Unxibelelwano olungasebenziyo phakathi kwenethiwekhi yokulawula inethiwekhi kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo ichaza umdlalo wokudlala umdlalo kwi-intanethi ye-Intanethi (2015)

I-Science Rep. 2015; I-5: 9197.
Ipapashwe kwi-2015 ye-Mar 17. doi: I-10.1038 / srep09197

PMCID: PMC4361884

UGuangheng Dong,^a,¹ Xiao Lin,¹ Yanbo Hu,² Ukuqhawula uXie,³ kwaye Xiaoxia Du⁴

Ulwazi loMbhali ► Iinqununu zeSihloko ► Ulwazi lobunikazi kunye neelayisensi ►

Abstract

Uncwadi lubonakalisile ukuba izifundo ze-Intanethi zokudlala (IGD) zibonisa ukungalawuleki kolawulo oluphuculweyo kunye nokuphucula imvakalelo yokufumana umvuzo kunolawulo olusempilweni. Nangona kunjalo, indlela ezi nethiwekhi zimbini zichaphazela ngayo inkqubo yokuxabisa kunye nokuqhuba izifundo ze-IGD zemidlalo yokuziphatha ekwi-Intanethi zihlala zingaziwa. Amashumi amathathu anesihlanu e-IGD kunye ne-36 yolawulo olusempilweni olwenziwe kwimeko yokuphumla kwisikena se-MRI. Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo (i-FC) luvavanyiwe ngaphakathi kolawulo kunye nomvuzo wembewu yenethiwekhi, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) yakhethwa njengendawo yokufumana unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi nethiwekhi zimbini. Izifundo ze-IGD zibonisa ukwehla kwe-FC kuthungelwano lolawulo oluphezulu kunye nokunyusa i-FC kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni. Xa kuvavanywa unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-NAcc kunye nolawulo lwesigqeba / uthungelwano lomvuzo, ikhonkco phakathi kwenethiwekhi ye-NAcc-yesigqeba sokulawula inxulumene kakubi nekhonkco phakathi kwenethiwekhi yomvuzo we-NAcc. Utshintsho (ukwehla / ukwanda) kwezifundo ze-IGD 'synchrony' yolawulo / yenethiwekhi yomvuzo iphakamisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle / ukugqwesa ngokugqithileyo ngaphakathi kwisekethe ye-neural engaphantsi kwezi nkqubo. Umlinganiso oguqulweyo phakathi kwenethiwekhi yolawulo kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo kwi-IGD iphakamisa ukuba ukuthothisa kulawulo oluphezulu kukhokelela kuthintelo olungasebenziyo kwiminqweno eyandisiweyo yokudlala ngokugqithileyo kumdlalo we-Intanethi. Oku kunokukhanyisa kukuqonda kobuchwephesha be-IGD.

Ngokungafaniyo notywala iziyobisi okanye iziyobisi, i-intanethi kwezemidlalo (i-IGD) ayinakho ikhemikhali okanye iziyobisi ngelixa isakhokelela kuxhomekeko lomzimba, ngokufanayo nezinye iziyobisi¹^,2. Amava abantu akwi-Intanethi anokutshintsha umsebenzi wabo wokuqonda ngendlela eqhuba umdlalo wabo we-Intanethi, okwenzeka ngokungabikho kokuthatha iziyobisi¹^,3^,4. I-DSM-5 ethathela ingqalelo uphazamiso lokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye neziyobisi ezikhutshelweyo kwi-Intanethi yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, kwaye oku kuphazamiseka kubandakanywa kwicandelo le-DSM-5 enesiphene egunyazisa ufundisiso olongezelelweyo.⁵^,6. Kwinqanaba lenkqubo ye-neural, nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezichanekileyo ezilandela ukusilela kolawulo lokuqonda kude kucace gca⁷.

Inqaku elinye eliphambili le-IGD yilahleko yokuzikhethela ukulawula indlela yokuziphatha kwi-Intanethi. Izifundo zamva nje zomsebenzi we-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) zichonge iipateni ezimbini zomsebenzi obalulekileyo kwi-IGD: Okokuqala, ukuthintela iimpendulo kubonisiwe kwizifundo ze-IGD zisebenzisa ukuya / ukungahambi.⁸, umsebenzi wokutshintsha⁹^,10, kunye ne-Stroop¹¹^,12^,13 imisebenzi xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni (HC); Okwesibini, izifundo ze-IGD zibonakalise ukuphuculwa kwemvakalelo yomvuzo kune-HC²^,14^,15 kwaye abonakalise umkhethe kwingqondo evela kulwazi oluvela kwi-Intanethi⁹^,16^,17. Ezi zinto zimbini zifana kakhulu noko kufunyanisiweyo kwizifundo zangoku ze-neuro-ezoqoqosho- Zimbini iindlela ezahlukeneyo zenethiwekhi zobuchopho eziphembelela ngokudibeneyo inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo¹⁸^,19Uthungelwano lolawulo oluphezulu (lubandakanya indawo yokuqala kunye neyangaphambili yecarietal¹⁹), ehambelana nembuyekezo yokulibaziseka; Inethiwekhi yokuxabisa ixabiso (kubandakanya i-orbitofrontal cortex, i-ventral striatum kunye nokunye¹⁹^,20), abalamli bokufumana umvuzo okhawulezileyo.

Ukudibana phakathi kwezi nethiwekhi zimbini kubonisiwe kumaqela amakhoboka eziyobisi²⁰. Isifundo sikaXie sibonakalise ukungalingani kokusebenza kwekhonkco phakathi kolawulo lwenethiwekhi (ukunciphisa amakhonkco) kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo (amakhonkco aphuculweyo) kwizifundo ezixhomekeke kwiHeroin²¹, enokukhanyisa ukuqonda kumatshini wokuqonda iziyobisi kwinqanaba elikhulu lesistim. Izizathu eziphuculweyo zokufuna iziyobisi zidityaniswe nokungakwazi ukuthintela indlela ezinxulumene neziyobisi kucingelwa ukuba zibonisa ukusilela kolawulo oluphezulu.²²^,23^,24. Kwizifundo ze-IGD, abaphandi baqaphele izinto ezifanayo kulawulo oluphezulu kunye nemizwa yokufumana imbuyekezo (njengoko kutshiwo ngaphambili). Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ezi ndlela zonxibelelwano zimbini zidibene njani ngokudibeneyo kwinkqubo yokuxabisa kwizifundo ze-IGD kwaye baqhube indlela yabo yokufuna umdlalo kwi-Intanethi ihlala ingaziwa.

Kutshanje, uphononongo luye lwaphanda imisebenzi ye-neural kwingqondo yomntu ngexesha lokuphumla (akukho kukhuthaza, akukho misebenzi, ukungalali), eyayibiza ukuba baphumle-ithi fMRI. Bafumanise ukuba imisebenzi ye-neural ngexesha lokuphumla ifakelwe kwimimandla yecortical inemisebenzi ethile yokusebenza, kodwa ayisebenzi²⁵^,26^,27. Olu nxibelelaniso lwexeshana lucingelwa ukuba lubonakalisa unxibelelwano lwangaphakathi lomsebenzi (FC) kwaye lubonakalisiwe kuthungelwano olwahlukeneyo olwahlukeneyo²⁸^,29^,30. Ingaba sisixhobo esiluncedo ukuphanda iiyantlukwano zothungelwano lwe-neuronal ezinokubakho kwinqanaba elinzulu ngakumbi phakathi kwe-IGD kunye neqela le-HC ngexesha lokuphumla kukarhulumente.

Imodeli yokubopha yexeshana ibonisa ukuba ukungqinelaniswa kweempawu zobuchopho phakathi kweenkqubo ze-neural kubalulekile ekuququzeleleni unxibelelwano lwe-neural³¹. Uncwadi lukwabonakalisile ukuba i-FC yokuphumla inokuba sisalathiso sokusebenza kokuziphatha²⁶^,32. Njengoko besitshilo apha ngasentla, izifundo ze-IGD zibonise ukunciphisa ulawulo lwesigqeba kunye nokunyusa imvakalelo yomvuzo kune-HC. Sibonisa ukuba izifundo ze-IGD zibonisa isinxibelelanisi esonyuselweyo kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo kwaye sinciphise isinxibelelanisi kwinethiwekhi yokulawula kune-HC. Ukongeza, sikwacacisa ukuba ubume obungaphantsi bezolawulo / bomnatha wonxibelelwano obuchaphazela ngokudibeneyo uxabiso lwenziwa buthathaka kwi-IGD. Ukuvavanya ezi hypotheses, kufuneka kuqala silinganise iifmRI zokuphumla; Okwesibini, kufuneka sikhethe ezinye iimbewu ukumela iinethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulinganisa le miqondiso isekwe BOLD, eya kuthi isebenzise amakhonkco phakathi kolu nxibelelwano mabini; Okwesithathu, kufuneka silinganise ukusebenzisana kwabo ukufumana ukuba basebenza njani ngokudibeneyo ekuziphatheni.

tindlela

Ukukhetha komthathi-nxaxheba

Oluvavanyo luhambelana neKhowudi yeeNqobo eziseSikweni zoMbutho wezoNyango zeHlabathi (iSibhengezo saseHelsinki). IKomiti yoPhando lwaBantu yeYunivesithi yaseZhejiang yesiqhelo ivumile olu phando. Iindlela zenziwa ngokungqinelana nezikhokelo ezivunyiweyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba yayingabafundi baseyunivesithi kwaye baqeshwa ngenxa yezentengiso. Abathathi-nxaxheba yayingamadoda anesandla sasekunene (izifundo ze-35 IGA, i-36 yolawulo lwezempilo (HC). Amaqela e-IGD kunye ne-HC awazange ahluke kakhulu kubudala (IGA nditsho = 22.21, SD = iminyaka ye-3.08; I-HC ithetha = 22.81, SD = 2.36 iminyaka; t = 0.69, p = 0.49). Amadoda kuphela abandakanyiwe ngenxa yokwanda kwe-IGD ephezulu yamadoda kunabafazi. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babonelele ngemvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi kunye nodliwanondlebe olwenziwe ngochwephesha kwezengqondo (MINI)³³ leyo yenziwa ngugqirha wezifo zengqondo onamava, efuna malunga nemizuzu eli-15. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babengenasifo se-Axis I sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo esidweliswe kwi-MINI Saphinda savavanya 'uxinzelelo' kwi-Beck Depression Inventory.³⁴ kwaye ngabathathi-nxaxheba kuphela abafumene amanqaku angaphantsi kwe-5. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba bangazisebenzisi naziphi na izinto zokuphathwa gadalala, kubandakanywa neziselo zecaffeine, ngomhla wokuskenwa. Akukho bathathi-nxaxheba baxele ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni (umzekelo, icocaine, intsangu).

Ukuphazamiseka kweziyobisi kwi-Intanethi kwagqitywa ngokusekwe kuvavanyo lwe-Intanethi olusebenzisa i-Intanethi (IAT)³⁵ amanqaku angama-50 okanye ngaphezulu. IAT yolutsha inezinto ezingama-20 ezivela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, kubandakanya ukuxhomekeka kwengqondo, ukusetyenziswa ngokunyanzelwa, ukurhoxa, iingxaki esikolweni okanye emsebenzini, ukulala, usapho okanye ulawulo lwexesha³⁵. I-IAT ibonakaliswe njengesixhobo esisebenzayo nesinokuthenjwa esinokusetyenziselwa ukumisela i-IAD³⁶^,37. Kwinto nganye, impendulo ebekiweyo ikhethwe ukusuka kwi1 = "Rhoqo" ukuya kwi5 = "Njalo", okanye "ayisebenzi". Amanqaku ngaphezulu kwe-50 abonisa iingxaki ngamaxesha okanye ezinxulumene ne-intanethi) ((www.netaddiction.com). Xa sikhetha izifundo ze-IGD, songeze iikhrayitheriya zokongezwa kumanyathelo amiselweyo e-IAT: 'uchitha ___% yexesha lakho kwi-Intanethi udlala imidlalo ekwi-intanethi' (> 80%).

Iskena sedata yokuphumla

Iskena senziwa kwiziko le-MRI kwiYunivesithi yase-East-China yesiqhelo. Idatha ye-MRI ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa iskena seNokia Trio 3T (Nokia, Erlangen, Germany). 'Imeko yokuphumla' yachazwa ngokungabikho msebenzi othile wokuqonda ngexesha lokuskena kwe-fMRI emsebenzini wethu. Abathathi-nxaxheba bekufuneka bahlale bethe cwaka, bavale amehlo, bahlale bephaphile kwaye bangacingi ngayo nayiphi na into ngokocwangco³⁸^,39. Ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwentloko, abathathi-nxaxheba baxhoma i-supine enentloko entloko eboshwe ngebhanti kunye neepads ze-foam. Imifanekiso yokusebenza-yokuphumla-yesizwe ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa ulandelelwano lwe-EPI (echo-planar imaging). Iiparamitha zokuskena zimi ngolu hlobo: zidibeneyo, ixesha lokuphindaphinda = I-2000 ms, i-33 ii-axial slices, ubukhulu = 3.0 mm, kwisisombululo sendiza-= 64 * 64, ixesha le-echo = 30 ms, iflip angle = 90, indawo yokujonga = 240 * I-240 mm, iivolumu ze-210 (imizuzu ye-7). Imifanekiso eqokelelweyo yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa i-T1-enesisindo se-3D ye-gradient-ekhunjulwe ngokulandelelana, kwaye yafunyanwa igubungele ingqondo yonke (izilayi ze-176, ixesha lokuphindaphinda = 1700 ms, echo ixesha TE = 2.26 ms, ubukhulu besiqwenga = 1.0 mm, skip = 0 mm , i-flip angle = I-90 °, intsimi yokujonga = 240 * 240 mm, resolution-in resolution = 256 * 256).

Ukucwangciswa kwangaphambili kwedatha

Idatha yokuphumla yenziwa kusetyenziswa iREST kunye ne-DPARSF (http://restfmri.org)⁴⁰. Ukulungiselela kwangaphambili kubandakanya ukususwa kwamanqaku exesha lokuqala e-10 (ngenxa yokulingana komqondiso kunye nokuvumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nengxolo yokuskena), ukulungiswa komzimba, ixesha lesilayidi, ukubhaliswa kwevolumu kunye nokulungiswa kwentloko yentloko. Ukungcoliseka okunokwenzeka okuvela kwimiqondiso eliqela yongxaki kubandakanya uphawu lwento emhlophe, ulwelo lwesipreji samadhumbu, umqondiso wehlabathi, kunye neesosi ezintandathu zokuhamba ziye zalungiswa. Uluhlu lwexesha lemifanekiso yesifundo ngasinye lwalungiswa-lusetyenziswa kusetyenziswe indlela yobuncinci besikwere kunye neparamitha (eyomeleleyo yomzimba) utshintsho lomgca⁴¹. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yomntu ngamnye ibhalisiwe kwimifanekiso esebenzayo emva kokulungiswa kwentshukumo kusetyenziswa utshintsho lomgca. Isindululo esilungisiweyo sevoliyumu yokusebenza sasihlengahlengiswa ngokwesithuba sendawo kwi-MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute) isithuba kwaye saphinda senziwe isampulu kwii-voxels ze-3-mm ze-isotropic zisebenzisa iiparameter zokumisela eziqikelelweyo ngexesha lokumanyana. Ukuqhubela phambili kokuqhubekeka kubandakanya (1) ukucoca ibhendi yokupasa phakathi kwe-0.01 kunye ne-0.08 Hz; (2) Ukuvavanya unxibelelwano olusebenzayo, siqale sabala ulungelelwaniso lokunxibelelana kukaPearson phakathi kwesixokelelwano sexinzelelo sexesha lesifundo kwingingqi nganye yomdla (ROI). Utshintsho luka-F-r-to-z lwe-Fisher lusetyenzisiwe kwimephu nganye yokunxibelelana ukufumana ulwabiwo oluqhelekileyo malunga namaxabiso oqhagamshelo olusebenzayo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezibalo ze parametric.

Ukukhetha i-ROI ekuphumleni

Imbewu yakhethwa njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu esekwe kuncwadi olupapashiweyo kunokufumana imimandla yembewu kwimisebenzi kukuthintela ukuthanda izinto kunye nokwandisa ukufunyanwa kwezinto. Kwinethiwekhi yokulawula, imbewu yachazwa ngokusekwe kufundo lwakutsha nje lweFC kusetyenziswa idatha evela kwi1000 yabantu abadala⁴² Ukucebisa i-frontal-parietal control network ibandakanya imimandla emithandathu yobuchopho. Babekwe kwindawo engaphambili kunye neparietal yobuchopho (fumana unxibelelaniso oluneenkcukacha ukusuka Umzobo 1). Sisebenzise ii-symmetric zokulungelelanisa ukukhetha imbewu kwi-hemisphere elungileyo.

Umzobo 1

Ii-ROIs ezikhethwe kuphando.

Ngenethiwekhi yokuxabisa ixabiso, uninzi lwezifundo lucebise ukuba isekethe ejikelezayo yokuxhasa ukuguqulwa kweendlela ezahlukileyo zemivuzo ezizayo ibe luhlobo lwemali lwangaphakathi¹⁸^,20^,21. Esi siphaluka sibandakanya i-ventral striatum, i-dorsal striatum, kunye nesekethe ejikelezayo. Ngaphandle kwale nto, izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba inethiwekhi ye-amygdala yeyona ndawo iphambili ekuqinisekiseni umvuzo⁴³. Ke, kolu phando, sifake i-amygdala kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo. Ngenxa yokuba i-striatum, i-amygdala zizithili ezincinci zobuchopho, sikhethe wonke lo mmandla njengembewu. I-amygdala yakhutshwa eHarvard-Oxford i-atcortical atlas; I-striatum ikhethwe kusetyenziswa i-Oxford-striatum-atlas. Kwi-OFC, imbewu yachazwa ngokusekwe kuvavanyo lwe-meta⁴⁴^,45, ephakamisa imimandla emibini esetyenziswayo ye-OFC esetyenziswayo, enye ibandakanyeka kummeli wokuqina wokuqiniswa ozimeleyo (−23, 30, −12 kunye 16, 29, −13) kunye nokunye ukuphononongwa kweepornishers ezikhokelela kutshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha (−32 , I-40, −11 kunye ne-33, 39, −11). Bona Umzobo 1.

Unxibelelwano phakathi kweembewu esizikhethileyo apha ngasentla lunokunika kuphela umahluko kwinqanaba leqela kwaye ubonise uqhagamshelo lwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yolawulo kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukufumana unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi nethiwekhi zimbini zezifundo ezizodwa kunye nendlela abanxibelelana ngayo ngokuziphatha, sidinga "indawo" edibanisa zombini iinethiwekhi. Kolu phando, sikhethe i-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) yengingqi njengendawo yokudibanisa okanye indawo 'yembewu' yokunxibelelana phakathi kolawulo kunye nomvuzo womnatha kuba i-NAcc inendima ebalulekileyo kumlutha.⁴⁶, kwaye kwaqatshelwa ukuba ziyindawo efanelekileyo yokunxibelelana kwizifundo zokulutha²¹. I-NAcc nayo yakhutshwa kwi-atv ye-subcortical ye-Harvard-Oxford.

Umsebenzi wokudityaniswa komsebenzi

Kwi-ROI nganye, ikhosi yexesha elimelekileyo yafunyanwa ngokujikeleza umqondiso wazo zonke ii-voxels ngaphakathi kwe-ROI. Uncwadi kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo lubonakalise ukuba banokwahlulahlulwa zizinto zekhephusi yomhlaba⁴⁷^,48^,49. Ke ngoko, kolu phononongo, siqale sabala ixabiso lexabiso le-FCs phakathi kolawulo lwasekhohlo nolawulo / neendlela zenethiwekhi yomvuzo, ngokwahlukeneyo. Emva koko, sathatha ixabiso elichanekileyo lezi zinto zimbini ze-FCs sonke isalathiso se-FC. Uqhakamshelwano phakathi kwe-NAcc kunye nolawulo / nenethiwekhi yomvuzo yabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Sibalele ixabiso le-FCs phakathi kwe-NAcc kunye nolawulo / nenethiwekhi ye-ROI kwisahluko esifanayo. Emva koko, sathatha ixabiso elichanekileyo lezi hemispheric FCs njengesalathiso seFC ngokubanzi.

iziphumo

Umahluko we-FC kuthungelwano lolawulo phakathi kwe-IGD ne-HC

Umzobo 2 ibonisa i-FC kwinethiwekhi yokulawula kwi-IGD ne-HC. Inethiwekhi yokulawula i-FC kwi-HC ibaluleke kakhulu kunaleyo i-IGD, kuyo yonke ingqondo kunye namanqanaba e-hemispheric (i-HC ibaluleke kakhulu kune-IGD kwi-FC kwinethiwekhi yokulawula ngasekhohlo).

Izinto ezihlanganisiweyo ze-FC indices zenethiwekhi yolawulo kwi-IGD kunye namaqela e-HC ngothelekiso olwahlukeneyo: ingqondo yonke (ekhohlo), i-hemisphere esembindini (embindini), kunye ne-hemisphere esekunene (ekunene).

Umahluko we-FC kuthungelwano lomvuzo phakathi kwe-IGD ne-HC

Umzobo 3 ibonisa i-FC kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo kwi-IGD kunye ne-HC. I-FC kwi-IGD yomnatha womnatha ibaluleke ngokungaphezulu kune-HC kwingqondo iphela (p = 0.060) kunye hemisphere yasekhohlo (p = 0.061). Nangona i-IGD ibonakalisa i-FC ephezulu kune-HC kwi-hemisphere elungileyo, nangona kunjalo, ayifikeleli kubalo lwamanani (p = 0.112).

Izinto ezihlanganisiweyo ze-FC indices zenethiwekhi yomvuzo kwi-IGD kunye namaqela e-HC kuthelekiso olwahlukileyo: ingqondo yonke (ekhohlo), i-hemisphere esembindini (phakathi), kunye ne-hemisphere esekunene (ekunene).

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwenethiwekhi yokulawula kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo

Sibale unxibelelwano phakathi kwenethiwekhi yokulawula kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo kumanqanaba onke engqondo kunye ne-hemispheric. Umqolo wokuqala we Umfanekiso we4 ibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwenethiwekhi yokulawula kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo kwingqondo iphela kuzo zonke izifundo (ngasekhohlo), nakumaqela (ekunene). Singayifumana i-FC kwinethiwekhi yokulawula idibene kakubi nomnatha womvuzo kuwo onke amaqela ezifundo. Amanani akumqolo wesibini abonisa ukuba uthungelwano lwentengiso luhambelana kakhulu nenethiwekhi yomvuzo kwicala lasekhohlo. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-hemisphere elungileyo (kumqolo wesithathu), nangona zibonisa izinto ezingalunganga, konke oku kulungelelwaniso akufikeleli kubalo (Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuba zonke ii-ROI zenethiwekhi zolawulo zichazwe kwi-hemisphere ekhohlo. I-ROIs kwi-hemisphere elungileyo yayikhethwe hemisphere symmetrically). Umqolo wesine ubonise ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-hemispheric yentsebenzo phakathi kwenethiwekhi yokulawula kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo. Sinokufumana unxibelelwano olubi phakathi konxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo. Thatha konke, nangona ezimbalwa kolu nxibelelaniso lungafikeleli kubalo, sisenokunikezela ukuba inethiwekhi yolawulo inxulumene kakubi nenethiwekhi yomvuzo.

Umzobo 4

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenethiwekhi yokulawula kunye nee-indices zomnatha womvuzo kuzo zonke izifundo (ngasekhohlo), IGD (embindini) kunye namaqela eHC (ngasekunene), ngokulandelelana.

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Ukulawulwa kwesinxibelelanisi esiphantsi senethiwekhi kunye nesinxibelelanisi somvuzo ophakamileyo kwizifundo ze-IGD

Kolu phononongo, siqwalasele ukwehla kwezilungelelaniso zothungelwano lolawulo lwezifundo ze-IGD xa kuthelekiswa nezo ze-HC. Imodeli yokubopha yexeshana ibonisa ukuba ukungqinelaniswa kweempawu zobuchopho phakathi kwemimandla yobuchopho kubalulekile ekwenzeni lula unxibelelwano lwe-neural³¹. Ke ngoko, ukuncipha kwesinxibelelanisi kuthungelwano lolawulo kunokubonisa ukuba izifundo zomdlalo we-IGD 'ixesha elide kumdlalo we-Intanethi wokudlala unengxaki kwinkqubo yabo yolawulo. Izifundo zangaphambili zifumanise ukuba i-FC kwinethiwekhi ethile inokuba sisimo sokuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo³⁰^,50^,51. Izifundo zeFMRI esekwe kwimisebenzi ikwabonisa ukuba izifundo ze-IGD zibonise ukuphendulwa kokuthintela kunokulawulwa kakuhle⁸^,9^,11^,12. Iindlela ezinjalo zokuphendula zibonakala ziphenjelelwa yimidlalo enxulumene nomdlalo we-Intanethi, ukusebenza kakubi kubonwe kwi-IGD kunakwizifundo ezingezizo ze-IGD⁹. Ukutshintsha kokuguqukayo kunye nokusilela kokulawula kwengqondo kwi-IGD inokunxulumana nokusebenza okungalunganga ngaphakathi kokujikeleza kwe-neural phantsi kwale nkqubo, ngamanye ala manyathelo aphathekayo ahambelana nobunzima be-IGD¹².

Kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo, i-FC kwi-IGD ibaluleke kakhulu kubuphezulu kune-HC. Amakhonkco onamandla phakathi kwembewu yenethiwekhi yomvuzo kwi-IGD iphakamise ukuba ibonise ukuphuculwa komnqweno wokufumana umvuzo kuneqela le-HC. Izifundo zeFMRI esekwe kwimisebenzi ibonise ubungqina bokuba uvakalelo lomvuzo luphakanyisiwe phakathi kwezifundo ze-IGD xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni.²^,9^,14^,15 kuzo zombini iimeko ezithambileyo kunye ezigqithisileyo. Imvakalelo yomvuzo ophuculweyo inokuba negalelo kwiminqweno eyandisiweyo yokuzibandakanya ekudlaleni umdlalo we-intanethi, ngenxa yezifundo ze-IGD zinokufumana umvuzo onamandla. Kwaye ixesha elide lokudlala kwi-intanethi linokubangela ukuba abadlali bazonwabise ngamava abonakalayo kwaye baphinde bavuselele la mava ebomini bokwenyani⁵².

Uqhagamshelo lodityaniso phakathi kolawulo kwenethiwekhi kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo

Ukuqhubela phambili ukuvavanya unxibelelwano phakathi kwenethiwekhi yolawulo lwenethiwekhi kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo kunye nokufumanisa ukuba ngokudibana njani nefuthe lokuziphatha kokugqibela kwizifundo ezizodwa, sikhethe i-NAcc njengendawo yokudibanisa okanye indawo 'yembewu' yokudibanisa ulawulo oluphezulu kunye nomvuzo uthungelwano. Umzobo 4 ibonisa ukuba ii-indices zenethiwekhi yolawulo oluphezulu kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo zinobubanzi obonakalayo, ezibonisa ukomelela kwenethiwekhi yomvuzo, buthathaka uxhumano lwenethiwekhi yolawulo. Ezi uthungelwano zimbini zinxibelelana ngokutsala kunye nokutsala ifashoni apho ukhuthazo olomeleleyo luya kukhokelela kuphazamiso lwesekethe yolawulo oluphezulu, kwaye ulawulo oluphezulu oluluqilima luya kukhokelela ekuthintelweni kweminqweno yenkuthazo.⁵³.

Izifundo zangaphambili zibonakalise ukuba inkqubo yolawulo oluphezulu ikhuthaza ulawulo lwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwindlela yokuziphatha eqhubayo kwaye inokwenza ukuba umntu ngamnye akwazi ukuthintela iminqweno kunye nokuziphatha okufuna umvuzo⁵⁴^,55^,56. Umda ophambeneyo phakathi kothungelwano lolawulo oluphezulu kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo unokuba negalelo elininzi ekuqondeni isixhobo somlutha esisiseko se-IGD: Ukonyusa imvakalelo ngexesha lokuwina okanye amava amnandi anokuphucula umnqweno wabo wokudlala kwi-intanethi. Okwangoku, ukungahambelani kulawulo oluphezulu kunokukhokelela ekungazibazisi kweminqweno enjalo, enokuvumela ukubanakho iminqweno, iminqweno okanye inkanuko yokubalawula kukhokelele ekudlaliseni okudlala kwi-intanethi.

Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo olungalinganiyo phakathi kwenethiwekhi yolawulo oluphezulu kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo inokuphinda ikhanyise ukuqonda kokuthatha izigqibo kwe-IGD. Izifundo ziveze ukuba izifundo ze-IGD zibonisa ukuncipha kokuqwalaselwa kweziphumo xa usenza izigqibo kwixesha elizayo⁵². Ekwenzeni izigqibo phakathi kokuthatha inxaxheba kumava avuzayo ngokukhawuleza (umzekelo, ukudlala kwi-Intanethi) kunye neziphumo ezibi zexesha elide (umzekelo, ukusebenzisa ixesha elichithwe umdlalo ngaphandle kokwenza imisebenzi enxulumene nempumelelo yomsebenzi omde), abantu abane-IGD banokuqwalaselwa njengokubonisa "I-myopia yexesha elizayo", njengoko kuchaziwe kwikhoboka leziyobisi⁵⁷^,58^,59. I-synchrony yomvuzo onamandla womvuzo okhawulezileyo unokubambisa ngaphezulu inkqubo yesigqibo ukuthintela impembelelo, enokuba isengqiqweni yokuchaza inkqubo esekwe kwisigqibo sokuthatha isigqibo ukuya kumvuzo okhokelela kwangoko, esikhokelela ekuziphatheni okungafanelekanga komdlalo we-Intanethi wokudlala. Ukongeza, indlela yokuziphatha efuna umvuzo inokuqiniswa ngamava ethutyana akwi-intanethi, ekhokelela kumjikelezo ombi wokudlala umdlalo we-Intanethi.⁷.

Ukushwankathela, olu phononongo lubonise ukuba utshintsho (ukwehla / ukonyuka) kwizifundo ze-IGD zezivumelwano zobuchopho zibonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle / ukugqwesa ngokugqithileyo ngaphakathi kwisekethe ye-neural engaphantsi kwezi nkqubo. Umlinganiso oguqulweyo phakathi kwenethiwekhi yolawulo oluphezulu kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo iphakamisa ukuba ukonakala kulawulo oluphezulu kukhokelela kuthintelo olungafanelekanga lokunqwenela okuphuculweyo kwimidlalo edlalayo ye-Intanethi. Ezi ziphumo zinokukhanyisa kukuqonda kwe-IGD. Ukongeza, amanqaku afanayo phakathi kwe-IGD kunye neziyobisi (umzekelo, ukuxhomekeka kweHeroin) cebisa ukuba i-IGD inokwabelana ngokufana kunye nolunye uhlobo lweziyobisi.

Imida

Imida eliqela kufuneka ibhekiswe apha. Okokuqala, kuba bambalwa kuphela abantu ababhinqileyo abakhobokise kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi, sikhethe kuphela izifundo zamadoda kolu phando. Ukungalingani kwisini kunokunciphisa izigqibo zokugqibela. Okwesibini, ekubaleni unxibelelwano phakathi konxibelelwano lolawulo kunye nenethiwekhi yomvuzo, sikhethe i-NAcc njengembewu esekwe ekusebenzeni kwe-NAcc kunye noncwadi lwangaphambili. Asazi nokuba zikhona imbewu ezingcono kolu balo. Okwesithathu, uphononongo lwangoku luveze kuphela ukuba imeko ezikhoyo ngoku zikho kwizifundo ze-IAD, asinakho ukufikelela kwizigqibo phakathi kwezi zinto. Okwesine, ekukhetheni i-hemisphere yasekunene ye-ROIs yenethiwekhi yolawulo lwenethiwekhi, sisebenzise ulungelelwaniso lolungelelwaniso ngokwe-hemisphere yasekhohlo, enokuba sisizathu sokuba ii-indexes kwi-hemisphere yasekunene ziphantsi kunaleyo yasekhohlo.

Umbhali Wemivuzo

U-GD uyile ulingo kwaye wabhala ubhalo lokuqala lombhalo obhaliweyo. I-XL kunye ne-XD ziqokelele kwaye zahlalutya idatha, zalungisa amanani. I-YH kunye ne-CX baxoxa ngeziphumo, becetyiswa malunga nokutolikwa kwaye banegalelo kuyilo lokugqibela lokubhalwa kwesandla. Bonke ababhali banegalelo kuyo kwaye bayivume indlela ebhaliweyo.

Imibulelo

Olu phando luxhaswe sisiseko seSizwe seSayensi yeNdalo yaseChina (31371023). Umxhasi ubengenayo enye indima kuyilo lokufunda; kuqokelelo, ukuhlalutya nokutolika idatha; ekubhaleni ingxelo; okanye kwisigqibo sokungenisa iphepha ukuze lipapashwe.

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