I-1Philipps-Yunivesithi, eMarburg, eJamani
, UNele NyenhuisUlwazi olunxulumene
, UAntonia BarkeUlwazi olunxulumene
I-1Philipps-Yunivesithi, eMarburg, eJamani
KWI-ABSTRACT
Isiphazamiso seMidlalo ye-Intanethi sibandakanyiwe kwi Inkcazo yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zengqondo (5th ushicilelo) njengesiphene esidinga ukuba kuphinde kuqhubeke uphando. Imigaqo yokuqonda isekwe kwezo ziChaphazeleka kokuSetyenziswa kwesiyobisi kunye nokuPhazamiseka koNgcakazo. Abagembuli abagqithisileyo nabantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi babonisa ukungacalucalulwa kwabo banomdla kubo. Siphandisise ukuba ngaba abadlali be-intanethi abagqithisileyo babonisa ukulingana okufanayo, ngokusebenzisa iiparadmms ezimbini zokuhlola ezikhoyo.
tindlela
Silinganise amaxesha okusabela abagqithisi be-Intanethi abaguquli kunye nabangengabo abadlali (N = 51, 23.7 ± 2.7 iminyaka) ngokusebenzisa i-Stroop yeziyobisi enamagama ahambelana nekhompyuter kunye nokungathathi hlangothi, kunye neprojekhthi ebonakalayo enemifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter kunye nemifanekiso engathathi cala. Uhlalutyo loyilo oluxubileyo lokwahluka kweqela eliphakathi kwezifundo (i-gamer / non-gamer) kunye nohlobo lwangaphakathi lwezifundo ezikhuthazayo (ezinxulumene nekhompyuter / ezingathathi hlangothi) zabalwa kumaxesha okuphendula kunye ne-valence kunye nokulinganiswa kolwazi Izinto zokuvuselela.
iziphumo
Kwi-Stroop yeziyobisi, kwafunyanwa intsebenzo yegama leqela leqela lamagama: Bangabadlali kuphela ababonise ixesha elide lokuphendula kumagama anxulumene nekhompyuter xa kuthelekiswa namagama angathathi hlangothi, ngaloo ndlela bonisa umdla. Kwiprojekhthi ebonakalayo, akukho mehluko wexesha lokuphendula phakathi kwefomathi enxulumene nekhompyuter kunye neefoto ezazifunyenwe kwelinye iqela, kodwa abadlali beqela bakhawuleze ukugqiba
izigqibo
Umkhethe oqwalaselweyo ngokubhekisele kwisikhuthazo esinxulumene nekhompyuter wafunyanwa kubadlali be-Intanethi abagqithisile, ngokusebenzisa isiyobisi iStroop kodwa ingeyiyo inkqubo yokubonisa. Inkcazo enokwenzeka malunga nokungangqinelani inokuba ilele kwinto yokuba isantya sokubonakalayo kunokuba lula kakhulu kubadlali.
intshayelelo
Ukudlala kakhulu kwi-Intanethi kudityaniswa neengxaki zengqondo ezinje ngokuncipha kwezemfundo okanye kwimisebenzi (I-Chen kunye neTzeng, ngo-2010; UChiu, uLee, kunye noHuang, 2004; IGriffiths, iDavies, kunye neChappell, 2004; IHellström, iNilsson, iLeppert, kunye neSlund, 2012; UJeong noKim, ngo-2011; Liu kunye noPeng, ngo-2009; IPeng kunye neLiu, ngo-2010; URehbein, uKleimann, kunye noMessssle, 2010; I-Skoric, Teo, kunye neNeo, 2009; UVan Rooij, Kuss, Griffiths, Mfutshane, kunye noVan de Mheen, 2013), ukutyeshela ukuzonwabisa kunye nolwalamano ngaphandle komdlalo (IGriffiths et al., 2004; IHellström et al., 2012; Liu kunye noPeng, ngo-2009; Lo, Wang, & Fang, 2005; URehbein et al., 2010), iingxabano phakathi kwabantu (Batthyány, Müller, Benker, kunye noWölfling, 2009; IHellström et al., 2012; UShen kunye noWilliams, ngo-2011, isizungu (Lemmens, Valkenburg, kunye noPeter, 2011; UShen kunye noWilliams, ngo-2011; UVan Rooij, abaSchoenmaker, uVermulst, uVan den Eijnden, kunye noVan de Mheen, ngo-2011), kunye nokuthotywa kokulala (U-Achab et al., 2011; IGriffiths et al., 2004; IHellström et al., 2012; URehbein et al., 2010; UVan Rooij et al., 2013).
Okwangoku, i-671 yezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi jikelele zidlala imidlalo yekhompyuter (I-Singh, 2013). Imidlalo yokudlala indima edlalwa ngabadlali abaninzi kwi-intanethi (ii-MMORPGs) akhawunti yesine yengeniso yehlabathi jikelele kwimidlalo yekhompyuter (UBarnett noCoulson, ngo-2010). Ii-MMORPG yimidlalo esekwe kumanqindi apho amawaka amawaka abadlali anxibelelana ngohlobo lwabo, i-avata. Ukuze uphumelele, abadlali kufuneka basebenzisane (Cole kunye neGriffiths, 2007) kwaye sityale ixesha elininzi ngokulandelelana (UVan Rooij et al., 2011). Ii-MMORPGs azinasiphelo-sokugqibela (njengedabi lokugqibela) kwaye zizingisileyo; Oko kukuthi, umdlalo uyaqhubeka, nokuba umdlali akangenanga (UBarnett noCoulson, ngo-2010). Abadlali baqiniswa rhoqo ngokufumana amanqanaba aphezulu, ubuchule, igolide ebonakalayo, okanye izixhobo ezingcono. Eyona yeMMORPG yaziwa kakhulu I-World of Warcraft (WoW), enababhalisile be-10 yezigidiUkuzonwabisa kweBlizzard, 2014). Ngenxa yobume babo bentlalo, ukuzingisa, kunye nokomeleza okwexeshana, ii-MMORPGs zinomngcipheko omkhulu wokusetyenziswa kakhulu (Beutel, Hoch, Wölfling, kunye noMüller, 2011). Ismoms (2007) yabela abafundi ababengadlali imidlalo yekhompyuter ukuba badlale enye (eyodwa, iarcade, ikhonsoli, okanye iMODORP) ubuncinci ngeyure ngeveki. Emva kwenyanga, abadlali beMMORPG baxele ukuba badlala rhoqo kunabanye abathathi-nxaxheba, impilo yomzimba eyonakeleyo kunye nomgangatho wokulala, kunye nomdlalo uphazamisa ngakumbi nezifundo zabo.
Isiphazamiso seMidlalo ye-Intanethi sibandakanyiwe kwisihlomelo se Inkcazo yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zengqondo (5th uhlelo) ukukhuthaza uphando oluthe kratya (Umbutho we-Psychiatric Association, i-2013). Iikhrayitheriya zokuxilongwa zisekwe kwezi zinto ziphazamisayo ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi kunye nokuPhazamiseka koNgcakazo (UPetry et al., 2014). Umbuzo uphakama ukuba ngaba uphazamiso lweMidlalo ye-Intanethi kunye nezi ziphazamiso ziyabelana ngeempawu kuphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwesiphene (umzekelo, imeko yokulungisa kunye neenkqubo zokuqwalaselwa).
Umkhethe oqwalaselweyo kukufumana okunamandla kubantu abaneSiphazamiso sokuSetyenziswa kokuThwala.ICox, Fadardi, kunye nePothos, 2006; URobbins kunye no-Ehrman, 2004); Ibonakalisa ingqalelo ekhulayo ejolise kwisishukumiso esayanyaniswa nesiyobisi ngasinye (UCox et al., 2006). Ngokuphathelele ekungcungcuthekiswa ngoNgcakazo, ukuthandabuza kubonisiwe kwizifundo ezine (IBoyer kunye noDickerson, 2003; UMcCusker, Gettings, kunye neIreland, 1997; UMolde et al., 2010; IVizcaino et al., 2013), ngelixa isifundo esinye besilele ukufumana ubungqina (I-Atkins kunye neSharpe, ngo-2006).
Ngokwethiyori yeenkxalabo zangoku, imeko ekhuthazayo, okanye inkxalabo yangoku, phakathi kwesigqibo sokulandela injongo kunye nokufezekisa okanye ukunikezela injongo (UCox et al., 2006). Abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi abanazo iinjongo zokusebenzisa into. I-Stimuli enxulumene nayo inexabiso elomeleleyo lokushukumisa kubo. Yiloo nto ke iba sisiseko sengqwalaselo kunye nokutsala ingqalelo kwezi zinto ziphuhlisayo. Ixesha elingaphezulu, oku kunokuba yinto engaziwayo kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngexesha lokuxhalaba okwangoku, iinkqubo zokuma zinokuphuhla. Ngokweemeko zeklasi, isivuseleli sokungathathi cala (umz., IsibaneIntsimi & Cox, 2008). Kuba i-CS iqikelela ukuba ichiza, lithe kratya kunesikhuthazo kwaye umntu ushenxisela ingqalelo yakhe kuso. Umkhethe okhohlakeleyo udlala indima kulondolozo lweziyobisi. Ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi basebenzise ukungaboni kakuhle, bafumana umnqweno (Intsimi, iMunafò, kunye neFranken, 2009), enokuthi ikhokelele ekusetyenzisweni okuhlaziyiweyo kwaye inokwenza ukuhlala kungafunekiCox, Hogan, Kristian, kunye nohlanga, 2002). Iingqondo ezinxulumene notywala zaxela kwangaphambili ubungakanani botywala obuzayo (UJanssen, uLarsen, uVollebergh, kunye neWiers, 2015), kunye noqeqesho lohlengahlengiso loqwalaselo olunomdlaAbenzi beSchoenmaker et al., 2010).
Amanyathelo amabini asetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo wokunakana inyani yiUroroop kunye neprojekhthi yokubonakalayo (Intsimi & Cox, 2008). Kwi-Stroop yeziyobisi, igama elinento yokwenza nesiyobisi okanye igama elingathathi hlangothi lihanjiswa kwimibala eyahlukeneyo (Intsimi & Cox, 2008). Abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba babonise umbala, kunye namaxesha okuphendula ayalinganiswa. Inqaku eliqwalaselayo libonakaliswa kwi Kancincana Impendulo kumagama ahambelana nesiyobisi. Indlela esisiseko kukuba ukuqhubekeka ngokuzenzekelayo komxholo wesi-semantic wamagama asemagqabini kuphazamisa ukubiza umbala wegama (UCox et al., 2006). Ukuze ukwazi ukubonakalisa nayiphi na iyantlukwano kwixesha lokuphendula kuhlobo lwamagama, kubalulekile ukuba amagama ahambelana nezifakelo kunye nokungathathi hlangothi angafani kwiimpawu ezisisiseko njengenani loonobumba, iisilabhasi, kunye nokuhamba rhoqo kolwimi; kwaye, kuba amagama okulutha avela kudidi olunye, ngoko kufanele ukuba amagama angathathi hlangothi (UCox et al., 2006). Kwiprojekhthi yokubonakalayo, umfanekiso onxulumene nomlutha kunye nomzobo ongathathi cala uboniswa ecaleni (Intsimi & Cox, 2008). Omnye wemifanekiso emva koko watshintshwa ujolise kuko, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba babonise indawo okuyo. Kwakhona, amaxesha okusabela ayalinganiswa. Ngokubanzi, abantu basabela ngokukhawuleza kukhuthazo xa lubonakala kwingingqi eyayiweyo (Posner, Snyder, kunye noDavidson, 1980). Ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi basebenzise ngokukhawuleza iithagethi zokutshintsha imifanekiso ezinxulumene nomlutha kunezo zingathathi cala, kuthathelwa ingqalelo yokuba baye kwimifanekiso ehambelana nomlutha (Intsimi & Cox, 2008). Kule meko, ukuthanda icala kuyabonakala ngokukhawuleza amaxesha okusabela kwizixhobo ezinxulumene neziyobisi.
Kubadlali be-Intanethi abagqithisile, ukubekwa esweni kuphononongwe kuphela kuphononongwe kwizinto ezinxulumene ngqo nemidlalo. Iziphumo zazinolinganiso. Umsebenzi omnye we-Stroop (IMetcalf kunye nePammer, ngo-2011) kunye nomsebenzi omnye wokuchaphaza (U-Lorenz et al., 2013) ifumene ucalucalulo olunomdla kwi-MMORPG yeyona nto iphambili, umlutha omnye we-Stroop kunye nengxelo enye ebonakalayo ayiphumelelanga ukwenza njalo (UVan Holst et al., 2012). Yayiyinjongo yethu ukwandisa ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo kunye nokuphanda umbuzo wokuba ngaba abadlala ngokugqithileyo babonisa ukungakhathaleli nje ekuvuseleleni iMMORPG kodwa kukukhuthaza ikhompyuter ngokubanzi. Iikhompyuter zihlala zibhangiswa ngamava emidlalo kwaye ngokweemodeli (Intsimi & Cox, 2008) kufanele ukuba zibe yi-CS kwaye zikhokelele ekuthatheni ingqalelo. Ukuba kunjalo, oku kuyakudingeka kakhulu kulondolozo kunye nonyango lokudlala ngokugqithileyo kwi-Intanethi.
Ke ngoko, sivavanye ezi hypotheses zilandelayo:
Abadlali abagqithisileyo banokubonakalisa umkhethe okhathalayo kangangokuba basabela kancinci kancinci kumagama anxulumene nekhompyuter xa kuthelekiswa namagama angathathi hlangothi kwi-Stroop.
Abathathi-nxaxheba abagqithisileyo banokubonakalisa umkhethe okhathalayo kangangokuba basabela ngokukhawuleza kwiithagethi eziboniswe kwindawo yokukhuthaza enxulumene nekhompyuter xa kuthelekiswa neethagethi eziboniswe endaweni yomfanekiso ongathathi hlangothi kwimbonakalo yophando.
tindlela
nxaxheba
Ubungakanani besampula babudityaniswa kuqala nge-G * Amandla (uguqulelo 3.1.9.2, Kiel, Germany). Nge-α = 0.05, f = 0.25, kunye namandla ayi-0.80 ivelise ubungakanani besampulu yabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-34. Abafundi bagaywa ngeentengiso kwiibhodi zezaziso kwiYunivesithi yaseGoettingen nakwiiforamu ezikwi-Intanethi. Baye bavavanywa ukuba basebenzise umdlalo wekhompyuter. Abafundi abadlalayo Wowu banikwe ikhonkco kwiphepha-ndaba elisekwe kwiwebhu (iSurveMonkey, ePortland, e-USA), kwaye bagcwaliswa ngohlobo lwesiJamani Ukusetyenziswa kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi yeWoW (CIUS-WoW) (IBarke, iNyenhuis, iiVoigts, iGehrke, kunye neKröner-Herwig, ngo-2013) Ekhaya. I-CIUS-Wowu amanyathelo agqithisileyo Wowu Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ze-14 kwaye inobungqingqwa obulungileyo bangaphakathi (Cronbach's α = .86) (UBarke et al., 2013). Izinto zibaliwe kumgangatho wamanqaku amahlanu ukusuka kwi0 (soze) ukuya 4 (qho), inamanqaku aphezulu abonisa ukusetyenziswa okungakumbi. Ukuba Wowu Abadlali babene-CIUS-Wowu inqaku ubuncinci be-25 (i-25 ephezulu kakhulu yovavanyo lonke Wowu abadlali), bahlelwa njengabadlali abagqithisileyo kwaye bamenywa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Abafundi abangakhange badlale nayiphi na imidlalo yekhompyuter bamenywa ngqo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Abadlali bezemidlalo abangamashumi amabini ananye kunye nee-30 ezingezizo ii-gamers abathathe inxaxheba. Abadlali be-gamers babene-CIUS-Wowu inqaku le29.0 ± 3.5. Ngokomyinge, babedlala Wowu ze15.4 ± 11.3 iiyure ngeveki. Abadlali abathathu abadlala umdlalo kunye nomdlalo omnye ngaphandle komdlalo ayabandakanywa kwiDropop yomlutha ngenxa yokungakwazi kwabo ukubona amanani kwiiplate zovavanyo lovavanyo lwe-Ishihara (Ishihara Farbtafel, 2009) ibonise iingxaki ngombono wombala. Amaxesha omdlalo we-gamer awakwazanga ukuhlalutywa, kuba ikhompyuter ayikwazanga ukugcina ifayile yakhe yelogi.
Inkqubo kunye nemilinganiselo
Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe iipleyiti zeemvavanyo ezintandathu zovavanyo lwe-Ishihara (Ishihara Farbtafel, 2009). Iipleyiti zovavanyo zibonisa amachaphaza kwimitha eluhlaza kunye nobomvu loo manani eefom. Abantu abanombala oqhelekileyo wombala kufuneka babe nako ukuchonga amanani ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuvavanywa kombono wombala bekuyimfuneko kuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwakufuneka babonise imibala kwi-Stroop. Baphendule imibuzo emalunga nenani labantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhompyuter. Bathathe inxaxheba kwiDropop ye-drug addiction kunye nemisebenzi yovavanyo lokubonakalayo. Ukulandelelana kwemisebenzi kwakulungelelanisiwe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ukunqanda ukulandelelana. Abathathi-nxaxheba bavavanywa ngokukodwa kwilabhoratri emnyama. Bayigqibile imisebenzi kwi-standard ye-17-inch ye-computer kwaye babesebenzisa ikhibhodi eqhelekileyo, ikhefu lokuphumla ukuqinisekisa umgama osisigxina we-62 cm kwiscreen, kunye neendlebe zokuvala isandi esime kwindawo. Emva kwemisebenzi yovavanyo, abathathi-nxaxheba balinganisa ubungakanani kunye nokuqheleka kwamagama kunye nemifanekiso esetyenziswe kwimisebenzi kwizikali ezibini ze9, ezisusela kwi1 (ayimnandi kakhulu) ukuya 9 (imnandi kakhulu) Kunye ne1 (engaqhelekanga kakhulu) ukuya 9 (ndazi kakhulu). Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafumene ii-euro ze-10 zokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo.
Imisebenzi yokuziphatha
Yomibini le misebenzi yenziwa ngoBonelelo (inguqulo ye-14.8, iiNkqubo zeNeurobehaal, eBerkeley, eUSA). Amaxesha okusabela, amaqhosha acinezelweyo, kunye neethagethi ezingabekwanga zigcinwa njengeefayile zegogo kwaye emva koko zingeniswe kwisoftware yeenkcukacha-manani ukuze kuqhutyekwe nazo.
Isiyobisi
Abathathi-nxaxheba babona amagama e-20 engathathi cala e-ofisi yodidi (umzekelo, umnxeba) kunye namagama e-20 ehambelana nekhompyuter (umzekelo, ikhibhodi). Amagama angathathi hlangothi kunye nekhompyuter anamaxesha afanayo kulwimi lwaseJamani (Iziko le-Deutsche Sprache, 2009) kunye nenani elifanayo loonobumba kunye namalungu. Igama ngalinye laziswa kube bomvu, tyheli, luhlaza, naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okukhokelela kwisiphumo se-160 kwibloko nganye. Phakathi kweebhloko ezimbini, abathathi-nxaxheba babe nekhefu lemizuzu emihlanu. Uvavanyo ngalunye luye lwahlala kwi-1000 ms, apho izifundo zibone igama elinye embindini wesikrini ngokuchasene nemvelaphi engwevu. Igama ngalinye lazisiwe de kwacofa isitshixo. Nje ukuba kucofwe isitshixo, kwavela umnqamlezo omhlophe kulungiselelwa ityala. Emva kwe-1000 ms, igama elilandelayo livela ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukulandelelana kwamagama kunye nemibala bekungahleliwe. Izitshixo 'a', 's', 'k', kunye 'l' zazinezincamathelisi ezinemibala emine kuzo. Abathathi-nxaxheba babeka iminwe emine kwikhibhodi kwaye bayalelwa ukuba bacofe isitshixo esihambelanayo ngokukhawuleza. Phambi kweebhloko zovavanyo, babeziqhelanisa nomsebenzi wokuziqhelanisa namagama ezilwanyana ali-10 (kube kanye ngombala ngamnye, okt, isikhuthazo sama-40).
Inkqubo yokubonakalayo
Abathathi-nxaxheba bajonga i-10 engathathi hlangothi (umzekelo, unomathotholo) kunye ne-10 enxulumene nekhompyuter (umzekelo, ukubeka esweni) imifanekiso emnyama nemhlophe (iiphikseli ezingama-300 × 300). Uhlalutyo lwe-Fourier luqinisekise ukuba iindidi zemifanekiso azifani kwiimpawu zenqanaba eliphantsi, ezinjengokuchasana kunye neenkcukacha. Umnqamlezo omhlophe wokulungiswa wawubonakala embindini wescreen esingwevu lonke ixesha lovavanyo kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba balungise kulo lonke. Kuvavanyo ngalunye, abathathi-nxaxheba bajonge enye enxulumene nekhompyuter kunye nomfanekiso omnye ongathathi hlangothi ecaleni kwe150 okanye i-450 ms [imfutshane okanye ixesha elide lokuvuselela i-asynchrony (SOA)] (jonga inani 1). Ii-SOAs ezimfutshane zinokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukutshintshela kokuqala konyuselo olufanelekileyo, ngelixa ii-SOAs ezinde zivavanya ubunzima bokungahambi kuyo (UCox et al., 2006). Kwi-50 ms, imifanekiso yatshintshwa yayisikrini esingenanto, emva koko ithagethi (isikwere esimthubi) yavela endaweni yomnye wemifanekiso engama-200 ms. Abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba babonise indawo ekujoliswe kuyo ngokukhawuleza okukhulu ngeqhosha 'alt' (iithagethi zekhohlo) kunye nesitshixo 'alt gr' (iithagethi zasekunene). Emva koko, isikrini esingenanto savela nge-1000 okanye i-2000 ms (ixesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala) Kwizilingo nge-SOA emfutshane, isikrini esingenanto saziswa kamva emva kwe-300 ms ukuze ulingo ngalunye luhlale i-1700 okanye i-2700 ms. Abathathi-nxaxheba baziqhelanisa nomsebenzi kwizilingo ezithandathu zokuziqhelanisa nemifanekiso yezilwanyana kwaye bagqibezela izilingo ezingama-200 zokulinga (i-100 elifutshane kunye ne-100 le-SOA elide). I-SOA, ixesha lokuphumla lokukhuthaza, kunye nokuma kwemifanekiso kunye neethagethi zazingacwangciswanga.
Umzobo 1. Ukulandelelana kwetyala elinye kwinkqubo yokubonakalayo. Ifoto enxulumene nekhompyuter kunye nomfanekiso ongathathi hlangothi uvele nge-150 okanye i-450 ms (imfutshane okanye ixesha elide lokuvuselela i-asynchronies), ilandelwa siscreen esingenanto se-50 ms, isikwere esimthubi (apha kuboniswe mhlophe) ngasekunene okanye kwicala lasekhohlo le-200 ms, kunye nescreen esingenanto se-1000 okanye 2000 ms (ithuba lokuvavanywa kwangaphakathi). Kwizilingo ezinokuqala kovuselelo lwe-asynchrony, isikrini esingenanto saziswa kamva kwi-300 ms ukuze uvavanyo ngalunye luhlale i-1700 okanye i-2700 ms
Uhlalutyo lwesatisatisti
IStatistica (inguqulelo 10, StatSoft, Tulsa, USA) kunye ne-SPSS (inguqulo 22, IBM, Armonk, USA) zasetyenziselwa ukubala. Zimele t-lwenziwe uvavanyo ukuthelekisa iminyaka yobudala kunye nokusetyenziswa ngasese kwekhompyuter kunye χ2 Uhlalutyo ukuthelekisa ukuhanjiswa ngokwesondo phakathi kwamaqela. Amaxesha okusabela, inani leempazamo, kunye nenani leempendulo eziphosiweyo kwi-Stroop yeziyobisi, kunye ne-valence kunye nokuqhelana nesikhuthazo, zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-2 × 2 yohlalutyo loyilo olwahlukileyo (ANOVA) phakathi -Izinto zeqela lezinto (ii-gamers / ii-non-gamers) kunye nezifundo ezingaphakathi kwigama / uhlobo lomfanekiso (enxulumene nekhompyuter / engathathi cala). Amaxesha okusabela kunye nenani leempazamo kwinkqubo yokubonakalayo yahlaziywa kusetyenziswa i-2 × 2 × 2 yoyilo oluxubileyo lwe-ANOVA kunye neqela eliphakathi kwezifundo (iigamers / ii-non-gamers) kunye nezifundo zangaphakathi ze-SOA (150 ms / 450 ms), kunye nohlobo lomfanekiso (onxulumene nekhompyuter / ongathathi cala). Zimpendulo ezichanekileyo kuphela ezibandakanyiweyo kuhlalutyo lwamaxesha okusabela. Kwi-Stroop yeziyobisi, amaxesha okuphendula amafutshane kuno-200 ms awabandakanywa kuhlalutyo kuba athatyathwa njengesiphumo sokuphendula kancinci kwigama langaphambili (UWhelan, 2008). Uvavanyo lwe-LSD lwasemva kwe-hoc lwabalwa ngazo zonke iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwii-ANOVA. Ixabiso elibalulekileyo lalimiselwe p <.05 kunye neCohen's d kwaye ŋ2 zixelwe njengemilinganiselo yobungakanani besiphumo.
Inkqubo yokufunda yenziwa ngokungqinelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. IBhodi yokuPhononongwa kweZiko leYunivesithi yaseGeorge-Agasti, eGoettingen, ivume isifundo, kuba ababhali basebenza apho ngaphambili kwaye iimvavanyo bezenziwe apho. Zonke izifundo zazisiwe malunga nophononongo kwaye yonke inike imvume yokufunda.
iziphumo
Amanani abantu
Amaqela awahlukanga kangako ngokubhekisele kwezesondo, χ2(1) = 1.85, p > .10 okanye ubudala, t(45) = -1.55, p > .10, kodwa abadlali abadlala ngokugqithileyo bachitha ixesha elininzi besebenzisa ikhompyuter yabo kwiinjongo zokuzonwabisa kunabo babengengabo abadlali, t(45) = 4.51, p <, 001, d = 1.19. Jonga iTheyibhile 1 iinkcukacha.
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Itheyibhile 1. Iinkcaza-manani ezichazayo ngabathengi be-Intanethi abagqithisileyo nakwabo bengengabo abadlali
| Abagqithisi kwiintanethin = 21 XNUMX) | Abadlala-midlalo (n = 30 XNUMX) | |
|---|---|---|
| Isondo (% oyindoda) | 81.0 | 63.3 |
| Iminyaka (iminyaka) | I-22.9 ± 2.1 | I-24.5 ± 3.2 |
| Ukusetyenziswa kwecomputer yabucala ngemini (h) | I-4.7 ± 2.9 | I-2.0 ± 1.4 |
I-2 × 2 ANOVA ayibonisanga mpembelelo iphambili kwiqela, F(1,46) = 0.92, p = .34, okanye uhlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 0.03, p = .86, kodwa ibonakalise unxibelelwano lweqela x uhlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 12.13, p = .001, η2 = .01. Uvavanyo lwe-LSD post-hoc luveze ukuba iidrama zisabela ngokuthe chu kumagama ahambelana nekhompyuter (583.2 ± 42.2) kunamagama angathathi hlangothi (573.7 ± 41.2) kwaye abo babengengabo abadlali badlala ngokuthe chu kumagama angathathi cala (597.5 ± 57.9) kunokuba Amagama ahambelana nekhompyuter (587.0 ± 50.3). Jonga umzobo 2 iinkcukacha.
Umzobo 2. Amaxesha okuphendula (± SE) kumagama angathath'ingqondo kunye neekhompyuter kumlo we-Stroop. Iibakaki zibonisa uvavanyo lwasemva kwe-hoc, *p <.05, **p <.01
Abathathi-nxaxheba bacinezele iqhosha elingalunganga kwi-10.2% yazo zonke izilingo kwaye baphoswa ligama kwi-6.2% yazo zonke izilingo. Iimpazamo zabathathi-nxaxheba zahlaziywa nge-2 × 2 uyilo oluxubileyo lwe-ANOVA. Ayivelisanga mpembelelo iphambili kwiqela, F(1,46) = 0.012, p = .92, Uhlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 0.003, p = .96, okanye iqela lokudibana × uhlobo lwamagama F(1,46) = 0.68, p = .41 ye-2 × 2 ANOVA. Uhlalutyo lwamagama aphosiweyo nge-2 × 2 ANOVA khange ivelise mpembelelo iphambili kwiqela, F(1,46) = 3.01, p = .09, Uhlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 0.25, p = .62, okanye iqela lokudibana × uhlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 0.25, p = .62.
Inkqubo yokubonakalayo
I-2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA ibonise umphumo ophambili weqela, F(1,49) = 4.59, p = .037, ŋ2 = .06 (iidrama ziphendule ngokukhawuleza ngokubanzi kunabo babengengabo abadlali) kunye nefuthe eliphambili le-SOA, F(1,49) = 51.34, p <, 001, ŋ2 = .10 (abathathi-nxaxheba basabele ngokukhawuleza emva kwee-SOA ezinde kunokuba benzayo emva kwee-SOAs ezimfutshane), kodwa ayibonisanga mphumo uphambili kuhlobo lomfanekiso, F(1,49) = 1.22, p = .28. Kwakungekho nonxibelelwano kwiqela le-SOA ×, F(1,49) = 0.51, p = .48, uhlobo lomfanekiso × iqela, F(1,49) = 0.40, p = .84, SOA × uhlobo lomfanekiso, F(1,49) = 3.11, p = .08, okanye i-SOA × uhlobo lomfanekiso × iqela, F(1,49) = 1.32, p = .26. Jonga iTheyibhile 2 kunye noMzobo 3 iinkcukacha.
Umzobo 3. Amaxesha okuphendula (± SE) kwimifanekiso engathathi cala nehambelana nekhompyuter kunye neesynchronies ezifutshane kunye nezindebe zokuvuselela (SOA) kwibala elibonakalayo.
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Itheyibhile 2. Amaxesha okusabela (ms) kumagama angathathi hlangothi kunye nekhompyuter anamagama amfutshane kunye namaxesha amancinci okuqala asusizi kwimpumezo ebonakalayo.
| Ukuvuselela ixesha elifutshane lokuqalisa kwe-asynchrony | Ukuvuselela ixesha elide i-asynchrony | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cala | Inxulumene nekhompyuter | cala | Inxulumene nekhompyuter | ||||||
| iqela | n | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD |
| Abathengi be-Intanethi abagqithisileyo | 30 | 331.2 | 31.9 | 336.1 | 31.8 | 319.5 | 30.2 | 317.9 | 25.9 |
| Abadlala midlalo | 21 | 353.4 | 42.4 | 355.2 | 43.2 | 341.8 | 39.1 | 342.3 | 40.9 |
Abathathi-nxaxheba bacinezele iqhosha elingalunganga kwi-1.8% yezilingo. Iimpazamo zabathathi-nxaxheba ziphinde zahlalutywa nge-2 × 2 × 2 uyilo oluxubeneyo ANOVA. Olu hlalutyo alubonisanga isiphumo esiphambili kwiqela, F(1,49) = 1.15, p = .29, uhlobo lomfanekiso, F(1,49) = 2.56, p =, 12, okanye SOA, F(1,49) = 0.05, p = .83, kodwa ibonakalisile iqela elinonxibelelwano x uhlobo lomfanekiso, F(1,49) = 4.79, p = .033, ŋ2 = .01. Uvavanyo lwe-LSD post-hoc luveze ukuba abadlali beqonga benza iimpazamo ezininzi ngemifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter (4.7 ± 3.7) kunemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi (3.4 ± 2.5). Abangengomdlalo weqonga abangahlukanga kwinani leempazamo ngemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi (3.4 ± 2.7) kunye nemifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter (3.2 ± 2.3). Kwakungekho nxibelelwano kwiqela x SOA, F(1,49) = 2.20, p = .14, uhlobo lomfanekiso × SOA, F(1,49) = 0.002, p = .96, okanye iqela × uhlobo lomfanekiso × SOA, F(1,49) = 0.65, p = .42. Abathathi-nxaxheba abakhange baphoswe ziithagethi.
Isibini kunye nokuqhelana
Amazwi
Ngokubhekisele kokungahambi kakuhle, i-2 × 2 ANOVA ibonise isiphumo esiphambili kuhlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 11.60, p = .001, ŋ2 = .07 kunye neqela lokunxibelelana × uhlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 30.81, p <, 001, ŋ2 = .19. Uvavanyo lwe-LSD post-hoc luveze ukuba ii-gamers zilinganise amagama ahambelana nekhompyuter (6.4 ± 1.3) njengezinto ezintle kunamagama angathathi hlangothi (5.2 ± 0.7). Ukulinganiswa kwe-valence ye-non-gamers ayifani ngokungathathi hlangothi (5.6 ± 0.8) kunye namagama ahambelana nekhompyuter (5.3 ± 0.9). Kwakungekho siphumo siphambili kwiqela, F(1,46) = 1.52, p = .22. Jonga umzobo 4a iinkcukacha.
Umzobo 4. Ithetha ubugqwirha kunye nokuqhelana (neutral SE) kwamagama angathathi hlangothi kunye nekhompyuter (ngasekhohlo) kunye nemifanekiso (ngasekunene) kwisiyobisi iStroop kunye nomboniso wokubonwayo. Iibakaki zibonisa uvavanyo lwasemva kwe-hoc, *p <.05, **p <.01 ***p <.001
Ngokumalunga nokuqhelana, i2 × 2 ANOVA ibonise umphumo ophambili weqela, F(1,46) = 4.38, p = .04, ŋ2 = .05 kunye nokuhlangana kohlobo lwamagama, F(1,46) = 13.79, p = .001, ŋ2 = .09. Uvavanyo lwe-LSD post-hoc luveze ukuba abadlali beqonga babeqhelene kakhulu namagama ahambelana nekhompyuter (7.9 ± 0.9) kunamagama angathathi hlangothi (7.1 ± 1.3); ukubuyela umva kuyinyani kwabangengomdlalo (amagama angathathi hlangothi: 7.1 ± 1.3; amagama ahambelana nekhompyuter: 6.6 ± 1.4). Kwakungekho siphumo siphambili kuhlobo lwegama, F(1,46) = 0.89, p = .35. Jonga umzobo 4c iinkcukacha.
Umfanekiso
Ngokumalunga nobundlobongela, kwakungekho miphumo iphambili kwiqela, F(1,49) = 1.79, p = .19 okanye uhlobo lomfanekiso, F(1,49) = 2.59, p = .11 ye-2 × 2 ANOVA, kodwa ukuhlangana kwafunyanwa, F(1,49) = 23.43, p <, 001, ŋ2 = .07. Uvavanyo lwe-LSD post-hoc lubonise ukuba ii-gamers zilinganise imifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter (6.5 ± 1.5) njengezinto ezintle kunemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi (5.8 ± 1.4) kwaye abo bangabadlali-badlala imifanekiso elingathathi hlangothi (5.9 ± 1.3) njengelungileyo kunekhompyuter- ezinxulumene noko (5.5 ± 1.2). Jonga umzobo 4b iinkcukacha.
Ngokumalunga nokuqhelana, i-2 × 2 ANOVA ibonise umphumo ophambili wohlobo lomfanekiso, F(1,49) = 12.65, p = .001, ŋ2 = .06 kunye nokuhlangana kohlobo lomfanekiso, F(1,49) = 10.21, p = .002, ŋ2 = .05. Uvavanyo lwe-LSD post-hoc luveze ukuba ii-gamers zaziqhelekile kwimifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter (7.3 + 1.1) kunemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi (6.3 + 1.3). Amanqanaba okuziqhelanisa nabangengomdlalo weqonga awangahlukanga phakathi kwemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi (6.2 + 1.0) kunye nemifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter (6.3 + 1.3). Kwakungekho siphumo siphambili kwiqela, F(1,49) = 2.85, p = .10. Jonga umzobo 4d iinkcukacha.
Ingxoxo kunye neziphetho
Sisebenzise umlutha we-Stroop kunye novavanyo lokubonakalayo ukujonga ukuba ngaba abadlali be-Intanethi abagqithisileyo babonisa umdla okhathalelayo ngokubhekisele kwisikimu esinxulumene nekhompyuter. Ukuxhasa inkcaza yethu yokuqala, aba badlali basabela ngokuthe ngcembe kunxibelelene nekhompyuter ngokuthelekiswa namagama angathathi cala kwiziyobisi iStroop. Nangona kunjalo, amaxesha abo okusabela awangafani phakathi kweethagethi elandela imifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter kunye necala elingathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo yokubonakalayo. Ke, i-hypothesis yethu yesibini ayixhaswanga.
Ukufumanisa ukuba abadlali abadlala ngokugqithileyo babonisa umkhethe ku-Stroop wandisa iziphumo ezivela kuMetcalf nasePammer (2011). Ayisi magama eMMORPG kuphela kodwa namagama ahambelana nekhompyuter ngokubanzi, njenga Iliso, ukutsala umdla wabadlali be-Intanethi abagqithisile kwaye kwabangela ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini wokuziphatha. Oku kuvumelana nemodeli ngokokuqwalaselwa kwemeko ebangelwe kukuchatshazelwa kwimeko yohlobo oluhambelana nomxholo, endaweni yomxholo, wamava okudlala abe yi-CS. Ngapha koko, ngokwethiyori yenkxalabo yangoku (UCox et al., 2006), Iicompyuter zinexabiso elikhuthazayo labantu abalandela injongo yokudlala. Ngokuchasene neziphumo zethu, uVan Holst et al. (2012) akafumananga mahluko wempendulo phakathi kokudlala kunye namagama angathathi hlangothi. Isizathu esichanekileyo sokungangqinelani kunokuba kukuba baphanda isampulu engasasebenziyo kwaye basebenzisa ngakumbi izinto zokuvuselela zeheterogenic: abathathi-nxaxheba babo badlala iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo kunye namagama abathathi-nxaxheba ababonayo achukunyiswe kule midlalo eyahlukeneyo ukuze bangalingani Ukubaluleka kwazo zonke iidrama.
Ngokufanayo noVan Holst et al. (2012Asikhange sibonise kuthathelwa ingqalelo kumaxesha okuphendula kwinto ebonakalayo, kodwa safumanisa ukuba kuphela ngabadlali abagqithisileyo kwi-Intanethi abenza iimpazamo ngokubhekisele kwimifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter xa kuthelekiswa nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi. Oku kunokubonisa ukuba ukubona imifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter kukhokelele ekuzixakekeni ngemidlalo yekhompyuter ephazamise indawo ekujoliswe kuyo ngokuchanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba abathathi-nxaxheba benze iimpazamo ezimbalwa kangako ngokubanzi, esi siphumo kufuneka sitolikwe ngononophelo. Ngokuchasene nesifundo sethu, uLorenz et al. (2013) ifumene umkhethe ogqithisileyo ogqithisileyo Wowu abadlali bebhola WowuImifanekiso ehambelana nomlinganiso. Ngokuqinisekileyo, WowuImifanekiso ehambelana nayo inomdla wokufumana ngakumbi kunemifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter.
Uphengululo olwenziwe nguDayi, Luhlaza, kunye noBavelier (2009) weza kwisiphumo sokuba ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo yemidlalo kuphucula amaxesha okusabela. Esi isenokuba sesona sizathu sokuba le mibala ibikhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kunabo bengekho-abadlali kwibala elibonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo, abadlali bebhola babengekhawulezi kangako kwii-Stroop zokulutha. Ngokunokwenzeka, ukuphendula ekujoliseni kwindawo ethile okanye kwenye indawo kuyafana ngakumbi kumava abo okudlala rhoqo kunokubonisa umbala wegama. Ngaphaya koko, iindlela ezenza imisebenzi zahluke: kuludwe lwe-Stroop, ukulungisa intsingiselo yegama elinxulumene nekhompyuter. iyaphazamisa Ngokuthiya igama umbala, ngelixa kwiprosesa ebonakalayo, ukwabela ingqalelo kumfanekiso onxulumene nekhompyuter iyanceda Ukufumana into ekujolise kuyo.
Aba badlali be-Intanethi abagqibeleleyo kodwa ababengabalingisi abadlali abavavanyiwe amagama anxulumene nekhompyuter kunye nemifanekiso emihle kunale engathathi cala kwaye babeqhelene kakhulu nabo, bebonisa indlela elindelekileyo kunye nokuxhasa ukhetho lokukhuthaza.
Kuba iziphumo zovavanyo ziyangqubana, ezinye izifundo ziyafuneka ukuphononongwa kokukhathalela abanomdla kwi-Intanethi. Sithembele kwisigqibo sokuba abadlali bebhola babonisa umkhethe, ohambelana neziphumo ezivela kwizifundo nabantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi (UCox et al., 2006; URobbins kunye no-Ehrman, 2004) nengxaki yokungcakaza (IBoyer kunye noDickerson, 2003; UMcCusker et al., 1997; UMolde et al., 2010; IVizcaino et al., 2013), kunye nesiyobisi sethu iStroop. Isizathu esinye sokungabikho kwesiphumo kwimbonakalo ebonakalayo inokuba umsebenzi wawulula kakhulu kubadlala umdlalo ukuba babone ukukhetha. Abadlali abagqithisileyo kwisifundo sethu babenokuthetha amaxesha okuphendula angama-326 ms kuzo zonke iithagethi. Xa kuthelekiswa noku, abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi babonisa amaxesha okusabela phakathi kwe-361 kunye ne-643 ms (IBradley, Intsimi, iMogg, kunye neDe Houwer, 2004; UBradley, uMogg, uWight, kunye noMhlaba, 2003; U-Ehrman et al., 2002; Intsimi & Cox, 2008; Intsimi, i-Eastwood, iBradley, kunye neMogg, ngo-2006; Intsimi, iMogg, kunye neBradley, 2004; Intsimi, iMogg, iZetteler, kunye neBradley, 2004; ULubman, uPeter, uMogg, uBradley, kunye noDeakin, 2000; UMogg, uBradley, uMhlaba, kunye neDe Houwer, 2003). Kuyenzeka ukuba nokuba abadlali bebhola bahoye kakhulu ingqalelo enxibelelene nekhompyuter, oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba akunakukunceda ekufumaneni iithagethi kulandela ezo zinto zishukumisayo, kuba mhlawumbi ukuphendula ekujoliswe kuko kwakulula kangangokuba ukuququzelela akunakuphucula ixesha lokuphendula ngakumbi. Ukulandela umkhondo kwamehlo kunokusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba abadlali be-Intanethi abagqithisileyo bayabekela ingqalelo yabo kwimifanekiso enxulumene nekhompyuter. Amanqaku et al. (2014) ndidibanise ubungqina bokujonga kunye nokulandela umkhondo wamehlo xa kuphandwa abantu abangamakhoboka eecocaine. Ababhali abafumananga mahluko kumaxesha okusabela, kodwa ukujonga ngeliso elibonisa ukuba abantu bayilikhoboka le-cocaine elungiswa ixesha elide kwimifanekiso enxulumene nokulutha kunokuba kunjalo kwezopolitiko.
Iziphumo zesifundo sethu kufuneka zitolikwe ekukhanyeni kwemida yazo: Isampulu yayiquka abafundi baseyunivesithi, ke oko kuthintela ukubakho ngokubanzi. Ngokunokwenzeka inkqubo yokubonakalayo yayilula kakhulu kubathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye ke, izifundo ezizayo kufuneka zisebenzise iparadigm enzima. Phakathi kwamandla endlela yesifundo esikhoyo kufuneka kubalwe ukuba uCox et al.'s (2006) iimfuno zotywala olusebenzayo I-Stroop yazalisekiswa kwaye umahluko ophakathi kwinqanaba eliphantsi phakathi konxibelelwano olunxulumene nekhompyuter kunye nokukhuthaza ukungathathi hlangothi kuyathintelwa, okunokuphembelela ixesha lokuphendula.
Ukuqukumbela, isiyobisi iStroop, kodwa hayi ubungqina bokubonwa, sanika ubungqina bokuba ubukho bokukhathalela abanomdla kwi-Intanethi. Izifundo ezongeziweyo mazilandele oku ngokusebenza ngokuthe ngqo kusetyenziswa amanyathelo anokuthathela ingqalelo ingqalelo, njengokulandela ngamehlo.
I-NN kunye no-AB bayile isifundo. FJ unegalelo kuyilo. UFJ no-AB baqhube uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani. UFJ wabhala uyilo lokuqala lombhalo wesandla kwaye bonke ababhali baba negalelo kwaye bavuma ukubhala uxwebhu lokugqibela. Bonke ababhali banokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuyo yonke idatha kwisifundo kwaye bathatha uxanduva lokunyaniseka kwedatha kunye nokuchaneka kohlalutyo lwedatha.
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano.
Sibulela uJulia Meister noLisa-Maria Benedickt ngoncedo lwabo olukhulu ekuqokeleleni idatha.
Ucaphulo
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