I-Facebook Addiction: Ingxaki evelayo (2016)

Umthamo i-11, i-Issue 12, ngoDisemba 01, 2016, iphe. 7-9

Uphendlo loncwadi lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iPubMed kunye neGoogle Scholar. Kula magama okukhangela alandelayo, kunye nezinto ezisuselweyo kubo, zabhalwa: "umlutha we-Intanethi," "i-Facebook," "amajelo eendaba ezentlalo," "iiwebhsayithi zokunxibelelana," "umlutha," "ukuxhomekeka" kunye "nokuziphatha okuluthayo." kwisiyobisi se-Intanethi sibuyiselwe inani elikhulu lamanqaku, kwaye ekugqibeleni abahlanu baphononongwa ngokunzulu. Ukukhangela kwi-Facebook nakwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunye neziyobisi ezifunyenwe amanqaku e-58, apho i-25 yahlaziywa ngobunzulu. Ishumi elinesihlanu lala manqaku kugxilwe kubukhoboka be-Facebook.

Iinzame zokuqala zokufunda iziyobisi kwi-intanethi zivela emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, xa uKimberly Omncinci, omnye wabaphandi bokuqala kule ndawo, waphakamisa indlela yokuqonda imeko eyenzekileyo ebizwa ngokuba "ngumlutha we-Intanethi" (3). Nangona ingabandakanywanga kwi-DSM-5, umlutha we-Intanethi kucingelwa ukuba wabelana ngeempawu ezithile eziphazamisayo ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, njengokunyamezelana, ukurhoxa, kunye neziphumo ezibi (4). Namhlanje, ukulutha kwe-Intanethi kujongwa njengokubonakaliswa kweziyobisi ezikwi-Intanethi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-Facebook kuwela ngaphakathi kweso sibuko.

"I-Facebook addiction" ligama eliqulunqwe ngabaphandi abasetyenziswa kubantu ababandakanyeka kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwe-Facebook ngeenjongo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, eneziphumo ezibi (5). Ngamanye amagama, umntu onomlutha we-Facebook unokufumana ukuphulukana nolawulo ngelixa eqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-Facebook ngokugqithileyo nangona kuneziphumo ezibi kubomi bomntu lowo (6). Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kunokungajongwa njengokukholisa ngaphandle kokuba kunyanzelekile; Umzekelo, umntu unokuchitha iiyure ezininzi ku-Facebook ngeenjongo zomsebenzi ngaphandle kokuchaswa (5). Kungenxa yokuba i-Facebook okwangoku yeyona ndawo yontlalontle ithandwayo, kunye nezifundo ezinamandla zeFacebook zisebenzisa izifundo eziphuma kwezinye iisayithi zonxibelelwano (7), uphononongo lwangoku lugxile kwingxaki evelayo yeziyobisi ze-Facebook.

I-Facebook ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze iiprofayili kwaye benze unxibelelwano nabanye abasebenzisi ababizwa ngokuba "ngabahlobo." Abahlobo banokunxibelelana ngokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokwabelana ngeefoto, iividiyo, okanye umdla wabo ngelixa behambisa ulwazi malunga nemisebenzi yabahlobo babo kunye nabahlobo babo. Abasebenzisi banokuphucula iiprofayili zabo ngobuninzi bezinto zokusebenza; Umzekelo, abasebenzisi banokudlala imidlalo, ukungcakaza, kunye nokuvelisa iivoti, kunye nokudibanisa ezinye iisayithi zonxibelelwano ezinje nge-Twitter kunye ne-Instagram. I-Facebook inokusetyenziswa ngabachwephesha ukuthengisa iinkonzo zabo kunye nokunxibelelana nabaphulaphuli babo. Abasebenzisi bahlala bexelelwa ngezinto ezintsha ezenziwa kwi-intanethi ngesidlangalala seendaba, esinokukhuthaza uburharha ngokusebenza njengezinto ezisesikweni kwishedyuli yokuqinisa yokuhamba (8).

Njengoko ukulutha kuFacebook kuyinto ekugxilwe kuyo efundayo, izixhobo zovavanyo lwangoku zenziwe ngokusekwe kumanyathelo ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha (5). Uninzi lwamanqanaba asekelwe kwizinto ezintandathu ezingumlutha (9). Umzekelo, i-Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale isekwe kwizinto ezintandathu ezilinganiswe kwisikali se-Likert, into nganye ibonisa uphawu lokuziphatha: 1) i-salience ("Uchitha ixesha elininzi ucinga nge-Facebook okanye ucwangcisa ukuyisebenzisa" ); I-2) ukunyamezelana (“Uziva unesifiso sokusebenzisa i-Facebook ngakumbi nangakumbi”); I-3) ukulungiswa kwemood (“Usebenzisa i-Facebook ukulibala ngeengxaki zakho”); I-4) iphinde ibuye ("Uzamile ukuncama ukusebenzisa i-Facebook ngaphandle kwempumelelo"); I-5) ukurhoxiswa ("Uyaphumla okanye ukhathazekile ukuba awuvumelekanga ukusebenzisa i-Facebook"); kunye ne-6) (“Usebenzisa i-Facebook kakhulu kangangokuba oko kube nefuthe elibi emsebenzini wakho / kwizifundo”) (10). Nangona eziikali ziye zaqinisekiswa ngokuzimela ngokwengqondo, uhlalutyo lwezinto lubonisa ukungangqinelani kwimilinganiselo, kubonisa ukungabikho kobunyani bokwakha (5). Oku kunqongophala kokuvumelana malunga nokubakho nokuqonda isigxina kuFacebook yeyona nto iphambili kwingxabano kule ndawo yophuhliso.

Iziyobisi zinxulunyaniswa nokungalingani phakathi komsebenzi kwiinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zobuchopho: inkqubo ye-amygdala-striatal enganyanzelekanga kunye nenkqubo yengqondo yobucalucalulo. Kwikhoboka leziyobisi, inkqubo ye-amygdala-striatal ine-hyperactive, okoko kukhokelela ekuqinisweni kwesimilo, ngelixa i-cortex yangaphambili iphambili, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungazibazisi ekuziphatheni okungafanelekanga emva kokudalwa (11). UTurel et al. (12) ihlole ukubandakanyeka kwezi nkqubo ze-neural kwi-Facebook drug. Abathathi-nxaxheba kuqala bagcwalisa iphepha lemibuzo le-Facebook. Ke, ukusebenzisa i-paradigm yokuhamba / ukungahambi nge-MRI esebenzayo, abaphandi bavavanya indlela ezi nkqubo zengqondo zasabela ngayo ngendlela eyahlukileyo phakathi kweempawu ze-Facebook kunye neempawu zendlela, kunye nenqaku lokudibanisa kunye nokuthengisa. Bafumanise ukuba zombini iziyobisi kunye neziyobisi ze-Facebook zinxulunyaniswa ne-hyperactivity kwinkqubo ye-amygdala-striatal system. Nangona kunjalo, umlutha we-Facebook awuzange unxulunyaniswe notshintsho lomsebenzi wangaphambili we-cortex, ecebisa ukuba abantu abanobutshakazi be-Facebook banokuba nomthamo wokuyeka isenzo sabo sokuziphatha okungathandekiyo (12). Le patheni yokunyanzeliswa kwe-hyperactive kunye ne-inhibition engaguqukiyo yokuthintela iyafana naleyo iqapheleke kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi.13). Nangona olu phononongo lilinganiselwe kuyilo lwalo olunqamlezileyo, ezi ziphumo zicebisa ukuba iziyobisi ezisekwe kwi-Intanethi kunye neziyobisi zinokwahluka okuchaseneyo pathophysiology.

Isiyobisi sikaFacebook siqhele ukufundwa kwabafundi basekholejini kwaye bafanele ukuba nembonakalo yokuziphilisa. Iimpawu ezithile zobuntu ezinjengokugqithisela ngakumbi, ubuchwephesha, amanqanaba aphezulu e-neuroticism, kunye namanqanaba asezantsi okuzithemba okulungiswa kakhulu ngokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kokusebenzisa i-Facebook (10, 14). Ngokwendlela yemodeli yezakhono zikaCaplan, isizungu, abantu abadandathekileyo nabakhetha ukukhetha kwi-intanethi ngeendlela zokunxibelelana bathambekele ekusebenziseni ingxaki kwi-Intanethi (15). Ngokuhambelana nale nto, abaphandi bafumana ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo noxinzelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-Facebook (16), Ukucebisa ukuba abantu abanempilo enkenenkene yengqondo banokusebenzisa i-Facebook njengokubaleka kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngaphezu koko, uMuench et al. (17) Ndicebise ukuba ukungazithembi ekuhlaleni, njengokuthelekisa ngokwasentlalweni ("Ndivakalelwa kukuba abanye banobomi obungcono kunam"), uloyiko lokuphelelwa ("Ndiziva ngathi ndiphulukene nolonxibelelwano oluhle kakhulu kunabanye"), kunye nokoyika Uvavanyo olubi loluntu ("Ndiyakhathazeka malunga nokuba abanye abantu bacinga ntoni ngam"), zidityaniswa nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-Facebook. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nxulumana phakathi kwezinto ezinokuthi zibekho kwi-Facebook kunye nokubakho kobudlelwane obuhle bokunxibelelana noluntu ngaphandle kwemvume, ukucebisa ukuba ubukhoboka be-Facebook buqhutywa ikakhulu kukungazithembi kuluntu kunokuswela ulwalamano oluhle phakathi koluntu (17).

Xa isetyenziswa ngokumodareyitha, i-Facebook inokulungiselela ubudlelwane kunye nokuphucula ukuzithemba (18); nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo zobomi ezimbi. I-Facebook inokuba yingozi ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo, njengoko uKirschner et al. (19) ifumanise ukuba abasebenzisi be-Facebook bane-avareji ezikwinqanaba eliphantsi kwaye bachitha iiyure ezimbalwa befunda kunabasebenzisi abanga-Facebook. Kwabo baxele ukuba inefuthe elibi kwindlela abaqhuba ngayo ezifundweni, i-74% ichaze ukuba ukusebenzisa i-Facebook ukubekeka ecaleni kubenze bazibona ngathi bayasebenza (19). Ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-Facebook kubonisiwe ukuphazamisa ukulala. Abantu bafumana amanqaku aphezulu kuFacebook, benika ingxelo yokulibaziseka kwexesha lokulala kunye namaxesha anyukayo ngazo zimbini iiveki kunye neempelaveki xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abanamazantsi amanqanaba okulutha kuFacebook.10). Inkululeko yokuzibonisa inokwenza abasebenzisi be-Facebook bathambekele ekunikezeleni iinguqulelo ezilungiselelwe bona kwi-intanethi, kwaye abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukusebenzisa izixa ezikhulu zolwazi malunga nabanye abantu kunokubangela imvakalelo yomona. Oko kukuthi, abantu abasoloko besebenzisa i-Facebook kunokwenzeka ukuba bavume ukuba abanye banobomi obungcono kunabo kwaye nokuba ubomi abunabulungisa, ngelixa abo banokuphila okungaxhunyiwe kunene ekuhlaleni babonakala benembono elungeleleneyo ngobomi babanye abantu (20). Usebenzisa ithiyori yenqanaba lentlalontle yoxinzelelo, Tandoc et al. (21) athi umona ovela kukhuphiswano lwesimo sentlalo unokwenza abantu babe sengozini yoxinzelelo. Bafumanise ukuba iimvakalelo zokuba nomona zibangelwa kukusebenzisa i-Facebook ukuqwalasela ukuqikelela iimpawu zoxinzelelo, ngokubhekisele ekubhekeni ngabom ulwazi lwabanye (21). Ngapha koko, ngokubhekisele kwezothando, uElphinston et al. (22) wafumana ikhonkco phakathi kokusetyenziswa okunganyanzelekanga kokusetyenziswa kwe-Facebook kunye nokungoneliseki kubudlelwane ngenxa yomona kunye nokuziphatha kokujonga.

Okwangoku, akukho zindlela zonyango zichaziweyo ku-Facebook, kwaye ke abaphandi bacebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe amacebo asetyenziswayo ukunyanga umlutha we-Intanethi.6). Iindlela zokunyanga ngengqondo zibandakanya unyango lwengqondo-nokuziphatha kunye nengcebiso ye-multilevel. Kwixa langaphambili, abathengi bafundiswe ukuhlengahlengisa ngokwenkolo iinkolelo ezithile ezingalunganga kunye nokucinga okuyintlekele, njengokuthi "wonke umntu unobomi obungcono kunam." Ekugqibeleni, abathengi bakhokhelwa ngokwamanqanaba otshintsho besebenzisa udliwanondlebe oluqhubayo ngelixa bebandakanya usapho kunye noontanga. Iiarhente zePhemacologic zikhethwe ngokubanzi ngokusekwe kwii-comorbidities esele zikho, njengokudakumba (6).

Umlutha we-Facebook yingxaki evelayo, kwaye uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-Facebook kwinqanaba lokufumana. Uninzi lobungqina busekwe kwizifundo ezinqamleza usebenzisa idatha yokuzixela phakathi kwabafundi abavalelwe kwiikholeji. Ke ngoko, uphando lwexa elizayo lungaqasha uyilo lophononongo olude phakathi koluntu oluninzi ngokubanzi. Idatha yomgangatho inokunceda ekuqondeni ukulindelwa kwabasebenzisi kunye neempawu zemihla ngemihla, kwaye ukulungelelaniswa kwabo okunamandla kunokuba negalelo ekuphuhliseni izikali ngokusebenza kokusebenza. Kude kube ngelo xesha, uphando olungaphezulu luyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubukhoboka be-Facebook njengento ebalulekileyo yezonyango.