentral, kunye ne-Postcentral Gyrus

Ukuncitshiswa kobuchopho obucekeceke kwinto elungileyo echanekileyo, igreythi yangaphambili kunye ne-postcentral gyrus yafunyanwa kwizifundo nge-IGD xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ze-RGU xa kuphendulwa okunxulumene nemidlalo. Kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lokunxibelelana, safumana izinto ezibi phakathi komqondiso BOLD we-precuneus, i-precentral, i-postcentral gyrus kunye namanqaku okuqala ukuthanda. Imisebenzi etshintshiwe kule mimandla ixeliwe kwizifundo ezidlulileyo malunga nokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwe-IGD (UHan et al., 2010; I-al et al., I-2012; Liu et al., 2016). Ezi ziphumo zinokubonisa ukuba i-precuneus, i-precentral kunye ne-postcentral gyrus zinobudlelwane obuluqilima kunye nokusebenza kwakhona kwe-cue kwi-IGD.

Uhlalutyo malunga nokwenziwa ngokutsha kwe-neural subcate ye-cue reacication iphikise ukuba i-precuneus idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwakhona kwe-cue (U-Engelmann et al., 2012). Ukucaciswa kwesichazi sokuba negalelo ekulandeleleni umkhondo wesikhuthazo kunye nolungiselelo lweendlela zokuziphatha (I-Cavanna kunye ne-Trimble, i-2006). Kwaye ibandakanyeka ekushenxiseni ingqalelo phakathi kweethagethi zemoto kunye nemifanekiso yemoto (I-Cavanna kunye ne-Trimble, i-2006). I-precyral gyrus ebekwe kwindawo ye-Brodmann 6 (pre-motor kunye ne-motor cortex eyandisiweyo) iyabandakanyeka kucwangciso lweemoto kunye nokubulawa. Kwaye i-postcentral gyrus, njenge-cortex ephambili ye-somatosensory, eyona ndawo iphambili yokwamkela uvakalelo lokuqonda. Ngaphandle koko, safumanisa ukuba izifundo ze-IGD zibonise ukuchaneka okuphantsi kunye nokude kwe-RT kunezifundo ze-RGU, ezibonise ukungaziphathi kakuhle kwezifundo kwi-IGD. Kwicandelo lomsebenzi wethu wokuvavanywa, abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bacinezele amaqhosha ngokujonga ukuba ngaba kukho ubuso kwimifanekiso ye-cue ngasemva kokudlala umdlalo. Umsebenzi osezantsi kwi-precuneus, precentral kunye ne-postcentral gyrus kwi-IGD inokucebisa intsilelo ekuhlanganeni ulwazi olubonakalayo kunye nemoto ukusuka kwimifanekiso ye-cue-kunye nokushenxisa ingqalelo kwisisusa sokudlala umdlalo ukuya kumsebenzi wolingo (ucinezela amaqhosha alungileyo). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-precuneus, i-precentral kunye ne-postcentral gyrus ifumene ingqalelo encinci kwizifundo zangaphambili malunga nokuvuselelwa kwe-IGD. Ke ngoko, ingqikelelo ekhoyo ngoku inokubhengeza ukuba ezi ndawo zintathu zinokuba zindawo ezibalulekileyo ezinomdla kuphando oluphinde lwenziwe kwakhona kwi-IGD.

Imida

Kukho ukunqunyulwa kwesifundo esikhoyo ekufuneka siphawule. Okokuqala, ubudlelwane besizathu phakathi kwe-IGD kunye nomsebenzi ongaqhelekanga kwimimandla echazwe apha ngasentla abunakuqinisekiswa kwisifundo esikhoyo. Kuya kuba ngumdla ukuphonononga olu lwalamano kwizifundo ezizayo. Okwesibini, zizifundo ezingamabhinqa asixhenxe kuphela eziye zaqeshwa kolu phando ngenxa yokuthandwa kakhulu kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi kumadoda kunabafazi. Nangona bezilinganisele kula maqela mabini (i-3 ye-IGD yabasetyhini, i-4 yabasetyhini i-RGU), iziphumo zinokuba nokukhetha. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukukhangela isiphumo sesini kwi-IGD. Okwesithathu, ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo, umzekelo, i-IQ, ukusebenza ngokwabo kunye nenqanaba lentlalontle yezifundo, ayilinganiswanga kuphando lwangoku. Umahluko ongafakwa kwiqela elincinci kwezi zinto ziguquguqukayo unokukhetha ezinye iziphumo. Izifundo ezizayo kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo. Okokugqibela, njengoko iikhrayitheriya zokuxilongwa kwe-IGD bezisaqwalaselwa, iziphumo ezisekwe kule nkqubo zinokuchaphazeleka yiyo. Inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuqonda isifo kwi-IGD inokuzisa ulwazi olutsha kulo mbandela.

I-GD ixhaswe sisiseko seSizwe seSayensi yeNdalo yaseChina (31371023). Iiarhente zenkxaso mali azikhange zibenegalelo kuyilo loyilo okanye izigqibo. Iimbono eziboniswe kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo zezezababhali kwaye ayinakho ukubonisa ezo ziarhente zenkxaso mali.

¹http://netaddiction.com/internet-addiction-test/

²http://www.invivocorp.com/

³http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm

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