Ukucatshulwa kwemifanekiso ye-intonance magnetic ye-intanethi kubantu abadala (2016)

Ilizwe J iRadiol. I-2016 Feb 28; I-8 (2): 210-225.
Ishicilelwe kwi-intanethi 2016 Feb 28. ikhonkco: 10.4329 / wjr.v8.i2.210

PMCID: PMC4770183UGianna Sepede, UMargherita Tavino, URita Santacroce, I-Federic Fiori, URosa Maria Salerno, yaye IMassimo Di Giannantonio

Ulwazi loMbhali ► Iinqununu zeSihloko ► Ulwazi lobunikazi kunye neelayisensi ►

Abstract

I-AIM: Ukunika ingxelo ngeziphumo zophando lwe-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ehambelana ne-intanethi yokulutha kwi-intanethi (IAD) kubantu abadala abancinci.

IINDLELA: Siqhube uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo kwi-PubMed, sigxile kugxininiso lwethu kwizifundo ze-fMRI ezibandakanya izigulana ze-IAD zabantu abadala, ezikhululekileyo kuyo nayiphi na imeko yengqondo yengqondo. La magama okukhangela alandelayo ayesetyenziswa, eyedwa kwaye edibene: i-fMRI, umlutha we-intanethi, ukuxhomekeka kwe-intanethi, ukusebenza okusebenzayo. Ukukhangela kuqhutywa ngo-Epreli 20^th, I-2015 kwaye ivelise iirekhodi ze58. Iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa zezi zilandelayo: Amanqaku abhalwe ngesiNgesi, iminyaka yezigulana years iminyaka ye-18, izigulana ezichaphazeleka yi-IAD, izifundo ezibonelela ngeziphumo ze-fMRI ngexesha lokuphumla kukarhulumente okanye ukuqonda / ukubonakaliswa kwemvakalelo. Izifundo zeMRI zoLwakhiwo, ubuchule bokucinga ngokubonakalayo ngaphandle kwe-fMRI, izifundo ezibandakanya ulutsha, abaguli abanesifo sengqondo esine-comorbid psychiatric, neurological okanye iimeko zonyango azifakwanga. Ngokufunda izihloko kunye neempawu ezibi, sazikhupha iirekhodi ze30. Ngokufunda isicatshulwa esipheleleyo samanqaku asele e-28, sachonga amaphepha e-18 ahlangabezana neekhrayitheriya zethu zokubandakanywa kwaye ke ngenxa yoko zibandakanyiwe kumgangatho ofanelekileyo.

IZIPHUMO: Sifumene izifundo ze-18 ezizalisekisa iikhrayitheriya zokufakwa kwethu, i-17 yazo iqhutywa e-Asiya, kubandakanya inani elipheleleyo lezifundo ze666 ezivavanyiweyo. Izifundo ezibandakanyiweyo zixeliwe ngedatha efunyenwe ngexesha lokuphumla okanye iiparadigms ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngokusebenza kwakhona, ukuqikelela okanye imisebenzi yokulawula kwengqondo. Izigulana ezibhalisiweyo zazihlala zingamadoda (i-95.4%) kwaye zincinci kakhulu (iminyaka ye-21-25). Eyona nto imelwe kakhulu yi-IAD subtype, eyachazwa ngaphezulu kwe-85% yezigulana, yayikukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwi-intanethi, okanye umlutha wevidiyo. Kwizifundo zikarhulumente zokuphumla, ezona zinto zichaphazeleka zichaphazeleka zenziwa kwiindawo eziphezulu zetempileni ye-tempic, i-limbic, medal yangaphambili kunye ne-parietal. Xa sihlalutya umsebenzi onxulumene nezifundo ze-fmri, safumanisa ukuba ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha samaphepha abike umohluko wokuziphatha phakathi kwabaguli kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo, kodwa bonke bafumana umahluko obonakalayo kwimimandla yobuchopho kunye ne-subcortical yengqondo ebandakanyeka kulawulo lwengqondo kunye nokulungiswa kwembuyekezo: I-Orbitofrontal cortex, i-insula, i-anterior kunye ne-posterior cingate cortex, imimandla yokwexeshana kunye ne-parietal, isisu sobuchopho kunye ne-caudate nucleus.

ISIQINISEKISO: I-IAD inokuchaphazela kakhulu imisebenzi yengqondo yabantu abancinci. Kufuneka ifundwe ngokunzulu ngakumbi ukubonelela ngokuchonga okucacileyo kunye nonyango olwaneleyo.

Internet: Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-Intanethi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-Pathologic, ukujongwa kwemifanekiso ye-magnetic resonance, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi, ukusebenza

Ingongoma engundoqo: Siphinde saphonononga ngendlela esebenzayo inkqubo yokufunda ngemagnificent kolwazelelelo kubantu abadala abachatshazelwe kukungalunganga kwe-intanethi (IAD), ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na imeko yengqondo. Sifumene izifundo ze-18, ubukhulu becala ziqhutywa eMpuma ye-Asia kwaye kubhaliswa amantombazana aselula aneengxaki zokudlala. Iziluthisi ze-Intanethi zibonise uguquko olusebenzayo kwimimandla ebandakanyeka kulawulo lwengqondo kunye nemvakalelo yomvuzo / isohlwayo (orbitofadal cortex, anterior and posterior cingates, insula, dorsolateral preortal cortex, temporoparietal area, brain stem and caudate nucleus . I-IAD yimeko ekhubekisayo efuna uqwalaselo olunononophelo ngenxa yempembelelo yayo yokusebenza kwengqondo yabantu abancinci.

INTSHAYELELO

Ingxaki yokulutha i-Intanethi (IAD), ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-pathologic / ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi (i-PIU), inokuchazwa njengokuphazamiseka kolawulo olubonakalayo kusetyenziso lwe-Intanethi olungalawulekiyo, olunxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka okubalulekileyo komsebenzi okanye uxinzelelo lwekliniki [1]. I-IAD ayicalulwanga njengengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwiDiagnostic kunye neNcwadi yeNgxelo yeZinto eziChaphazelayo-ushicilelo lwesihlanu, kodwa i-IAD, i-intanethi yokudlala imidlalo (IGD) (ekwabizwa ngokuba sisiyobisi se videogame), ifakiwe kwicandelo 3 njengesihloko. Ifanelwe zizifundo ezizayo [2]. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwakutsha nje kwi-IAD [3] ukubandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-89000 yabathathi-nxaxheba abavela kwizizwe ze-31 ichaze ulwazelelo lwehlabathi lwe-6%, ngokuxhaphaka okuxhaphakileyo kwi-Middle East (10.9%) kunye nokuxhaphaka okuphezulu eMantla naseNtshona Yurophu (2.6%). Ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwe-IAD kunxulunyaniswa kakhulu neemeko eziphantsi zemozulu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Uphando lwakutshanje olwenziwe kubafundi beekholeji zaseIndiya [4] uxele i-8% ye-IAD esemgangathweni kwaye ichonge ezi zinto zilandelayo njengezinto ezinobungozi: Ubuni besini, ukufumaneka okukhoyo kwi-Intanethi, kusetyenziswa i-intanethi ngakumbi ukwenza ubuhlobo / ubudlelwane obutsha kunye nokuncipha kwekhosi / umsebenzi. Ngenxa yesakhono sabo esiphakamileyo sekhompyuter kunye nokufikelela ngokulula kwi-Intanethi, abantu abadala abancinci basemngciphekweni we-IAD [5].

Ezinye zeempawu zeklinikhi ze-IAD ziyafana nezo zibonwe kukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokuziphatha okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (ukulahleka kolawulo, ukuthanda, ukurhoxa), ukujongana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okanye ukuphazamiseka ngokweBipolar ngoko ke imeko ye-IAD (iphazamiso lwengqondo oluphambili okanye “okwahlukileyo kwi-Intanethi” yezinye iimeko zengqondo) kusaphikiswana ngazo [6-9].

Iindlela zokusebenza kwemifanekiso yokucinga yonyusa ithuba lokuphanda ngesiseko se-neural ye-IAD, ukuphucula ubuntununtunu kunye namandla eenkcukacha zamanani eklinikhi. Umsebenzi wokulinganisa i-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ngakumbi, yindlela esetyenzisiweyo esetyenziswa kwilizwe lonke engahlaseliyo ukufunda ubuchwephesha be-neural underpinnings of psychiatric [10-12]. Ngokwe-FMRI, utshintsho lomqondiso wobuchopho lungahlalutywa ngokwemeko yokusebenza eguquguqukayo ngokubhekisele “kwisiseko” esinikiweyo (kusebenze / uhlalutyo lomsebenzi wokwenziwa) okanye ngokubhekisele kwintsebenzo phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo yobuchopho (uhlaziyo lwenethiwekhi). Utshintsho olwenzeka kwimetabolic kwingqondo lunokubekwa esweni xa kusenziwa iparadigms (umsebenzi onxulumene ne-fMRI) okanye ngexesha lomsebenzi ozilolayo wecorrhea (ukuphumla korhulumente fMRI) [13-16].

Injongo yesifundo esikhoyo yayikukujongisisa ngokucwangcisiweyo imeko yokuphumla kunye nezifundo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi we-fMRI eziqhutywa kwizifundo zabantu abadala kunye ne-IAD, zikhangela abathengisi bezentengiso abanokuthenjwa bale meko inzima yengqondo.

IMPAHLA NENKQUBO

Sikhangele i-PubMed ukukhangela izifundo ze-fMRI eziphanda IAD kwizifundo zabantu abadala. La magama okukhangela alandelayo asetyenziswa, uwedwa kwaye udibene: i-fMRI, umlutha we-Intanethi, ukuxhomekeka kwi-Intanethi, ukusebenza okusebenzayo. Ukukhangela kuqhutywa ngo-Epreli 20^th, I-2015 kwaye ivelise iirekhodi ze58.

Iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa zezi zilandelayo: Amanqaku abhalwe ngesiNgesi, iminyaka yezigulana years iminyaka ye-18, izigulana ezichaphazeleka yi-IAD, izifundo ezibonelela ngeziphumo ze-fMRI ngexesha lokuphumla kukarhulumente okanye ukuqonda / ukubonakaliswa kwemvakalelo. Izifundo zeMRI zoLwakhiwo, ubuchule bokucinga ngokubonakalayo ngaphandle kwe-fMRI, izifundo ezibandakanya ulutsha, abaguli abanesifo sengqondo esine-comorbid psychiatric, neurological okanye iimeko zonyango azifakwanga.

Ngokufunda izihloko kunye neempawu ezibi, sazikhupha iirekhodi ze30. Ngokufunda isicatshulwa esipheleleyo samanqaku asele e-28, sachonga amaphepha e-18 ahlangabezana neekhrayitheriya zethu zokubandakanywa kwaye ke ngoko zibandakanyiwe kulwakhiwo lomgangatho (Umzobo (Umzobo11).

Umzobo 1

Umzobo wokuhamba kokuphononongwa okucwangcisiweyo.

Biostatistics

Iinkcukacha-manani zenziwa nguGqirha Gianna Sepede, onamava oqinisekisiweyo kwiiNkcukacha zeBiomedical Statistics, Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo kunye nohlalutyo lweMeta. Kwiphepha langoku, uluhlu lokutshekishwa kwe-PRISMA 2009 (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) isetyenziselwe ukuchaza indlela yokusebenza, ukwenza uphando, ukukhetha kunye nokunika ingxelo iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Iindlela zeenkcukacha-manani ziye zachazwa ngokufanelekileyo, zichanekile kwaye zenziwa kwiinkcukacha ezingenaziphumo. Inani lezifundo kunye nokunxaxha kwanikezelwa. Xa kufanelekile, ukuzithemba kusikelwe umda kwaye kubalulekile P amaxabiso abalwa kwaye axelwa.

IINKCUKACHA

Sifumene amaphepha e-18 azalisekisa iikhrayitheriya zethu zokubandakanywa, zonke zipapashwe ukusuka kwi-2009 ukuya kwi-2015 [17-35]. Zonke ezi zifundo beziqhutywa kwilizwekazi laseAsia (China, South Korea, Taiwan), ngaphandle kwephepha elipapashwe nguLorenz et al [23], eqhutywa eJamani.

Lilonke, izifundo ze-666 zavavanywa kwizifundo ze-18 ezibandakanyiweyo kumgangatho ofanelekileyo: I-347 kwizigulana ezine-IAD (IADp), i304 eqhelekileyo yokuthelekisa (NC) kunye nezifundo ze15 ezinesifo seengxaki zotywala (AUDp) uninzi lwe-IADp yayingamadoda (n = 331, 95.4%) kwaye mncinci kakhulu (kuthetha ukuba ubudala buqala ukusuka kwi-21 ukuya kunyaka we-25). Inani lezigulana ezithatha inxaxheba kwisifundo ngasinye ukusuka ku-8 ukuya kwi-74. Yiphi into malunga ne-subtypes ye-IAD, i-15 kwizifundo ze-18 ezijolise kwi-IGD [19-24,26-34], ngaphezulu kwe-85% yazo zonke i-IADp (n = 297) yayizigulana ze-IGD (IGDp). Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxilonga zasetyenziswa ukuvavanya i-IAD, njenge-Beard's Diagnostic criteria ye-intanethi [35], Iikhrayitheriya zokuxilongwa kwe-Ko yokufumana iziyobisi kwi-Intanethi ngabafundi beekholeji [36], Uvavanyo lwase-China lokulutha intsholongwane (C-IAT) [37] Iikhrayitheriya zomlutha wekhompyuter kaGrüsser kunye noThalemann [38].

Elona phepha lisetyenzisiweyo ukuvavanya ubukhali be-IAD yayiyi-IAT yolutsha [1], ngokunqunyulwa okwahlukeneyo (ngesiqhelo> 80, kwizifundo ezimbalwa> 50). Ukuchonga i-IGD, imidlalo yokudlala ekwi-Intanethi ikwafuneka ukuba ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwi-Intanethi (ngaphezulu kwe-80% yexesha elichithwe kwi-Intanethi okanye ngaphezulu kwe-30 h / wk).

Ukwenzela ukukhutshwa kwezifundo ngeemeko zengqondo ze-comorbid okanye ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, udliwanondlebe olucwangcisiweyo kunye nezikali zengqondo ukuze kulungiswe uxinzelelo, unxunguphalo, ukunyanzeliswa, iziyobisi zihlala zinikezelwa.

Idatha ye-MRI yafunyanwa ngeskena se-3 T kwizifundo ze-17, kunye nesikena se1.5 T kwisifundo esinye [19]. Kumanqaku e-4, kuphela irekhodi lokuphumla le-fMRI lalirekhodwa, ngelixa amanqaku e-13 axele nge-FMRI yedatha enxulumene nomsebenzi, kwaye iphepha elinye lafumana zombini ukusebenza kokuphumla kunye nokusebenza okuhambelana nokusebenza [31]. Izifundo ezilishumi elinesixhenxe yayizengxelo ezinqamlezayo zokujonga, ngeli phepha nguHan et al [19] yayisisifundo eside se-6-wk longitudinal.

Abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-18 yezifundo ezikhethiweyo zonke zazingenalo naluphi na unyango lwe-psychopharmacological ngelo xesha lokuskena (nasekufundeni faka olu phando lukhankanywe apha ngasentla).

Ukubuyisela izifundo ze-fMRI zesizwe kwi-IAD

Inani elipheleleyo lezifundo ezintlanu ezikhethiweyo [18,21,31,32,34]. Isimo samaqela kunye neziphumo zezifundo zichaziwe kwiTheyibhile Table1.1. Ukuhamba kwesokudla kwakuyinqobo yokufaka kwizifundo ze-4 [18,21,31,34], kunye nesini sendoda [21,31,32,34]. Inani elipheleleyo lezifundo ze298 (Amadoda n = 280, 94%), onke amayeza asimahla, ayebandakanyeka: 159 IADp (140 IGDp), 124 NC kunye 15 AUDp. Izigulana zazihlala zincinci kakhulu (kuthetha ukuba iminyaka isusela kwi-21 ukuya kwi-24 iminyaka).

Ukubuyisela imeko yokufunda kwizifundo zombuso ezisebenza ngokuneengcingane kwi-intanethi

Kuzo zonke ezi zifundo zihlanu zikhethiweyo, imifanekiso ye-fMRI yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa iskena se-3 T kunye nexesha lokuskena ukusuka ku-7 ukuya kwi-9 min. Ukudityaniswa kokusebenza kombuso (RsFc) kunye / okanye Homogeneity yommandla (ReHo) kwabalwa ukuvavanya ukungafani kweqela. Ngenxa yoko, zonke izifundo ezikhethiweyo zachonga umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwezigulana kunye nolawulo.

Liu et al [18], kuphando lwabo kwizigulana ze-19 ze-IAD, baxela ulungelelwaniso olukhulayo phakathi kweendawo zangaphambili, i-cyrulate gyrus, imimandla ye-temporital kunye ne-occipital, i-cerebellum kunye ne-brain stem, ngokubhekisele kuthelekiso oluqhelekileyo. Ke ababhali bacebise unxibelelwano oluguquliweyo olusebenzayo kwimimandla yenkqubo yomvuzo wengqondo. Onke amaphepha amane ajolise kwizigulana ze-IGD [21,31,32,34] ixeliwe libalulekile phakathi kweziphumo zeqela. Dong et al [21] uqaphele ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, abaguli be-IGD babonisa ukuphuculwa kwe-ReHo kwiindawo zokunxibelelanisa i-sensorimotor (ubuchopho, i-cerebellum, i-pateetal lobule yangaphakathi, kunye nokushiya i-front front gyrus), kunye ne-ReHO encitshisiweyo kwindawo esekunene ebonakalayo kunye ne-cortex. Kwisampulu enkulu yezigulana ze-IGD, i-Dong kunye noogxa [31] Iqwalasele unxibelelwano olusebenzayo oluncitshisiweyo kwiindawo ezinolawulo lothungelwano oluPhezulu, ngakumbi kumhlaba osekhohlo: Ventromedial preortal cortex, dorsolateral preortal cortex kunye ne-parietal cortex.

Kuphando lwamva nje, uKim et al [32] uthelekise ukusebenza kwengqondo yokuphumla kwengqondo yezigulana ze-IGD kungekuphela kwezifundo ezisempilweni, kodwa kunye neqela lezigulana ze-AUD, ezijonga ukufana nokungafani phakathi kwezi meko zombini. Ngenxa yoko, bafumanise ukuba bobabini i-IGD kunye ne-AUD babelana ngeReHo engasekwanga kwindawo yangasemva ye-cortxe ngokubhekisele kulawulo olusempilweni, ngelixa i-ReHo encitshisiweyo ekunene kwethambo le-tempriki yexesha elizayo yabonwa kwizigulana ze-IGD kuphela. Ababhali baphinde baxela unxibelelwano olubi phakathi kwesandla sasekhohlo esingaphantsi kwethayile kunye nenqanaba lokunyanzelwa.

Ukuvavanya indima ye-cortex engafakwanga kwi-IGD, uZhang et al [34] uqhube isifundo sokuxhuma esisekwe kwimbewu kwizigulana ze-74 ezine-IGD kwaye wazithelekisa nolawulo oluqhelekileyo lwe-41. Izigulana ze-IGD zibonise ii-rsFC eziphuculweyo phakathi kwe-anterior insula kunye ne-anterior cingulate cortex, i-precuneus, i-angular gyrus kunye ne-basal ganglia (zonke iindawo ezichaphazelekayo kulawulo lwengqondo, i-salience, ingqalelo kunye nokulangazelela). Xa behlalutya indawo engasemva ye-insula, bafumana i-rsFC eyandisiweyo kwiindawo ezidlala indima ephambili ekudibaniseni iimvakalelo, ezinje nge-gorus esembindini kunye neyokuqala. Ngaphezu koko, baqwalasele unxibelelwano oluqinisekileyo phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-tempula ephezulu kunokwexeshana kunye nenqanaba lobunzima be-IGD.

Ukushwankathelwa kwezifundo ze-rsfMRI, ezona zinto zichaphazeleka zichanekileyo eziqwalaselweyo kwi-IGD zenziwa zalapha kwigumbi eliphezulu le-tempri yexesha. Olunye uguquko olubalulekileyo luye lwabonwa kwiindawo ezinemilenze, imimandla yangaphambili yodidi (i-anterior cingulate cortex, indawo eyongezelelweyo yemoto) kunye nemimandla yepharietali. Iziphumo zokungadlali kwimidlalo ye-IAD zazinqunyelwe ngenxa yenani elincinci lezigulana ezichaphazelekayo (n = I-19) kwaye yaxela ukutshintsha ukusebenza kwemimandla enxulumene nobuchopho (umphambili, iparietali, imimandla yokwexeshana, i-cingulated gyrus, isisu sobuchopho kunye ne-cerebellum).

Izifundo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi we-fMRI kwi-IAD

Sifumene izifundo ze-14 ezixela ulungelelwaniso olunxulumene nomsebenzi we-IAD [17,19,20,22-31,33]. Isimo samaqela kunye neziphumo zezifundo zichaziwe kwiTheyibhile Table2.2. Isandla sokunenehlo yayingumgqaliselo wokudityaniswa kuzo zonke kodwa izifundo ezibini [19,23]. Abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda kuphela ababandakanyiwe kwizifundo ze13, ngelixa isampulu yesini exubeneyo yabhaliswa nguLiu et al [33] (2015).

Izifundo ezinxulumene nokusebenza kwemagneti yokuphononongwa kokusebenza kweziyobisi kwi-intanethi

Inani elipheleleyo lezifundo ze368 (abesilisa n = I-352, i-95.6%: Iminyaka yobudala isusela kwi-21 ukuya kwi-25 iminyaka) ibandakanyekile: I-188 IADs (IGDs n = 157) kunye 180 NC. Abathathi-nxaxheba bonke babengenamayeza ngeli lixa lokuskena kunye nokufunda bangene kwizifundo zobude obude nguHan et al [19]. Imifanekiso ye-FMri yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa iskena se-3 T kunye nobude be-scan ukusuka ku-5 ukuya kwi-30 min.

Iparadigms eyalawulwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba yayi: imisebenzi yokwenziwa ngokutsha (izifundo ezintathu) [17,19,33], imisebenzi yokuqikelela (izifundo ezintathu) [20,25,26] okanye imisebenzi yokulawula kwengqondo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo (izifundo ezisibhozo) [22-24,27-31]. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sezifundo [20,22,24,27,28,30,31,33] akukho mehluko wokuziphatha wafunyanwa phakathi kwezehlo kunye nolawulo, kodwa zonke zichaze iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zeqela ekusebenzeni kokusebenza kwengingqi ezininzi zobuchopho, ngakumbi i-orbitofrontal gyrus, i-cortex ye-dorsolateral preortal, i-precuneus, i-cortex yangaphambili ye-dorsolateral. .

Kwimihlaba yokuphinda-phinda ubekho, izihloko ezinobukrelekrele ziyavezwa kukhuthazo oluyilelwe ukukhuthaza umnqweno wento ethile okanye isimilo: kwimeko ye-IAD, okt., ukujonga imifanekiso okanye iividiyo ezinxulumene neevidiyo okanye iimeko ze-Intanethi [17,39,40].

Kwimisebenzi yokuqikelela eqikelekileyo, abathathi-nxaxheba bayacelwa ukuba babheje kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo (okt., kumakhadi, iidayisi, imibala) kunye nokuphendula kwengqondo yabo ukuphumelela okanye ukuphulukana neemeko kunokuhlalutywa, ukuvavanya umvuzo kunye nesohlwayo iinkqubo ze-neural [41].

Kwimisebenzi yokulawula kwengqondo, abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kweempendulo ezahlukeneyo ezingqubanayo. Isistim sinokusetyenziswa ngobuqhetseba ukwandisa ubunzima kunye nokulinganisa ubuchule obuthile bokuqonda, njengokujonga okuzinzileyo, ukuthintelwa kwempendulo, ukungafakwa, amandla okutshintsha komsebenzi kunye nokulungisa iimpazamo. Imisebenzi esetyenziswa rhoqo yokulawula ukuqonda yimisebenzi ye-Stroop: Abathathi-nxaxheba bayacelwa ukuba bafumane kuphela ubuntu bokwenyusa, bengakhathaleli abanye (okt., amagama anemibala eprintiweyo kwi-inki enemibala eyahlukeneyo kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba banokungahoyi igama kunye negama umbala walo) [42]. Xa amanqaku ahlukileyo oxhokonxa engalunganga, ubunzima bomsebenzi bonyuka kwaye buchaphazela intsebenzo (isiphumo se-Stroop) [43]. Olunye udidi olubalulekileyo lwemisebenzi yokulawula yi "go-go-go paradigm": IStimuli (okt., iidigri, iileta, iimilo) zinikezelwa kumjelo oqhubekayo kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba benza isigqibo sebini kwisikhuthazi ngasinye. Isiphumo sesinye sifuna ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba benze impendulo yemoto (iya), ngelixa enye ifuna abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babambe impendulo (ungayihambi) [44].

Xa uphononongo lujolise kwimpembelelo yeemvakalelo okanye ulusu kumnqweno wokukhetha ingqalelo, ichaphaza yedatha yokuchaphazeleka isetyenziswa rhoqo: Abathathi-nxaxheba bajonga ukungathathi hlangothi okanye ukubakho kwesisithukuthezi okubonakala ngokungacacanga kwelinye icala lesikrini, ke ichaphaza libonakaliswa kwindawo yokhuthazo lwangaphambili kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba mabachaze indawo echanekileyo ichaphaza, ukuze kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngakwicala lokunyibilikisa.45,46].

Umsebenzi we-cue-reacction fMRI yezifundo kwi-IAD

Kwisifundo sabo kwi-10 IGDp likumlutha we-videogame World of Warcraft (WOW) Ko et al [17] ifumanise ukuba i-IGDp inike ingxelo ephezulu yemidlalo xa ujonga imifanekiso ye-WOW ngokubhekisele kwi-NC. Ngaphaya koko, ukwenziwa kokusebenza okuphezulu okuphezulu kubonwe kwicala lasekunene le-orbitofrontal cortex, i-basal ganglia (i-caudatum kunye ne-accumbens), ye-cortex yangaphakathi ye-cortate cortex, i-cortex ye-dortolal prelineal yangaphambili.

UHana et al [19] Iqhube iiveki ezintandathu ezivulekileyo zelebhile yesifundo semichiza ejolise ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza kwe-bupropion ekunciphiseni inkanuko yomdlalo kunye nokuguqula ukusebenza kwengqondo kwi-11 IGDp ebengumlutha we-videogame Starcraft. Kwisiseko, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babengenamayeza kwaye ababhali baqwalasele umdlalo ophezulu becela kunye nokunyanzeliswa okongeziweyo kwecorton yangaphambi kwesidumbu, L parahippocampus, ishiye i-occipital lobe kunye ne-cuneus kwi-IGDp, ngokubhekisele kwi-NC ngexesha lenkqubo ye-Starcraft cue. Emva konyango lwe-bupropion, ukuncipha okubalulekileyo kokuncitshiswa kwecortex yangaphambili yasesidlangalaleni kwabonwa kwi-IGDp. I-Bupropion, ngokuba yi-arhente yokuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kwemodopat kunye norepinephrine reuptake, kuye kwathiwa kuyasebenza kwizigulana ezinengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi, ezinengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwemood [47,48] nakwindlela yokungcakaza [49]. Ke ababhali bavavanya ukuba ibupropion inciphise umnqweno kwi-IGD ngokumodareyitha umsebenzi wangaphambili we-dorsolateral preortal cortex.

Kuphando lwamva nje usebenzisa i-videogame stimuli, Liu et al [33] (2015) babhalise isampulu ye-19 IGDp (eyamadoda engu-58%) kwaye baxela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwecortex yangaphambili, ngokunyusa ukusebenza kwi-temporo-parietal esekunene kunye nemimandla ene-limbic: Superior parietal lobe, insula, cingulate gyrus kunye gyrus okomzuzwana.

Umsebenzi wokujonga izifundo ze-fMRI kwi-IAD

Ukuvavanya imbuyekezo kunye nokuva isohlwayo kwi-IGDp, Dong et al [20] belinganisa imeko yokufumana / yokulahleka: Abathathi-nxaxheba kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwamakhadi okudlala amabini agqityiweyo kwaye emva kweseshoni ye-fMRI bafumana isamba semali ngokusekwe kwiinzuzo zabo kunye nelahleko. Uhlalutyo lwedatha ye-fMRI lubonise ukuba ngexesha lokuphumelela i-IGDs ibonise ukwenziwa kwe-cortex ye-orthoforalal yangaphakathi (BA11) ngokubhekisele kwi-NC, ngelixa kwimeko yokulahleka okuphikisanayo bekuyinyani kusebenze kwe-cortex ye-anterior. Ke ababhali bagqibe kwelokuba uvakalelo oluncitshisiweyo kumava amabi (ilahleko yemali) kunye novakalelo olubonakalayo kwiziganeko ezakhayo (inzuzo yemali) ekusebenzeni okuguqulweyo kwe-orbitofrontal cortex kunye ne-cortex yangaphandle ye-cortate inokucacisa ukuba kutheni i-IADp iqhubeka kwindawo yabo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Sebenzisa umsebenzi wokuqikelela ofanayo, Dong et al [25] ifumanise ukuba i-IGDp ibicotha kancinci kune-NC xa ivelwa ilahleko eqhubekayo, ngelixa kungekho miphumo kwiqela lehambo emva kokuphumelela okuqhubekayo. Ngokumalunga nokusebenza kobuchopho, ii-IGD zabonisa ukwenziwa okucothayo kwecortex yangaphakathi kunye nokunyanzeliswa okunyanzeliswa kwegama elingaphambi kwempazamo ngexesha lokuphumelela kunye nelahleko, ngelixa ukwenziwa kongqinisiso lwe-cortex yangaphandle kunye ne-insula kwajongwa ngexesha lokuphumelela kuphela. Ezi ziphumo zicebise ukuba amandla okwenza izigqibo abuthathaka kwi-IGDp, ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwi-gyrus engaphambi (ukusebenza okuphezulu kodwa ukusebenza ngokuziphatha okuncinci) kunye nokubandakanyeka kokubandakanyeka kwe-cortex ye-cortex kunye ne-caudate. Kwisampulu efanayo yesifundo, kunye neparadigm eguquliweyo eguqulweyo (imeko yolawulo eyahlukileyo yongezwa kwi-win and lahle) I-Dong et al [26ubuze abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bachaze amava abo emva kwecandelo lokuskena: I-IGDp inike ingxelo yokunqwenela ukuphumelela kuzo zombini iimeko zokuphumelela kunye nelahleko kunye nokunciphisa iimvakalelo ezimbi ngexesha lokulahleka. Malunga nokusebenza okusebenzayo, iziphumo bezifana, kodwa azifani nezo bekuxelwe ngazo ngaphambili [25] (ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yemeko yolawulo eyahlukileyo): IGDp i-hyperactivated the front front gyrus in all winins and lahle (kodwa inqanaba lokuvula laliphezulu ngexesha lokuwina) kwaye yanyanzelwa ukuba i-cortex ye-posterior ihlale ngexesha lelahleko. Ababhali baqukumbele ukuba phambili kwi-gyrus kwi-IGDp yayingakhathaleli kwiimeko ezimbi kwaye i-cortex yangaphambili ye-cortex ayiphumelelanga ukulawula ulawulo lwayo lokutshintsha kwemo engqongileyo.

Umsebenzi wokulawula umsebenzi wokuqonda we-fMRI kwizifundo ze-IAD

Kwiilingo ezisibhozo zokuqonda kwengqondo fMRI esizikhethileyo, imisebenzi yeStroop yasetyenziswa kwizifundo ezine [22,24,27,31], ukuya / ukungahambi-paradigms kwizifundo ezithathu [28-30] kunye ichaphaza / iparadigm kwisifundo esinye [23].

Dong et al [22] ababhalise abayi-12 abangamadoda, abangena ziyobisi kunye nabangatshayiyo i-IGDp kwaye wabathelekisa noontanga abasempilweni ngexesha lokukhetha umbala wegama le-Stroop. Amaqela awazange ahluke ngokwendlela yokuziphatha, kodwa ngexesha lesiphumo seStroop (incongruent-congruent stimuli Umahluko) IGDp ibonakalise into ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-cortex yangaphakathi, ngasemva kwecortex ye-cortex, kwi-insula yasekhohlo, kumbindi wangaphambili we-gyrus, kwi-medial front gyrus, ngasekhohlo kwe-thalamus, Ilungelo elingaphantsi elingaphantsi, ekunene kwi-gyrus ephezulu yangaphambili.

Ababhali bacingela ukuba ukwenziwa kwe-cortex ye-cterex engaphezulu kwiqela le-IGD kunokubonisa ukungaphumeleli kokukhulisa izixhobo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi ngenxa yokungaphelelanga kwi-Network ye-Mode Network. Ngaphaya koko, uxinzelelo lwe-hyperactivation ye-anterior cingulate cortex, insula kunye nemimandla engaphambi kwayo inokubonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwengingqi ye-fronto-limbic inxaxheba kudlala indima ephambili kuhlolo lwempikiswano kunye "phezulu ezantsi" kulawulo lwothintelo.

Kwisampulu enkulu, i-Dong et al [24] ilawule i-parroigm efanayo ye-Stroop ngoyilo olunxulumene nomsitho kwaye yahlalutya ngokwahlukeneyo imisebenzi yolungelelwaniso lweempendulo ezichanekileyo nezemposiso. IGDp kunye ne-NC zenze ngendlela efanayo, kodwa umahluko wavela kwiindlela zokuvula: ngexesha iimpendulo ezichanekileyo IGDp ayiphumelelanga ukwenza i-cterex ye-anterior kunye ne-orbitofrontal cortex, ngelixa ukwenziwa gwenxa okungalunganga kwe-cortex ye-cterex kwaqwalaselwa ngexesha leempazamo, ngaloo ndlela kucetyiswa amandla okubeka esweni isiphoso.

Kutshanje, uDong et al [27] Uhlalutye ukuguquguquka kwengqondo kweqela le-IGD ngexesha lotshintsho lomsebenzi weStroop, wongeza umvuzo wemali weempendulo ezichanekileyo kunye nokudala iimeko ezilula nezinzima zomsebenzi. Eli qela lingalingani ngokwahlukileyo ekuziphatheni. Kwelinye icala, xa umsebenzi utshintshile ukusuka kubunzima ukuya kwimeko elula i-IGDp isebenze ngaphakathi kwendlela yokufaka kunye nelungelo elingaphezulu le-temporism ye-tempor ngaphezulu kwe-NC; xa umsebenzi utshintshile ukusuka lula ukuya kubunzima, basebenza ngobunono bezinto ezizezamacala amabini, bayeka ukubambelela okomzuzwana okomzuzwana kwaye bashiya i-angular gyrus. Ababhali bavavanya ukuba ukwenza okuphezulu (kwaye ngenxa yoko kungasebenzi kakuhle) kwimimandla ye-limbic kunye ne-temporoparietal edlala indima ephambili kulawulo lwe-inhibitory kunye nokuguquguquka kwengqondo kwakuyi-biomarker ye-IGD.

Ukuthintelwa kolawulo lokuthintela okufanayo kufunyenwe kolunye uphando ngu-Dong et al [31]. Njengenxalenye yesifundo esikhulu sokunxibelelana sikarhulumente sokunxibelelana, isampulu ye-IGDs yenza umsebenzi we-Stroop ngexesha lokuskena i-fMri enxulumene nomsitho. Ababhali baqwalasele ukuba ngexesha lokulingwa okungalunganga, ii-IGD zabonisa ukwenziwa okunyanzelekileyo kwecandelo eliphambili le-gorus yangaphambili kunye ne-cortex yesobunxele yangaphambili, yonke imimandla efakwa kulawulo oluphezulu.

U-Ko et al [28Usebenzise i-paradigm yokuhamba / ukungahambi ngedijithali yokuvavanya inhibition yokuphendula kunye nokulungiswa kwempazamo kwi-26 eyindoda IGDp. Ababhali abakhange bafumanise ukusilela kokuziphatha okuhle kwi-IGDp, ngokubhekisele kwi-NC. Ngokuchasene noko, xa behlalutya idatha ye-fMRI, baxela iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zeqela: Ngexesha lokuphumelela kwempendulo, u-IGDp wavula i-caudate ye-bilate kunye ne-orbitofrontal gyrus ngaphezulu kwe-NC; Ngexesha lokuqhutywa kwesiphoso basilele ukwenza into efanelekileyo. I-Orbitofrontal gyrus kunye ne-insula yimimandla ephambili ekumiseni ulawulo lwe-inhibitory kunye neempazamo, ke ababhali bacebisa ukuba i-IGDp ifuneka ukuze kusebenze i-orbitofrontal gyrus ukuze ifezekise ngempumelelo umsebenzi kunye nokubuyekezwa kwe-insofun hypo.

Kwinqaku lakutshanje, u-Chen et al [30Usebenzise uyilo lwebhlokhi ukuhlalutya imisebenzi yolungelelwaniso lwengqondo kwi-IGDp kusetyenziswa umsebenzi omfutshane wokuhamba / ukungahambi. Nangona kukuziphatha okuqinisekileyo, i-IGDp ibonise ukunyanzeliswa okucothisiweyo kwendawo eyongezelelweyo yeemoto / eyongezelelweyo indawo eyongeziweyo, ingingqi ephambili ekukhetheni isimilo esifanelekileyo, ukubamba iimpendulo ezingalunganga.

Liu et al [29] babhalise isampulu yesini edityanisiweyo ye-IGDp kwaye usebenzise iparadigm yokuhamba / engahambiyo, ngokungena kwimidlalo yokudlala njengabaphambukisi basemva. Baqwalasele ukusebenza kweqela elifanayo kwiparigigm yentsusa, kodwa iimpazamo ezininzi zekhomishini ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwendawo yeqela le-IGD. Ngaphaya koko, ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuqala, i-IGDp i-hyperactivate the top parietal lobe, ngelixa ngexesha lokudlala eliphazamisayo umdlalo hypoactivated ilungelo dorsolateral prewardal cortex, ekunene parietal lobe kunye ne-cerebellum. Umda wohlalutyo olusekwe kuMdla uveza ukuba kwi-IGDp umyinge weempazamo zekhomishini unxulunyaniswa kakuhle ne-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex elungileyo kunye ne-activation ephezulu ye-parietal lobe. Ababhali ke bathi le midlalo ichaphazela kakhulu inhibitory control kwi-IGDp, ukusilela kwecortex yecorsolateral.

Umsebenzi wokuqonda kunye nabaphazamisi abanemvakalelo kunye ne-cue bakwasetyenziswa nguLorenz et al [23kwiqela elincinci le-IGDp: Banikezela ukhetho lwe-dot probe paradigm ngexesha elifutshane (i-SP) kunye novavanyo olude (LP) ukuze kukhethwe ukujongana nokukhathalela kunye nokusebenza kwakhona. I-Stimuli yayiyiNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeMifanekiso esekwe kwiimvakalelo zentshukumo (ngokungathathi cala okanye eyinto entle) kunye nemifanekiso eyenziwe yikhompyuter (imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi okanye imifanekiso esekwe kwi-World of Warcraft videogame). IGDp ibonakalise umdla okhathalayo vs yomibini imifanekiso ehambelana nomdlalo kunye neyokuzonwabisa enexabiso elifanelekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-NC, i-IGDp ibonakalisa ukwenziwa kwe-cortex yangaphambi kokumiliselwa, i-cortex yangaphandle yangaphakathi, i-cortex yasekhohlo ye-orbitof kunye ne-amygdala ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwe-SP kunye nemimandla ye-occipital, ekunene kwe-gyrus yangaphambili kunye ne-hippocampus elungileyo ngexesha leemvavanyo ze-LP. Ngokombono wababhali, abaguli be-IGDp babonise indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuphendula okufana nokujongwa kwizigulana ezinengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi, zinika ingqalelo ngakumbi kukhuthazo.

UKUQALA

Kweli phepha silihlengahlengisile inkqubo yokuphumla kunye nezifundo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi we-fMRI kwizigulana zabantu abadala abane-IAD. Onke kodwa elinye lamaphepha abandakanyiwe kumgangatho wethu wokuziphatha aqhutywa kwilizwekazi laseAsia, eqinisekisa ingqalelo enkulu enikezwe kule meko inokuba yingozi ngoorhulumente baseMpuma [50].

Uninzi lwezifundo lwenziwa kwi-IGDp yamadoda amancinci (kuthetha ubudala ≤ iminyaka ye-25), ngabantu ababhinqileyo abambalwa kunye nezifundo ezingabalulekanga kumdlalo we-Intanethi. Ukuthintela naziphi na iimpembelelo ezothusayo zezinye iimeko, sibandakanya kuphela izifundo eziqhutywa kwizifundo ezingenasiphazamiso sonyango lwengqondo okanye isifo sokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Ukushwankathela okufunyenweyo koncwadi, sagxininisa ukuba i-IGDp yahlukile kuthelekiso olusempilweni ekusebenzeni kwemimandla eliqela yobuchopho ebandakanyeka kumvuzo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu / ekuqwalaselweni kwengqwalaselo, kwanaxa beziphethe kakuhle.

Ngakumbi, olona dysfunctions luchazwe kakhulu lwalukho kwi-grafus ye-orbitofortal, i-cortex yangaphambili, i-insula, i-dorsolateral preortal cortex, i-temporcy ye-temporal ye-temporis, i-gortus engaphantsi yangaphambili, i-precuneus kunye ne-cortex yangaphambili ye-cortex, ngelixa imimandla engaphantsi komhlaba, ukutshintsha kwengqondo esebenzayo yahlala ifumaneka kunye ne-caudate.

I-Orbitof Pambal cortex ibandakanyeka kuthatho lwezigqibo, kwindlela yokuziphatha ekhokelwa lixabiso kunye nembuyekezo yomvuzo / wohlwayo [51,52]: Ngokudityaniswa kwamaninzi kunye nemimandla yangaphambili, yenyawo kunye neyengqondo, iqikelela umvuzo onokubakho wokuvuselela kunye nokuziphatha okufanelekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe isiphumo esihle. Kwizigulana ezinotywala iziyobisi, ukusebenza kwe-orbitofrontal cortex kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokunqwenela nokwenza izigqibo [53]. I-cortex ye-Anterior cortex kunye ne-insort cortex zombini zifanelekile kugxininiso oluzinzileyo, ukubeka iliso kwimbambano, ukusayina impazamo [54] nokulungiswa kwesikhuthazo esingathandekiyo [55]. Babonelela ngesixhobo esiphakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zekhweyitha, ezibopha iimvakalelo kwisimo sengqondo [56,57]. Ukutshintshwa kokusebenza kwe-cortex ye-anterior kunye ne-insula kufunyenwe kuhlobo lotywala kunye neziyobisi [58,59].

I-Dorsolateral preortal cortex ngumda obandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokuqonda, efana nememori yokusebenza [60] kunye nokufunda izakhono zeemoto [61]. I-activation engaqhelekanga ye-dorsolateral preortalal cortex yafunyanwa kwiziselo ezinxilisayo ezinxilisayo ngokubhekisele kwiziselo ezinxilisayo ngexesha lokuhamba / ukungahambi [62] nakwindawo ekungcakazayo kuyo ngexesha lokwenza umsebenzi kwakhona63].

I-gyrus ephezulu yokwexeshana yafunyanwa ivuselelwa ekusebenzeni kweshukumiso somsindo kunye nomxholo weemvakalelo [64] kwaye ngexesha lokutshintsha komsebenzi [65]. Ukucuthwa kwe-activation ephezulu ye-tempor grafus kuye kwabikwa kwizidakamizwa ze-cocaine ngexesha lomsebenzi we-Stroop [66].

I-gyrus engaphantsi ye-frontal inendima kuthintelo lwengqondo [67], ujoliso ekujolisweni [68], ukwenza isigqibo[69] kunye nokulungiswa kweemvakalelo [70]. Ukuphendula ekuthathweni kwesigqibo kubandakanya ukungaqiniseki kwaye ngexesha lokuphicotha okuphakathi, abantu abadala abancinci abanengxaki yokusebenzisa i-cocaine kunye ne-amphetamine babonisa isenzo esincinci esisebenzayo se-gyrus yangaphambili ngokubhekisele kubo bobabini abasebenzisi bokuqala bokukhuthaza kunye nolawulo olusempilweni [71]. I-precuneus inendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuziqondeni, ukujonga imifanekiso yendawo, ukubuyisa inkumbulo ye-episodic [72] kunye nokujongwa kokujongwa ngexesha lobunzima obuphezulu [73]. Kumsebenzi wabo kwizilungiso ze-intanethi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwe-nicotine ye-comorbid, uKo et al [74] ixela ukunyuka kokusebenza kwe-precuneus ngexesha lomdlalo ukubonwa komdlalo kwi-IGDp egulayo, kodwa hayi kwi-IGD exit.

I-cortex cingxe yangaphandle ithathwa njengenxalenye yendlela engagqibekanga yengqondo [75] kunye nokwenza kwayo ngexesha lokufunwa okukhulu kwemisebenzi yokuqonda kuthathwa njengokubonakaliswa kwakhona kwezinto ezikhoyo zokuqhubekisa izixhobo [76]. Umsebenzi otshintshiweyo we-cortex cterex yangasemva kunye namanye amacandelo oMdibaniso weMo yeNdlela waxelwa kwizidakamizwa ze-cocaine, ngakumbi kwezo zinokusetyenziswa okungapheliyo [77].

Ukubaluleka kwendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo ekuboneleleni ngokunyuka nokuhla kweendlela phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba kubhalwe kakuhle [78]. Ngokukodwa imimandla engaphambili kunye ne-cortex yangaphambi kokunxibelelana inxibelelana kakhulu nenkqubo yobuchopho, ke ukungasebenzi kwesi sakhiwo esincinci kukhokelela ekuwongeni nasekuthambekeni kokulawula [79].

I-caudate nucleus ibandakanyeka kwisimo sokuma, ukulawulwa kwemoto kunye nokuguqulwa kwendlela / indlela yokuziphatha:80]. Ekuphenduleni kwimikhwa yotywala, abasebenzisi botywala obuninzi babonakalise ukwenziwa kwe-caudate ephezulu ngokubhekisele kubasebenzisi abasemgangathweni [81].

Ukucingela ngokwe-radiological sisicwangciso sobuchule sophando olusebenzayo kwiinkalo zengqondo kunye ne-neurological, kwaye kunokuthathwa njengendlela ye- "molekyuli yendawo yezifo zemfuza"82,83], indawo yophando eyahlukeneyo ejolise ekuphandeni ubudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo phakathi kohlobo, indawo esingqongileyo, ukuguqulwa kwemolekyulu kunye nesiphumo sexesha elide sokuphazamiseka kwonyango [84].

Zithathiwe kunye, iziphumo zokuphononongwa kwenkqubo yethu zibonisa ukuba umntu oselula osele ekhulile une-IGD, ngaphandle kwako nakuphina okunye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kubonise indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo esebenzayo efanayo naleyo yabonwa kukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Ukutshintshwa kokusebenza kwe-cortex yangaphambi kwexesha kunye ne-posterior cingrate cortex, imimandla yangaphambili kunye ne-parietal, indawo ye-limbic kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-subcortical ibangela ukungahambi kakuhle kwempendulo kunye nokuziva okungathandekiyo ukuvuza kunye nesohlwayo. Njengoko kuqatshelwe kukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, izigulana ezine-IAD zibonisa imeko eguqukayo yokuqonda, iimpendulo ezixineneyo kunye nokuziphatha okungalunganga, ezineziphumo ezibi kubomi bentlalo kunye nokusebenza [85-87].

Imida yokufunda

Uninzi lwabaguli ababhalise kwizifundo ezihlaziyiweyo yayingamadoda IGDp, ke ngoko iziphelo azinakwandiswa kwezinye i-IAD okanye abaguli ababhinqileyo. Ukugxininisa uphononongo lwethu kwizifundo zabantu abadala, asizibandakanyi izifundo ze-fMRI eziqhutywa kubantwana nakwindlela yokufikisa.

IMIBUZO

imvelaphi

Ukuphazamiseka kweziyobisi kwi-Intanethi (IAD) kukuphazamiseka kolawulo olubonakaliswa kukusetyenziswa okungalawulwayo kwe-Intanethi, okunxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka okubalulekileyo komsebenzi okanye uxinzelelo lweklinikhi. Nokuba ayichongwa njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuhlelo lwangoku lwe-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diswords (DSM-5), yimeko ekuxoxwa ngayo kakhulu, ngenxa yobukho bayo obufanelekileyo phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala abancinci.

Imida yophando

Ezinye zeempawu zeklinikhi ze-IAD, ezinje ngokuphulukana nolawulo, ukunqwenela kunye neempawu zokurhoxa xa izigulana zingavumelekanga ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ziyafana nezo zibonwa kukuziphatha okanye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Ke ngoko, kule minyaka idlulileyo izifundo ezininzi ezinomdla ziye zenziwa ngenjongo yokuphanda ubudlelwane phakathi kokuhanjiswa kweklinikhi ye-IAD kunye nokusebenza kwemimandla yecortical kunye ne-subcortical ebandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kwemivuzo kunye nokulawulwa kwengqondo.

Ukuqanjwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nokuqamba

Uphando lwe-Neuroimaging kule mihla luyindlela ethembisayo yokuzalisa umsantsa phakathi kwesiseko se-molecule sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwabo kweklinikhi. Uncwadi lwesayensi kwisifo ekuchazwe ukuba kufunyenwe isifo esifana ne-IAD sikhula ngokukhawuleza, ke ukubonelela ngohlalutyo lwedatha yokugqibela epapashiweyo kunokuba nomdla kwabafundi. Ukujonga uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwababhali kwiisampulu zehomogeneous yokufunda (abaguli abadala kuphela, akukho zimo zengqondo ezivunyelweyo) iziphumo zophando ezahlukeneyo zinokuthelekiseka ngokulula ukufumana ukufana kunye nokungahambelani.

izicelo

Kwiimeko zeklinikhi, abaguli abanemeko yengqondo efanayo bahlala behluka ukusuka kwelinye ngokweempawu zekliniki, ukuphendula kunyango lwe-pharmacological kunye nesiphumo sexesha elide. Ukufundisisa ubuchopho babo kunye neendlela zabo zokuziphatha kwiinkcukacha kunokunceda ukubonelela ngokuchanekileyo nangonyango.

I sigama

I-IAD: Isiphazamiso sokulawula impembelelo esibonakaliswa kukusetyenziswa okungalawulekiyo kwe-Intanethi, okunxulunyaniswa nothintelo olusebenzayo okanye uxinzelelo lwekliniki; IGD: I-subtype ye-IAD, ekwabizwa ngokuba sisiyobisi se-videogame, esibonakaliswa kakhulu kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi njengomsebenzi oyintloko we-Intanethi.

Xa u

Eli linqaku elinomdla kakhulu.

Imihlathi

Ixhaswe liSebe leNeuroscience, Ukulinganisa, kunye neeNzululwazi zeKlinikhi, iYunivesithi "G.d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; Isibonelelo sikaGqr Sepede se-hoc sixhaswe yiNkqubo-sikhokelo yesixhenxe ye-European Union ngoPhando, uphuhliso lobuchwephesha kunye nomboniso phantsi kwesivumelwano sesibonelelo, u-602450.

Isiteyitimenti sokungqubana nomdla: Bonke ababhali abaxeli nakuphi na ukungqubana kwenzala. Eli phepha libonisa kuphela iimbono zabalobi kwaye i-European Union ayinatyala kulo naluphi na usetyenziso olunokuthi lwenziwe ngolwazi oluqulathwe kuyo.

Ingxelo yokwabelana ngedatha: Akukho datha eyongezelelweyo ekhoyo.

Ukufikelela ngokuvulekileyo: Eli nqaku linqaku lokufikelela elivulekileyo elikhethwe ngumhleli wezindlu kunye nokuphononongwa ngokupheleleyo koontanga ngabavavanyi bangaphandle. Isasazwa ngokuhambelana nelayisenisi yeCreative Commons Attribution yeZorhwebo (CC BY-NC 4.0), evumela abanye ukuba basasaze, baphinde balungelelanise, balungelelanise, bakhele kulo msebenzi ongengowentengiso, kunye nelayisensi imisebenzi yabo yokufumana ngokwamagama ahlukeneyo. Umsebenzi woqobo ukhutshiwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ukusetyenziswa akuyo-yorhwebo. Bona: http://creativecommons.org/licutions/by-nc/4.0/

Ukuhlolwa kwakhona koontanga kuqalile: NgoJulayi 30, 2015

Isigqibo sokuqala: ngo-Okthobha 30, 2015

Inqaku kumaphephandaba: UDisemba 21, 2015

Umvavanyi- Umhleli: Gumustas OG, Matsumoto S S- Umhleli: Ji FF L- Umhleli: Umhleli we-E: Liu SQ

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