Ukuphazamiseka kwenethiwekhi yeBrain Functional kwi-intanethi ye-Intard Disorder Disorder: I-2014 yokuHlola ukuBoniswa kweMifanekiso yokuHlaziya kweMagnetic Functional Resonance (XNUMX)

I-Chong-Yaw Wee igalelo elilinganayo, UZhimin Zhao igalelo elilinganayo,  I-Pew-Thian Yap, UGuorong Wu, UFeng Shi, Ixabiso lokwenyani, Yasong Du, UJianrong Xu, Imeyile ye-Yan Zhou, Imeyile kaDinggang Shen

Ipapashwe: NgoSeptemba 16, 2014

I-DoI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306

Abstract

Ingxaki yokulutha i-Intanethi (i-IAD) igqalwa ngokuchatshazeleka njengengxaki yempilo yengqondo, ngakumbi kulutsha. I-pathogenesis ehambelana ne-IAD, nangona kunjalo, ihlala ingacacanga. Kolu phando, sijolise ekuvavanyeni intsebenzo ye-encern ye-vijana ye-IAD ekuphumleni isebenzisa idatha ye-imaging resonance imaging. Samkele indlela ye-graph-theoretic yokuphazamisa ukuphazamiseka okunokubakho kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo ngokuhambelana neepropathi zenethiwekhi kubandakanya ubungqingqwa obuncinci behlabathi, impumelelo, kunye nentloko ye-17 yabantu abakwishumi elivisayo abane-IAD kunye ne-16 kuluntu oluhambelana nolawulo olusempilweni. Ukuvavanywa kwenqanaba lokuvavanywa okuyinyani kwe-parametric kwenziwa ukuvavanya ukubaluleka kwe-level level network network. Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso lwenzelwa ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi konxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye namanyathelo eklinikhi kwiqela le-IAD. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba kukho ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekusebenzeni ngokudibeneyo kweziguli ze-IAD, ngakumbi phakathi kwemimandla ebekwe ngaphambili, kwi-occipital, nakwi-parietal lobes. Unxibelelwano oluchaphazelekayo luluhlu olude kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-hemispheric. Nangona ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo lujongwa kwiimetimitha eziguqukayo zommandla, akukho mahluko kwi-topology yenethiwekhi yomhlaba phakathi kwe-IAD kunye namaqela aphilayo. Ukongeza, uhlengahlengiso lolungelelwaniso lubonisa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kwengingqi okubonakalayo kudityaniswa nobunzima be-IAD kunye novavanyo lwekliniki. Iziphumo zethu, ezihambelana ngokufanayo phakathi kwe-anatomically kunye ne-atlase ezichazwe ngokufanelekileyo, zicebisa ukuba i-IAD ibangele ukuphazamiseka kokunxibelelana kokusebenza kwaye, okubaluleke, ukuba ukuphazamiseka okunjalo kunokunxibelelana nokuphazamiseka kwendlela yokuziphatha.

Amanani

Citation: Wee CY, Zhao Z, Yap PT, Wu G, Shi F, et al. (2014) Umsebenzi ophazamisayo wobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha kwiArhente yokuHanjiswa kweziyobisi kwi-Intanethi: Isifundo sokuSebenza sokuLunga seMeko kaMhlaba sokuPhumla. I-PloS ONE 9 (9): e107306. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0107306

umhleli: Satoru Hayasaka, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States of America

I funyenwe: NgoJanuwari 20, 2014; Zamkelwa: Agasti 11, 2014; Yashicilelwe: Septemba 16, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Wee et al. Eli linqaku lokufikelela ngokuvulekileyo elihanjiswe phantsi kwemiqathango ye Ilayisenisi yeCreation Commons Licribution, evumela ukusetyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa, nokuvelisa okungahambisani naluphi na uhlobo, ukuba unobumba bokuqala kunye nomthombo baxelwe.

Inkxaso: Lo msebenzi wawuxhaswa yinxalenye yamaZiko ezeMpilo kaZwelonke (NIH) izibonelelo ze-EB006733, i-EB008374, i-EB009634, i-AG041721, kunye ne-CA140413, kunye ne-National Natural Science Foundation yase-China (81171325) kunye neNkqubo yeLizwe yeTekhnoloji yeR & D yeNkqubo 2007BAI17B03. Abaxhasi-mali bebengenandima kuyilo lokufunda, ukuqokelela idatha kunye nohlalutyo, isigqibo sokupapasha, okanye ukulungiselela umbhalo obhaliweyo.

Injongo yokunyanzela: Ababhali baye bavakalisa ukuba akukho mfuno ekhuphisanayo.

intshayelelo

Kuxelwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi kungakhokelela ekuguqukeni kweendlela zokuziphatha ezifana nezo zifumaneka kwiziyobisi nakwindlela yokungcakaza [1], [2]. Ngokunyuka kwenani labasebenzisi be-intanethi kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, le ngxaki iye yajongwa njengengxaki enkulu yezempilo yoluntu [3]. Iziyobisi ezikwi-Intanethi, kunye neziyobisi ezinxulumene nekhompyuter ngokubanzi, zibonakala ziyinto eqhubekayo, ichaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMelika nakumazwe aphesheya, ngezona zinga liphezulu leziganeko ezenzeka phakathi kolutsha nakwikholeji yabafundi kwimimandla eseAsia. [3]-[7]. Iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-intanethi ngexesha lokukhula komntwana kubaluleke kakhulu kwezonyango nakwezoluntu, njengoko ixesha lokufikisa lixesha lenguqu ebalulekileyo kwi-neurobiology enxulumene nokwenza izigqibo [8] kwaye ngokwenjenje kubonakalisa ukuba semngciphekweni okuphezulu wokuphazamiseka obandakanyekayo kunye nokulutha [9]-[11]. Ukusukela umsebenzi wesemina nguWancinci [2], umlutha we-intanethi utsale umdla obonakalayo koososayensi bezentlalo, koochwepheshe bezengqondo, kwezengqondo, nakutitshala.

Iimpawu zekliniki zeengxaki zokuziphatha ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi zichazwe phantsi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxilongwa, kubandakanywa ne-intanethi yeziyobisi zokulutha (IAD) [12], Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological [13], kunye nengxaki yokusebenzisa i-intanethi [14]. I-IAD ichongwe njengenganyanzeleki- ukulawula ukungalawuleki, kuba ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi ngaphandle kokufumana isiselo esinxilisayo, esifana nokungcakaza kwe-pathological. I-IAD ibonakalisa iimpawu ezifanayo zezinye iziyobisi, kubandakanya ukuphuhliswa kwezemfundo, ezemali kunye nobunzima bomsebenzi ngenxa yokuziphatha kunye neengxaki ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni ubudlelwane bobuqu nobusapho. Abantu abaphethwe yi-IAD bayakuchitha ixesha elininzi ndedwa, nto leyo ichaphazela ukusebenza kwabo okuqhelekileyo kwentlalo. Kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, izigulana zinokufumana ukungaphatheki kakuhle emzimbeni okanye iingxaki zonyango ezinje nge-carpal tunnel syndrome, amehlo awomileyo, ukuqaqanjelwa yintloko, intloko ebuhlungu, ukutya okungahambi kakuhle kunye nokulala okuphazamisekileyo [15], [16]. Ngaphezu koko, izigulana zihlala zinganyangeki kunyango lwe-IAD kwaye zinomgangatho ophakamileyo wokubuyela umva [17], kwaye uninzi lwazo lunezigulo ezinye iziyobisi, ezinje ngeziyobisi, utywala, ukungcakaza okanye isini [18].

Ngelixa i-IAD ingekaqwalaselwa njengesiyobisi okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwi-DSM-5 [19], kukho izifundo ezaneleyo, ikakhulu ezizinze kwimibuzo ebuzwa ngengqondo, ebonisa iziphumo ezingalunganga kubomi bemihla ngemihla ngokwendlela yokuziphatha, izinto zengqondo, ulawulo lweempawu, ukuqaqanjelwa kwezengqondo, isifo esisifo, kunye nesiphumo sonyango. [6], [20]-[23]. Ngaphandle kolu hlalutyo olusekwe ekuziphatheni, kusetyenziswe iindlela zobuchwephesha ekukhangeleni isiphumo sokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-intanethi kwiimpawu zesimo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu. [7], [24]-[29]. Ukubuyisela imeko yokusebenza kwe-magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) esebenzayo kwi vivo Isixhobo sokuphanda imisebenzi ye-neuronal yobuchopho, ngaphambili besele siqeshiwe ukuba sichaze ukuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka kweempawu ezisebenzayo ze-encephalic kwi-IAD [24], [26], [27], [30], e [27], Uhlalutyo lwe-homogeneity (ReHo) yengingqi, elilinganisa ukungqinelana kokuguquguquka kwesantya esisezantsi (LFF) ngaphakathi kothungelwano lwengqondo, kutyhila ulungelelwaniso oluphuculweyo phakathi kwemimandla yobuchopho enxulumene nomvuzo weendlela zezigulana ze-IAD. Uphononongo olufana nolwabantu abanokulutha kwi-intanethi yokudlala (i-OGA) ecetywayo kusetyenziswa i-amplitude ye-LF kwicala lasekhohlo le-medial orbitofrontal cortex, enokunxibelelana komzimba kwimimandla eliqela enxulumene nokuthathwa kwezigqibo ngokwenjongo, njenge-biomarker yesi sifo. [30]. Hong okqhubekayo. usebenzise i-network-based statistic (NBS) ukuhlalutya ukungafani kweqela kwintsebenzo phakathi komda phakathi kwe-IAD kunye namaqela olawulo, kunye nokuncipha okubanzi kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo kwabonwa kwiqela le-IAD, ngokukodwa, akukho siphazamiso sehlabathi jikelele [26]. Kwesinye isifundo esisebenza ngokudibeneyo sentsebenzo, iinguqulelo kuqhagamshelo lonxibelelwano olungasasebenziyo ziye zahlolwa kusetyenziswa umva we-cingxe cortex (PCC) njengommandla wembewu [24]. Iziphumo zabonisa ukunyuka kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-calteryal cerebellum posterior lobe kunye ne-tempry gyrus ephantsi, kunye nokuncipha kokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-parietal lobuhare be-bilateral kunye nelungelo elingaphantsi le-tempor gorus.

Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sisebenzisa igrafu-theoretic indlela yokuhlalutya i-IAD ngokusekwe kwi-R-fMRI yedatha. Siqala sivavanya ukubaluleka kokuphazamiseka kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo zeparametric ngokulungiswa okuninzi kokuthelekisa. Oku kusenza ukuba sikwazi ukukhangela ngokupheleleyo Ipateni egcweleyo yeengqondo kwaye i Iipatheni zonxibelelwano phakathi konxibelelwano olukhulu [31]. Okwesibini, siphanda ngokunokwenzeka ukuphazamiseka kokunxibelelana okunxulunyaniswa ne-IAD ngokwe iipropathi zothungelwano lwehlabathi, kubandakanya iipropathi zelizwe elincinci (okt, ukungqinelani kokulungelelanisa kunye nobude bendlela yomgama) kunye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi (okt ukusebenza ngokukuko kwehlabathi kunye nengingqi) kulawulo lwehlabathi elincinci. Okwesithathu, ngoluhlu olufanayo lwenethiwekhi, sivavanya ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwenethiwekhi ngokuthathela ingqalelo ubudlelwane bommandla nayo yonke into esebenzayo [32] ngokusekwe kumanqanaba okukhula kwe-ROI nganye. Sishukunyiselwa ukuba sisebenzise ubumbano lwenethiwekhi kuyo ngcono indawo imimandla ephazamisekileyo kwinqanaba lendawo engakumbi. Okokugqibela, sihlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwemetwork yenethiwekhi kunye namanqaku okuziphatha nawekliniki yabathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuphonononga unxibelelwano phakathi kwepropathi yenethiwekhi kunye nesiphumo seklinikhi siphucula ulwazi lwethu lwe-pathology yokulutha kwaye sinikeze ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kuphuhliso lweendlela zokufumanisa isifo ze-IAD.

Impahla nenkqubo

nxaxheba

Abathathe inxaxheba abangamashumi amathathu anesithathu, ababandakanya ulutsha lwe-17 ulutsha lwe-IAD (amadoda angama-15 kunye nabafazi be2) kunye ne-16 isini-, iminyaka-, kunye nemfundo-ehambelana nokulawulwa kwezempilo (izifundo ze-HC) (amadoda angama-14 kunye nabasetyhini be2), abathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. . Izigulana zaqeshwa kwiSebe lezaBantwana kunye neeNzululwazi zeeNzolo, iZiko lezeMpilo leShanghai eShanghai, iSikolo seZonyango seYunivesithi yaseShang Jiao Tong. Izifundo zolawulo zaqeshwa kwabahlali bendawo kusetyenziswa intengiso. Olu phando lwamkelwe yiKomiti yokuziPhatha kwiZonyango kunye neBhodi yeZiko lokuPhononongwa kweZiko laseShanghai ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki, kwaye imvume ebhaliweyo epheleleyo yafunyanwa kubazali / abagcini bomntu ngamnye othathe inxaxheba.

Ubungakanani be-IAD buqikelelwe ngokuxilongwa kwakhona. Zonke izifundo zacelwa ukuba zikhumbule indlela yazo yokuphila xa babelikhoboka le-intanethi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba likhoboka labo kwi-intanethi, abaguli baphinde babuyiswa ngokweMibuzo yoLwazi eNtsha yokuChonga (YDQ) yeenqobo zokulutha kwi-intanethi nguBeard noWolf [33], kunye nokuthembeka kwe-IAD eyenzekileyo ingxelo yaqinisekiswa ngodliwanondlebe nabazali babo. Izigulana ze-IAD zichithe ubuncinci iiyure ngosuku kwi-intanethi okanye kwi-intanethi yokudlala, kunye iintsuku ngeveki. Siqinisekisile olu lwazi kubantu esihlala nabo kunye nabo sasifunda nabo abaguli ukuba bahlala befuna ukuba kwi-intanethi ezinzulwini zobusuku, bephazamisa ubomi babanye ngaphandle kweziphumo. Qaphela bonke abaguli babelikhoboka le-intanethi ubuncinci okanye ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-2. Iinkcukacha ze-YDQ eguqulweyo yeenqobo zokulutha kwi-intanethi zibonelelwe kwi Ifayile yeS1.

Ukulandela uphando lwangaphambili lwe-IAD [34], kuphela ezo ii-HCs ezichithe ixesha elingaphantsi kweeyure ze-2 (iyure esetyenzisiweyo = ) ngosuku ngosuku kwi-intanethi ibandakanyiwe kufundo lwangoku. Iqela le-HC lichithwe iintsuku ngeveki kwi-intanethi. Ii-HCs zavavanywa kwakhona ngeekhowudi ze-YDQ eziguqulweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ababandezeleki yi-IAD. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abaqeshiweyo babezizithethi zaseTshayina kwaye babengazange basebenzise izinto ezingekho mthethweni. Qaphela i-YDQ eguqulweyo yaguqulelwa kwisiTshayina ukulungiselela abathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuqhubela phambili ukuthethelela iziphumo zokufumanisa isifo, elinye inyathelo lokuchonga i-IAD, iSikali seNgcaciso yokuLungiswa kwi-Intanethi (YIAS) [35], yenzelwe umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye. I-YIAS yikhweshine ye-20-nto yaphuhliswa nguGqr. Kimberly Omncinci ukuvavanya isidanga se-intanethi. Icwangcisa abasebenzisi be-intanethi kwiidigri ezintathu zobunzima ngokusekwe kwisikimu senqaku le100-point scheme: umsebenzisi othobekileyo kwi-Intanethi ( amanqaku), umsebenzisi ophakathi kwi-Intanethi ( amanqaku), kunye nomsebenzisi onamandla kwi-Intanethi ( amanqaku).

Ngaphandle kokuchonga i-IAD ngokusebenzisa i-YDQ eguqulweyo kunye ne-YIAS, iimeko zokuziphatha zabaguli be-IAD zavavanywa kusetyenziswa imibuzo emininzi enxulumene nokuziphatha: I-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) [36], UMda wokuLawulwa kweXesha lexesha (i-TMDS) [37], Amandla kunye nobunzima bephepha lemibuzo (SDQ) [38], kunye nesixhobo sovavanyo loSapho seMcMaster (FAD) [39]. Zombini iinguqulelo zomntwana kunye nomzali ze-SDQ zisetyenziswe kwisifundo. Iinkcukacha zeli phepha lemibuzo zinikezwe kwi Ifayile yeS1.

Phambi kokuba kwenziwe udliwanondlebe nembali yezonyango, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana uvavanyo lomzimba olulula (uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye novavanyo lwentliziyo) ukungabandakanyi ukuphazamiseka komzimba okunxulumene nokushukuma, iswekile, uvalo, ukuphefumla, ukujikeleza kwegazi, i-endocrine, umchamo, kunye neenkqubo zokuzala. Iikhrayitheriya zokukhuphela zibandakanyiwe: i-1) imbali yengqondo yengqondo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwengqondo, njengokuphazamiseka kwengxaki yoxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, ukunyanzeliswa, isifo sengqondo (i-schizophrenia), i-autism, okanye isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo; I-2) imbali yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi okanye ukuxhomekeka; I-3) imbali yokuphazamiseka komzimba enxulumene nokushukuma, ukugaya, ukungasebenzi, ukuphefumla, ukujikeleza, i-endocrine, umchamo, kunye neenkqubo zokuzala; kunye ne-4) ukukhulelwa okanye ixesha lokuya esikhathini kubafazi ngexesha lokuskena. Le nkqubo yokuthintela ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kolu phononongo abachaphazeleka ngenxa yokuphazamiseka emzimbeni, kwimithambo-luvo okanye kwi-neuropsychiatric kwaye ke oko kunciphisa ukubanakho kokufunyenweyo. Ulwazi olunzulu lweendawo zokuhlala kunye namanqaku ezeklinikhi anikezelwa ngaphakathi 1 Table.

thumbnail

Itheyibhile 1. Ulwazi ngobume babathathi-nxaxheba abathathe inxaxheba kolu phando.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t001

Ukufunyanwa kweDatha kunye nokuPhumelela kwangaphambili

Ukufunyanwa kwedatha kwenziwa kusetyenziswa iskena se-3.0 Tesla (uPhilips Achieva). Imifanekiso yokuphumla-yenqanaba lomthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye yafunyanwa kunye nexesha le-echo (TE) = I-30 ms kunye nexesha lokuphindaphinda (TR) = 2000 ms. Imatrix yokufumana yayiyi-64 × 64 ine-font yoxande ye-230 × 230 mm2, kunye nesisombululo se-voxel se-3.59 × 3.59 × 4 mm3. Iskena sifakiwe kwiivolumu ze220 zomthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye. Ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwedatha, abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba balale ngokuthe cwaka kwisikena amehlo abo avalekile. Nangona kungekho buchule busetyenziswayo okanye isixhobo esasisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuba izifundo zivalile na ngokwazo, izifundo ziqinisekisile ukuba ziyazi kwaye zigcinwe zivaliwe ngexesha lokuskena.

Ukulungiswa kwedatha kwenziwa kusetyenziswa imibhobho esemgangathweni kwiibhokisi zezixhobo ze-R-fMRI kwiibhokisi zezixhobo, i-DPARSF [40] KUNYE nokuphumla [41]. Phambi kokuba kwenzeke naluphi na ukhululo, imixholo yokuqala ye-10 R-fMRI kwisifundo ngasinye yalahlwa ukuze kufezekiswe ukulingana kwemagnethi. Iivolumu ze-R-fMRI beziqhelekile kwindawo ye-MNI ngesisombululo 3 × 3 × 3 mm3. Uhlengahlengiso lweempawu zentsingiselo kubandakanywa i-ventricle, into emhlophe, kunye neempawu zomhlaba jikelele zenziwa. Akukho namnye kubathathi-nxaxheba ababandakanywanga ngokusekwe kwimigangatho yokufuduswa okungaphezulu kwe-3 mm okanye ujikelezo lwe-angular lungaphezulu kwe-3 degrees kulo naliphi na icala. Ukunciphisa ngakumbi iimpembelelo zokuhamba kwentloko, sisebenzise uFriston 24-ulungelelwaniso lomgaqo we-voxel kunye ne-voxel-ekhethekileyo esibonisa ukuhamba ngobume bommandla (FD) [42] ngomqobo we-FD we-0.5. Phambi koqikelelo lonxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ixesha elithetha ukuba yi-R-fMRI yexesha le-ROI nganye yahlanjululwa ngebhendi ( Hz).

Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi kunye nohlalutyo lonxibelelwano lomntu ngamnye

Uhlalutyo lwegrafu olwandisiweyo lwamkelwa kolu phononongo ukuze kuphandwe uhlengahlengiso olusebenzayo lobuchwephesha bobuchopho obubangelwa yi-IAD phakathi kweqela lolutsha lwaseTshayina. Umsebenzi wothungelwano olusebenzayo lwakhiwa kwinqanaba le-macroscale apho iindawo ezimileyo zibonisa imimandla yobuchopho echaziweyo kwaye imiphetho imele uxhulumaniso olusebenzayo lokuphumla kombuso (RSFC). Ukucacisa ii-node zenethiwekhi, sayiphumza ingqondo yangena Imimandla-yomdla (i-ROIs) ngokufaka imifanekiso kwimifanekiso ye-fMRI kwi-anbula yeLungelo lokuTshintsha i-anatomical Labels (AAL) [43]. Imimandla esekwe kwi-AAL ato idweliswe kwiTafile S1 kuyo Ifayile yeS1. Uluhlu lwexesha lokumelwa kwe-ROI nganye emva koko yafunyanwa ngokuhambisa umda wexesha elichaziweyo kuzo zonke ii-voxels kwi-ROI nganye. Ukulinganisa i-RSFC ejikelezayo, sibala ulungelelwaniso lwePearlon ye-pairwise konke kunokwenzeka (() = 4005) I-ROI izibini kwaye yakha matrix yokuqhagamshelwa kolungelelwaniso ukumela olu nxibelelwano. Sihlalutye ukwahluka kwenqanaba leqela phakathi kwesibini ngasinye see-ROI ngokwamandla oxhumano. Umahluko obalulekileyo kunxibelelwano ngalunye olwenziweyo kuvavanywa kusetyenziswa ubuninzi bemali (isibini-somsila) -ukuvavanywa ngomda we kunye nenqanaba lokufumanisa okungamanga (FDR) ukulungiswa.

IiMetwork zeNethiwekhi kunye noPhononongo lweempawu

Isiseko sokunxibelelana esisekwe ePearson sisebenza ngokudibeneyo, sinento eninzi yokuphamba, amandla asezantsi. Ukuphucula imodeli yothungelwano lobuchopho bomntu, ebonisa iipropathi zomhlaba omncinci, intsebenzo yomntu ngamnye yokunxibelelana matrix yaphinda yaqhubekiswa ukuba noluhlu olunqabileyo oluwela kulawulo lwehlabathi elincinci () [44]-[48]. Olu lawulo luqinisekisa ukuhambelana kweempawu ezincinci zelizwe elincinci lothungelwano lobuchopho be-90 ROIs [44]. Ngokukodwa, imatrix yokunxibelelana kwePearson yesifundo ngasinye yaguqulwa yaba yimatriki zokudibanisa imeko, , ngokwe-sparsity echazwe kwangaphambili, apho konke ziqalelwe kusetyenzwa enye, kwaye emva koko izinto ezihambelana namaxabiso aphantsi wokudityaniswa ziphinda zibekwe zero ukuya kwinqanaba elithile le-sparsity. Ngokusekwe kwezi uthungelwano, sisebenzise i-metrics zenethiwekhi zelizwe nezommandla ukuhlalutya uyilo ngokubanzi kunye nentloko yommandla wothungelwano lobuchopho kuthelekiso lweqela. Iimetwork zehlabathi jikelele eziqeshiweyo zibandakanya iiparameter zomhlaba omncinci, oko kukuthi, ukuqiniswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo (kunye nobude bendlela yomlinganiso) [49], [50], kunye nokusebenza kothungelwano lwehlabathi () kunye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi yengingqi). Ukongeza, sibala inguqulelo eqhelekileyo yala manyathelo kusetyenziswa iinethiwekhi ezingahleliwe (, yaye ) Ukuqinisekisa iipropathi zomhlaba omncinci wothungelwano lwengqondo olwakhiweyo. Sichaza uthungelwano njengelizwe elincinci ukuba liyahlangabezana nezi nqobo zintathu zilandelayo: , , kunye nomyinge wehlabathi elincinci, . Iimpawu ezi-metal ezinkulu zentloko-idigri (), ukusebenza kakuhle), kunye naphakathi () -Ngingqi nganye yengqondo ibalwe ukuba iphande ngeempawu zasekhaya kwinethiwekhi esebenzayo [44], [46].

Ukuphanda ngokweenkcukacha manani phakathi kweqela, senze isampulu ezimbini, isampulu emibini -ukuvavanywa ngomda we (Ukulungiswa kwe-FDR) kumatshini womnatha ngamnye (wehlabathi nowengingqi) ngokusekwe kwindawo ephantsi kwejika (AUC) yendlela nganye yomnatha eyakhiwe ukusuka kulawulo lwehlabathi elincinci [48]. I-Auc ibonelela ngesishwankathelo seempawu eziphezulu zonxibelelwano lobuchopho kulo lonke ulawulo oluncinci lwehlabathi, endaweni yokuthathela ingqalelo kuphela kumxholo wokuqala we-sparsity [44], [51]. Ngokukodwa, kwetrattery nganye yenethiwekhi, siqale sabala ixabiso le-AUC yesifundo ngasinye kuthungelwano olunamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okosula emva koko senza iisampulu ezimbini -ukuvavanywa kweenkcukacha zamanani-manani nawaphi na umahluko wenqanaba leqela phakathi kwe-IAD kunye namaqela asempilweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngaphambi kovavanyo lweenkcukacha-manani, sisebenzise iifayile eziphindaphindiweyo ngokulandelelana ukususa iziphumo zobudala, isini kunye nemfundo, kunye nokusebenzisana kwabo [31], [52]-[54].

Ukunyaniseka kunye nokuphindaphinda usebenzisa iiAtali zokuSebenza

Kwisifundo sangoku, uthungelwano olusebenzayo lwakhiwa kwinqanaba lendawo ngokufaka ingqondo kuyo yonke i-90 ROIs esekwe kwi-AAL atlas. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba uthungelwano lobuchopho olususelwe kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa okanye ukusebenzisa izikali ezahlukeneyo zesithuba kunokubonakalisa uyilo olwahlukileyo olwahlukileyo [55]-[57]. Ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kunye nokuphindeka kweziphumo zethu, siphindaphinde iimvavanyo sisebenzisa i-atlasi ye-Dosenbach [58], ezahlule ingqondo yomntu kwi-160 ROIs, kubandakanya ne-cerebellum. Kule atlas, ROI nganye ichazwa njenge-10 mm ububanzi isikwere esijikeleze indawo ekhethiweyo yembewu, kwaye umgama phakathi kwawo onke amaziko e-ROI ubuncinci yi-10 mm ngaphandle kokugqobhoza indawo, oko kuthetha ukuba ezinye iindawo zobuchopho azigqutywanga kuseto lwee-ROIs.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweeMetwork zeNethiwekhi kunye neManqaku okuziphatha

Kwezo ngingqi (ngokusekwe kwi-AAL atlas) ezibonakalisa umahluko omkhulu wenqanaba leqela kwintloko yommandla, sisebenzise ulungelelwaniso lwePearlon (, FDR ilungisiwe) ukuhlalutya ubudlelwane phakathi kwepropathi yommandla ngamnye wenqaku kunye nokuziphatha komntu. Ngokukodwa, kuhlalutyo lokunxibelelana, iimetwork zenethiwekhi zanyangwa njengezinto ezixhomekekileyo, ngelixa amanqaku okuziphatha, okt, i-BIS-11, i-TMDS, i-SDQ, kunye ne-FAD, zaphathwa njengezinto ezizimeleyo eziguqukayo. Ukuqhubeka nokuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kwemimandla yengqondo echaphazelekayo kunye nobungqongqo besifo, sikwabala ulungelelwaniso lwePearson lokulingana phakathi kweempawu zenethiwekhi kunye namanqaku e-YIAS.

iziphumo

Ubuntu kunye neempawu zeKliniki

Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo ngokweminyaka, isini, kunye neminyaka yemfundo (konke kunye ) phakathi kwamaqela e-IAD ne-HC. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko omkhulu kusetyenziso lwe-intanethi ngokweentsuku zeveki (kunye neeyure ngosuku (). Ngelixa akukho mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwamaqela e-BIS-11 kunye namanqaku e-TMDS (konke nge ), i-SDQ-P (), SDQ-C (), kunye no-FAD () amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kwiqela le-IAD, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi 1 Table kwaye Umzobo 1. Ngokukodwa, i-YIAS (), umlinganiso weklinikhi osetyenzisiweyo ukwahlula i-IAD, ubonakalisa owona mahluko mkhulu weqela.

thumbnail

Umzobo 1. Umahluko phakathi kweqela ngokwamanyathelo okunyanga nawokuziphatha.

(YIAS = Isikali sokuLutha kwi-Intanethi kwabaNcinci, i-BIS-11 = iBarratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, TMDS = Ixesha lokuLawulwa kweSikali, i-SDQ-P = Amandla kunye nobunzima bephepha lemibuzo lomzali, i-SDQ-C = Amandla kunye nobunzima bephepha lemibuzo labantwana, i-FAD = McMaster Isixhobo soVavanyo loSapho).

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.g001

Unxibelelwano lomntu ngamnye

Xa kuthelekiswa neqela le-HC, ziinxalenye ezintathu zonxibelelwano kuphela ezinamava kutshintsho olubalulekileyo emva kokulungiswa kwe-FDR. Ukudityaniswa kwe-hemis hemic ezimbini, enye phakathi kwe-angular gyrus (iparietal lobe) kunye ne-cortex yecala elingakwesobunxele (enye yangaphambili) kunye nenye phakathi kwe-fusiform gyrus (i-occipital lobe) kunye ne-angular gyrus (i-parietal lobe), bonisa amandla okuqhagamshelwa ngaphakathi Izigulana ze-IAD. Unxibelelwano olunye lwe-intra-hemispheric, phakathi kwe-caudate elungileyo (i-subcortical cortex) elungileyo kunye ne-supramarginal gyrus (i-parietal lobe), lubonisa ukuncipha kokudibana kwiqela lesifo. Olu nxibelelwano lusebenze ngokutshintsha kakhulu luboniswa kwi Umzobo 2. Ukudityaniswa kombala obomvu kunye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuthetha ukonyuka nokuncipha kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo, ngokulandelanayo, kwiqela le-IAD. Qaphela ukuba uninzi lothungelwano olusebenzayo lubandakanya imimandla ekule hemisphere elungileyo kunye neparietal lobe.

thumbnail

Umzobo 2. Uqhakamshelwano olusebenzayo lonxibelelwano olusebenzayo kwizigulana ze-IAD (FDR zilungiswe).

Bomvu: ukunyuka kokunxibelelana kokusebenza, Luhlaza: kunciphile umsebenzi onxibelelanayo. (I-FRO: Ngaphambili, i-INS: i-Insula, i-TEM: Yokwexeshana, i-PAR: I-Parietal, i-OCC: i-Occupital, i-IL: I-Limbic, i-SBC: Subcortical). Oku kubonwa kuyenziwa kusetyenziswa iphakheji yoMbonisi weBrainNet (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnvkunye neeSetyhula (http://circos.ca/).

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.g002

Iimpawu zomhlaba wonke zeeNethiwekhi eziSebenzayo

Sikhangele indawo ezinobunkunkqele bokusebenza kwengqondo esebenza ngaphakathi ngokuthelekisa iindlela zabo zokuziphatha ezincinci zomhlaba ngothelekiso olungenakuthelekiswa nanto kumanqanaba e-sparsity enethiwekhi ezininzi, . Ngokukodwa, siphande iiparameter zehlabathi ezincinci (umzekelo, ukuqiniswa kokulingana, ubude bendlela yomlingisi, kunye nomyinge wehlabathi elincinci, ), kunye nokusebenza kwehlabathi kunye nokwasekhaya. Inethiwekhi ezingahleliwe ezisetyenziswe kuphando zilondoloze inani leendawo kunye nemiphetho, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamanqanaba othungelwano lwangempela lobuchwephesha kwinkxalabo ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bokuphinda buchazwe [59]. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani kusetyenziswa iisampulu ezimbini -Ivavanyo, I-FDR elungiswe) kumaxabiso e-AUC ngaphezulu kolawulo lwehlabathi elincinci alibonisi umohluko mkhulu phakathi kwamaqela e-IAD kunye ne-HC ngokwepropathi yenethiwekhi yomhlaba.

Iimpawu zeNodal zengingqi zeeNethiwekhi eziSebenzayo

Ngaphandle kwe-topology yehlabathi elincinci eqhelekileyo, kukho umahluko obonakalayo wenqanaba lamaqela oqwalaselweyo kwisithili sokuba kungqukuva. Kolu phando, sithatha indawo yengqondo ukuba iguqulwe ngokubonakalayo kwiqela le-IAD ukuba ubuncinci beemetric zayo zommandla zinomgaqo -Igama elincinci kune-0.05 (FDR elungisiweyo) ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso ayo e-AUC. 2 Table ishwankathela imimandla eguqulwe ngokubalulekileyo kwizigulana ze-IAD. Xa kuthelekiswa neqela le-HC, abaguli be-IAD babonisa uguquko lwe-nodal centrality ikakhulu kwindawo ekumgangatho ophantsi we-parietal lobule (IPL), thalamus (THA), kunye neminye imimandla efana ne-limbic system, ngokuthe ngqo i-anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) kunye nokunene embindini ophakathi we-gyrus (MCG). Ngokukodwa, i-IPL kunye ne-ACG ziinxalenye zenethiwekhi engasasebenziyo yendlela yokusebenza (DMN), ebikade idityaniswa kuqhagamshelo olungaguqukiyo ekuthengisweni kweziyobisi [60]-[62].

thumbnail

Itheyibhile 2. Imimandla ebonisa ukungahambi kakuhle kwentloko kwizigulana ze-IAD xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni (HC) olusekwe kwi-AAL atlas.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t002

Ukunyaniseka kunye nokuphindaphinda usebenzisa iiAtali zokuSebenza

Xa i-atlasi ye-Dosenbach isetyenziselwa ukuchaza ii-ROI, umahluko obonakalayo weqela ujongwa ikakhulu kunxibelelwano lwangaphambili kunye neparietali kwi-cerebellem. Ezi ziphumo zishwankathelwe ku 3 Table. Nangona olu nxibelelwano luhlukile kolo luchongwe ngokusekwe kwi-AAL atlas, unxibelelwano oluninzi oluphazamisekileyo lubandakanya i-lobes efanayo yobuchopho, ngaphandle kwemimandla ye-cerebellum. Ngokumalunga nemetwork yenethiwekhi yehlabathi, asifumananga mahluko phakathi kwamaqela e-IAD kunye ne-HC, efanayo kwiziphumo ezisekwe kwi-AAL atlas. Kwiimetrikhi zothungelwano lwasekhaya, sifumanise ukuba ezinye zeengingqi ezichongiweyo zikwindawo efanelekileyo kufutshane nemimandla echongiweyo ngokusekwe kwindawo ye-AAL, njenge-ACG kunye ne-THA njengoko inikezelwe 4 Table.

thumbnail

Itheyibhile 3. Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kubantu be-IAD abaye bahlangabezana notshintsho olubalulekileyo olusekwe kwi-atos ye-Dosenbach.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t003

thumbnail

Uluhlu lwe-4.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.t004

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweeMetrikhi zenethiwekhi kunye neMilinganiselo yokuZiphatha

Akukho nto ibalulekileyo (, I-FDR ilungiswe) unxibelelwano phakathi kwemetwork yenethiwekhi yehlabathi (, , , yaye ) kunye namanqaku okuziphatha nawekliniki. Nangona kunjalo, i-metric nodal yeengingqi zemimandla eliqela ubukhulu becala, I-FDR ilungisiwe) idibene nokuziphatha kunye namanqaku ezonyango. I-ACG elungileyo idityaniswe kakuhle nenqaku le-YIAS. I-MCG elungileyo idityaniswe kakuhle nenqaku le-YIAS. I-THA yasekhohlo inxibelelana kakuhle ne-YIAS kunye namanqaku e-SDQ-P. Nangona kunjalo, i-IPL yasekhohlo ayihambelani kakhulu kulo naluphi na uhlobo lokuziphatha okanye amanqaku ekliniki. Imimandla yobuchopho ehambelana kakhulu nokuziphatha kunye namanqaku ezonyango aboniswe ngaphakathi Umzobo 3.

thumbnail

Umzobo 3. Imimandla yobuchopho ehambelana kakhulu nokuziphatha kunye namanqaku ezonyango kwiqela le-IAD (i-FDR elungisiweyo).

Lo mzekeliso wenziwe usebenzisa iphakheji yokujonga iBrainNet (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv). (YIAS = Inqaku lokuLutsha kwi-Intanethi, i-BIS-11 = iBarratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, TMDS = Ixesha lokuLawulwa kweSikali, i-SDQ-P = Amandla kunye nobunzima bephepha lemibuzo labazali, i-SDQ-C = Amandla kunye nobunzima bephepha lemibuzo yabantwana.).

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.g003

ingxoxo

Iinguqu zoNxibelelwano lwaBntu oluSebenzayo

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ngcono imeko yezifo ezichaphazela abantwana nolutsha, ezikhokelela kunyango lwakwangoko. Ngokusekwe kwigrafu yohlalutyo lwedatha ye-R-fMRI yedatha, kucetyisiwe ukuba umbutho osebenzayo wobuchopho bomntu ukhula kwaye uvela ebuntwaneni uye ebusheni uye ebudaleni ngokulandela imeko eyahlukileyo-ulwahlulo olukhulu ekusebenzeni kwabantwana kunye nokudityaniswa okukhulu kokusebenza kwabantu abadala e inqanaba elipheleleyo lobuchopho [63]-[66]. Ngokukodwa, umbutho wothungelwano olusebenzayo lwengqondo lutshintsha ukusuka kunxibelelwano lwasekhaya ukuya kuyilo olusasazwe ngakumbi ngophuhliso [63], [66], apho abantu abadala bathambekele ekubeni banxibelelane ngokufutshane kunye nolwalamano oluluqilima olomeleleyo kunolwabantwana [65].

Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba unxibelelwano oluphazamisekileyo olubonwe kwi-IAD, nangona lulungiselelwe kuphela emva kohlengahlengiso lwe-FDR, luluhlu olude kunye nokunxibelelana kokusebenza kwe-hemispatic kubalulekile kunxibelelwano lomgama omde kwingqondo yomntu. Ukuphazamiseka kokunxibelelana okude kunye nokuhlangana kwe-hemispheric luphawu oluqhelekileyo kwizenzo ezininzi zokuziphatha, kubandakanya i-autism [67]-[70]I-schizophrenia [71], iziyobisi ze-opioid [72], [73], kunye ne-cocaine [74]. Ukuphazamiseka konxibelelwano olukumgama olude kunokubonwa njengokusilela kwenkqubo yokudityaniswa ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi esebenzayo yokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu. [63], [64], [75]ukuphambuka kwindlela yokusebenza yesiqhelo ye-neurodevelopmental. Yiyo loo nto ke sikhankanya ukuba ukukhula okungaqhelekanga kokunxibelelana okude kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo kolutsha olujongwe kolu phando sesinye sezizathu ezinokubakho zokuziphatha kwabo.

Utshintsho kwiPropathi yeNtanethi yeHlabathi

Ingqondo yomntu ithathwa njengesixokelelwano esinezinto ezinamandla nezihlanganisiweyo zokunxibelelana ezinezinto ezibalulekileyo zeteknoloji, ezinje ngobuncinci behlabathi, ukusebenza ngokuphezulu ngexabiso eliphantsi, kunye nee-hubs ezixhumene kakhulu. [46], [76]-[79]. Kwinethiwekhi yehlabathi elincinci, ii-node zidityanisiwe ekuhlaleni zisebenza kwimodyuli yolwazi kwaye ziqhagamshelelwa kude kwinani elincinci lonxibelelwano olukumgama olude ukuze usebenze ngokugqibeleleyo [50]. Omabini la maqela e-IAD ne-HC abonise iipropathi zomhlaba omncinci, okt, ii-coefficients eziphezulu () kunye neendlela ezifanayo zobude), xa kuthelekiswa nenethiwekhi engathelekisekiyo. Nangona kunjalo, siqwalasele ukukhula okukuko okuqhelekileyo okuqhelekileyo okuhlanganisiweyo kunye nobude obufanayo bendlela yomlinganiso kwiqela le-IAD xa kuthelekiswa neqela leHC ngaphezulu koxinano, ngokuhambelana nezifundo zangaphambili ze-R-fMRI [26]. Intsebenzo enkulu yokuhlangana yokubonakalisa iphazamiso ukudityaniswa kwe-neuronal phakathi kwemimandla ekude, ebonakalisa indawo ethe qelele ekude kunye nokunxibelelana okukufutshane kokusebenza okusebenzayo kumaqela e-IAD kunye ne-HC. Ukuqhubela phambili kwamanqanaba onyango, ukusukela kancinane ukuya kuqinileyo, kunokubangela ukonakala okungaphezulu okanye ukunqamka konxibelelwano olude, kwaye kungakhuthaza ukusekwa konxibelelwano olukufutshane ngaphakathi kwiqela njengeendlela ezizezinye zokugcina ukuhanjiswa kolwazi phakathi kwemimandla emibini ekude. Nangona kunjalo, ukusekwa konxibelelwano olukufutshane kunokuzisa amaqela angaqhelekanga ukuba andise umngcipheko wokuvelisa ukungalawuleki okanye ukuhamba kolwazi ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Kwelinye icala, zonke iinethiwekhi zobuchopho zibonise ukuqhubekeka kolwazi olufanayo lokusebenza kwehlabathi kunye nokwasekhaya ngokuthelekiswa nenethiwekhi engalinganisekiyo [80]. Ezi ziphumo zixhasa umbono wokuba imodeli yomhlaba omncinci wobuchopho bomntu obonelela ngokudityaniswa okulingene kokukhethekileyo kwendawo kunye nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi [81]. Ukujonga kwethu akukho mehluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwamaqela e-IAD kunye ne-HC ngokweendlela zenethiwekhi yomhlaba kunokuthetha ukuba utshintsho lolwakhiwo lwenethiwekhi esebenzayo kwi-IAD alunangqondo. Ngenxa yoko, uphando olwenziweyo malunga ne-biAD ye-IAD yeebhayomtheyitha ezichazayo zingabonisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nezifo zesifo, kunye nokulutha.

Iimpawu zeNodal zengingqi zeeNethiwekhi eziSebenzayo

Utshintsho olunxulumene ne-IAD ngokunxulumene ne-nodal centrality lufumaneka ikakhulu kumacandelo enkqubo ye-limbic kubandakanya i-ACG kunye ne-MCG, i-IPL, kunye ne-THA. Ukuphazamiseka kwezi ngingqi kunye neendlela zazo zoqhakamshelwano zinokutolikwa ukubonisa ukuphungulwa kokulungiswa kolwazi, ngokunokwenzeka ukubonakalisa ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwi-IAD.

I-cingulate gyrus (CG), eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo ye-limbic, ibandakanyeka kulwakhiwo lweemvakalelo kunye nokusebenza, ukufunda kunye nenkumbulo, umsebenzi olawulayo, kunye nolawulo lokuphefumla [82]. Ifumana igalelo kwi-THA nakwi-neocortex kunye neeprojekthi kwi-cortex ye-entorhinal ngokusebenzisa i-cingulum. Le ndlela iphambili igxile kwizigameko ezibalulekileyo ngokwasemphefumlweni kwaye ilawula indlela yokuziphatha enolunya [29]. Ukuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi enxulumene ne-CG kunokuphazamisa ukubanakho komntu ekubekeni esweni nasekulawuleni indlela aziphethe ngayo, ngakumbi indlela yokuziphatha enxulumene neemvakalelo [83]. Uninzi lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nokuziphatha okucazulweyo kubonakalise utshintsho oluphangaleleyo kwiindawo ezingaphandle kunye nasemva kwecandelo le-CG (ACG kunye ne-PCG), kubandakanya ulikhoboka lotywala. [84], ukugembula kwengqondo [85], kunye ne-IAD [27], [29]. Kwabaxhaphazi becocaine, ezifanayo, ezongezelelweyo ezongeziweyo kwi-MCG nazo ziye zaxelwa [86]. Kwizifundo ze-fMRI zangaphambili, ikwabonakalisiwe ukuba i-anterior, ephakathi, kunye ne-CG yangaphambili iyachaphazeleka kwiimeko zomvuzo nezohlwayo. [87]. Ngenxa yendima ye-MCG ekusingatheni iimvakalelo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga, akumangalisi ukuba le ndawo ibonise ukuphazamiseka kwendlela yokuxhuma kwizigulana ze-IAD.

I-THA yi switchboard yolwazi lobuchopho kwaye ibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi emininzi yobuchopho kubandakanya ukulungiswa komvuzo [88]Iindlela zokuziphatha ezijolise kwinjongo, kunye nemisebenzi yokuqonda kunye nemoto [89]. Ihambisa imiqondiso yeemvakalelo kunye neemoto ezivela kwimimandla engaphantsi kwecortort ye-cerebral [90]. Nge-THA, i-cortex ye-orbitofrontal ifumana uqikelelo oluthe ngqo nolungathanga ngqo kweminye imimandla yobuchopho belungu lomzimba obandakanyeka ekuqiniseni iziyobisi, njenge-amygdala, CG, kunye ne-hippocampus [91], ukulawula nokulungisa umvuzo- kunye neendlela ezinxulumene nezohlwayo [92]. Isiphaluka esingaqhelekanga se-thalamo-cortical circry esifunyanwa kwimilutha yomdlalo we-Intanethi [93] inokucebisa ukonakala kokusebenza kwe-THA okunxulumene neepateni ezingalunganga zomgangatho wobuthongo [94] nokujonga okujolise kwikhompyuter. Ukongeza, i-THA isebenza ngokudibeneyo kwi-hippocampus [95] Njengenxalenye yenkqubo ye-hippocampal eyandisiweyo, ebaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yokuqonda njengokuhamba komhlaba kunye nokudityaniswa kolwazi ukusuka kwimemori yexesha elifutshane ukuya kwimemori yexesha elide [96], [97].

Siphonononge utshintsho olukhulu lweendawo eziphambili ze-IPL, ngokuhambelana neziphumo ezixeliweyo kwizifundo ze-IAD ezisisiseko ze-IAD. [24], [93]. Ngokufana ne-THA, i-IPL iqhagamshelwe kakhulu kwindawo yokujonga, yokubonayo, kunye neye-cortexes, kwaye iyakwazi ukuqhubekeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye. Njengomnye wokugqibela wokuphuhliswa kobuchopho bomntu ngexesha lophuhliso, i-IPL inokuba sesichengeni sokuboniswa okugqithisileyo kwesimo sokuphawula nokubona, ngakumbi ngexesha lobuntwana. Ukuthintelwa kwe-IPL okubangelwa kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi kungacinezela amandla omntu wokulamla ngokufanelekileyo impendulo yokuthintelwa kommiselo wokuphenjelelwa [98], [99], ukonakalisa amandla abo okumelana neminqweno ye-Intanethi ekhokelela kwi-intanethi, enokuthi iphazamise ngakumbi i-IPL. Iipateni ezinjalo ezijikelezayo zihlala zibonwa kwiziyobisi nakwindlela yokuziphatha.

Imimandla ye-DMN ihlala isebenza ngokuphumla ngakumbi kunokwenza imisebenzi ebhekiswe kwinjongo [62]. Le mimandla yaziwa ngokuba nenxaxheba kutshintsho lweemvakalelo kunye nemisebenzi yokuzihlola, kubandakanya nokuvavanya ubungcwele bemicimbi yangaphakathi neyangaphandle, ukukhumbula ixesha elidlulileyo, nokucwangciswa kwekamva [60], [62], zeziphi iikhrayitheriya ezifanelekileyo kwi-diagnostic IAD. Kwaphakanyiswa ngaphambili ukuba unxibelelwano olutshintshayo olubandakanya imimandla ye-DMN inegalelo kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwezifo [100]kubandakanya iziyobisi [101], [102] kunye nokuziphatha kakubi [24], [103]. Iziphumo zethu zokutshintshwa konxibelelwano olusebenzayo olubandakanya imimandla eliqela ye-DMN ngokungqinelana nenxalenye nokujonga kwangaphambili, okucebisa ukuba i-DMN inamandla okusebenza njenge-biomarker yokuchonga izigulana ze-IAD.

Ukunyaniseka kunye nokuphindaphinda usebenzisa iiAtali zokuSebenza

Eminye imimandla yobuchopho engaqhelekanga echongiweyo ngokusekwe kwi-atali ye-AAL nayo yachongwa kusetyenziswa i-atlas esebenzayo, exhasa ukuthembeka kunye nokuphindaphinda kwiziphumo zethu. Isizathu sinye sesinye sezizathu ezahlukileyo zolawulo isetyenziswe kolu phando. Iimpawu zomhlaba omncinci womnatha wonxibelelwano owakhiwe ngokusekwe kwi-AAL atlas ye90 ROIs ihambelana kakhulu kolu luhlu [44]. Nangona kunjalo, olu luhlu lwe-sparsity alunakuba lwaneleyo kwii-atlases ezinamanani awahlukeneyo e-ROIs. Ngapha koko, ii-ROIs ezifunyenwe kwi-atos ye-Dosenbach zichazwa ngokusebenza kwaye azigqali ngengqondo iphela [58]. Kule atlas, amaziko ayo yonke i-160 ROIs aqala achongwa kwaye indawo enomlinganiso we-5 mm ikhula kwiziko ngalinye, ivelisa i-10 mm spherical ROI. Iziko le-ROI nganye libekiwe ukuba libe ubuncinci be-10 mm ngaphandle kwamaziko ezinye ii-ROI, ezikhokelela kwi-atlas engasasebenziyo kwindawo. Kwelinye icala, i-atali ye-AAL igubungela izicubu zomgubo wengwevu iphela. Lo mahluko kwincazelo ye-ROI kunye nommandla opheleleyo ogutyungelweyo unokuba negalelo ekungafanini kweziphumo. Yiyo loo nto, uphando olongezelelekileyo kusetyenziswa i-cohort enkulu luyimfuneko ukumisela ubungakanani bokukhethwa kweskim se-parcellation scheme kuchaphazela ubume beteology topology.

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kweeMetwork zeNethiwekhi kunye neMilinganiselo yokuZiphatha

Kolu phononongo, asizange siqwalasele naluphi na unxibelelwano phakathi kwemetwork yenethiwekhi yomhlaba kunye neendlela zokuziphatha, okuthetha ukungabikho kotshintsho kwi-topology yengqondo yonke. Oku kufumanisa kunokuphakamisa ukuba iyantlukwano yothungelwano lobuchopho lufihlakele ngenxa yobuchopho bengqondo yomntu (neuroplasticity) [104], [105] Ukufumana kwakhona imisebenzi yayo yemihla ngemihla kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela (neural circry). Ubuninzi beplastiki bubandakanya ukuhlengahlengiswa konxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli ze-nerve okanye ii-neurons kwaye zinokuchukunyiswa zizinto ezininzi. [106]-[108]. Kwenzeka ngendlela enxulumene nobudala kunye nokuxhaphaka okukhulu ngexesha lobuntwana kunye nokufikisa kunobudala, ukucebisa ukubuyisela okungcono konxibelelwano lwe-neuronal engalunganga kulutsha olunne-IAD. Ngapha koko, kubonisiwe ukuba iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, ezisuka kumlutha ukuya kuphazamiseko kwengqondo kunye nengqondo, zidityaniswa notshintsho olwenziwe endaweni kwimjikelezo ye-neural [106]. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba amanqanaba othungelwano lomhlaba jikelele olunje malunga nokuhambelana kokulungelelana, ubude bomlinganiso weempawu, kunye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi akunqabile ekufumaneni utshintsho lokuhambahamba kwengqondo kwiqela le-IAD.

Nangona kunjalo, i-metric nodal yommandla weengingqi ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho zidibene namanye amanyathelo okuziphatha. Ngokukodwa, inguqulelo yomzali ye-SDQ (SDQ-P), ethi imisele amandla omntu ukuphatha ngokufanelekileyo ukunyanzeliswa kunye nobunzima beemvakalelo kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha okubi ngokusekwe kulwazi olunikezwe ngabazali babafundi abafikisayo. zidityaniswe nemimandla yokusebenza kwengqondo echaphazelekayo efumaneka kwi-IAD. Ukungakwazi ukulawula isimilo esishukumisayo kunye neemvakalelo lolunye lweempawu eziphambili zokuziphatha. Yinto eqhelekileyo ukuba abaguli abazi nto malunga neenguqu kwiimvakalelo zabo kunye nokuziphatha nangona olu tshintsho libonakala kubantu ababangqongileyo. Esi inokuba sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba kutheni kungekho nanye yamanyathelo othungelwano ahambelana nohlobo lwabantwana be-SDQ (SDQ-C) ngenxa yohlobo lokuzivavanya. Kwelinye icala, akukho lungelelwaniso lubalulekileyo phakathi kwamanyathelo othungelwano lwengingqi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha kubandakanya iBIS-11, FAD, kunye ne-TMDS. Oku kukhangela kuxhaswa ngabakhulu Imigangatho yala manyathelo phakathi kwe-IAD kunye namaqela aphilayo (1 Table). Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zingacebisa ukuba ezinye zezi ndlela zokuziphatha ziluncedo ekuchongeni imimandla echaphazelekayo kwaye ke oko kunceda ukufumanisa isifo se-IAD, nangona umsebenzi omninzi usafuneka ukuqonda ngcono iindima zala manyathelo kukuziphatha okanye ukuphazamiseka.

Imicimbi yeNdlela / imiqobo

Kukho izithintelo ezininzi ekufuneka zibalaselisiwe kolu phando. Okokuqala, ukufunyaniswa kwe-IAD ikakhulu yayisekwe kwiziphumo ezivela kumaphepha emibuzo azichazayo, anokuthi achaphazele ukuthembeka kokufunyaniswa. Kwixesha elizayo, izixhobo zokuqonda ezichongiweyo zokuchongwa kwe-IAD kufuneka ziphuhliswe ukuphucula ukuthembakala kunye nokunyaniseka kokuxilongwa kwe-IAD. Okwesibini, isifundo sethu sikhawulelwe ubungakanani obuncinci besampulu kunye nokungalingani ngokwesini sabathathi-nxaxheba (amadoda angama-31 kunye nabasetyhini be-4), okunokuthi kunciphise amandla ezibalo kunye nokufumana ngokubanzi okufunyenweyo, nangona ezi zinto zilawulwa kuhlalutyo. Iziphumo zesini kukuxhaphaka kwe-IAD isengumba ophikisanayo. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zabaNcinci [35], inani eliphezulu labasetyhini babonisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-intanethi. Ngokwahlukileyo, olunye uphononongo lwakutshanje luxele ukuba amadoda abonisa umngcipheko ophezulu wokuziphatha kwe-IAD [109]. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba akukho buhlobo phakathi kwesini kunye ne-IAD [110], [111]. Uvavanyo lwexesha elizayo usebenzisa i-cohort enkulu enomlinganiso wesini olungelelene kakhulu kufuneka uvavanye ngcono ubudlelwane phakathi kwesini kunye nokuchaphazeleka kwe-IAD.

Ukuxhasa ulwazi

Ifayile yeS1.

Izixhobo zokongeza.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0107306.s001

(PDF)

Imibulelo

Lo msebenzi wawuxhaswa yinxalenye yamaZiko ezeMpilo kaZwelonke (NIH) izibonelelo ze-EB006733, i-EB008374, i-EB009634, i-AG041721, kunye ne-CA140413, kunye ne-National Natural Science Foundation yase-China (81171325) kunye neNkqubo yeLizwe yeTekhnoloji yeR & D yeNkqubo 2007BAI17B03.

Umbhali Wemivuzo

Ukuqulunqwa kwaye kwaqulunqwa iimvavanyo: I-CYW ZZ PTY GW FS TP YD JX YZ DS. Uvavanyo olwenziwe: CYW ZZ YD JX YZ DS. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha: CYW PTY DS. I-reagents enegalelo / izixhobo / izixhobo zokuhlalutya: ZZ YD JX YZ. Bhala iphepha: CYW PTY TP DS.

Ucaphulo

  1. 1. NgBD, iWimemer-Hastings P (2005) Umlutha kwi-intanethi kunye nokudlala kwi-Intanethi. ICyberpsychol Behav 8: 110-113. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.110
  2. 2. Ulutsha lwe-KS (1998) lwe-Intanethi: Ukuvela kwesifo esitsha sonyango. ICyberpsychol Behav 1: 237-244. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.237
  3. Jonga iCandelo
  4. PubMed / NCBI
  5. Google
  6. Jonga iCandelo
  7. PubMed / NCBI
  8. Google
  9. Jonga iCandelo
  10. PubMed / NCBI
  11. Google
  12. Jonga iCandelo
  13. PubMed / NCBI
  14. Google
  15. Jonga iCandelo
  16. PubMed / NCBI
  17. Google
  18. Jonga iCandelo
  19. PubMed / NCBI
  20. Google
  21. Jonga iCandelo
  22. PubMed / NCBI
  23. Google
  24. Jonga iCandelo
  25. PubMed / NCBI
  26. Google
  27. Jonga iCandelo
  28. PubMed / NCBI
  29. Google
  30. Jonga iCandelo
  31. PubMed / NCBI
  32. Google
  33. Jonga iCandelo
  34. PubMed / NCBI
  35. Google
  36. Jonga iCandelo
  37. PubMed / NCBI
  38. Google
  39. Jonga iCandelo
  40. PubMed / NCBI
  41. Google
  42. Jonga iCandelo
  43. PubMed / NCBI
  44. Google
  45. 3. U-Ko CH, uYen JY, uYen CF, u-Chen CS, u-Chen CC (2012) Umanyano phakathi komlutha we-intanethi kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo: uphononongo loncwadi. I-Euro Psychiatry 27: 1-8. doi: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2010.04.011
  46. Jonga iCandelo
  47. PubMed / NCBI
  48. Google
  49. Jonga iCandelo
  50. PubMed / NCBI
  51. Google
  52. Jonga iCandelo
  53. PubMed / NCBI
  54. Google
  55. Jonga iCandelo
  56. PubMed / NCBI
  57. Google
  58. Jonga iCandelo
  59. PubMed / NCBI
  60. Google
  61. Jonga iCandelo
  62. PubMed / NCBI
  63. Google
  64. Jonga iCandelo
  65. PubMed / NCBI
  66. Google
  67. Jonga iCandelo
  68. PubMed / NCBI
  69. Google
  70. Jonga iCandelo
  71. PubMed / NCBI
  72. Google
  73. Jonga iCandelo
  74. PubMed / NCBI
  75. Google
  76. 4. I-block J (2006) Ukubekwa phambili engathathelwa ingqalelo kufundo lwe-intanethi olunengxaki. Umhloli we-CNS 12: 14-15.
  77. Jonga iCandelo
  78. PubMed / NCBI
  79. Google
  80. Jonga iCandelo
  81. PubMed / NCBI
  82. Google
  83. Jonga iCandelo
  84. PubMed / NCBI
  85. Google
  86. Jonga iCandelo
  87. PubMed / NCBI
  88. Google
  89. 5. I-Fitzpatrick JJ (2008) umlutha we-Intanethi: Ukwamkelwa kunye nokungenelela. I-Arch Neurol 22: 59-60. doi: 10.1016 / j.apnu.2007.12.001
  90. Jonga iCandelo
  91. PubMed / NCBI
  92. Google
  93. Jonga iCandelo
  94. PubMed / NCBI
  95. Google
  96. 6. Cao F, Su L, Liu T, Gao X (2007) Ubudlelwane phakathi kokunyanzeliswa kunye nokulutha kwi-intanethi kwisampula yolutsha lwaseTshayina. I-Euro Psychiatry 22: 466-471. doi: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2007.05.004
  97. Jonga iCandelo
  98. PubMed / NCBI
  99. Google
  100. Jonga iCandelo
  101. PubMed / NCBI
  102. Google
  103. Jonga iCandelo
  104. PubMed / NCBI
  105. Google
  106. Jonga iCandelo
  107. PubMed / NCBI
  108. Google
  109. Jonga iCandelo
  110. PubMed / NCBI
  111. Google
  112. Jonga iCandelo
  113. PubMed / NCBI
  114. Google
  115. Jonga iCandelo
  116. PubMed / NCBI
  117. Google
  118. Jonga iCandelo
  119. PubMed / NCBI
  120. Google
  121. Jonga iCandelo
  122. PubMed / NCBI
  123. Google
  124. Jonga iCandelo
  125. PubMed / NCBI
  126. Google
  127. Jonga iCandelo
  128. PubMed / NCBI
  129. Google
  130. Jonga iCandelo
  131. PubMed / NCBI
  132. Google
  133. Jonga iCandelo
  134. PubMed / NCBI
  135. Google
  136. Jonga iCandelo
  137. PubMed / NCBI
  138. Google
  139. Jonga iCandelo
  140. PubMed / NCBI
  141. Google
  142. Jonga iCandelo
  143. PubMed / NCBI
  144. Google
  145. Jonga iCandelo
  146. PubMed / NCBI
  147. Google
  148. Jonga iCandelo
  149. PubMed / NCBI
  150. Google
  151. Jonga iCandelo
  152. PubMed / NCBI
  153. Google
  154. Jonga iCandelo
  155. PubMed / NCBI
  156. Google
  157. Jonga iCandelo
  158. PubMed / NCBI
  159. Google
  160. Jonga iCandelo
  161. PubMed / NCBI
  162. Google
  163. Jonga iCandelo
  164. PubMed / NCBI
  165. Google
  166. Jonga iCandelo
  167. PubMed / NCBI
  168. Google
  169. Jonga iCandelo
  170. PubMed / NCBI
  171. Google
  172. Jonga iCandelo
  173. PubMed / NCBI
  174. Google
  175. Jonga iCandelo
  176. PubMed / NCBI
  177. Google
  178. Jonga iCandelo
  179. PubMed / NCBI
  180. Google
  181. Jonga iCandelo
  182. PubMed / NCBI
  183. Google
  184. Jonga iCandelo
  185. PubMed / NCBI
  186. Google
  187. Jonga iCandelo
  188. PubMed / NCBI
  189. Google
  190. Jonga iCandelo
  191. PubMed / NCBI
  192. Google
  193. Jonga iCandelo
  194. PubMed / NCBI
  195. Google
  196. Jonga iCandelo
  197. PubMed / NCBI
  198. Google
  199. Jonga iCandelo
  200. PubMed / NCBI
  201. Google
  202. Jonga iCandelo
  203. PubMed / NCBI
  204. Google
  205. Jonga iCandelo
  206. PubMed / NCBI
  207. Google
  208. Jonga iCandelo
  209. PubMed / NCBI
  210. Google
  211. Jonga iCandelo
  212. PubMed / NCBI
  213. Google
  214. Jonga iCandelo
  215. PubMed / NCBI
  216. Google
  217. Jonga iCandelo
  218. PubMed / NCBI
  219. Google
  220. Jonga iCandelo
  221. PubMed / NCBI
  222. Google
  223. Jonga iCandelo
  224. PubMed / NCBI
  225. Google
  226. Jonga iCandelo
  227. PubMed / NCBI
  228. Google
  229. Jonga iCandelo
  230. PubMed / NCBI
  231. Google
  232. Jonga iCandelo
  233. PubMed / NCBI
  234. Google
  235. Jonga iCandelo
  236. PubMed / NCBI
  237. Google
  238. Jonga iCandelo
  239. PubMed / NCBI
  240. Google
  241. Jonga iCandelo
  242. PubMed / NCBI
  243. Google
  244. Jonga iCandelo
  245. PubMed / NCBI
  246. Google
  247. Jonga iCandelo
  248. PubMed / NCBI
  249. Google
  250. Jonga iCandelo
  251. PubMed / NCBI
  252. Google
  253. Jonga iCandelo
  254. PubMed / NCBI
  255. Google
  256. Jonga iCandelo
  257. PubMed / NCBI
  258. Google
  259. Jonga iCandelo
  260. PubMed / NCBI
  261. Google
  262. Jonga iCandelo
  263. PubMed / NCBI
  264. Google
  265. Jonga iCandelo
  266. PubMed / NCBI
  267. Google
  268. Jonga iCandelo
  269. PubMed / NCBI
  270. Google
  271. Jonga iCandelo
  272. PubMed / NCBI
  273. Google
  274. Jonga iCandelo
  275. PubMed / NCBI
  276. Google
  277. Jonga iCandelo
  278. PubMed / NCBI
  279. Google
  280. Jonga iCandelo
  281. PubMed / NCBI
  282. Google
  283. Jonga iCandelo
  284. PubMed / NCBI
  285. Google
  286. Jonga iCandelo
  287. PubMed / NCBI
  288. Google
  289. Jonga iCandelo
  290. PubMed / NCBI
  291. Google
  292. Jonga iCandelo
  293. PubMed / NCBI
  294. Google
  295. Jonga iCandelo
  296. PubMed / NCBI
  297. Google
  298. Jonga iCandelo
  299. PubMed / NCBI
  300. Google
  301. Jonga iCandelo
  302. PubMed / NCBI
  303. Google
  304. 7. Yuan K, Qin W, Wang G, Zeng F, Zhao L, et al. (2011) Ubuncinci bezinto ezimbi ezenzeka kubaselula abanengxaki yokulutha kwi-intanethi. IIPHULO ENYE 6: e20708. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0020708
  305. Jonga iCandelo
  306. PubMed / NCBI
  307. Google
  308. Jonga iCandelo
  309. PubMed / NCBI
  310. Google
  311. Jonga iCandelo
  312. PubMed / NCBI
  313. Google
  314. Jonga iCandelo
  315. PubMed / NCBI
  316. Google
  317. 8. U-Ernst M, Pine DS, Hardin M (2006) imodeli ye-Triadic ye-neurobiology yokuziphatha okukhuthazayo ekukhuleni. I-Psychol Med 36: 299-312. doi: 10.1017 / s0033291705005891
  318. 9. I-Pine DS, Cohen P, Brook JS (2001) Ukusebenza kwakhona komphefumlo kunye nomngcipheko kwi-psychopathology phakathi kolutsha. Umhloli we-CNS 6: 27-35.
  319. 10. I-Silveri MM, Tzilos GK, Pimentel PJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2004) Iziganeko zokukhula kweemvakalelo kulutsha nokukhula kwengqondo: iziphumo zesondo kunye nomngcipheko wokusebenzisa iziyobisi. U-Ann NY Acad Sci 1021: 363-370. i-Doi: 10.1196 / annals.1308.046
  320. 11. I-Steinberg L (2005) Ukuphuhla okuqondayo kunye nokuhambelana nobunini. Iindlela ezihambelana neCogn Sci 9: 69-74. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.tics.2004.12.005
  321. 12. I-Ko CH, i-Yen JY, i-Chen CC, i-Chen SH, i-Yen CF (i-2005) Inkqubo yokuvavanywa kweziyobisi kwi-intanethi. J Nerv Ment Dis 193: 728-733. doi: 10.1097 / 01.nmd.0000185891.13719.54
  322. 13. Yoo HJ, Cho SC, Ha J, Yune SK, Kim SJ, et al. (2004) Iimpawu ezibonisa ukungahambi kakuhle emzimbeni kunye neziyobisi kwi-Intanethi. Iklinikhi yengqondo yengqondo Nurosci 58: 487-494. doi: 10.1111 / j.1440-1819.2004.01290.x
  323. 14. UShapira NA, u-Lessig MC, uGoldmith TD, uSzabo ST, uLazoritz M, et al. (2003) Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi okuyingxaki: Ukwahlula-hlulwa nokucwangciswa kwemilinganiselo yokuvavanya. Ukuxhalaba koxinzelelo 17: 207-216. doi: 10.1002 / da.10094
  324. 15. I-Beard KW (2005) i-notternet addiction: uphononongo lweendlela zangoku zokuhlola kunye nemibuzo yovavanyo olunokwenzeka. ICyberpsychol Behav 8: 7-14. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.7
  325. 16. I-young K (1999) i-Innovations kwi-Clinical Exercise: Incwadi yoMthombo, I-Professional Resource Press, ivolumu 17, Isahluko se-Intanethi isiyobisi: Iimpawu, uVavanyo, kunye nonyango. I-19-31.
  326. 17. Vimba i-JJ (2008) Imicimbi ye-DSM-V: Ukulutha kwi-Intanethi. NdinguJ J Psychiatry 165: 306-307. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2007.07101556
  327. 18. I-Doidge N (2007) Ubuchopho obuziZitshintsha: Amabali oNcedo lobuqu oluvela kwi-Frontiers ye-Brain Science. Iincwadi zePenguin, 1st edition doi: 10.1080 / 10398560902721606
  328. 19. Umbutho we-American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic kunye neNcwadi yeNgxelo yezezifo zokuPhazamiseka kwengqondo (DSM-5). Ukupapashwa kwengqondo kweAmerican Psychiatric (APPI) .. doi: 10.1007 / springerreference_179660
  329. 20. UBernardi S (2009) SPallanti (2009) umlutha we-Intanethi: Ufundisiso lweklinikhi olunenkcazo egxile kwii-comorbidities kunye neempawu zokungahambelani. I-Compr Psychiatry 50: 510-516. doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2008.11.011
  330. 21. ICaplan SE (2002) Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-Intanethi kunye nokuphila ngokwengqondo: Uphuhliso lwesixhobo sokulinganisa sokuziphatha esibonisa ulwazi ngokuziphatha. IComput yoBuntu ye-Behav 18: 553-575. i-Doi: 10.1016 / s0747-5632 (02) 00004-3
  331. 22. Shaw M, uBlack DW (2008) umlutha we-Intanethi: inkcazo, uvavanyo, isifo sephepha kunye nolawulo lweklinikhi. Iziyobisi ze-CNS 22: 353-365. doi: 10.2165 / 00023210-200822050-00001
  332. 23. Tao R, Huang X, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, et al. (2010) Iindlela zokuchonga ezichongiweyo zomlutha we-intanethi. Isiyobisi 105: 556-564. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2009.02828.x
  333. 24. UDing W, uLanga J, uSun Y, uZhou Y, uLi L, et al. (2013) Umnxibelelanisi osebenzayo womnatha ongapheliyo wokusebenza kwimeko yoLutsha kwisimo sokulutha somdlalo we-intanethi. IIPHULO ENYE 8: e59902. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0059902
  334. 25. U-Lin F, uZhou Y, uDu Y, u-Qin L, uZhao Z, et al. (2012) Ingqibelelo yemicimbi emhlophe engaqhelekanga kulutsha olunengxaki yokulutha kwi-intanethi: Uphononongo-olusekwe kwiteknoloji. IIPHULO ENYE 7: e30253. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0030253
  335. 26. Hong SB, Zalesky A, Cocchi L, Fornito A, Choi EJ, et al. (2013) Ukuncipha kokunxibelelana kwengqondo yokusebenza kulutsha kulutsha olunomlutha we-intanethi. IIPHULO ENYE 8: e57831. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0057831
  336. 27. U-Liu J, uYuan L, u-J (2010) I-algorithm efanelekileyo yeklasi yeengxaki ze-lasso fuse. Ku: KDD. I-323-332.
  337. 28. Yuan K, Cheng P, Dong T, Bi Y, Xing L, et al. (2013) Ubuthathaka be-cortical ukungaxakeki kwinqanaba lokufikisa emva kwexesha ngesiyobisi somdlalo we-intanethi. IIPHULO ENYE 8: e53055. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0053055
  338. 29. UZhou Y, uLi F, uDu Y, uQin L, uZhao Z, et al. (2011) Imicimbi emdaka ye-Grey kwi-intanethi: Isifundo se-voxel-based morphometry. I-Euro J Radiol 79: 92-95. doi: 10.1016 / j.ejrad.2009.10.025
  339. 30. U-Yuan K, uJin C, uCheng P, uYang X, uDong T, et al. (2013) Ubungakanani bokuphazamiseka okuxhaphakileyo kweendlela zokuxhuzula kulutsha olufikisayo. IIPHULO ENYE 8: e78708. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0078708
  340. 31. UZuo XN, Ehmke R, uMennes M, Imperati D, uCastellanos FX, et al. (2012) Intloko yenethiwekhi kwinto yokudibanisa ukusebenza kwabantu. ICortb Cortex 22: 1862-1875. i-Doi: 10.1093 / cercor / bhr269
  341. 32. I-Koschützki D, i-Lehmann KA, i-Peeter L, i-Richter S, i-Tenfelde-Podehl D, et al. (2005) ii-indices zecentral. Ku: Brandes U, Erlebach T, abahleli, Uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi: iziseko zendlela. ENew York: I-Springer-Verlag, ivolumu 3418, iphe. 16-61.
  342. 33. Ukulungiswa kweBeard KW, iWolf EM (2001) kwiindlela zokuphononongwa okukwi-intanethi. ICyberpsychol Behav 4: 377-383. doi: 10.1089 / 109493101300210286
  343. 34. U-Ko CH, uLiu GC, uHsiao S, uYen JY, uYang MJ, et al. (2009) Iintshukumo zobuchopho ezinxulunyaniswa neminqweno yokudlala ye-intanethi yokudlala. J Psychiatr Res 43: 739-747. doi: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2008.09.012
  344. 35. U-KS omncinci (1998) Ufundiswe kwi-Net: Ungaziqonda njani iZimpawu zoThengiso lwe-Intanethi kunye neQhinga lokuwina ukuBuya kwakhona. UJohn Wiley kunye noonyana.
  345. 36.UPatton JH, uStanford MS, uBarratt ES (1995) Ubume beempawu zenqanaba le-barratt yokunyanzelwa. J Iklinikhi yengqondo 51: 768-774. ikhonkco: 10.1002 / 1097-4679 (199511) 51: 6 <768 :: aid-jclp2270510607> 3.0.co; 2-1
  346. 37. I-Huang X, Zhang Z (2001) Ukuqulunqwa kweempahla zolutsha zokulawula ixesha lokufikisa. Isono se-Acta Psychol 33: 338-343.
  347. 38. UGoodman R (1997) amandla kunye nobunzima bephepha lemibuzo: Inqaku lophando. J Umntwana Psychol Psychiatry 38: 581-586. i-Doi: 10.1111 / j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
  348. 39. U-Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS (1983) Isixhobo soHlolo loSapho seMcMaster. J Umtshato Family Ther 9: 171-180. i-Doi: 10.1111 / j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x
  349. 40. I-Yan CG, Zang YF (2010) DPARSF: Ibhokisi yezixhobo yeMATLAB yohlalutyo lwedatha "yephayiphu" yokuhlaziya ilizwe fMRI. Ingaphambili le-Syst Neurosci 4: 13. i-Doi: 10.3389 / fnsys.2010.00013
  350. 41. Ingoma XW, Dong ZY, Long XY, Li SF, Zuo XN, et al. (2011) REST: Isixhobo sokuphumla sokusebenza sombuso esenza inkqubo yokujonga idatha. IIPHULO ENYE 6: e25031. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0025031
  351. 42. Amandla JD, uBarnes KA, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petrosen SE (2012) Esothusayo kodwa ulungelelwaniso lwenkqubo kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo lweinethiwekhi ze-MRI ziyavela kwintshukumo yesifundo. I-Neuroimage 59: 2142-2154. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2011.10.018
  352. 43. UTzourio-Mazoyer N, uLandeau B, uPapathanassiou D, uCrivello F, uEtard O, et al. (2002) Ilebhile ye-anatomical ezenzekelayo ye-activation e-SPM isebenzisa ubuchwephesha be-macroscopic anatomical parcellation ye-MNI MRI yengqondo yesifundo esinye. I-Neuroimage 15: 273-289. I-Doi: 10.1006 / nimg.2001.0978
  353. 44. Achard S, Bullmore E (2007) Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kunye neendleko zonxibelelwano olusebenza ngengqondo. I-PloS Comput Biol 3: i-e17. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pcbi.0030017
  354. 45. I-Bassett DS, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Achard S, Duke T, Bullmore E (2006) Adaptive reconfiguration of fractal-world-brain works incinci yomsebenzi womnatha. I-Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 19518-19523. i-Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0606005103
  355. 46. I-Rubinov M, i-Sporns O (2010) Iindlela zenethiwekhi ezinzima zokunxibelelana kwengqondo: Ukusetyenziswa nokutolika. I-Neuroimage 52: 1059-1069. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.10.003
  356. 47. Smit DJA, Stam CJ, Posthuma D, Boomsma DI, De Geus EJC (2008) Heritability of "world-world" network in the brain: Uhlalutyo lwegraphic lwe-EEG yokusebenza kwengqondo. I-Hum Brain Mapp 29: 1368-1378. doi: 10.1002 / hbm.20468
  357. 48. UZhang J, Wang J, Wu Q, Kuang W, Huang X, et al. (2011) Ukuphazamiseka kothungelwano lokunxibelelana kwengqondo kwichiza-kwindawo, isiqephu esikhulu sokudakumba. I-Biol Psychiatry 70: 334-342. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2011.05.018
  358. 49. I-Latora V, Marchiori M (2001) Ukuziphatha okusebenzayo kweenethiwekhi ezincinci-zomhlaba. I-Rev Rev Lett 87: 198701. I-Doi: 10.1103 / physrevlett.87.198701
  359. 50. I-Watts DJ, Strogatz SH (1998) Iidibaniselwano ezihlanganayo zenethiwekhi "ezincinci-zomhlaba". Indalo 393: 440-442. doi: 10.1038 / 30918
  360. 51. He Y, Wang J, Wang L, Chen ZJ, Yan C, et al. (2009) Ukutyhila i-imprinsic modular organised of spontaneous brain brain ebantwini. IPHULO LOKUQALA 4: 1-17. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0005226
  361. 52. Gong G, Rosa-Neto P, Carbonell F, Chen ZJ, He Y, et al. (2009) Ubudala kunye nokungafani okunxulumene nesini kuthungelwano lwe-cortical anatomical. J Neurosci 29: 15684-15693. doi: 10.1523 / jneurosci.2308-09.2009
  362. 53. Tian L, Wang J, Yan C, He Y (2011) I-Hemisphere- kunye nokwahluka okuhambelana nesini kuthungelwano lobuchopho-obuncinci behlabathi: Isifundo sokusebenza se-MRI sokuphumla. I-Neuroimage 54: 191-202. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2010.07.066
  363. 54. UZhu W, Wen W, He Y, Xia A, Anstey KJ, et al. (2012) Ukutshintsha iipateni zeteknoloji kwindawo yokuguga yesiqhelo kusetyenziswa uthungelwano lobungakanani obukhulu. I-Neurobiol Ageing 33: 899-913. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.022
  364. 55. I-Hayasaka S, Laurienti PJ (2010) Ukuthelekiswa kweempawu phakathi kwengingqi kunye ne-voxel esekwe kwinethiwekhi kuhlalutyo lokuphumla-fmri yedatha yendawo. I-Neuroimage 50: 499-508. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.12.051
  365. 56. I-Fornito A, i-Zalesky A, i-Bullmore ET (2010) inethiwekhi yokulinganisa iziphumo kwizifundo zokuhlalutya idatha ye-fMRI yokuphumla komntu. Ingaphambili le-Syst Neurosci 4: 22. i-Doi: 10.3389 / fnsys.2010.00022
  366. 57. I-Zalesky A, i-Fornito A, i-IHarding Hard, i-Cocchi L, i-Yücel M, et al. (2010) Amanethiwekhi e-anatomical egcwele-ingqondo: Ngaba ukhetho lwee-node lubalulekile? I-Neuroimage 50: 970-983. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.12.027
  367. 58. Dosenbach NUF, Nardos B, Cohen AL, Fair DA, Amandla JD, et al. (2010) Uqikelelo lwengqondo yokuvuthwa kwengqondo komntu usebenzisa fmri. Isayensi 329: 1358-1361. I-Doi: 10.1126 / isayensi.1194144
  368. 59. I-Maslov S, i-Sneppen K (2002) Ukucaciswa kunye nokuzinza kwe-topology yenethiwekhi yeprotheni. Isayensi 296: 910-913. I-Doi: 10.1126 / isayensi.1065103
  369. 60. IBuckner RL, uAndrew-Hanna JR, uSchacter DL (2008) Inethiwekhi yendlela emiselweyo yenethiwekhi: i-anatomy, ukusebenza, kunye nokuhambelana nezifo. UAnn NY Acad Sci 1124: 1-38. ikhonkco: 10.1196 / annals.1440.011
  370. 61. U-Greicius MD, Krasnow B, Reiss AL, Menon V (2003) Uxhulumaniso olusebenzayo kwingqondo yokuphumla: uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi ye-default mode hypothesis. I-Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 253-258. i-Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0135058100
  371. 62. URaichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, et al. (2001) Indlela emiselweyo yokusebenza kwengqondo. I-Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 676-682. i-Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.98.2.676
  372. 63. I-Fair ye-DA, i-Dosenbach NUF, Icawa ye-JA, uCohen AL, uBrahmbhatt S, et al. (2007) Uphuhliso lothungelwano olwahlukileyo lonxibelelwano ngokwahlula kunye nokudibanisa. I-Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 13507-13512. i-Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0705843104
  373. 64. I-DA efanelekileyo, i-Cohen AL, i-Power JD, i-Dosenbach NUF, iCawa JA, et al. (2009) Uthungelwano olusebenzayo lobuchwephesha luphuhliswa ngumbutho "wasekhaya ukuya kusasazwa" I-PloS Comput Biol 5: i-e1000381. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pcbi.1000381
  374. 65. Kelly Kelly, Di Martino A, Uddin LQ, Zarrar Shehzad1 DGG, Reiss PT, et al. (2009) Uphuhliso lwangaphandle lwe-cingrate esebenzayo yokusebenza ukusuka kubuntwana bufike ebudaleni. ICortb Cortex 19: 640-657. i-Doi: 10.1093 / cercor / bhn117
  375. 66. I-Supekar K, Musen M, i-Menon V (2009) Uphuhliso lothungelwano lobuchwephesha beengqondo ezinkulu ebantwaneni. I-PloS Biol 7: e1000157. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pbio.1000157
  376. 67. Anderson JS, Druzgal TJ, Froehlich A, DuBray MB, uLange N, et al. (2011) Unciphiso lomsebenzi wokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-psychism. ICortb Cortex 21: 1134-1146. i-Doi: 10.1093 / cercor / bhq190
  377. 68. UWilson TW, Rojas DC, Reite ML, Teale PD, Rogers SJ (2007) Bantwana kunye nolutsha olunomboniso we-autism yanciphisa iimpendulo ze-gamG ze-MeG. I-Biol Psychiatry 62: 192-197. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2006.07.002
  378. 69. Uddin LQ, Supekar K, Menon V (2010) Uphuhliso oluqhelekileyo kunye nokwe-atypical yothungelwano lobuchopho bomntu olusebenzayo: ukukhanya okuvela ekuphumleni-kurhulumente fMRI. Ingaphambili le-Syst Neurosci 4: 21. i-Doi: 10.3389 / fnsys.2010.00021
  379. 70. Uddin LQ, Supekar KS, Ryali S, Menon V (2011) Ukomelela ngamandla komgangatho wolwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza ngokudibeneyo kwinethiwekhi engqondo ye-neurocognitive yophuhliso. J Neurosci 31: 18578-18589. doi: 10.1523 / jneurosci.4465-11.2011
  380. 71. Liang M, Zhou Y, Jiang T, Liu Z, Tian L, et al. (2006) Ukusasazeka kokusebenza okunqamlezileyo eSchizophrenia ngophumlo-ngqondo lokuphumla lokusebenza kwengingqi yemagneti. I-Neuroreport 17: 209-213. doi: 10.1097 / 01.wnr.0000198434.06518.b8
  381. 72. I-Fingelkurts AA, iiFingelkurts AA, Kivisaari R, Autti T, Borisov S, et al. (2006) Ukunyusa indawo yendawo kunye nokunciphisa unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kude kwi-EEG alpha kunye neebhendi zamaza ebhola kwizigulana ezixhomekeke ku-opioid. I-Psychopharmacology 188: 42-52. i-Doi: 10.1007 / s00213-006-0474-4
  382. 73. I-Fingelkurts AA, iiFingelkurts AA, Kivisaari R, Autti T, Borisov S, et al. (2007) Iziphumo zokurhoxiswa kwe-Opioid kwindawo eyandisiweyo yonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi kunye nolwandiso lomsebenzi kwi-EEG alpha kunye nebhendi yemvamisa ye-beta. I-Neurosci Res 58: 40-49. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neures.2007.01.011
  383. 74. Kelly Kelly, Zuo XN, Gotimer K, Cox CL, Lynch L, et al. (2011) Ukuncitshiswa kwendawo yokuphumla kokusebenza kwengqondo kuxinzelelo lwe-cocaine. I-Biol Psychiatry 69: 684-692. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2010.11.022
  384. 75. I-DA elungileyo, uCohen AL, uCawe uNUDJA, uMiezin FM, uBarch DM, et al. (2008) Uyilo oluqolileyo lwenethiwekhi emiselweyo yengqondo. Inkqubo yeNatl Acad Sci USA 105: 4028-4032. ikhonkco: 10.1073 / pnas.0800376105
  385. 76. I-Bullmore E, i-Sporns O (2009) Iinethiwekhi zengqondo ezixandileyo: Uhlalutyo lomzobo lweesystem zeenkqubo zokusebenza. I-Nat Rev Neurosci 10: 186-198. I-Doi: 10.1038 / nrn2575
  386. 77. He Y, Evans A (2010) Imodeli ye-theoretical modelling yokunxibelelana kwengqondo. I-Curr Opin Neurol 23: 341-350.
  387. 78. I-Stam CJ (2010) Isimo sokunxibelelana kwe-anatomical kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo: umbono wothungelwano oluntsonkothileyo. I-Int J Psychophysiol 77: 186-194. doi: 10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2010.06.024
  388. 79. U-Wang J, u-Zuo X, u-Y (2010) Uhlalutyo lwe-Graph olusekwe kwi-Graph ye-MRI yokuphumla. Ingaphambili le-Syst Neurosci 4: 16. i-Doi: 10.3389 / fnsys.2010.00016
  389. 80. I-Latora V, Marchiori M (2003) Ukuziphatha okuncinci kwehlabathi-kuthungelwano olunomthwalo. IJenali yeNdalo B B kwi-32: 249-263. i-Doi: 10.1140 / epjb / e2003-00095-5
  390. 81. I-Tonon G, i-Edelman GM, i-Sporns O (1998) Ubunzima kunye nokuhlangana: Ukudibanisa ulwazi kwingqondo. Iindlela eziqhubekayo kwiNzululwazi yeNkcubeko i-2: 474-484. i-Doi: 10.1016 / s1364-6613 (98) 01259-5
  391. 82. I-Mayberg HS (1997) I-Limbic-cortical dysregulation: imodeli ecetywayo yoxinzelelo. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9: 471-481.
  392. 83. IGoldstein RZ, uTomasi D, uRajaram S, uCottone LA, uZhang L, et al. (2007) Indima ye-anterior cingulate kunye ne-medial orbitofrontal cortex ekuqhubeni amakhonkco iziyobisi kubikhoboka lecocaine. I-Neuroscience 144: 1153-1159. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroscience.2006.11.024
  393. 84. UGrüsser SM, u-Dele J, Klein S, uHermann D, uSmolka MN, et al. (2004) Ukuvuselela umdla okwenziwe ngu-striatum kunye ne-cortex yangaphambi kokunxulumana nokunxulunyaniswa nokubuyela umva kwiziselo ezinxilisayo. I-Psychopharmacology (Berl) 175: 296-302. i-Doi: 10.1007 / s00213-004-1828-4
  394. 85. Miedl SF, Fehr T, Meyer G, Herrmann M (2010) Neurobiological ulungelelwaniso lengxaki yokungcakaza kwindawo ekumgangatho we-blackjack oqinisekileyo njengoko utyhilelwe yi-fMRI. I-Psychiatry Res 181: 165-173. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.pscychresns.2009.11.008
  395. 86. Matochik JA, London ED, Eldreth DA, Cadet JL, Boll KI (2003) Frontal cortical izicubu zokwenziwa kwezithintelo kwizisu ezichasayo: Abaphengululi be-cortine resonance imaging. I-Neuroimage 19. i-Doi: 10.1016 / s1053-8119 (03) 00244-1
  396. 87. UFujiwara J, uTobler PN, uTaira M, u-I Run T, uTsutsui KI (2009) oPhakathi kunye nokudityaniswa kweekhowudi zomvuzo kunye nezohlwayo kwi-cingxe cortex. J Neurophysiol 101: 3284-3293. doi: 10.1152 / jn.90909.2008
  397. 88. I-Yu C, Gupta J, Yin HH (2010) Indima ye-Mediodorsal thalamus ekwahlukeni okwethutyana kwezenzo ezikhokelwa ngumvuzo. Umdibaniso ongaphambili we-Neurosci 4: 14. i-Doi: 10.3389 / fnint.2010.00014
  398. 89. I-Corbit LH, i-Muir JL, i-Balleine BW (2003) I-Lesions of Mediodorsal thalamus kunye ne-anterior thalamic nuclei zivelisa iziphumo ezingahambelaniyo kwimo yesixhobo kumagundane. I-Euro J Neurosci 18: 1286-1294. doi: 10.1046 / j.1460-9568.2003.02833.x
  399. 90. I-Saper CB (2002) Inkqubo ye-neronomic ye-autonomic eyintloko: Ukubona okubonakalayo kwe-visceral kunye nokuzalwa kwepateni. I-Annu Rev Neurosci 25: 433-469. i-Doi: 10.1146 / annurev.neuro.25.032502.111311
  400. 91. URay JP, iPrince JL (1993) Umbutho wokuqikelelwa kosukelo lwe-mediodorsal ye-thalamus ukuya kwi-orbital kunye ne-medial preortal cortex kwiinkawu ze-macaque. J Comp Neurol 337: 1-31. i-doi: 10.1002 / cne.903370102
  401. 92. I-Roll ET (2004) Imisebenzi ye-orbitofrontal cortex. I-Brain Cogn 55: 11-29. i-Doi: 10.1016 / s0278-2626 (03) 00277-x
  402. 93. Dong G, Huang J, Du X (2012) Utshintsho kwi-homogeneity yendawo yokuphumla-kwengqondo yomsebenzi wokusebenza kwengqondo kwimidlalo ye-intanethi yokudlala. I-Behav Brain Funct 18: 8-41. doi: 10.1186 / 1744-9081-8-41
  403. 94. I-Steriade M, i-Llinás RR (1998) Amazwe asebenza ngokusebenza kwe-thalamus kunye ne-neuronal interplay ehambelana nayo. I-Physiol Rev 68: 649-742.
  404. 95. Stein T, Moritz C, Quigley M, Cordes D, Haughton V, et al. (2000) Uqhagamshelo olusebenzayo kwi-thalamus kunye ne-hippocampus efundwe ngokusebenza kwe-mr imaging. I-AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21: 1397-1401.
  405. 96. IBurgess N, Maguire EA, O'Keefe J (2002) Imvubu yabantu kunye nenkumbulo yendawo kunye nepisodic. I-Neuron 35: 625-641. ikhonkco: 10.1016 / s0896-6273 (02) 00830-9
  406. 97. UWarburton EC, Baird A, Morgan A, Muir JL, Aggleton JP (2001) Ukubaluleka ngokudibeneyo kwemfundo ye-hippocumpas kunye ne-anterior thalamic nuclei kuko konke ukufundwa kwe-allocentric spatial: Ubungqina obuvela kwisifundo sokuqhawulwa kwireyiti. J Neurosci 21: 7323-7330.
  407. 98. IGaravan H, Hester R, Murphy K, Fassbender C, Kelly C (2006) Umahluko ngamnye kwimisebenzi esebenzayo ye-neuroanatomy yolawulo lwe-inhibitory. B Res Res 1105: 130-142. doi: 10.1016 / j.brainres.2006.03.029
  408. 99. UMenon V, uAdleman NE, uMhlophe CD, uGlover GH, uReiss AL (2001) onxulumene nempazamo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo ngexesha lomsebenzi we-Go / NoGo wokuphendula. Ubume beBrain Mapp 12: 131-143. ikhonkco: 10.1002 / 1097-0193 (200103) 12: 3 <131 :: aid-hbm1010> 3.0.co; 2-c
  409. 100. I-Whitfield-Gabrieli S, i-Ford JM (2012) Umsebenzi wenethiwekhi engapheliyo kunye nonxibelelwano kwi-psychopathology. I-Annu Rev Clin Psychol 8: 49-76. i-Doi: 10.1146 / annurev-clinpsy-032511-143049
  410. 101. I-Ding X, i-Lee SW (i-2013) Ukulutha kwengqondo ye-cocoaine enxulumene nemimandla yobuchopho ngendlela engaqhelekanga yokusebenza kwenethiwekhi: Isifundo se-ica seqela ngemiyalelo eyahlukileyo. I-Neurosci Lett 548: 110-114. doi: 10.1016 / j.neulet.2013.05.029
  411. 102. Ma N, Liu Y, Fu XM, Li N, Wang CX, et al. (2011) Ubuchwephesha bokungasebenzi ngendlela engalunganga kwinethiwekhi ekusebenzeni iziyobisi iziyobisi. IIPHULO ENYE 6: e16560. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0016560
  412. 103. UTschernegg M, uCrone JS, uEigenberger T, uSchwartenbeck P, uFauth-Bühler M, et al. (2013) Ukuxakeka kothungelwano olusebenzayo kubucukubhede be-pathological: indlela ye-graph-theoretical. Ngaphambili Hum Neurosci 7: 625. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2013.00625
  413. 104. I-Kolb B, i-Whishaw IQ (1998) ye-Brain plasticity kunye nokuziphatha. I-Annu Rev Psychol 49: 43-64. i-Doi: 10.1146 / annurev.psych.49.1.43
  414. 105. Shaw CA, McEachern J, abahleli (2001) Ngokuya kwi-theory neuroplasticity. Ukucinezelwa kwengqondo.
  415. 106. I-Kolb B, Gibb R (2003) ye-Brain plasticity kunye nokuziphatha. I-Curr Dir Psychol Sci 12: 1-5. doi: 10.1111 / 1467-8721.01210
  416. 107. I-Kolb B, Gibb R (2011) Ubuchopho beplastiki kunye nokuziphatha kwingqondo ekhulayo. J Ngaba i-Acad yaBantwana kwi-Adolesc Psychiatry 20: 265-276.
  417. 108. Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993) Isiseko se-neural sokunqwenela iziyobisi: ithiyori yokuvuselela ubukrelekrele. I-Brain Res Rev 18: 247-291. i-Doi: 10.1016 / 0165-0173 (93) 90013-p
  418. I-109.Alavi SS, Maracy MR (2011) Iziphumo zeempawu zengqondo kwisifo se-intanethi sokulutha kwabafundi base-Isfahan eyunivesithi. J Res Med Sci 16: 793-800.
  419. 110. U-Egger O, uRauterberg M (1996) indlela yokuziphatha ye-Intanethi kunye neziyobisi. Ingxelo yezobuchwephesha, iYunithi yoMsebenzi kunye neCandelo lezePsychology (IFAP), iZiko laseSwitzerland leTekhnoloji (i-ETH), iZurich.
  420. 111. UPetrie H, Gunn D (1998) “umlutha” we-Intanethi: Iziphumo zesini, ubudala, ukudakumba kunye nokudibana. Ku: Ingqungquthela yeBritish Psychological Society eLondon. ILondon, eBritani: Umbutho waseBritane Psychological Society. Iphepha elivezwe kwiNgqungquthela yaseLondon yeBritish Psychological.