I-Hypothesis kunye nethiyori I-ARTICLE
USamu PL Veissière1,2,3,4 * kwaye 
UMoriah Stendel1,3,4- 1ISebe lezeengqondo, iYunivesithi yaseMcGill, iMontreal, QC, Canada
- 2ISebe le-Anthropology, iYunivesithi yaseMcGill, iMontreal, QC, Canada
- 3I-Raz Lab kwi-Cognitive Neuroscience, iYunivesithi yaseMcGill, eMontreal, QC, Canada
- 4Inkcubeko, Ingqondo, kunye neNkqubo yeBongo, iYunivesithi yaseMcGill, iMontreal, QC, Canada
Sibonisa i-akhawunti ye-deflationary ye-smartphone yobunzima ngokubeka le nkcazo echazwe ngokuchasene nayo ngaphakathi zentlalo imiqathango yethu yeentlobo. Nangona sivuma kunye nabagxekayo bexesha elide ukuba ukuxhamla nokuxhatshazwa kweengcali zeteknoloji yeselula kunokuyilungisa intshukumo engathinteliyo, siyancoma ukubeka indawo yokulutha kwezilwanyana kwindlela yokudala eyona ndlela: ukufunwa komntu ukubeka iliso nokubekwa iliso ngabanye. Ukudweba kwiziphumo eziphambili kwi-anthropology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nesayensi yolwazi lwenkolo, sichaza iliso lohlolo imodeli yesilingo se-smartphone esekelwe ngokubanzi uhlaziyo lwentlalo ngcamango yolwazi lwabantu. Ukwakhiwa kweembono zokutshintshwa kwangaphambili kwenkqubo yokujonga nokugqithisa kwi-neuroscience, sicacisa indima yokulindela umvuzo wezenhlalakahle kunye neziphene zokubikezela ekujonganeni nokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone engasebenzi. Siphetha ngeengqiqo zefilosofi yokucamngca kunye neendlela zokunciphisa umonakalo ekufumaneni iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlonela intlalo yoluntu kunye nokubeka iiprotokholo zenzalo zokusetyenziswa kolwazi lwentlalo.
intshayelelo
Njengoko eli phepha laliphantsi kovavanyo lokugqibela, kuye kwavela iindaba ezintsha malunga nemiphumela yokusebenzisa i-smartphone. Izabelo ezinkulu ze-Apple, zixhaswe zizicelo ezivela kubathengi, ngoku zazifuna ukuba i-tech enkulu idlulise ingxaki ekhulayo yokulutha kwe-smartphone kunye nefuthe layo kuphuhliso lwabantwana (IKawa, 2018). Njengoososayensi bengqondo abaye bafunda ifuthe le-intanethi kwindlela yokuziphatha kwabantu (I-Veissière, 2016a,b), Injongo yethu kukuhambisa umbono ohambelana nolwalamano phakathi kwetekhnoloji yeenkcukacha zeselula kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ngelixa sivuma ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone okugqithileyo kunokuba yinto enobungozi kwimpilo yengqondo, sijolise ekubuyiseleni ukuqonda okwangoku kweendlela ezichaphazelekayo kwezi ndlela zikhobokisayo kugxininiso olubanzi lwendaleko.
Kweli phepha, sinikezela ibango elivusa inkanuko lokuziphatha okukhoyo ngaphezulu komlutha we-smartphone ukujonga ukubaluleka kwesiseko: akukho nto iyindalo malunga netekhnoloji yeselula. Siphakamisa, endaweni yoko, ukuba yiyo zentlalo ulindelo kunye nemivuzo yokunxibelelana nabanye abantu kunye nokufuna ukufunda kwabanye ukubafaka kunye nokugcina ubudlelwane bobuchwephesha kunye nee-smartphones. Kuninzi okuye kwathethwa malunga nokulutha kwe-Intanethi kunye ne-Medias kunye neetekhnoloji ezintsha ezinokusidibanisa nokusenza sibe nesithukuthezi ngaxeshanye, zikhokelela kwiziphumo zempilo yengqondo (I-Twenge, i-2017). Uhlobo olunobunzulu bobuchwephesha kwezi nkqubo, nangona kunjalo, luhlala lugqithisiwe. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone okunyanzelekileyo, sithi, ayisiyo-antisocial kakhulu njengoko isisiseko sentlalo. Ngokukodwa, sithetha ukuba ubuxhakaxhaka bezobuchwephesha buqhutywa ngumnqweno woluntu wokunxibelelana nabantu, kunye nemfuno ehambelana nokubonakalayo, ukuva, ukucinga, ukukhokelwa, nokubekwa esweni ngabanye, okufikelela kubunzulu bobuchopho bethu ekuhlaleni kwaye kukude kuthi indalo eyadlulayo.
Iifowuni, sibanga, zibonelela ngeqonga elingenabungozi kwimpembelelo enempilo. Njengoko siza kubona, banokusenza ukuba sikhumbule kwaye sibhiyozele indima yabanye abantu ekusenzeni ukuba singubani, kwaye basincede ukuba sizixabise ngakumbi izivumelwano ezisenza sibe zezona ntlobo ziphilayo zentlalo.
Ekuzisuseni iingcambu zentlalo ngokulutha kwe-smartphone-nangokwandiswa, ngokuziphatha komntu kunye nentlalo - asizimiseli ukuvelisa meta-theory egxotha ezinye, iindlela ezingezizo zentlalo zokusebenzisa kakhulu i-smartphone. Ihyper-sociality yeziyobisi ze-smart-isiyobisi, endaweni yoko, zinokwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka koluntu ngqo ukuya ngqo kwezentlalo.
Ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ukuhambisa imisebenzi enzima njengokucengceleza nokucwangcisa, kunye nokufikelela kwangoko kwiindaba kunye nolwazi ziphakathi kwebhetri yemisebenzi yeholide yemihla ngemihla eyaziwa ngokuba ingumlutha omkhulu (Ukutshintsha, i-2017). Ngokujonga nje, ezi ndawo azibonakali lula njengezentlalo. Ukusuka kwimbono yokuzivelela kwezinto, nangona kunjalo, amandla omntu okusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kuyo nayiphi na imeko (kwaye ubukrelekrele bomntu uqobo) ubhengezwe ekufikeleleni kwingxelo enkulu ebumbekayo yolwazi lwenkcubeko ehambelana nabanye, nokuba kungabikho mntu unokufumana yedwa, okanye abuyele yedwa ebomini bakhe (I-Henrich, i-2016; Mercier kunye Sperber, 2017). Ukufuna iindaba kunye nolwazi, ukuyibeka ngokulula, ziindlela funda kwabanye, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwi ngokwenkcubeko efanelekileyo imicimbi kunye nabantu. Umdlalo wevidiyo udlalwa ngokufanayo yimilinganiselo yezentlalo enokuthi ingabonakali lula kubasebenzisi nabagxeki ngokufanayo. Ngelixa imidlalo emininzi yevidiyo ibandakanya imbuyekezo ebonakalayo ekuhlaleni ngokudlala kunye nabanye abasebenzisi (I-Snodgrass et al., 2016) eminye imidlalo ekhethekileyo yokulutha njengeHandy Crush ayenzi. Imivuzo engalindelekanga evela kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii- "idic loops" zobunzima bonyukayo (Ukutshintsha, i-2017), njengoko sisanda kwiCandelo "lokuLungiselela-ukuSebenzisa kunye neeSmart," kusebenze iinkqubo ze-neurobiological ezonyusa indlela yokufuna umvuzo kunye nokulutha kwezinye izizinda (I-West et al., 2015). Kwicandelo elilandelayo, sibonisa iziphumo ezixhasa i-hypothesis ethi uninzi lwezaziso ze-smartphone, ukusuka kwi-imeyile kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ukuya kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo, xelisa isimilo sokuziphatha ngokuqikelela imivuzo yoluntu. Imivuzo ethatyathwe ngokudlala imidlalo, nangona kunjalo, zizezoluntu ngeendlela ezingangqalanga. Iphulo lomntu lokudlala kunye nokhuphiswano, ngokuqinisekileyo, likwimizila yeendlela zokuziguqula kwezoluntu, apho ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabantu kunye noluntu luye lwanceda ukuqhubela phambili ukusasazwa kobuchule, ulwazi, kunye netekhnoloji ukusuka kwisizukulwana kuye kwesinye.Ibell et al., 2009; URicherson et al., 2016). Ekufuneni ukugqwesa kumdlalo onzima, siziqhelanisa nokugqwesa ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezithile zezakhono, kodwa nakwindawo yokhuphiswano loluntu uqobo. Iifowuni, njengoko siza kuphikisana, zibonelela ngokwandiswa kwe-hyper ye-evolution enomdla wokunxibelelana nabanye, ukufunda kwabanye, kodwa nokuzithelekisa nathi nokukhuphisana nabanye.
Intlalo yoSetyenziso lweSmartphone
Xa kuziwa ekusetyenzisweni kwe-smartphone, uncwadi lwenzululwazi yangoku kunye nobulumko obunobunkunkqele bokungazithembi kakhulu, kusilumkisa ngobungozi obufumaneka obu buchwephesha butsha. Ngokophando lwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kunxulunyaniswa nokudakumba (I-Steers et al., 2014; UAndreassen et al., 2016), ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo (ULee et al., 2014; I-Twenge, i-2017), kunye noxinzelelo lwentlalo (UBillieux et al., 2015; U-Emanuel et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2017), Ukusasaza isizukulwana esichasene noluntu, ukukhathazeka okungazenzisiyo, 'i-Zombies' (ULu noLi, 2017). Ngelixa ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziphakamisa iinkxalabo ezibalulekileyo malunga 'necala elimnyama' lokusebenzisa i-smartphone, zihlala zijolise kubuchwepheshe obutsha njengendawo ekukuphela kwayo kweziyobisi kunye ne-pathology. Sicebisa ukuzisa le ngxaki kugxilwe olubanzi lwezinto eziguqukayo, kwaye iya kuqhubeka nokuxoxa ukuba 'i-smartphone' ekhoyo ngoku ayisekelwanga ngaphakathi, okanye kubonise ukutshintsha komgaqo-nkqubo kwimeko yengqondo apho amava omntu abekwe khona ngokungacwangciswanga. Iiakhawunti ezidumileyo, siyaphikisana, ziphosa uphawu kwinto ebaluleke kakhulu: ayizizo ii-smartphones ngokwazo ezinomlutha, kodwa endaweni yoko intlalo ukuba banakho. Sigxininisa ukuba eli phulo lokuqhubela phambili intlalontle yinto esisiseko sendaleko yomntu eqikelela ukuba zii-smartphones ngamakhulu amawaka - ezinye zeakhawunti zizigidi ngezigidi zeminyaka (Hrdy, 2007). Ukubeka nje, i-smartphone ikwi-hyper-yentlalo, hayi anti-yentlalo.
Kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa ibango lokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kuyindalo, kwaye nangokongeza, ukuba le prosociality yindawo ephambili yokulutha kwe-smartphone. Okokuqala, uninzi lokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone luyachithwa kwimisebenzi yentlalo enjengentanethi yenethiwekhi, ukuthumela imiyalezo, kunye neefowuni (U-Li noChung, 2006; I-Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2014). Nokuba kusetyenziswana nge-smartphone engadibaniyo, njengolwazi lokufuna okanye ukukhangela iwebhu, ngoku sele inoluntu ngokugqibeleleyo: 'ukuthandwa', izimvo, kunye nezimvo zizalathiso zentlalo zokuzibandakanya kunye nokuhoywa ngokudibeneyo. Okwesibini, abantu abasebenzisa izixhobo zabo ngenxa yezizathu zentlalontle banokukhawuleza ukuphuhlisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone (UVan Deursen et al., 2015). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ayisiyiyo i-smartphone ngokwayo kuphela enomdla kodwa iyinto esebenzisana nayo ngqo okanye engathanga ngqo.
Ubungakanani obubanikiweyo bokungena kwi-smartphone buyabonelela nangakumbi kwisimo sayo sentlalo. Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kwisayensi yezenzululwazi yendaleko kunye ne-neuroscience yentlalo zibonisa ukuba abasetyhini bakumgangatho ophucukileyo ngakumbi ekuqondweni kwentlalo kwaye bathambekele ekubonakaliseni inkcubeko yokuziphatha ngakumbi kunamadoda (U-Eckel no-Grossman, 1998; UAndreoni noVesterlund, 2001; I-Meier, i-2007; I-Lach kunye neCreaway, i-2009; IRandi et al., 2016; I-Soutschek et al., 2017; yabona I-Espinosa neKovářík, 2015 kwezinye iinkcazo). Oku kungqinelani ngokwesini kugcinwa ekusebenziseni i-smartphone, kunye nezifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba abasetyhini basebenzisa iifowuni zabo ngeenjongo zentlalo ngakumbi kunamadoda (I-Tufekci, i-2008; UVan Deursen et al., 2015). Ngokwe-hypothesis yethu, uhlobo lweprosocial lokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone yabasetyhini luya kwenza ukuba abantu basetyhini babe nomkhwa. Uqikelelo lwamva nje luqinisekisa le mbono: abantu basetyhini kunokwenzeka ukuba bahlakulele isimilo se-smartphone, bafumane amaxhala ngakumbi xa bengakwazi ukusebenzisa ii-smartphones zabo, kwaye bazive bephantsi kolawulo lokujonga iifowuni zabo (UThompson noLougheed, 2012; UVan Deursen et al., 2015).
Ukuqiqa Ezinye Iingqondo Zikhokela kulindelo lwethu
Ngaphandle kokungafani ngokwahlukeneyo kumtshato wentlalo, akukho nto iphikisayo ukuba umntu xa ewonke zizidalwa ezizimeleyo. Ngaphaya koko kufunyanisiweyo kubhaliweyo okufunyenweyo kuphuhliso lwesayikholoji engqina unxibelelwano lwendaleko phakathi kokuqonda kunye nentlalo (I-Moll kunye noTomasello, 2007; UTomasello, 2009; UTomasello et al., 2012), uphando lwakutsha nje ngokuhambahamba kwengqondo lubonakalise ukuba uninzi lwezinto zethu zengqondo ezizenzekelayo zinikezelwe ekuziqhelaniseni neemeko zentlalo. Uphando olukhulu lwamva nje kusetyenziswa isampulu yamava, umzekelo, lubonise ukuba phantse isiqingatha sexesha lokuvuka sichitha ixesha kwizinto ezihamba ingqondo zingadibananga nomsebenzi owenziwayo (IKillingsworth kunye noGilbert, 2010). Nangona isayensi ekucingweni kwemihla ngemihla ihlala ichaza iziphumo zengqondo yokuhambahamba (umzekelo, UMnazek et al., 2013), kusenokwenzeka ngaphambi kwexesha ukukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wokuqonda ohleli ipesenti enkulu yobomi bengqondo awuboneleli ngenzuzo ethile esebenzayo. Ukuchaza ubiquity bokuhambahamba kwengqondo, I-Poerio kunye neNcinciwood (2016) Ndicebise ukuba le nto iguqukayo ngokwendalo, isebenza njengeqonga lokuqonda koluntu ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuxhasa lo mbono, uphando lubonisa ukuba konke kodwa iqhezu elincinci lokucinga ngemini kubandakanya iimeko zentlalo (UMar et al., 2012; Ingoma kunye neWang, 2012). Ngaphaya koko, ukuhamba-hamba kwengqondo kunye nokuqonda ngokwasekuhlaleni kuxhomekeka ekusebenzeni kwangaphakathi, apho imisebenzi yangaphakathi eyenzeka ngexesha lokukhumbula kakhulu igqithela ngaphezulu kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko zentlalo njengokufaka ingqondo kunye nokuthatha umbono - zona iinkqubo ezenza ukuba umntu aphumelele ekuhlaleni (I-Poerio kunye neNcinciwood, 2016). Iimodeli zamva nje kwindaleko yoxinzelelo zinceda ekuqinisekiseni le hypothesis yentlalo yeendlela zengqondo eqhelekileyo. Kuluhlu lwamaphepha anempembelelo, uPaul Andrews kunye noogxa bakhe baphikise ukuba 'ukudakumba' (ukuphazamiseka okubonakaliswa yingqondo yengqondo) kuhambisa abathile zentlalo izibonelelo ukunceda ukugcina iingxaki zentlalo kugxile kwengqondo. Kwakhona, kuyaphawuleka ukuba abantu basetyhini (abanobuchule ngakumbi kunamadoda ekuqondeni ngokwasentlalweni) bafumana uxinzelelo kumanani aphezulu kakhulu kunamadoda. UAndrews kunye noogxa bakhe babona oku njengobungqina obongezelelekileyo bokuba inxenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bengqondo inikezelwe ekuziqheliseni kwakhona iimeko zentlalo (UAndrews kunye noThomson, 2009; UAndrews et al., 2012, 2015). Konke konke, ukuvumelana okukhulayo phakathi kwengqondo yophuhliso kwengqondo, ubuchopho bengqondo, kunye ne-phenomenology zibonisa ukuba abantu baphantse bacinga kwaye ngokusebenzisa abanye abantu (UFrit, 2002; UTomasello, 2009; UMar et al., 2012; URamstead et al., 2016). Ixesha selivuthiwe ke, lokuba bacokise ingcinga yokuziqhelanisa noluntu ngokubanzi. Kula macandelo alandelayo, sandisa kule thethi kwaye siyisebenzise ekusebenziseni i-smartphone.
Imithombo yeendaba zeNtlalontle kunye neZaziso ze-Intanethi njengoBekwenziwa kweliso leNdalo
Kuluhlu lwamaphepha akutshanje, URamstead et al. (2016; bona kwakho URamstead et al., 2017; I-Veissière, 2017) Icacise ngokutyebisa abantu behlabathi njengokomhlaba ocwangcisiweyo weendawo “zokufikelela ngokwenkcubeko” ezisekelezwe ngokudibeneyo, kulindelwe kwakhona kulindelo lwenkcitho malunga imigangatho yokuziphatha eyabelwanayo. 'Inkcubeko', kolu luvo lunokuchazwa njengolwabiwo olwenziweyo lokuqwalaselwa; Oko kukuthi, ukuziqhelanisa nokukhetha ukunikela ingqalelo, ukubiza intsingiselo, kunye nokukhokela isimilo kwiimpawu ezithile zehlabathi ngokwento elindele ukuba abanye bayilindele kwaye banake. Ngelixa into eyenziwayo ngokudityaniswa ngokudibeneyo komdla wokudibana ifumana amaxabiso ahlukileyo kwaye inika amava ahlukileyo kwiqela ukuya kwiqela, umthamo wolwazi ekwabelwana ngalo oluya kumaqela amakhulu abantu ngokubanzi 'njengam' sisimo ngokubanzi ngokuzidibanisa, oku kunika iindlela zenkcubeko phakathi kweHomo Sapiens (URamstead et al., 2016; I-Veissière, 2017).
Kolu luvo, kwisithuba sokuqhubeka kwengqondo eqhelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo, abantu bafunda ukubona umhlaba ngokwembono yabanye abantu kwaye bacinge ngokujonga iimeko ezichaphazela iimeko zelo xesha (zihlala zixhotyiswe ngezikhundla) ukubakhokela kwizenzo zabo (I-Veissière, 2017). Ukusuka kwimeko ukuya kumxholo kunye nomzuzu ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, sikhupha indawo enkulu yokucinga, iimvakalelo, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngamanye amaxesha ukucacisa, ubukhulu becala iimeko ezichazayo zento ethi “le nto-ke icinga, yokucinga, yokuva, okanye yokulindela ukuba ndi Yenza ”ezahlukeneyo.
Olu luvo luqinisekisayo lokujongwa kunye nokukhokelwa ngumfanekiso ngqondweni abanye baye bachukunyiswa ukuba badlale indima ebalulekileyo kwindalo yentsebenziswano, isimilo, inkolo ehlelekileyo, kunye nobomi bezenqanaba elikhulu (I-Whitehouse, 2004; Inkwenkwe, 2008; INorenzayan kunye neShariff, 2008; I-Atran kunye neHenrich, 2010; I-Norenzayan et al., 2013). Ngokwolu luvo, ihlala ibizwa ngokuba isinxibelelanisi sokuqondaSenze oThixo kunye noomoya bethu ukuba sibenze basebenzise imizimba yethu ukuze sikwazi ukuzicingela ukuba ziqonda ntoni, ukuba nolwazi, isenzo, kunye nokuziphatha.
Imiyalezo ekhawulezileyo yokubhaliweyo, i-imeyile, kunye nemithombo yeendaba zentlalo zibonelela ngeqonga lesidingo sokudibana, kodwa nesidingo sethu sokubukela nokubeka iliso kwabanye, kwaye ngcono nangoku, ukulungiselela ukuba imbonakalo yethu iviwe, iviwe, icinge, ihlolwe ukugwetywa, nokuvavanywa ngabanye. Oku singakubiza ngokuba hypothesis
Indawo ekhoyo - kunye ne-hyperbolic - umbono kusetyenziso lwe-smartphone kukuba sisixhobo esikrokrelekayo, esinoxanduva lokuqhekeka-njengamaza okubulala isizungu, ixhala, ukungazithembi, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, kunye nesifo sengqondo esibuxhalabisayo phakathi kolutsha lwanamhlanje - ngakumbi oko kubizwa ngokuba 'ngabomdibaniselwano' emva kwe-1994 (URoberts et al., 2015; Umthwalo, 2015; I-Pearson kunye no-Hussain, 2015; I-Twenge, i-2017). Njengoko uJean Twenge etshilo kwincwadi yakhe yamva nje malunga namanani edijithali (I-Twenge, i-2017), ukuziswa kwabantwana abakwi-elektroniki abaxhuzuliweyo eNtshona kwakusenzeka ngokufanayo kutshintsho ngokubanzi kwinkcubeko yokuba ngumzali, kunye nokunyuka okubizwa ngokuba 'ngumzali wenqwelomoya'1 ukuthi ngqo. Ukutsala uphando olubanzi, uxela ukuba abantwana nolutsha abazalwe emva kwe1994 bachitha ixesha elincinci abangaqwalaselwanga ekuhlaleni kunye noontanga babo, kwaye ixesha elingakumbi kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ngelixa ukubekwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezi zinto zimbini zidityanisiweyo akunakuqinisekiswa, sinokwazi kuphela ukuba ulutsha olungavumi ukunxibelelana noontanga babo "ebomini benene" (irl kwi-intanethi) funa ukwenza njalo ngeendlela ezifumanekayo kwisizukulwana sabo. Ubomi obuxolelaniswe kwi-Intanethi, ngakumbi ukuya kwinqanaba, buhlala, bubomi bokwenene, kwaye ngenxa yoko, buyindalo ngokwasentlalweni.
Yeyiphi imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yangoku malunga nemidiya yedijithali ehlala isilela ukuqaphela, ke, yile umnqweno wokufuna ukubonwa, yaye gweba kwaye ugwetywe ngokuchanekileyo malunga nabanye abantu. Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga, njengokufuna ukuzixabisa ngokwembono zabanye abantu. Sicebisa, ke, ukuba sicinge lo mnqweno njengesiqhelo ngokusisiseko, kwaye ubambelele kwiinkqubo ezisisiseko zokuqonda ngokwasentlalweni ezahlukileyo kwizilwanyana zethu. Kwindlela yethu yokuziqhelanisa nokujonga ukubekwa esweni, ii-smartphones zimane zisxhobisa ngento entsha yokubonisa ulwalamano lwabantu. Ukuzimisela kwabo ukubaphembelela ekulutshisweni, kubuye kukhombe kwindlela abanye abajonga ngayo nokuba sifuna ukubaluleka njani kubo.
Ukucwangciswa kwangaphambili kunye nee-Smartphones
Ukuba eyona nto iphambili ekusetyenzisweni kwe-smartphone iyinto esebenzayo, kutheni le teknoloji ingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga? Sijika kwisayensi yokulutha ukuchaza indlela itekhnoloji yeselula ngokuthe ngqo esithumele ngayo kwi-vortex yoxinzelelo-lokuphembelela, u-hyper-excitement, ukubeka esweni uvavanyo.
Isentengiso esifutshane kwi-Neuroscience of Addiction
Uhlobo lwendalo kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-neurochemical kweziyobisi ze-smartphone azaziwa ngoku (U-Elhai et al., 2017). Izibalulekileyo eziphambili kwi-neuroscience yokufunda kunye nokulutha, nangona kunjalo, inokubonelela ngokubonakalayo okubalulekileyo ekunamathiseleni kwethu kwi-flickering engaqhelekanga kunye nezitena ezixineneyo ezibonakala zilawula ubomi bethu.
Njengoko sele sibonile, ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kukwenziwa kwangoko kwaye yenziwa yindawo enobunzima boluntu. Le meko, nangona kunjalo, ikwalungiswa ngezaziso ezisuka kwizicelo ezininzi ezihambisa i-beeps kunye ne-buzzes, ubukhulu becala ukusilumkisa ukuba omnye umntu unxibelelwano nathi. Ngoku kufuneka siqwalasele indawo kwaye njani 'umlutha' ofanelekileyo kulo mfanekiso. Ukudibana kwezentlalo (kwidijithali okanye hayi) kusebenze kwimijikelezo yomvuzo we-dopaminergic kwi-basal ganglia (Bona UKrach et al., 2010 uphononongo). Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezijikelezo ezifanayo ziyanyanzelwa ekusebenziseni iziyobisi (Belin et al., 2009), ukunyanzeliswa kwevidiyo, kunye nokufuna umvuzo ngokubanzi (I-West et al., 2015). Le yimijikelezo ekwanoxanduva lokufunda ngokudibeneyo: inkqubo umntu afunda ngayo ukudibanisa ezinye zezinto ezimbini (I-Hebb, 1976; I-Greek, 2006; I-Yin kunye ne-Knowlton, i-2006). Ukuze ukufunda okudibeneyo kwenzeke, ukubonakaliswa okokuqala kukhuthazo olutsha kufuneka kwenzeke ecaleni kovuselelo oluvuselelayo. Nge-smartphone, phantse zonke izaziso ukuba umsebenzisi udibana nazo zibiza ixabiso lentlalontle kwaye ngenxa yoko kusebenze isekethe yomvuzo we-dopaminergic, ekhokelela umsebenzisi ukuba alindele kwaye afune ezi zaziso zinomvuzo. Ngakwimeko nganye eli khonkco liya likhula ngakumbi, kwaye umsebenzisi uya kulindela kwaye afune ezi zaziso zinomvuzo, ehambisa indlela yendlela yokuziphatha.
Inkqubo yedopaminergic ilawula imisebenzi emibini elawula umlutha: i ulindelo lomvuzo kwaye uvandlakanyo lweziphumo (I-Linnet, i-2014). Ukufumana okubalulekileyo malunga ne-dopamine kunye nokulutha, nangona kunjalo, kukuba i-dopaminergic exges iqhele ukwenzeka ngaphambi komvuzo, okanye ngokuthe ngqo xa i-cue (umz., ibhiphu ibonisa ukuba umntu unokucinezela umntu ogcina i-lever) esibonisa ukuhanjiswa komvuzo (umz., ukusuka ekutsaleni i-lever). Kuba ukuvusa kuncipha ngokuvezwa rhoqo kunye nokuqikelelwa, ukubonwa komvuzo ngumlamli onamandla ngakumbi wokubhengeza okunamandla kunokuvavanya iziphumo zovuselelo ngokwalo (UFiorillo et al., 2003; van Holst et al., 2012). Ngokwolu phando, iziyobisi ziba namandla xa singakwazi ukufumana ipatheni yokuba silindele nini ngokuthembekileyo (van Holst et al., 2012). Iinzululwazi zokuziphatha kakuhle zibiza ezi ndlela zokuphembelela ukuqinisa okwethutyana or iishedyuli zemilinganiselo yokuhluka (I-Zuriff, 1970). Iingcali ze-Neuroscientist zichonge ukuba ikonsathi ebangela isimilo esizisa umvuzo 50% yexesha yeyona nto ibangela uxinzelelo kwiindlela zokuhanjiswa. Umvuzo othunyelwe nge75% yexesha, umzekelo unokulindelwa ngokuthembekileyo ukuzisa ngamaxesha amaninzi. I-cue ebonisa umvuzo ohambisa i-25% yexesha linokulindelwa ngokufanayo hayi ukuhambisa ixesha elininzi. Ezo shedyuli zibaluleke kakhulu (xa ingqondo inokuqikelela ngokuqinisekileyo into eza kwenzeka) iqala ivuse into ephantsi. Kwinqanaba lokuhambisa le-50%, ishedyuli yomvuzo isengabonakala kwangaphambili ukuba inokubambisa, kodwa ingalindelekanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba inokubangela uxinzelelo (UFiorillo et al., 2003).
Inqaku lokuthatha ikhaya apha kukuba ukuvuselwa kuhambelana kakhulu nokulindelwa komvuzo kunomvuzo ngokwawo. Xa imivuzo iba yinto engalindelekanga kakhulu, emva koko, imvuselelo iba yinto engentle, ibangela ukuba ube noxinzelelo (umzobo 1).
UMGANGATHO 1. Umsebenzi weDopaminergic ekuPhenduleni kwiStimuli engaqinisekanga (ehlengahlengisiwe ukusuka kwi UFiorillo et al., 2003, Umzobo 3C). I-avareji Ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwe-dopamine neurons kwisigaba somsebenzi njengenye yezinto ezinokwenzeka njengomvuzo wokufumana, apho owona msebenzi mkhulu dopaminergic wenzeka xa umvuzo ukhona ngesiqingatha sexesha.
Ewe, i-beeps kunye nee-buzzes zezaziso ze-smartphone zibonelela nje ngeziganeko ezinjalo, eziguquguqukayo, ezingenakucingelwa, kodwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo enqwenelekayo yokufumana umvuzo wokulindeleka, ngaloo ndlela zibonelela ngeepatheni zekhephu yomlindelo womvuzo obangela iindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokuvuka. Ngenxa yobume obunzulu boluntu lwemivuzo iifowuni zethu zisenza sinqwenele, sihlala sizinza kumjikelo wobubi besiyobisi (Umzobo) 1).
Iminqweno njengeempazamo zoqikelelo
Ngokwe-predictive-process and free-energy theatology, asiboni ngokukhawuleza njengoko linjalo. Endaweni yokuba siphendule ngokuthe ngqo kwinkuthazo yendalo esingqongileyo, kuqala siqhubekeka ngolwazi ngokusebenzisa olwethu lindele. Ukuqonda kwangoko, ngamanye amagama, kuqala kwenzeka ngokuziqikelela kokuziphatha okulungiswe ngamava angaphambili (UFriston noKiebel, 2009; URamstead et al., 2016). Kolu luvo, ubuchopho bethu buvelisa imodeli yehlabathi yehlabathi ngokusekelwe kwimfundo yangaphambili ukusinika uqikelelo lwento eza kuvela kumava kunye nendlela yokwenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokwenza njalo iingqondo zethu ziqikelela izinto ezizayo zemvakalelo kwaye uzithelekise nezoqobo zemvakalelo, unciphisa umahluko phakathi koku kunikezelwa ngohlaziyo rhoqo lwentshukumo kunye nezenzo (okt, ukufunda) (URamstead et al., 2016, 2017). Njengoko inkqubo yethu yokujonga izinto ihlala izama ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki ngokucinezela izixa ezikhulu kakhulu zolwazi olungasasebenziyo ukuze luqiniseke, ukungangqinelani phakathi koqikelelo kunye nembono - iimpazamo zokuxela kwangaphambili kwilwimi -ba yinto eqhelekileyo. Iminqweno, kolu lujonga, inokuchazwa njengempazamo zokuxelwa kwangaphambili (UTobler et al., 2006) (Imizobo 2, 3).
UMGANGATHO 2. Ukulindelwa komvuzo wolindelo olwenzelwa uCue kunye neempazamo zokuxela kwangaphambili kunye nomsebenzi olandelayo we-dopaminergic (uhlengahlengiso ukusuka I-Keiflin kunye neJanak, 2015). (A) Ngaphambi kokuba i-cue ibonwe, umvuzo ongalindelekanga uphumela ekusebenzeni kwe-phasic ye-dopamine neurons kunye nephutha lokuxela umvuzo olungileyo. (B) Wakuba umvuzo ubekiwe, ikatala (kwaye hayi umvuzo) ikhokelela kulindelo lomvuzo olindelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi owandisiweyo we-dopamine. (C) Xa i-cue yenzeka kodwa yahlangatyezwa ngaphandle kwesibonelelo esilindelekileyo, isiphumo sesiphosiso esingesiso kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi ye-dopamine engezantsi kwesiseko.
UMGANGATHO 3. (A-D) Ubonakalisa ulwazi oluphindaphindeneyo lwedatha eboniswe kuMzobo 2 Kumcimbi okhoyo wokuba likhoboka le-smartphone, apho umsebenzi wedopamine unyuka ngolindelo lomvuzo, kwaye uncitshiswe ngezantsi kwiimeko apho umvuzo olindelweyo ungafezekanga.
Njengoko besitshilo apha ngasentla, ubudlelwane bokufunda kunye neemodeli zamandla asimahla zinokucacisa ulindelo oluzelekileyo lokuba lindele zezaziso ze-smartphone zixela kwangaphambili ngomvuzo woluntu oluzayo. Emva koko, ishedyuli eqhubekayo yezaziso ze-smartphone ikhuthaza ukulindelwa okunamandla kunye nokulindelwa okunyanzelekileyo, emva koko ukubangela iimpazamo zokubikezela kunye nokudana okuqinisekileyo.
Izaziso ziindlela zokutshekisha indlela yokuziphatha egcina iba yinto yesiqhelo, nokuba akukho isilumkiso sokuqala (I-Oulasvirta et al., 2012; U-Elhai et al., 2017). Izifundo zamva nje zibonisa ubungakanani bokuziphatha kwesiqhelo kokujonga, ngomndilili ochithe ixesha elingaphezulu kwe-3 ha day kwi-smartphone yabo (Ukutshintsha, i-2017), ukucofa, ukuchwetheza, okanye ukutshintshela i-avareji yamaxesha e-2617 yonke imihla (dscout, 2016). Uninzi lwabasebenzisi bayaqhubeka nokufumana iimpazamo zokuxela kusengaphambili ngendlela yokuba ifowuni yabo inyibilike, into enesihloko ebizwa ngokuba ifowuni yephantom (I-Sauer et al., 2015). Ezi mpazamo zichaziweyo ziqinisa indlela yokuziphatha yokujonga umnxeba, eyindlela eqhelekileyo yesango le-smartphone (I-Oulasvirta et al., 2012). Iimpazamo zokuxela kwangaphambili zinokwenzeka kwakhona ngendlela ecacileyo, kodwa ngendlela efanayo rhoqo kunye nexinzelelo xa ulindelo oluchanekileyo alufikelelwanga: i-beep esinethemba lokuba ingaba ngumyalezo ovela kulowo uthandekayo okanye kwi-Instagram 'efana', umzekelo, inokuvela Yiba yi-imeyile yogaxekile engenayo okanye umyalezo ovela kumphathi wakho malunga nomsebenzi ongaphezulu.
Icala elimnyama lokuBek 'esweni uLuntu?
Imodeli ephambili yokuqonda okuqhelekileyo, njengokucwangcisa kwangaphambili, amandla asimahla, ukufunda okunokuhlangana, kunye nokuziqhelanisa noluntu, zonke zinikezela ngemiyalelo yokucacisa umba omtsha wengozi ye-smartphone. Sibonile ukuba i-smartphone ikhuphe izixhobo ezingumntu ezisisiseko sokujonga esweni kunye nokufunda okunxulumene. Ngelixa siceba eli phepha ukongeza inqaku elinethemba malunga nezizathu zempilo ezinokubakho zikhobokiseni zangoku phakathi kweepaneli zangoku, asinakugxotha isivumelwano esikhulayo esichazwe ngentla kwiziphumo ezibi ezinje ngoxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nesizungu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Smartphone kunye noxinzelelo kunxulumene kakhulu, kwaye enye ithiyori icacisa ukuba ii-smartphones, ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ukufikelela kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo, zibonelela ngeqonga apho (kaninzi ngokungalunganga) zithelekisa nabanye (I-Steers et al., 2014). Siphikisile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukubekwa kweliso ekuhlaleni yinto eqhelekileyo ngokusisiseko - eyimfuneko ngokwenene - yinxalenye yokuqonda kwabantu okuqhelekileyo. Iingxelo zakudala zenzululwazi yokuzivelela kwesi sizwe zigxininise ukuthanda kwabantu ngomhlebo (Isuntsu, i-2004) kunye nothelekiso lwasentlalweni (I-Festinger, i-1954) njengokuhambisa izibonelelo eziguqukayo zokuvavanya izoyikiso, umkhondo wekhondo kunye notshintsho kwimo yentlalo, kunye nokufumana imithombo ethembekileyo yolwazi lwenkcubeko kunye nezikhokelo zokuziphatha (I-Henrich, i-2016). Songeza ukuba ukuzithelekisa nabanye kunye ngokuchaseneyo nenkcubeko nako kusenza ukuba sifumane intsingiselo, intshukumisa, injongo, kunye nesimo sokuzazi. Ngee-smartphones ezixhumene noluntu ekuhlaleni, le nkqubo yokuzivelela imane iqhuba ngokugqithisileyo. Singakwazi ngoku ukubandakanyeka ngokungaguqukiyo ekuthelekiseni isantya esine-hyper kunye nomxholo wemidiya yoluntu onomkhethe kwi-positivity. Njengoko abaphengululi beendaba bacebisile, lo msinga uqhubekayo wolwazi olungileyo malunga nabanye uvumela abasebenzisi ukuba baphinde benze uthelekiso oluphezulu kunye nokuzivandlakanya okuchasene noko kubizwa ngokuba "yi-reel reel" (I-Steers et al., 2014). Ngaphandle kokucacileyo kwendalo ye-antigenic yokuthelekisa phakathi kwe-cyber, ezi akhawunti zisilela ukwamkela ukuba umnqweno wokunxibelelana ngokwasentlalweni kunye nokukhuthaza ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kunomnqweno wokwenza ngcono kunabanye.
Ukuqhubekeka ukujongana neenkxalabo ezingezizo ezoneleyo zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-smartphone, eli candelo lilandelayo liya kuphinda lisebenzise iingcingane zokuqonda into yokuba umntu unokuthatha njani ukwakha ubudlelwane obonwabisayo nobusempilweni.
Ukondla iiNdlu zethu zeNdlala
Ukuba umlutha we-smartphone uphumle kulwalamano lwabantu ngokusisiseko kwiphosociality, sinokufunda nokubamba imeko yethu yentlalo ukucekisa iminqweno yethu - okanye njengoko ifilosofi kaBuddhic ingayibeka, singafunda ukwanela iziporho zethu ezilambayo.
Kwi-Buddhism ye-Buddhism, zonke izidalwa kuthiwa zihamba ngemijikelezo yobomi emithandathu, okanye zidlule kwiindawo ezintandathu zobukho (I-Levitt, 2003; Maté, 2008). Baqala esihogweni, apho ubomi babo buchazwa njengokuhlukunyezwa rhoqo, ngaphambi kokuba badlulele kwindawo yeHuyry Ghosts, apho bathwaxwa khona linxano olungapheliyo, indlala, kunye neminqweno. Okulandelayo kuza indawo yezilwanyana: ilizwe lokukhonzwa kunye nobudenge. Lo mmandla ulandelwa ngu-Asura, ilizwe elinomsindo, umona, kunye neengxabano ezingapheliyo. Ulawulo lomntu lulandelayo emva: ilizwe lokuphikisana nokungaqiniseki; imnandi kwaye imuncu, ishushu kwaye ibanda, yonwabile kwaye ilusizi, ilungile kwaye imbi. Indawo yoluntu lilizwe elikufuphi- nobulumko nokukhanya ziyafikeleleka, kodwa azange zifunyanwe. Nokuba lihlabathi elizayo lika-Deva-gati, okanye iZinto zaseZulwini, ukubonelela ngesiqalo sokugqibela kuvulekile mpikiswano (I-Levitt, 2003). Lihlabathi lolonwabo olukhulu, kunye nentlungu enkulu yokulinganisa. Inkululeko yokubandezeleka, ekugqibeleni, kubonakala ngathi ayinakufunyanwa. Ekufundweni kwengqondo okwenzeka ngoku, umfanekiso-ngqondweni we-Realms unokuchaza umgangatho kunye nokuzimisela (malunga) kwamazwe ahlukeneyo okwazi ukuqonda kwaye achaphazele umntu aya kuhlala edibana rhoqo ekuhambeni kosuku.
Izidumbu zeHungary kweli bali zinokuqondwa njengombuso olawula iminqweno yethu. Le ngcinga inokwenzeka ixele kwangaphambili ifilosofi yeBuddhic, kwaye ifumaneke kwiinkolo zangaphambili zaseIndiya phantsi kwegama laseSanskrit Preta (I-Levitt, 2003). I-fantas zizidalwa zokomoya ezihlaselwa yindlala nonxaniwe. Zinesisu esikhulu, kodwa zintamo kakhulu ezinokuxhasa nje ukutya izinto ezincinci. Kwimisitho emininzi kaBuddha kunye neZen, efana nale Oryoki Indlela yokutya kunye neyokuphila, ingqolowa enye yerayisi inikwa amaGogo olamba ukuba avume ubukho bawo kwaye azonwabise kancinane (I-Levitt, 2003). Eyona nto iphambili apha kukondla iiNdlala zethu zeNdlala, kunye nokufumana inani elifanelekileyo. Njengoko sixoxa ngokubhekele phaya kwisiphelo sethu, oku kuyahambelana neendlela zokunciphisa ukonakaliswa zonyango ezichaza ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kokuziphepha (UMarlatt, 1996; UMarlatt et al., 2011).
Ukuthathela ingqalelo iminqweno ye-smartphone njengezindlu zeNdlala kunika ithuba lokuguqula umlutha wefowuni ube yinto enenjongo, eyaneleyo nje.
Misela iiProtocol eziLungiselelwe
Uninzi lwabasebenzisi be-smartphone baziva bebanjelwe kwiifowuni zabo (IHarmon neMazmanian, 2013). Inyathelo lokuqala kwinkululeko esuka kwifowuni elambile Izandisi, njengoko sele sibonile, kukufumana kwakhona ulawulo lwephethini kwaye iphinde yenzeke kwakhona. Ukucima zonke izandi kunye nezaziso kunokunceda 'ukungayikhaleli' intsingiselo yomzekeliso kaPavlov kunye nokuziphatha okumanyumnyezi. Njengoko sichazile ngentla, umlutha we-smartphone uxhamliwe ngokuqonda kweeshedyuli zokuqiniswa kwamanqanaba emivuzo yoluntu. Unale nto engqondweni, ukubeka rhoqo amathuba okuba ujonge ifowuni yakho kunokunciphisa inkanuko eqinile evela kwimilinganiselo ephambeneyo yolindelo lomvuzo. Xa kuziwa kunxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo lokunxibelelana ngefowuni, singenza neenjongo zethu kunye nolindelo lwethu ukuba lubonakale, kunye nokuvumelana kwiiprotokholi nabanye. Imigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo yokunxibelelana kwindawo yokusebenza, umzekelo, ezo zithintela i-imeyile yangokuhlwa kunye neempelaveki, okanye ukuseta ukulindelwa ngokucacileyo kweefestile zexesha ekuphenduleni kubonisiwe ukuba kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo kunye nokwandisa imveliso (Phawula et al., 2012). "Imigaqo-nkqubo" efanayo kunye nolindelo olucacileyo lwexesha lokubhaliweyo okanye ukungabhalisi - oko sikubiza ngokuba 'yimigaqo-nkqubo' - inokuqulunqwa phakathi kwabahlobo, iintsapho kunye nabathandi.
isiphelo
Njengazo zonke izinto zendalo, ukubeka esweni eluntwini kunye nokuziqhelanisa nako kungaguqukela kwiiNdlu zeNdlala. Ukuhambelana nendlala yendalo kunye nokutya kwebhere kuyahambelana kwimpikiswano yethu malunga netekhnoloji yeselula. Ukukhalisa irayisi, izixhobo, okanye ikhitshi ebushushwini bomntu akunakuyicekisa ingxaki njengokuphosa uphawu ngokupheleleyo. Ingcambu yeziyobisi, njengoko sele sibonile, azikho kwizinto okanye ukuzivuza ngokwazo, kwaye kuncinci kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obuzisa ezo mbuyekezo, kodwa lindele yemivuzo kunye neeshedyuli zokuhambisa kunye nezithethe. Inyaniso enzima malunga neminqweno kukuba ekugqibeleni bayazihlaziya: Iminqweno imalunga nokunqwenela kuqala.
Iifowuni kunye netekhnoloji yeselula ayisosizathu sokubandezeleka kwale mihla. Kwindawo zakwindawo yasemva kokusebenza apho ukutya kuninzi kwaye kufumaneka ngokulula, iminqweno yethu yamafutha neswekile etyhilwe ngoxinzelelo olude lwezinto ezinokwenzeka inokusuka ekungxineni kakhulu kwaye ikhokelele ekutyebeni kakhulu, kwisifo seswekile nakwisifo sentliziyo esidakumbileyo.I-Henrich, i-2016; IHarari, 2017). Njengoko besiphikisana kweli phepha, iimfuno zeprosocial kunye nemivuzo yohlobo olubuthathaka ngokwasemzimbeni exhomekeke ekukhuliseni abazali ngokudibeneyo (Hrdy, 2009) nokusasazwa kolwazi (UTomasello, 2014; I-Henrich, i-2016) ukusinda nokuqhabalaka i-niche yokuziphatha kwihlabathi elinomsindo ngokufanayo kungaqeshwa ngokufanayo ukuze kuveliswe i-manic theatre yokujonga imeko yezentlalo. Iifowuni zinokulinganiswa ne-kitchenware eqhuba kakuhle. Zombini ezi teknoloji zinceda ukwandisa ukuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kweentlobo ezithile zeemfuno ezisisiseko: ukutya kwelinye, kunye nolwazi lwentlalo kwelinye. Isitshixo sokutya kakuhle kunye nokuba ngabantu abalungileyo ekuhlaleni kulele ekufumaneni ubulunga kunye nobunzulu be isiko lokusebenzisa. Njengoko kwi i-oriyoki 'isixa esifanelekileyo' isidlo somoya esityayo isonka, iresiphi ilele ekumiseleni iinjongo ezifanelekileyo, umgangatho wolwazi, kunye nokulungiselela ixesha, indawo, kunye nenani lolwazi, unxibelelwano, kunye nokuthelekisa umntu oza kukusebenzisa. Ukucima izaziso, njengoko sele sibonile, kubonisiwe ukunceda abasebenzisi ukuba baphinde bafumane ulawulo lwexesha kunye nokuba kutheni ukukhangela izixhobo zabo ngabom (Ukutshintsha, i-2017). Xa isetyenziselwa ukugqiba isigwebo sentlalo, i-smartphone kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendaba zosasazo zinokuvelisa iziphumo ezininzi ezilungileyo, zivela ekuhlaleni intlalontle (UKim noLee, 2011) ubudlelwane obungcono bothando (I-Steers et al., 2014).
Ukuqukumbela, siyayamkela into yokuba kukho impikiswano kuphando lweziyobisi phakathi kwendlela esekelezelweyo kunye neendlela zokunciphisa ukulimaza (UMarlatt, 1996; UMarlatt et al., 2011). Inkqubo yokugqibela, esikhuthaza ngayo kweli nqaku, ixhasa ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo nokufanelekileyo, nokuqwalaselwa kobunzima bemeko yentlalo apho abantu batsaleleka ekusebenziseni iziyobisi. Ngelixa izifundo zamva nje zibonise ukuba ukuyeka okwethutyana imisebenzi ethile yemithombo yeendaba kunokunyusa intlalontle ye-subjential (bona Ukutshintsha, i-2017, ukwenza uphononongo), iziphumo zobungcali kunye nezentlalo zokuyeka ukusebenzisa i-smartphone zizonke azikaziwa, kwaye zinokwenzeka ukuba zibize iindleko kubudala obufuna uqhagamshelo lwephanyazo kwimimandla emininzi yobomi bentlalo.
Abantu, endaweni yoko, banokuqhubela phambili ukuqhubela phambili kwabo ekuhlaleni ukuze banciphise okungalunganga kwaye bandise iziphumo ezilungileyo zokusebenzisa i-smartphone. Ukuqhubela phambili unxibelelwano lwentlalontle olusempilweni yeyona nto ichaphazelayo. Endaweni yokusebenzisa ii-smartphones ukuthelekisa ubomi bethu kwisisele esigqibeleleyo sokwenyani abanye abakhona, singazisebenzisa njengezixhobo zonxibelelwano ukukhulisa ubudlelwane bemvakalelo bokwenyani. Xa ukuthelekisa kukhuphiswano kubonakala kungenakuphepheka, sinokungena kwisikhuthazo okanye isikhumbuzo sezakhono zethu ezizodwa-okanye ngcono ngoku, sinokuhlakulela uvuyo lokwenene lokufezekisa abanye (I-Chandra, i-2017).
Umbhali Wemivuzo
I-SV ibonelela ngesikhokelo sethiyori esekwe emsebenzini wakhe wangaphambili kwixabiso lentengo kunye noluntu lwe-intanethi. I-MS incedise ukuphucula ubume be ithiyori kwaye iphinde iphinde ibuyele emhlabeni kwi-neuroscience. I-SV kunye neMMS banegalelo elilinganayo nasekubhalweni.
Inkxaso
Lo msebenzi uxhaswe liBhunga lezeNzululwazi lwezeNtlalo kunye neBhunga loPhando ngeeCanada zaseCanada (MS) kunye neBraffy yeBn Healthy Lives Inititiative (SV).
Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.
Imibulelo
Ababhali banqwenela ukubulela abahlaziyi uGiulia Piredda kunye no-Yasmina Jraissati kunye noMhleli we-Associate uMaurizio Tirassa ngamagqabantshintshi abo anengcaciso noncedo ekuphuculeni impikiswano eboniswe apha. Sinetyala kakhulu kuMaxwell Ramstead ngegalelo lakhe kwimibono yamandla asimahla emsebenzini wethu wakuqala kwintlalontle esebenzisana ne-Intanethi nokusikhomba kwicala loncwadi olucamngca ngokulutha. I-SV inqwenela ukuvakalisa umbulelo kuDanny Frank ngokummema ukuba eze intetho yakhe yasekuqaleni yokuziqhelanisa notywala kweziyobisi kwi-Psychotherapy Round of the General General Hospital eMontreal. Bobabini ababhali banombulelo ongazenzisiyo ngenkxaso eqhubekayo kunye noqeqesho olunikezwe nguLaurence Kirmayer kwiCandelo lezeNtlalontle kunye neTranschool Psychiatry eMcGill.
Imihlathi
- ^ “Ukuba ngumzali ngeHelikopta” kusetyenziswa njengegama elihlazo ukuchaza ukubekwa kweliso kubazali kubuninzi bobomi babantwana. Nangona ibinzana liqale ukubonakala kwi-l960'ss (Ginott, 1965 / 2009), ihlala isithiwa luphawu lwenkcubeko lokukhulisa umntwana emva 'kwe-1980's "Umzali okhulisa i-lawnmower" (apho umntu esenza indlela yabantwana kuzo zonke iindawo zobomi babo), ngamanye amaxesha usetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezigqithisileyo zokuba ngumzali ngehelikopta. Ngo-Novemba ngo-2017, i-Economist yaxela ukuba abazali e-United States kunye namazwe alithoba aseYurophu (ngaphandle kweFrance), ngoku bachitha ixesha elininzi nabantwana babo kwi-50 (Isazi sezoqoqosho, i-2017).
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Amagama aphambili: umlutha we-smartphone, i-neuroscience yentlalo, i-anthropology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukucubungula kwangaphambili, ukufikelela kwinkcubeko, ukuziqhelanisa noluntu, iziporho ezilambileyo
Ukujonga: I-Veissière SPL kunye ne-Stendel M (2018) yokuBeka iliso kwiMeko yezeMidlalo: IAkhawunti yokuzihlaziya kweNtlalontle ye-Smartphone. Ngaphambili. Psychol. I-9: 141. I-Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00141
Ifunyenwe: 16 Novemba 2017; Wamkelwe: 29 Januwari 2018;
Ipapashwe: 20 ngoFebruwari 2018.
U lungiswe ngu:
UMaurizio Tirassa, I-Università degli Studi di Torino, e-Itali
Ajongwe kwakhona ngu:
UGiulia Piredda, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia (IUSS), e-Itali
Yasmina Jraissati, KwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eBeirut, eLebhanon
Ilungelo lokushicilela © 2018 Veissière kunye neStendel. Eli linqaku lokufikelela ngokuvulekileyo elihanjiswe phantsi kwemiqathango ye Ilayisenisi ye-Creative Commons License (CC BY). Ukusetyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa okanye ukuveliswa kwezinye iiforum kuvunyelwe, ukuba nje umbhali (s) umbhali kunye nomnini welungelo lokushicilela baqinisekisiwe kwaye upapasho loqobo kulejenali lukhankanyiweyo, ngokuhambelana nokuziphatha okwamkelweyo. Akukho setyenziso, ukuhanjiswa okanye ukuveliswa kwakhona kuvunyelwe okungahambelani nale mibandela.
Imbalelwano: uSamuel PL Veissière, [imeyile ikhuselwe]
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