(I-CAUSE - JAMA) Impembelelo ye-Pathological Use of the Internet kwi-Health Mental Health (2010)

INJONGO:

Ukuhlolisisa umphumo we-intanethi kwi-intanethi kwimpilo yengqondo, kuquka ukuxhalaba nokuxinezeleka, kwiintsholongwane zaseChina. Kukholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi kuyingozi kwimpilo yengqondo yabaselula.

UYILO:

Isifundo esinokubakho kunye neqela elivela ngokungaqhelekanga elivela kubemi.

UKUQALA:

Izikolo eziphakamileyo eGuangzhou, China.

BABANTU:

Abafikisayo abaneminyaka phakathi kwe-13 kunye ne-18 iminyaka.

UMNQOPHISO

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-pathological ye-Intanethi kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa uPathological Use wovavanyo lwe-Intanethi.

IMIQATHANGO YASEKHAYA:

Uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo zavavanywa yiZung Depression kunye noXinzelelo lwexhala.

IINKCUKACHA:

Emva kohlengahlengiso lwezinto ezinokubangela umngcipheko, umngcipheko wokudakumba kwabo babesebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokwasemoyeni wawungamaxesha e-21⁄2 (umyinge wokulinganisa imeko,I-2.5; i-95% yokuphumla kokuzithemba, i-1.3-4.3) ezo zazingabonakali zixhobo zokusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi. Akukho buhlobo obubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-Intanethi kunye nokuxhalaba ekulandeleni kwakuboniswa.

IMISEBENZI:

Iziphumo zicebisa ukuba abantu abatsha abangenakho ukufumana iingxaki zempilo yengqondo kodwa abasebenzisa i-Intanethi, bangakhubazeka ngenxa yoko. Ezi ziphumo zichaphazela ngqo ukuthintela ukugula kwengqondo kubantu abatsha, ngokukodwa kumazwe asakhulayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-patological ye-Intanethi kuye kwacetyiswa njengengxaki yokuziphatha ebonisa iimpawu ezifanayo kunye neempawu kwezinye iziyobisi ezisisigxina ukususela phakathi kwe1990s.¹ Ngelixa uphononongo lubonakalisile ukuba abantu abasebenzisa i-intanethi ngokwasendleleni ngabona bantu bafana abancinci abanobuntu obuchongiweyo, ikwabonakalisiwe ukuba amaxabiso okubonisa isimilo phakathi kwamantombazana ayakhula.^2- 4 Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokufumaneka okukhulu kwe-Intanethi kumazwe amaninzi e-Asiya, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwezinto zengqondo kuye kwaba yinto eyandayo yezempilo yengqondo phakathi kolutsha. Ukwanda kokukhula kweshumi elivisayo kuxelwe kubaphandi baseTaiwan nase China ukuba bonyuke ukusuka kwi-6% kwi-2000 ukuya kwi-11% kwi-2004.^5,6

Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokusebenza ye-Intanethi kuchazwe ukuba kunxulunyaniswe nobudlelane phakathi kwabantu kunye nobudlelane, ezinye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, kunye nokugula ngokwasemzimbeni.^7- 10 Izifundo zichaze ubudlelwane obunokubakho phakathi kweempawu zengqondo, indlela yokuziphatha enobundlongondlongo, uxinzelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological phakathi kolutsha.^11- 14 Kwisifundo esilindelekileyo esenziwa nguKo et al,¹⁵ kwaxelwa kwakhona ukuba uxinzelelo kunye ne-phobia yentlalo ifunyenwe ibikezela kwangaphambili ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwi-2-yokulandelela. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo zinokuba zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwindlela yokuhamba kwendlela yokusebenzisa kwe-Intanethi phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo.

Ngelixa kukho ubutyebi obukhulayo boncwadi ekusetyenzisweni kwe-Intanethi phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo, okwethutyana uninzi lwezi zifundo kukuba banqamleza ngokwendalo. Ngenxa yokuba amandla obungqina abonelelwe sisifundo kunye noyilo olunqamlezayo akwanelanga ukuzoba naluphi na ukuthobeka, ezi zifundo zinokuthathwa njengezivokothekileyo ukuchonga ubudlelwane obunokubakho phakathi kokuvezwa kunye nokuhluka kwesiphumo.⁸ Ngaphaya koko, ugxininiso kwezi zifundo kukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi njengeziphumo. Ulwazi oluphakathi kunye nolwexesha elide lwempilo yengqondo yokusetyenziswa kwengqondo kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo lunqabile. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lunokudlala indima ekuphuhliseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo kunokuba zibonise ukuba ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokwasemoyeni kunefuthe kwimpilo yengqondo yabantu abancinci. Ngapha koko, ezi zinto ze-2 zinokwabelana ngomendo oqhelekileyo okhokelela ekuziphatheni kwe-Intanethi kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo. Ulwazi olulinganiselweyo oluvela kuncwadi lubonisa indlela enokuthi iqale kwiingxaki zempilo yengqondo kwaye igqibe ekuziphatheni kwi-Intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zifundo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eziphonononge enye indlela yendlela eqala ngokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological. Ukufumanisa isiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological kwimpilo yengqondo yabantu abakwishumi elivisayo, uhlobo olufanelekileyo lokufunda luya kuba sisifundo se-cohort esinabemi "abangenanto". Ngamanye amagama, ukulandela iqela labantu abancinci abakhululekileyo kuxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo kodwa benamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okusebenzisa i-Intanethi kunye nokufumana iziphumo zabo zempilo yengqondo ekupheleni kwexesha lokulandela.

Ukuvala umsantsa wolwazi, olu phando lujolise ekuvavanyeni isiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwempilo yengqondo yolutsha, kubandakanya uxinzelelo noxinzelelo, kusetyenziswa inani labemi. Kucingelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kwe-intanethi kuyingozi kwimpilo yengqondo yolutsha ukuba abantu abancinci abasebenzisa i-Intanethi kakhulu nangokwengqondo banokuba nengozi eyandayo yoxinzelelo noxinzelelo.

IINDLELA

Olu phononongo luza kubakho eGuangzhou lwePhondo leGuangdong kumazantsi mpuma eTshayina ngoJulayi 2008. Iphondo laseGuangdong lelona phondo linabantu abaninzi eTshayina, kwaye iGuangzhou yeyona komkhulu. Esona sixeko sikhulu nesinabantu abaninzi kwiphondo, sinabantu abaqikelelwa phantse kwi-10 yezigidi kwi2006. Ukuvunywa kwezimilo zokuziphatha kwiziko lemfundo kwavunywa liSebe leMfundo lezeMpilo kubuGcisa beZikolo eziziiSekondari kunye neZikolo zasesekondari zoLawulo lwePhondo.

Iindlela zesigaba sesiseko sophando zichazwe ngaphambili.⁸ Ngamafutshane, isampula yavela kubafundi bebonke abafikisayo abafikisayo kwisikolo esiphakamileyo kwingingqi kwaye babhaliswa kwirejista yesikolo saseGuangzhou. Indlela yokuguqula isampulu engahlawulelwanga ene-stratified ngokokulingana kwabafundi abakwimimandla yedolophu nakwimimandla yasekhaya yasetyenziselwa isampulu yokuvelisa. Isampulu yayiquka abafikisayo abaphakathi kweminyaka ye-13 kunye ne-18 iminyaka.

Olu phando luqhutywa kwikampus kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo, idatha yoqobo olusisiseko eqokelelwe kuvavanyo lwezempilo olwenziwa kwiveki enye. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakhethwa ngokungacwangciswanga kwirejista yabafundi edolophu. Ulwazi malunga nesifundo lwalunikwa abafundi abakhethiweyo kunye nabazali babo ngeenqununu zezikolo nootitshala babo. Ngelixa kwakungekho mvume ebhaliweyo isayinwe ngabazali, abafundi abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-16 babeyalelwe ukuba bafumane imvume yomlomo kubazali ngaphambi kokugcwalisa iphepha lemibuzo elizixeliweyo elungiselelwe ngokukodwa isifundo. Kubafundi abadala kuneminyaka eyi-16 (iminyaka yokuzivuma), imvume yayiswa yimpendulo yokuzithandela kwiphepha lemibuzo. I-cohort emva koko yalandelwa kwiinyanga ze-9, kunye novavanyo olwenziwe kwakhona kwiziphumo eziphambili zempilo yengqondo ekupheleni kokulandela. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, iqela "elingeliso" lenziwe kwiqela elikhulu elinokuhlolwa ngoxinzelelo noxinzelelo kwisiseko.

Ixhala lalinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-Zung self-rating Scale,¹⁶ noxinzelelo kuvavanywa kusetyenziswa umda woZantsi wokuZithoba woThintelo¹⁷ kwisiseko kunye nakulandelayo. Inqanaba lokuZivalela ukuXhalaba yayiyisixhobo esiqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo esenzelwe ukuvavanya ukuphazamiseka koxinzelelo.¹⁸ Inemibuzo ye-20 echaphazelekayo ngokweempawu zonyango zoxinzelelo. Umzekelo ongumzekelo, "Ndiziva ndinoloyiko ngaphandle kwesizathu." Abaphenduli bacelwe ukuba baphendule le mibuzo malunga nokuba bazibona kangaphi ezi mpawu kunye neempawu kwiinyanga zokugqibela ze-3 kwaye bekalwe kwisikali seLikert nge1 ebonisa kancinci ixesha le-4, ixesha elininzi. Amanqaku ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-4 abelwa ezi mpendulo, zinamanqaku apheleleyo anguluhlaza aqala kwi-20 ukuya kwi-80. Amanqaku la ahlelwe ngakumbi ukuba kwinqanaba le4 loxinzelelo: ukuqhelekileyo, ngaphantsi kwe45; ngobuncinci bokumodareyitha, i-45 ukuya kwi-59; iphawulwe ngokuqatha, i-60-74; kunye nokugqithisileyo, i-75 okanye ngaphezulu, ngokwe-cutoff ecetyiswayo.¹⁶ Inqanaba lokudakumba lokulinganisa okwenzekileyo lalilinqanaba eliqinisekisiweyo, elifanayo lokuvavanya uxinzelelo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba baphendule imibuzo ye-20 malunga nokuba baqhele kangakanani ukubona iimeko ezithile okanye babekwiimeko ezithile zengqondo kwiinyanga ezi-3 zokugqibela ngexesha lophando. Umzekelo, umbuzo omnye ubuze umphenduli ukuba alinganise kangaphi "Ndikufumanisa kulula ukwenza izinto ebendikade ndizenza" kwisikali seLikert eneempendulo ze4 kubandakanya ixesha elincinci okanye alikho, ngamanye amaxesha, ixesha elikhulu ixesha, kwaye uninzi okanye lonke ixesha. Ngokukwanjalo kwinqanaba lokuZiva ngeXhala leXhala, amanqaku ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-4 abelwa ezi mpendulo zinamanqaku aluhlaza asusela kwi-20 ukuya kwi-80. Amanqaku la ahlelwe ngakumbi ukuba kwinqanaba le-4 yoxinzelelo lobunzima: eqhelekileyo, engaphantsi kwe-50; uxinzelelo olumnene, i-50 ukuya kwi-59; ukumodareyitha okuphawula ukudakumba okukhulu, i-60 ukuya kwi-69; kunye nokudakumba okukhulu okanye okukhulu kakhulu, i-70 okanye enkulu, ngokwe-cutoff ecetyiswayo.¹⁷ Imilinganiselo yesiphumo yaphinda yatshintshwa yaba yinto eqhelekileyo, ngaphantsi kwe-50, kwaye inoxinzelelo, i-50 okanye enkulu, ukulungiselela lula uhlalutyo. Iinguqulelo zaseTshayina zozibini izixhobo zaye zaqinisekiswa kubemi baseTshayina abafikisayo ngokuqiniseka kunye nokuthembeka.¹⁹

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi kwavavanywa kuvavanyo lwe-Intanethi lweOnline, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Young's Internet Addiction Scale, eyilwe ngu-Young.²⁰ Uvavanyo lwe-Internet Addiction luphawu lwe-20-into enike ingxelo ngayo, kwaye uyilo lwalusekwe kwiikhonsepthi nakwindlela yokuziphatha eboniswa ngabagembuli bezendalo njengoko kucacisiwe yi DSM-IV Inkqubo yokuqonda Ibandakanya imibuzo ebonisa indlela yokuziphatha yesiqhelo. Umbuzo ngulo, "Kukangaphi uziva unxunguphalo, unomsindo, okanye wothukile xa ungekho kwi-intanethi, ohamba emva kokuba ubuyile kwi-intanethi?" Abaphenduli babuzwa ukuba babonise ubungakanani beempendulo zabo kwisikali se-Likert ukusukela kwi1, kunqabile, ukuya kwi-5, uhlala. Isifundo malunga neepropathi zepsyometri zovavanyo lweIntanethi yoNyango licebise ukuthembeka okuhle, ngamaxabiso ama-Cronbach aqala kwi-.82 ukuya kwi-.54 ngezinto ezahlukeneyo.²¹ Amanqaku apheleleyo abaliwe, kunye namanqaku anokwenzeka ukusuka ubuncinci be-20 ukuya kwi-100 ephezulu. Ubungqingqwa bokulutha emva koko kwahlulwa ngokwamanqaku acetyisiweyo okususa amanqaku, kunye ne-20 ukuya kumanqaku e-49 njengesiqhelo; I-50 ukuya kwi-79, ngokumodareyitha; kunye ne-80 ukuya kwi-100, inzima.²⁰ Njengoko bekukho kuphela abafundi be-10 abafumene amanqaku e-80 okanye aphezulu kolu phando; okwahlukileyo kokuvezwa kwenziwa dichotomised kwizigaba ze-2, zinobunzima / buthambile kwaye buqhelekileyo, ukulungiselela uhlalutyo lwedatha.

Olunye ulwazi oluqokelelwe kuvavanyo lubandakanya ukubonwa kwabantu, izikolo zedolophu enkulu okanye ezasemaphandleni, indawo yokuhlala usapho, nokuba umphenduli ngumntwana omnye, amanqanaba emfundo yabazali, imeko yezempilo, kunye nokuziphatha kubandakanya ukusela, ukutshaya, ukwenza umthambo, kunye nokulala iiyure. Ulwazi malunga neembono zabaphenduli bemeko yezemali yosapho, okulindelwe ngabazali, umthwalo wokufunda, ukuphazamiseka kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukoneliseka kosapho, kunye neziganeko zobomi ezixinzelelweyo zakutshanje zaqokelelwa. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ezi zinto zixabisekileyo zazisaziwa ukuba zinxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo phakathi kolutsha.

Idatha yahlaziywa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yesoftware ye-Stata V10.0.²² Uhlalutyo lwe-Bivariate lwenziwa ukujonga ubudlelwane obungalunganga phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, zonke izinto ezinomdla kunye noxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. Kungenxa yokuba esi yayisisifundo se-cohort esinokubakho, i-Rateos Rateos Rateos (IRR) engalunganga kunye nexesha elifanayo lokuzithemba kwe95% (CI) ngoxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-pathological ye-Intanethi, kunye nazo zonke izinto ezixabisekileyo zomdla. Kumahluko obonakalayo, i-IRR kunye ne-95% CIs yazo ibalwe ngqo kusetyenziswa i cs iinkqubo zenkqubo. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezineendidi ezingaphezu kwe-2, ukumiselwa kwakhona kwePisisson ngokwahluka ngamandla kwasetyenziswa ukubala ii-IRRs ngokweengcebiso zikaBarros noHirakata kumanani ekubalwa kwexabiso kwiziphumo zobunini.²³ Ukukhetha izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinokubakho kufundo lohlalutyo lokuphindaphindeka kwakusekwe kwinqanaba lokubaluleka kwezi zinto zixabisekileyo kuhlalutyo lwe-bivariate. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifikeleleyo kumgangatho wokubaluleka P <.1 zibandakanyiwe kuhlalutyo olwenziweyo lobudlelwane obuhlengahlengisiweyo phakathi kokuvezwa kunye neziphumo eziguqukayo. Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwe-Poisson ngokwahluka okunamandla kwakusetyenziselwa ukubala i-IRRs yohlengahlengiso loxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo ngolungelelwaniso lwezinto ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka.

IINKCUKACHA

Inani lilonke labafundi be1618 babonelele ngolwazi olusebenzayo kuvavanyo olusisiseko. Kwezi mpendulo ze-1618, iziphumo zovavanyo kwisiseko zichaze ukuba i-1122 yayingezantsi kwesiphelo somgangatho wokukhathazeka wokukhathazeka kunye neqondo lokuzijongela phantsi lokudakumba. Kubafundi be-1122, i-1041 ikwaphendule nemibuzo elandelwayo. Oku kubonakalise umyinge wokulandela we-92.8%. Ukuthelekisa phakathi kwabaphenduli kunye nabangabhaliswanga akubonakalisi mahluko obalulekileyo ngokweenkcukacha zobudala, isini, nokuba babefunda kwizikolo ezisedolophini okanye ezilalini. Iimpawu kunye nemigqaliselo yesiphumo sabaphenduli ishwankathelwe ngaphakathi 1 Table. Isampulu yayiqulathe ikakhulu ulutsha olukwiminyaka ephakathi kwe-13 kunye ne-16 iminyaka (n = 881; 84.7%) nge-mean (SD) yobudala be-15.0 (1.8) yeminyaka. Kwakukho phantse ulwabiwo phakathi kwamakhwenkwe namantombazana naphakathi kwezikolo zasezidolophini nezingafakwanga ezidolophini. Ngokwedemografi, uninzi lweentsapho zazihlala esixekweni (n = 761; 73.1%) kwaye ngaphezulu kancinci kwesiqingatha yayingumntwana kuphela kusapho (n = 623; 60.0%). Uninzi lwabazali babo lufumene ubuncinci kwinqanaba lemfundo yesibini malunga ne-17% yooyise kunye ne-12% yoomama abafumana amanqanaba emfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo kubandakanya eyunivesithi kunye neyamabanga aphezulu.

Ithebula 1. Ukuhanjiswa rhoqo kweXhala lokuxhalaba kunye nokudakumba ngokulandela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesimo semo ye-Intanethi, iNgcaciso yeDemokhrasi, ii-Behaviors zezeMpilo, kunye nokuBonwa kweMeko yoBuntu boLutsha kwiBaseline

    

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Ngokwemeko yezempilo kunye nokuziphatha, kuphela ngabafundi abangama-21 (i-2.0%) abaxele ukuba babekhe bagula kakhulu ngaphambili. Uninzi (n = 683; 65.7%) yayineeyure ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8 zokulala ngosuku oluqhelekileyo lweveki, kwaye ikota (n = 265; 25.7%) zazibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yomzimba rhoqo ngeveki. Abafundi abambalwa baxele ukuba bazamile okanye bayatshaya okwangoku kuvavanyo olusisiseko (n = 15; 2.1%), kunye ne-8% (n = 83) baxele ukuba babesele utywala ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ngexesha lophando. Uninzi lwabafundi luyibonile imeko yezemali yosapho lwabo ngokufanayo nabanye (n = 669; 64.4%). Kancinci ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha baqonda ukuba babenobunzima okanye babesindwa kakhulu zizifundo zabo (n = 546; 52.6%), kwaye uninzi (n = 846; 81.5%) baqonda ukuba abazali babo babenolindelo oluphezulu noluphezulu kakhulu kubo. Ngaphantsi kancinci kwesihlanu kwaba bafundi banelisekile ziintsapho zabo (n = 230; 22.1%), kwaye malunga nesiqingatha (n = 536; 51.7%) babona umzimba wabo njengesiqhelo, malunga ne-20% (n = 214) imvakalelo ukutyeba kakhulu kwaye malunga ne-30% (n = 286) ukutyeba.

Ngokubhengeza, oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi, uninzi lwabaphenduli babekwa njengabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo (n = 944, 93.6%), nge-62 (6.2%) yokumodareyitha kunye ne-2 (0.2%) emngciphekweni omkhulu. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwi-Intanethi yayikukuzonwabisa (n = 448; 45.5%), ilandelwa kukukhangela ulwazi kunye nolwazi (n = 276; 28.1%) kunye nonxibelelwano namaqabane esikolo, ukwenza abahlobo, kunye nokuphepha isithukuthezi (n = 260 ; 26.4%). Kwakukho umanyano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwendlela i-Intanethi esetyenziswa ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela esisiseko (χ²₂ = 21.78; P <.001). Abantu abancinci abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokungathandabuzekiyo kunokwenzeka ukuba bayisebenzisele ukuzonwabisa kwaye kunqabile ukuba bayisebenzisele ulwazi. Ukulandelwa kwenyanga ye-9, abafundi be-8 (0.2%) babonwa njengabanempawu zoxinzelelo kwaye i-87 (8.4%) yafumana amanqaku aphezulu kunokususwa kwe-50 kwisikali soxinzelelo.

Ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwendalo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, ezinye izinto ezinomdla, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo zavavanywa. Iziphumo zashwankathelwa ngaphakathi 2 Table. Njengoko kubonisiwe, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-Intanethi kwakuhambelana kakhulu noxinzelelo, olungalungelelaniswanga kwezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka. Iziphumo zacebisa ukuba abafundi abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokwasemphefumlweni kwisiseko babengaphezulu kwamaxesha e-2 ngokunokwenzeka ukuba bafumane uxinzelelo kwi-9-inyanga yokulandela (IRR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.1) xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangabonisanga ekujoliswe kubo indlela yokuziphatha. Iziphumo zacebisa ukuba kwakungekho siphumo sibalulekileyo sokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwi-intanethi kuxinzelelo ekulandeleleni (IRR, 2.0; 95% CI, 0.3-12.7). Kule sampulu, umthwalo wokufunda yayikukuphela kwento enokubangela ukudideka efumanekayo inxulunyaniswa kakhulu nomngcipheko ophezulu woxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo ngokungafaniyo. Yiyo loo nto ibibandakanyiwe kuhlalutyo olwenziweyo lwePoisson ukuze luhlengahlengiswe kwiziphumo zalo kubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kunye noxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. Ezinye izinto ezinokubakho eziphazamisayo eziphakanyisiweyo kuncwadi ezinxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo nazo zaqwalaselwa. Oku kubandakanya ubudala, isini, ukuhlala emaphandleni okanye ukuhlala ezidolophini, ukuzibandakanya kwimisebenzi yomzimba, ukungoneliseki kosapho, kunye nomthwalo wokufunda.

Ithebula 2. Amanqanaba angenakulungelelaniswa kwiirhafu zoxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo ngokulandela ukusetyenziswa kwePathological kwe-Intanethi, i-Demographics, Health Behaviors, kunye nokuqonda kweMeko yoBuntu boLutsha.

    

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Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuhlalutyo lophononongo lwePoisson ye-multivari nazo zazisiwe 3 Table. Ezi ziphumo zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-Intanethi kwakusanxulunyaniswa nokudakumba kodwa hayi uxinzelelo. Emva kohlengahlengiso lwezinto ezinokudideka, umngcipheko wokudakumba kwabo basebenzise i-Intanethi ngokungagungqiyo yayingamaxesha ama-2½ (IRR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.3) yeqela elingakhange lenze njalo. Akukho buhlobo bubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-Intanethi kunye noxinzelelo ekulandeleleni kwabonwa.

Ithebula 3. Amanqanaba ahlengahlengisiweyo amaNqanaba okuXhalaba kunye noXinzelelo lokusetyenziswa kwePathological kwe-Intanethi phakathi kwabasakhulayo

IINKCUKACHA

Olu phononongo lujolise ekuvavanyeni iimpembelelo zokusetyenziswa kwe-pathological okanye umlutha we-Intanethi kwimpilo yengqondo, kubandakanya uxinzelelo noxinzelelo, kubemi abancinci eMzantsi-mpuma China. Iziphumo zacebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-pathological ye-Intanethi kuyonakalisa impilo yengqondo yaba bantu. Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-pathological ye-intanethi kwisiseko kukuqagela koxinzelelo kwi-9-yokulandela inyanga. Emva kokuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto ezinokubakhubekisa, bekukho umngcipheko owandayo woxinzelelo kwabo basebenzise i-Intanethi ngokwasempilweni ngamaxesha e-1½ xa kuthelekiswa nalabo abangabonisanga iindlela zokuziphatha ezijolise kuyo. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukuba abantu abancinci ekuqaleni abaneengxaki zempilo yengqondo kodwa abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokwasemphefumlweni banokuhlakulela uxinzelelo njengesiphumo. Nangona kunjalo, ulwalamano olunjalo aluzange lubonakaliswe ngokuba nexhala. Olu phando lukhethekile ngokubhekisele kumandla alo okubonisa ukulandelelana kwezempilo yengqondo ekusebenziseni kwe-intanethi kubantu abancinci ababesempilweni kwasekuqaleni.

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwesifundo esifanayo kwisiphumo sexesha eliphakathi nelide sexesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwimpilo yengqondo yokufikisa, ukuthelekisa iziphumo ezifunyenwe kolu phando kunye nezinye ezixeliweyo kuncwadi kuya kuba nzima. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ziyahambelana nezo zifunyenwe kuncwadi ngokubanzi lokusetyenziswa kwe-pathological ye-Intanethi kunye ne-psychiatric Symbomatology ekukhuleni.^4,11,13,24 Iziphumo zolu phononongo azibonisi kuphela unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kunye noxinzelelo kodwa nempembelelo ngqo yokusetyenziswa kwe-pathological ye-Intanethi kwimpilo yengqondo yabantu abancinci. Ukujonga iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwizifundo zangaphambili, ngakumbi u-Ko et al,¹⁵ kunye nempikiswano ebonakaliswe ku "Intshayelelo," umntu unokuqhubeka nokubonisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi yempilo yengqondo kunye nokungaphili. Kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa imodeli yokuphinda uyiqonde ifuthe lokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwempilo yengqondo yabantu abancinci kunye nokuchaphazeleka kokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kwezinto zengqondo, okudala umjikelezo ombi onokuthi ubambe ongezantsi.

Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kolu phononongo zibethelela ngqo ukuthintelo kokugula ngengqondo kubantu abancinci, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo anjenge China. Iziphumo zophononongo zibonise ukuba abantu abancinci abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokwengqondo basengozini enkulu yeengxaki zengqondo kwaye banokukhula uxinzelelo ukuba bayaqhubeka nokuziphatha. Njengoko siqonda ukuba iingxaki zempilo yengqondo phakathi kolutsha zifaka iindleko ezizezomntu kunye neendleko eziya eluntwini, ukungenelela kwangethuba kunye nokuthintela okujolise kuko kumngcipheko kumaqela anezinto ezichongiweyo ezisemngciphekweni kuyasebenza ukunciphisa umthwalo woxinzelelo kubantu abancinci.²⁵ Ukukhangelwa kwabantu abasemngciphekweni wokumiswa kwesikolo kunokuthathwa njengesicwangciso esisebenzayo sokuthintela kwangoko ngokokuhlaziywa kwemeta mva nje.²⁶ Ke ngoko, inkqubo yovavanyo lokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological inokuqwalaselwa kuzo zonke izikolo eziphakamileyo ukuba zichonge abantu abasemngciphekweni wokufumana iingcebiso kunye nonyango kwangoko.

Njengazo zonke izifundo, kukho amandla kunye nobuthathaka kolu phando. Olu luphononongo olusekwe kubemi olubandakanya isampulu yabafundi abangabafundi. Akukho mehluko obalulekileyo ufunyenwe phakathi kwabaphenduli kunye nabangabhaleli, ukucebisa isampuli yabameli. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokuhlola esimiselweyo nesiqinisekisiweyo somgangatho wesiphumo kunciphise ukukhethwa komlinganiselo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba olu luphando oluqhutywa rhoqo, iziphumo zibonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya ngefuthe lokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwimpilo yengqondo yolutsha, ngakumbi uxinzelelo, hayi ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi zimbini. Olu phononongo lubonakalise ukulandelelana kwexesha phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi kunye noxinzelelo kwisampula yolutsha olusempilweni. Eminye imiqobo enokubakho sele ichongiwe kolu phando. Okokuqala, ulwazi ngesiphumo lufumaneka kwiphepha lemibuzo elizixelayo. Ke, oku kwenza ingxelo ekunokukhethwa kuyo kwisiphumo sokungafani, nangona kunokuba yinto engathandabuzekiyo. Okwesibini, ulwazi ngokwahluka kokubonakaliswa kwakhona kuqokelelwa ngokwendlela yokuzixela kwaye luphinda lukhunjulwe okanye kunikwe ingxelo ngocalucalulo. Okwesithathu, ayizizo zonke izinto ezinokubangela umdaniso ukuba zilinganiswe kwaye zalungiswa kuhlaziyo. Izinto ezinje ngokwahluka kwemfuza kunye nembali yoxinzelelo losapho azivavanywanga kolu phononongo.

INGCACISO YEMFUNDO

Imbalelwano: I-Lawrence T. Lam, iSikolo seMedical eSydney, iYunivesithi yaseNotre Dame Australia, Ikhampasi yaseDarlinghurst, i160 Oxford St, iDarlinghurst, iNew South Wales, e-Australia 2010 ([imeyile ikhuselwe]).

Yamkelwe Upapasho: Matshi 17, 2010.

Ipapashwe kwi-intanethi Nge-Agasti 2, 2010. I-Doi: 10.1001 / archpediatrics.2010.159

Umbhali Wemivuzo:Umxholo wokufunda kunye noyilo: Lam. Ukufunyanwa kwedatha: Peng. Uhlalutyo nokutolika idatha: Lam. Ukuyilwa kombhalo obhaliweyo: Lam kunye noPeng. Uhlaziyo olubalulekileyo lwemibhalo ebhaliweyo yomxholo obalulekileyo wokuqonda: Lam. Uhlalutyo lwesatisatisti: Lam. Ulawulo, ubugcisa kunye nenkxaso kwizinto: Peng.

Ukuvezwa kweMali: Akukho zichazwe.

IZALATHISO