Ukwahlukana komntu ngamnye kwizinto zokufunda ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokuziphatha okungazenzisiyo kwimeko ye-intanethi kunye ne-Internet Gaming Disorder phantsi kokuqwalaselwa ngokwesini (2018)

. I-2017 Jun; I-5: 19-28.

Ishicilelwe kwi-intanethi 2017 Feb 7. ikhonkco:  I-10.1016 / j.abrep.2017.02.002

PMCID: PMC5800554

PMID: 29450224

ulwimi: IsiNgesi | isiJamani | isiJamani

1. Intshayelelo

I-Intanethi ifumene indlela yobomi bemihla ngemihla yabantu abaninzi, inikezela ngendlela elula yokuqokelela ulwazi kunye nokutya. Inani elikhulayo labasebenzisi be-Intanethi, ukubalwa kwe-50% yabemi behlabathi ngalo lonke eli xesha (kufikelelwe kwi-07.09.16. , inani leengxelo ngokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-Intanethi (PIU) eyonyukayo. Kwisifundo esimele iJamani (N = Abathathi-nxaxheba abayi-15,024) ibonakalise ubukho be-1.5% kumlutha we-Intanethi, kunye nabasebenzisi abancinci bebonisa ubungakanani obuphezulu (i-4% kwiqela labaneminyaka eli-14-16 ubudala). Imizamo yokuqala yokuchaza kunye nokuchonga i-PIU1 zenziwe nguKimberly Omncinci ngonyaka we-1998 (jonga kwakhona nengxelo yetyala lokuqala ukusuka ). Ukusukela ngoko iimvavanyo ezininzi kunye nezixhobo zokukhangela zenziwe (umz , , ), ukuze ukwazi ukubala amanani abonakalayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye unike izigulana unyango olusebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku akukho hluko lwangoku lwe-nosological lwe-PIU. Uphando olwenziweyo malunga neziyobisi kwi-intanethi lubonakala linyathelo elinye phambili, njengoko kutshanje kwi-Intanethi ukuDlala ngeMidlalo (IGD) kufakwe kwiCandelo lesi-III leDSM-5, ngale ndlela kukhuthaza ezinye iimviwo phambi kokuba ziqwalaselwe njengesifo esisesikweni (). IGD ithathwa njengendlela ethile ye-PIU, edlula kwiindawo ezincinci kwifom ye-PIU echazwe apha ngasentla (umz. , ).

1.1. I-PIU kunye nokufunda / ukwenza izigqibo okuqinisekileyo

Ukusilela ekwenzeni izigqibo kubonisiwe kwizifundo ezininzi, kuphanda izigulana ngeziyobisi kunye neziyobisi , ). Ngenxa yokufana kw conceptualization ye-PIU kunye nokuziphatha / iziyobisi), isihloko sokwenza izigqibo kukwahambelana kakhulu nokuqonda ngcono imeko yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-Intanethi. Xa kuvavanywa ukwenza izigqibo umahluko phakathi kokwenza izigqibo phantsi kokwenziwa kunye nokwenza izigqibo phantsi komngcipheko kuye kwenziwa (, ). Ngelixa kuthathwa izigqibo phantsi koshicilelo lwemithetho yokufumana inzuzo kunye nelahleko kunye neziphumo zeziphumo ezahlukeneyo azicaciswanga kakuhle (kulinganiswa, umzekelo (ulingo lokuqala) lwe-IOWA Gask Task okanye IGT), xa usenza izigqibo uphantsi komngcipheko wolwazi malunga nobukho Iziphumo, kunye nokubakho kokufumana kunye nelahleko kuyafumaneka okanye kubalwa (kulinganiswa ngokomdlalo weDice Task okanye nge-GDT) (, ). Ngokusekwe kolu mahluko nakwimodeli yenkqubo yenkqubo yokuthatha izigqibo (umz ), iphakamise imodeli yethiyori yokuchaza ukuthatha izigqibo phantsi komngcipheko. Kule modeli, indima yemisebenzi yesigqeba ibalaselisiwe njengesitshixo sokuthatyathwa kwezigqibo phantsi komngcipheko, kodwa ingekuko ukwenza izigqibo phantsi komda. Umvuzo kunye neemvakalelo zomvakalelo kufuneka zihambe kunye zombini iindlela zokwenza izigqibo. Ke, zombini iinkqubo zokubonakalisa (ezilawulwa kukuqonda), kunye neenkqubo zokuphoqelela (ezibangelwa lulindelo lomvuzo kunye nezohlwayo) zingabandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo phantsi kweemeko ezinobungozi (). Ngaphezulu, izinto ezinje ngolwazi malunga nemeko yesigqibo, iimpawu zomntu ngamnye kunye neemeko ezichongiweyo kunye neempembelelo zangaphandle ziye zaphakanyiswa ukuba zibe nefuthe lokumisela ukwenza izigqibo ().

Ngokumalunga nokulutha kwi-Intanethi umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wethiyori wacetyiswa ngu , ebizwa ngokuba yiNtsebenzo yoMntu-eyokuBulala-ngokuBulala (i-I-PACE), apho uthintelo lwemisebenzi yolawulo kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory nalo lubalaselisiwe ukuba lubalulekile kuphuhliso lwe-PIU. Ngokwalo modeli uphuhliso kunye nolondolozo lwezinto ezithile ezisebenzisa i-Intanethi ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezinto ezichazayo (umz. Ubuntu kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo), iimodareyitha (umz. Isitayile sokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokulindeleka kwi-Intanethi), kunye nabalamli (umz. Olu nxibelelwano olunzima, nokudityaniswa nokufumana ulwaneliseko kunye nokuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo, njengesiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwento ethile ye-Intanethi, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi yolawulo kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory, kungakhokelela kuphazamiseko oluthile lokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zenziwe izifundo ezimbalwa ezomeleleyo kumxholo we-PIU, ulawulo lwe-inhibitory kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Uninzi lwazo luhambelana nomgaqo-sikhokelo osele ukhankanyiwe ngaphambili . umzekelo uxele ngokusebenza kakubi ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yokungcakaza kubasebenzisi be-Intanethi abagqithisileyo kunye nokukhetha kancinci kwesicwangciso esiyimpumelelo ngokuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba. Kuphando lwamva nje, Ixelwe inciphise amandla okwenza izigqibo phantsi komngcipheko kwi-GDT kwiqela labadlali abagqibeleleyo beWorld War War (WoW) ngokuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba. Usebenzise ingxelo eguqulweyo yomsebenzi weGo / NoGo (apho inkuthazo ezinxulumene nemidlalo zisetyenziswa ecaleni kwesikhuthazo sokungathathi hlangothi) kwaye waxela ukunciphisa kunciphiso kulawulo lwe-inhibitory kubathathi-nxaxheba nge-IGD, xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba. bafumana iziphumo ezifanayo kunye nenguqulo eguqulweyo ye-IGT, xa usebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala nengathathi hlangothi kwiinzuzo kunye / okanye kwidesika yamakhadi. Apha, abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda babonisa ukwenza izigqibo ezingalunganga kwizilingo apho imifanekiso engamanyala inxulunyaniswa neekhadi ezilahlekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezixubileyo ngokubhekisele kuthathwe izigqibo kwimeko ye-PIU okanye ye-IGD kuxeliwe. Kwisifundo sika Umzekelo abathathe inxaxheba kwi-Intanethi babonisa ukuthatha izigqibo ezingcono, zilinganiswe ne-IGT, xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo. Kwisifundo ngu sele ikhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, akukho mehluko ekwenzeni izigqibo usebenzisa i-IGT unokufumaneka phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni kunye nabo bane-IGD. Ukuze sahlule ezi ziphumo zingqubanayo, kufuneka uvavanye ukuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka. Umahluko othile uchazwa kamva kwisifundo esikhoyo.

1.2. I-PIU, ukuthatha umngcipheko kunye nokunyanzeliswa

Ngenxa yobume bokuqala be-PIU njengesiphazamiso solawulo olungenampembelelo, inani lezifundo laqhutywa ukuphonononga i-PIU kwimeko yokuxhonywa kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko. kwaye ibonakalise ukuba i-PIU inxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo nokunyanzeliswa komkhondo, ilinganiswe ne-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Ngokubhekisele kwisakhelo sethiyori ngu , esele ingeniswe ngentla, impulsivity ikhankanywe phakathi kweempawu zobuntu, ibonisa ubudlelwane obuzinzileyo kunye ne-PIU kwaye ke, kucetyiswa ukuba yenye yezinto, ezinefuthe ekuphuhlisweni nasekulondolozweni. Ngokubanzi, ukunyanzeliswa kuphawuleka njenge "kusengaphambili kwimpembelelo ekhawulezileyo, engacwangciswanga kwisimo sangaphakathi okanye sangaphandle, ngaphandle kokujonga kwiziphumo ezibi zokusabela kwabantu abangenamandla okanye kwabanye" (). Ixesha elinxulumene nokuthatha umngcipheko lichazwa ngokuthi "kukuziphatha okwenziwa ngokungaqinisekanga, okanye ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi, nangaphandle kocwangciso olukhawulezileyo" (). Sebenzisa i-Balloon Analog Risk Task () ukulinganisa ukuthatha umngcipheko, kodwa akufumananga unxulumano olubalulekileyo ne-PIU. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sikwakhangela kule mibutho, sisebenzisa zombini, ingxelo ngokwazo kunye namanyathelo okuvavanya okunyanzelekileyo / ukuthatha ingozi.

1.3. Indima yesini ye-PIU / IGD

Omnye umba obalulekileyo kwimeko yokulutha kwi-Intanethi kukhetho lweempawu ezithile ze-Intanethi (umz.Ukuthenga nge-Intanethi, ukugembula kwi-Intanethi), kuxhomekeke kwisini. Isifundo esimele eJamani sibonise ukuba i-77.1% yabasetyhini abasebenzisa i-Intanethi kwiminyaka eyi-14-24 yeminyaka basebenzisa iisayithi zokunxibelelana nabantu xa kuthelekiswa nabangama-64,8% abesilisa ababudala bunye (). Kwakweso sifundo sinye i-7.2% yabasetyhini abangamakhoboka e-Intanethi abakwiminyaka ephakathi kwe-14 nama-24 yeminyaka baxela ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo ekwi-Intanethi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-33.6% yamadoda akwiminyaka efanayo). Ke, kuyabonakala ukuba ngokubhekisele kwi-IGD, abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda babonisa ukukhetha okuphezulu kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi, ngokuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba besetyhini kwaye kwabikwa ukuba basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuphuhlisa i-IGD. Ngapha koko, uqaphele ukuba ukwaluphala, ukuzithemba okuphantsi kunye nokwaneliseka okuncinci kobomi bemihla ngemihla kunxulunyaniswa ne-IGD enzima kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda, kodwa hayi ababhinqileyo. Ngaphandle kwezi ziphumo, kusekho nje izifundo ezimbalwa, ezijonga ngokwesini inkqubo yabathathi-nxaxheba njengemodareyitha / nomlamli oguqukayo kumxholo we-PIU. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba lo mahluko ubanga ezinye iziphumo ezichasayo ebaleni kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kwezi zifundo zilandelayo ziya kuthathelwa ingqalelo.

Injongo yeprojekthi yethu yophando yayikukuphanda ikhonkco phakathi kwe-PIU, kunye ne-IGD kunye nokufunda okungapheliyo kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda ngokuthetha amagama kwi-IGD (isifundo se-1). Kwisifundo i-2 sasijolise ekuphindaphindeni ezi ziphumo, ngokuthelekisa abathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni kunye nabadlali abagqithisileyo beWoW phantsi kokuqwalaselwa kwesini. Injongo yokufunda i-3 yayikukuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-PIU, IGD kunye nokunyanzeliswa / ukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho kunye nedatha yovavanyo) kubathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni.

Ngokusekwe kuncwadi olungasentla, sakha la magama alandelayo:

I-Hypothesis 1 

Silindele unxulumano olubi phakathi kwe-PIU / IGD kunye nezakhono zokufunda ezingafakwanga (isifundo se-1).

I-Hypothesis 2 

Silindele unxulumano olubi phakathi kwe-PIU / IGD kunye nezakhono zokufunda ezingafakwanga (isifundo se-2). Silindele le ntlangano ingendawo ukuba yomelele kwiqela labadlali abesilisa beWoW.

I-Hypothesis 3 

Silindele ukudibana okuhle phakathi kwe-PIU / IGD kunye nengxelo yokuzihambisa kunye namanyathelo okuvavanywa kokuthathwa / ukuthatha umngcipheko kubathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni (isifundo se-3).

2. Isifundo 1

2.1. Iindlela

2.1.1. Abathathi-nxaxheba

N = Abathathi-nxaxheba abali-107 (abesilisa abangama-99, amabhinqa asi-8, ubudala M = 19.52, SD = 3.57) baqeshwa kwi "Gamescom 2013" eJamani, owona msitho mkhulu wokudlala. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba elona nani liphantsi labathathi-nxaxheba kwisampulu yangoku (n = 8) kwaye oku kuchazwe apha ngasentla ngokwahluka kwesini kwimeko ye-IGD (umz ), asibakhupheli ngaphandle abathathi-nxaxheba abasetyhini kuhlaziyo olwenziweyo. Emva kokukhuphela ngaphandle abathathi-nxaxheba kwidatha engekhoyo, isampula ibangele n = 79 abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda (ubudala M = 19.81, SD = 3.62). Ngokubhekisele kwimfundo yabo, i-8.9% ixele ukuba ineyunivesithi okanye idigri ye-polytechnic, enye i-40.5% ixele ukuba ine-A-level okanye i-diploma ye-baccalaureate diploma kwaye i-26.6% ixelwe ukuba inesatifikethi sokuyeka isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo okanye isiqinisekiso samabanga aphakamileyo, ngelixa i-24% ixele ukuba ayinayo idiploma yesikolo.

2.1.2. Amanyathelo

Abathathi-nxaxheba baphendule imibuzo malunga nobudala babo, isini kunye nemfundo, ezaliswe ngohlobo olufutshane lovavanyo lwe-Intanethi lwe-addiction (s-IAT, ; I-Cronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.70), iqulethe izinto ezili-12 ezilinganisiweyo (1 = soze ziye ku-5 = rhoqo kakhulu) kunye noMgangatho woMdlalo oDibeneyo kwi-Intanethi (i-OGAS, inguqulelo eguqulweyo yoMgangatho wokuDibanisa iziGaba ngu , apho igama elithi "kwi-intanethi" longezwa kuyo yonke into; I-Cronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.66), enezinto ezi-7, eziphakathi kwe-1 = soze kunye no-5 = rhoqo. Ukongeza, abathathi-nxaxheba bavavanya amava abo emidlalo yekhompyuter (umz. "Udlale iminyaka emingaphi ukudlala imidlalo yekhompyuter?" Okanye "Zingaphi iiyure ngeveki odlala ngazo imidlalo yekhompyuter ekwi-intanethi?"). Inkqubo yokuzixela ngokwakho yokuthatha umngcipheko yenziwa, kubandakanya into enye kutyekelo lokuthatha umngcipheko ("Ungazichaza njani ukusuka ku-0 (awukulungelanga ukuthatha umngcipheko) ukuya kwi-10 (uzimisele ukuthatha umngcipheko)?" ); Iphaneli yeNtlalontle ye-Econimic yaseJamani (i-SOEP; ). Sisebenzise umsebenzi wovavanyo ohlengahlengisiweyo ("isifuba sikaMtyholi"), esidityaniswe kufundo ngo , ukwenzela ukulinganisa ukufunda okungahambelaniyo. Kwilingo ngalinye le-36 iyonke, saveza imifanekiso elishumi yeebhokisi zokhuni ezivaliweyo kwisikrini sekhompyuter. Iibhokisi zazilungelelaniswe kumqolo omnye kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba babenethuba lokuvula emva kwexesha inani elithile lokukhetha iibhokisi, besebenza ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba iibhokisi ezisithoba zibe nomvuzo wemali (iisenti ze-5) kwaye enye inesimoni. Ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bavula kuphela iibhokisi zembuyekezo kwisilingo esithile, baya kwinkundla elandelayo ngokufumana isixa semivuzo. Ukuba bavule ibhokisi, equkethe usathana, phakathi kwezinye iibhokisi, balahlekelwa yiyo yonke into ekuloo ngxaki ikhoyo ngoku. Isikhundla esilandelayo somtyholi senziwe ngokungacwangciswanga phakathi kwezilingo ze36, kodwa kwavela kwisikhundla ngasinye ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-102 kanye amaxesha amane. Nangona oku kungakhankanywanga kubathathi-nxaxheba, abathathi-nxaxheba abanezakhono eziphezulu zokuqonda banokuthi basebenze ukuqonda okuqinisekileyo ngalo mthetho kwaye banokufunda ukwenza ngcono ngokuqhubekeka koluvavanyo. Itotali yemivuzo yemali yokuphela kokuvavanywa kwakhona ibizwa ngokuba yi "GET" kwaye iya kusetyenziswa njengenyathelo lokufunda okungaphelelanga. Ukuseta okuvavanyiweyo kubonakaliswa ngaphakathi Ikhiwane. 1.

 

Ikhiwane. 1

Ukuseta uvavanyo kwesifuba sikaMtyholi - ukuvula isifuba kunye nomtyholi kukhokelele ekuphulukaneni nazo zonke iingqekembe zemali eziqokelelweyo zetyala elithile.

2.1.3. Inkqubo

Onke amaphepha emibuzo afumaneka ngesiNgesi kuphela aguqulelwa kwisiJamani liqela lethu lomsebenzi. Abathathi-nxaxheba baqale bazalisa amaphepha emibuzo emva koko bagqiba ukuvavanywa kwesifuba sikaMtyholi. Nceda uqaphele, ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo se-1 abafumananga mbuyekezo yemali emva kokugqiba ulingo kwaye baxelelwe malunga nale nyani ngaphambi kokugqiba uvavanyo.

2.1.4. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani

Koku kulandelayo kuhlalutya ubunyani beenkcukacha zavavanywa kusetyenziswa umgaqo wesithupha, ocetyiswa ngu , kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuthandeka kwezinto eziphandiweyo eziphandiweyo. Uhlalutyo lokulungelelaniswa lwadityaniswa nolungelelwaniso lukaPearson okanye uSpearman, kuxhomekeke kunikezelo lwedatha, kunye nokulungiswa okukhethiweyo kunye nokukhawulezisa ixesha lokuzithemba (i-BCa 95% yezithuba zokuzithemba) zabhalwa kuwo wonke ulungelelwaniso lokulungelelanisa ukuqhubela phambili kuvavanyo lokubaluleka kwazo. Amanyathelo aphindaphindiweyo i-ANOVA yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iziphumo zokufunda ezingafakwanga, xa kuthelekiswa nokufumana izilingo zokuqala ezili-18 kunye nokufumana izilingo ezili-18 zokugqibela zovavanyo.

2.1.5. Iindlela zokuziphatha

Iprojekthi yophando (yezifundo ze-1, i-2 kunye ne-3) yamkelwa yiKomiti yeNdawo yokuziPhatha kwiDyunivesithi yaseBonn, eBonn, eJamani. Zonke izifundo zibonelele ngemvume ngaphambi kokuba ugqibe ukufunda.

2.2. Iziphumo

Iindlela kunye nokuphambuka komgangatho wezinto eziguquguqukayo eziphantsi kophando zichaziwe 1 Table.

1 Table

Kuthetha, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo (i-SD) kunye nolwazelelelo / oluchanekileyo lwamava okutshintsha kwemidlalo (iminyaka), iiyure zokudlala kwi-intanethi ngeveki, i-s-IAT, i-OGAS, GET kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho).

 KuthethaSDUluhlu olunokwenzekaUluhlu olwenziweyo
Ingcali kwezemidlalo (iminyaka)11.094.31-3-24
I-intanethi yokudlala iiyure ngeveki22.2416.00-0-70
I-IAT23.865.3812-6012-43
I-OGAS14.754.367-357-26
GAIN413.6171.970-900a160-520
Ukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho)6.771.890-103-10
 

N = 79, ukuthatha umngcipheko (ukuzixela) n = 64.

aNceda uqaphele ukuba uluhlu oluphezulu olunokubakho lweGIN eguquguqukayo luqikelelwa phantsi kwengcinga yokuba idemon iya kuvela kuzo zonke iindawo phakathi kwe2 kunye ne10 amaxesha amane.

2.2.1. Uhlalutyo lokuhlalutya

Kuphela yi-GAIN eguquguqukayo ibingaqhelekanga isasazwe. Ubudala babathathi-nxaxheba budityaniswa kakuhle ne-GAIN (ρ = 0.27, p <0.05). Ngaphaya koko, i-GAIN ibonise ukungqinelani okungalunganga nenqaku le-s-IAT (ρ = - 0.26, p <0.05). Ukongeza, sibala unxibelelwano oluyinxalenye ye-GAIN kunye nenqaku le-s-IAT lokulawula iminyaka. Unxibelelwano luhlala lubalulekile (r = - 0.28, p <0.05). Unxibelelwano olubi phakathi kwe-GAIN kunye nenqaku le-OGAS alufikanga ngokubaluleka (ρ = - 0.20, p = 0.073) kwaye yahlala ingabalulekanga emva kolawulo lobudala (r = - 0.12, p = 0.292). Lonke unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo luhleli lubalulekile emva kokuhlolwa kwe-BCa 95% yexesha lokuzithemba. Nceda ubone 2 Table isishwankathelo seziphumo.

2 Table

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwe-GAIN kwisilingo "sikaMtyholi" kunye ne-s-IAT, inqaku le-OGAS kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho).

 GAINI-IATI-OGASukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho)
GAIN1   
I-IAT- 0.264⁎1  
I-OGAS- 0.2030.511⁎⁎1 
ukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho)0.1480.1290.1871
 

N = 79, ukuthatha umngcipheko (ukuzixela) n = 64; Unxibelelwano lwe-Spearman lubonakalisiwe kwi Italic.

⁎⁎p <0.01.
⁎p <0.05.

2.2.2. Ukuhlolwa kolawulo lokuvavanywa kwesifuba sikaMtyholi njengenyathelo lokufunda ngokungagungqiyo

Iziphumo zamanyathelo aphindaphindiweyo i-ANOVA ibonise umohluko obonakalayo phakathi kwe-GAIN kwizilingo zokuqala ze-18 zovavanyo, xa kuthelekiswa nezilingo zokugqibela ze-18 (F(1,78) = 17.303, p <0.01), bonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bazuze imali ethe kratya kwinxalenye yesibini yovavanyo (M1 = 192.34 kunye M2 = 221.27 ngokwahlukeneyo) (bona Ikhiwane. 2).

 

Ikhiwane. 2

Iindlela kunye nempazamo esemgangathweni ye-GAIN kwizilingo ezili-18 zokuqala ngokuchasene ne-GAIN kwizilingo ezili-18 zokugqibela zovavanyo lukaMtyholi. MU = iiyunithi zemali.

2.3. Ingxoxo

Ukuqukumbela, njengoko kucetywayo kwii-hypotheses zethu, kwisifundo se-1 umlutha we-Intanethi unxulunyaniswa nobuchule bokufunda obungachanekanga. Esi siphumo sinika obunye ubungqina bendima yokwenza izigqibo gwenxa kwimeko ye-PIU (umz ). Ukudibana ne-IGD kwakukwindlela enye, nangona kunjalo, ayifikanga kubalule. Oku kunokuchazwa ngobungakanani besampulu elincinci kunye / okanye ukungangqinelani okungaphantsi okungaphakathi (0.66) kwesikali se-OGAS kolu phando. Ukwenzela ukuphanda ngakumbi ngobu budlelwane kunye nokuthelekisa iziphumo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda nababhinqileyo naphakathi kwabadlali bebhola kunye nabangengabo abadlali, kwafundwa 2

3. Isifundo 2

Injongo yesifundo sesibini yayikukuphindaphinda iziphumo zesifundo 1, ngokusebenzisa isampulu yabadlali beWorld Warcraft (WoW) kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kulawulo, ababengenangqondo kwiWoW. Ngenxa yokuba umanyano phakathi kwe-s-IAT kunye ne-GAIN njengenyathelo lokufunda ngokungagungqiyo kunokujongwa kubathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda ngokubonakala kwi-IGD, sinomdla wokubona ukuphindaphinda kweziphumo ze-1 ngakumbi kubadlali beWoW.

3.1. Iindlela

3.1.1. Abathathi-nxaxheba

Abadlali beWoW kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kulawulo, bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. Abadlali beWoW baqeshwa, kusetyenziswa le ndlela ilandelayo: Amava emidlalo yeWoW ubuncinci iminyaka emibini. Inkqubo yokukhutshelwa ngaphandle yayidlala eminye imidlalo ngaphandle kweWoW ye-> 7 h ngeveki, nangona kunjalo, abathathi-nxaxheba abangenamava kweminye imidlalo babenyanzelwa ukuba baphinde bafumane. Abantu abalawulayo kufuneka babe yiWoW naïve, kungoko ke babengenamava okudlala lo mdlalo ngaphambili. Iikhrayitheriya zokukhutshelwa kuwo omabini la maqela abathathi-nxaxheba yayikukungaboni kakuhle, ubunzima ekufundeni nasekubhaleni, idyschromatopsia, ingxubusho, amayeza exesha elide, izifo ze-neurological kunye neengqondo, ukukhubazeka kokuva kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi. Emva kovavanyo olucokisekileyo lwesampulu sikhuphele ngaphandle umntu omnye othathe inxaxheba ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwindlela otya ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis mihla le, omnye wabathathi-nxaxheba ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo kunye nonyango lwengqondo kunye nomnye othatha inxaxheba kwiqela lolawulo ngenxa yamaxabiso agqithisileyo kwi-sIAT kunye ne-OGAS, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abanedatha elahlekileyo , eyakhokelela kwi- n = Abathathi-nxaxheba abayi-77 (abesilisa abangama-39) kunye n = 44 Abadlali be-WoW (amadoda angama-28). 6.5% (n = 5) kulawulo lwabathathi-nxaxheba baxele ukusetyenziswa ngokungaqhelekanga kwimidlalo yokudlala indima kwi-Intanethi (<3 h yokudlala ngeveki) kunye ne-23.4% (n = 18) uxele ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwemidlalo ye-Ego-shooter (<1 h yokudlala ngeveki). Iminyaka yobudala besampulu iyonke yayingu M = 23.70 (SD = 3.93). Ngokubhekisele kwimfundo yabo i-10.7% ibike ukuba banesidanga saseyunivesithi, enye i-85.9% ixele ukuba inqanaba le-A okanye idiploma ye-baccalaureate diploma kwaye i-2.5% ichaze ukuba inesatifikethi sokuyeka isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo okanye isiqinisekiso samabanga aphakamileyo. Umntu omnye (0.9%) khange aziphendule izinto ngokubhekisele kwimfundo.

3.1.2. Amanyathelo

Nantsi kwakhona i-s-IAT (; ICronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.76), i-OGAS (ukuguqulwa kwe-GAS ngu ; I-Cronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.88) kwaye amava emidlalo yekhompyuter avavanywa. Ukongeza, iphepha lemibuzo leMibuzo yokuSebenziswa kweNgxaki yokuSebenziseka kweHlabathi yeWarcraft (WoW-SPUQ), enezinto ezingama-27, ezilinganiswe kwisikali ukusuka ku-1 = "andivumelani kwaphela" ukuya ku-7 = "ndiyavuma ngokupheleleyo" (; ICronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.89) yazaliswa liqela leWoW kuphela. Ngaphaya koko, iBarratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11; ; ICronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.85) yalawulwa njengenyathelo lokunyanzelwa (izinto ezingama-30 zifunyenwe kwisikali, ukusuka ku-1 = "kunqabile / akunakuze" kuye ku-4 = "phantse njalo / njalo"). Ngale nqanaba, izinto ezintathu zoku-odola zinokuvavanywa: Ukuqwalaselwa kokunyanzelwa kuchazwe njengokungakwazi ukugxila ekuqwalaseleni okanye ekugxileni; Ukuqhutywa yimoto kubandakanya ukusebenza ungakhange ucinge, ngelixa ukungacwangcisi ukungxamiseka kubandakanya ukungabikho "kwekamva" okanye ukucinga kwangaphambili (). Izinto ezingaphakathi zenkxaso kwizifundo ezikhoyo yayingu-0.73, 0.69 kunye ne-0.69 ngokwahlukeneyo.

3.1.3. Inkqubo

Abathathi-nxaxheba bathathe inxaxheba kuphononongo olukhulu olude lokuphanda izinto zebhayiloji ecaleni kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kunye nendima yabo kwi-IGD. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, kuphela idatha esuka kwinqanaba lokuqala lokulinganisa esetyenzisiweyo ukuvavanya nokuphinda iziphumo kwizifundo ze-1 (ukugcwalisa isilingo sesifuba sikaMtyholi okwesibini (T2) ngokucacileyo ayinakuthelekiswa nokuba yi-naïve nayo njengakwisifundo 1 ). Iikhweshine kunye novavanyo zagqitywa ngolandelelwano olufanayo nakwisifundo 1. Xa kuthelekiswa nesifundo 1, nangona kunjalo, kwisifundo abathathi-nxaxheba aba-2 bahlawulwa isixa semali abaphumeleleyo kuvavanyo "lukaMtyholi esifubeni" kwaye baxelelwa ngale nyani. ngaphambi kokugqiba ulingo.

3.1.4. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani

Uvavanyo lwedatha lwenziwa nge-analog ukuze kufundwe i-1.

3.2. Iziphumo

Amanqaku e-OGAS kunye neeyure zokudlala ezikwi-intanethi ngeveki azange zisasazwe ngokwamaqela abathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo. Ngaphaya koko, amanqaku e-s-IAT kunye nobudala bezingaqhelekanga ngokwesiqhelo kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo. Ukudityaniswa phakathi kwe-GAIN kunye nenqaku le-s-IAT kwiqela labadlali abesilisa iWWW kuvavanywe icala elinye, kusekwe kwiziphumo kufundo lwe-1.

Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zabathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo kunye nabadlali beWoW zibonakalisiwe 3 Table. Apha abathathi-nxaxheba bolawulo lwendoda nabasetyhini babenamava asezantsi okudlala, iiyure zomdlalo we-intanethi ngeveki, kunye namanqaku e-OGAS, xa kuthelekiswa nabadlali beWoW abesilisa nababhinqileyo (jonga 3 Table). Ngapha koko, abadlali beWowW ababhinqileyo babonise amanqaku aphezulu kwi-s-IAT, xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo. Zonke ezinye izinto ezihlukileyo azange zahluke kakhulu phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo kunye nabadlali beWoW.

3 Table

Iindlela, ukuphambuka komgangatho (SD), okunokwenzeka / okwenene uluhlu, t-/U Ixabiso nokubaluleka (p) kokwahluka kweendlela phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo kunye neqela le-WoW yamahluko wokudlala okuguquguqukayo (iminyaka), iiyure zomdlalo we-intanethi ngeveki, GORA, s-IAT, OGAS, WoW-SPUQ kunye neBIS-11.

 Iqela lo lawulo 

Abadlali be-WoW 

Uluhlu olunokwenzekaUluhlu olwenziweyot-/U inanip
KuthethaSDKuthethaSD
Abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda
Ingcali kwezemidlalo (iminyaka)9.496.8114.294.85-I-0-22 / 6-25- 3.3690.001
I-intanethi yokudlala iiyure ngeveki1.182.1119.7111.44-I-0-9 / 0-5030.0<0.001
GAIN450.7739.10443.0454.300-900I-370-510 / 305-5250.6780.500
I-IAT21.676.5323.796.9012-60I-12-42 / 14-41- 1.2800.205
I-OGAS8.672.3915.795.857-35I-7-17 / 9-2994.5<0.001
WoW-SPUQ--87.5723.2627-189-I / 53-134--
I-BIS-11 iyonke65.0013.3964.638.9430-120I-40-99 / 53-900.1250.901
BIS-11 ingqalelo17.134.9516.572.858-32I-8-30 / 12-210.5790.565
BIS-11 motor23.164.8122.433.6611-44I-14-35 / 16-330.6710.504
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga24.715.3225.744.7711-44I-14-40 / 16-40- 0.8030.425
 
Abasetyhini abathathi-nxaxheba
Ingcali kwezemidlalo (iminyaka)3.865.7611.505.29-I-0-15 / 1-20- 4.557<0.001
I-intanethi yokudlala iiyure ngeveki0.090.4317.569.06-I-0-2.5 / 1-37.51.5<0.001
GAIN429.7439.98439.0658.720-900I-330-510 / 295-510- 0.6780.501
I-IAT18.584.9921.445.2412-60I-13-36 / 14-30199.50.047
I-OGAS7.110.5113.503.697-35I-7-10 / 9-214.0<0.001
WoW-SPUQ--81.6322.4227-189-I / 50-119--
I-BIS-11 iyonke61.259.1461.736.1630-120I-37-87 / 53-77- 0.1870.852
BIS-11 ingqalelo16.613.5517.063.388-32I-10-25 / 10-22- 0.4380.663
BIS-11 motor21.083.9321.803.9711-44I-12-31 / 17-29- 0.5920.557
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga23.974.1623.312.7011-44I-13-35 / 17-270.5840.562
 

Qaphela: IMann-Whitney-U-Uvavanyo lwenzelwa ukuthelekisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezingasasetyenziswayo ezisasazwa. Iziphumo zibonakaliswa kumalungiselelo etafile.

3.2.1. Uhlalutyo lokuhlalutya

Kumaqela abathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo okanye ababhinqileyo, iminyaka yabathathi-nxaxheba ayizange ilungelelaniswe kakhulu kwi-GAIN, s-IAT okanye kumanqaku e-OGAS. Zonke ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nazo zichaziwe 4 Table. Apha, i-GET yayingahlangananga kakhulu kwi-s-IAT okanye kumanqaku e-OGAS abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda nababhinqileyo. Ngaphaya koko, amanqaku e-s-IAT ayenxulunyaniswa nokugxila kwi-BIS-11's subscale ingqalelo engxamisekileyo kubathathi-nxaxheba bolawulo lwamadoda. Lonke udibaniso olubalulekileyo kwi 4 Table ihlale ibalulekile emva kovavanyo lwe-BCa 95% yokuphumla kokuzithemba.

4 Table

Ulungelelwaniso lwe-Spearman kunye nePearson kwizinto eziguquguqukayo GAIN, s-IAT, OGAS kunye ne-BIS-11 yeqela labathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo, lahlulwe kubesilisa nakwababhinqileyo.

 GAINI-IATI-OGASI-BIS-11 iyonkeBIS-11 ingqaleloBIS-11 motor
Abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda
GAIN1     
I-IAT- 0.0531    
I-OGAS0.2380.1391   
I-BIS-11 iyonke0.0200.2480.349⁎1  
BIS-11 ingqalelo0.1090.426⁎⁎0.3010.866⁎⁎1 
BIS-11 motor- 0.0640.0940.338⁎0.843⁎⁎0.612⁎⁎1
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga0.0950.1430.1980.906⁎⁎0.707⁎⁎0.660⁎⁎
 
Abasetyhini abathathi-nxaxheba
GAIN1     
I-IAT0.1181    
I-OGAS- 0.0880.2571   
I-BIS-11 iyonke- 0.1390.2320.1561  
BIS-11 ingqalelo0.1610.282- 0.0220.749⁎⁎1 
BIS-11 motor- 0.2190.2010.2920.764⁎⁎0.3121
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga- 0.1380.118- 0.1190.868⁎⁎0.531⁎⁎0.478⁎⁎
 

Unxibelelwano lwe-Spearman luboniswa kwi Italic.

n (abesilisa) = 39, n (abesilisa, i-BIS-11) = 38, n (ababhinqileyo) = 38, n (ababhinqileyo, i-BIS-11) = 36.

⁎⁎p <0.01.
⁎p <0.05.

Kwiqela labadlali ababhinqileyo abesilisa nababhinqileyo, ubudala abuzange bulungelelaniswe kakhulu ne-GAIN, s-IAT, OGAS okanye amanqaku eWoW-SPUQ. Zonke ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nazo zichaziwe 5 Table. Apha, i-GAIN yayinxulunyaniswa ngokungalunganga ne-s-IAT, kunye nenqaku leWoW-SPUQ kuphela kwiqela labadlali abesilisa beWoW. Nangona kunjalo, olu nxibelelaniso lubonisa kuphela umba wokubaluleka (r = - 0.30, p = 0.063, kuvavanyo olunye kunye r = - 0.313, p = 0.104, uvavanyo olunemisila emibini). Lonke unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo luhleli lubalulekile emva kokuhlolwa kwe-BCa 95% yexesha lokuzithemba.

5 Table

I-Spearman kunye nePearson ulungelelwaniso lwezinto eziguquguqukayo GAIN, s-IAT, OGAS, amanqaku eWoW-SPUQ kunye neBIS-11 kwiqela labadlali beWoW, elahlulwe ngamadoda nabasetyhini.

 GAINI-IATI-OGASWowu-
I-SPUQ		I-BIS-11 iyonkeBIS-11 ingqaleloBIS-11 motor
Abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda
GAIN1      
I-IAT- 0.2961     
I-OGAS- 0.1050.776⁎⁎1    
WoW-SPUQ- 0.3130.688⁎⁎0.742⁎⁎    
I-BIS-11 iyonke0.0250.1970.2840.0231  
BIS-11 ingqalelo0.054- 0.0110.019- 0.2190.658⁎⁎1 
BIS-11 motor- 0.0380.1700.2310.1870.761⁎⁎0.2181
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga0.0330.2200.3120.0270.892⁎⁎0.451⁎0.521⁎⁎
 
Abasetyhini abathathi-nxaxheba
GAIN1      
I-IAT0.0261     
I-OGAS- 0.024- 0.0671    
WoW-SPUQ- 0.1990.1440.676⁎⁎    
I-BIS-11 iyonke0.0480.080- 0.614⁎- 0.1571  
BIS-11 ingqalelo- 0.1390.194- 0.2600.0540.5041 
BIS-11 motor0.266- 0.013- 0.676⁎⁎- 0.3050.845⁎⁎0.1701
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga0.012- 0.1660.0570.2560.420- 0.2220.250
 

Kubathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda, unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-GININ kuhlolo kunye nenqaku le-S-IAT lavavanywa lalinye.

n (abesilisa) = 28, n (abesilisa, i-BIS-11) = 27, n (ababhinqileyo) = 16, n (ababhinqileyo, i-BIS-11) = 15.

⁎⁎p <0.01.
⁎p <0.05.

3.2.2. Ukuhlolwa kolawulo lokuvavanywa kwesifuba sikaMtyholi njengenyathelo lokufunda ngokungagungqiyo

Iziphumo zamanyathelo aphindaphindiweyo i-ANOVA khange zibonise umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwe-GAIN ngexesha le-18 yokuqala kunye nezilingo zokugqibela ezili-18 zovavanyo luka "Sifuba sikaMtyholi" kwiqela lendoda (F (1, 38) = 1.949, p = 0.171; M1 = 232.56 kunye neM2 = 218.21) kunye nabasetyhini (F (1, 37) = 0.594, p = 0.446; M1 = 221.18 kunye neM2 = 209.87) ulawulo lwabathathi-nxaxheba. Isampulu yonke yabathathi-nxaxheba kulawulo iziphumo zahlala zingabalulekanga (F (1,76) = 2.102, p = 0.151), ngelixa kwisampulu yonke yabadlali beWoW iziphumo zafumana ukubaluleka (F (1,43) = 4.298, p = 0.044) (jonga Ikhiwane. 3). Kwiqela labadlali be-WoW abangamadoda, umahluko phakathi kwezilingo 1-18 kunye ne-19-36 ifikelele kubaluleka (F (1,27) = 5.377, p = 0.028, M1 = 235.54 kunye neM2 = 205.54; kungoko ngesiphumo esisezantsi kwi-M2 xa kuthelekiswa ne-M1), ngelixa abadlali beWoW ababhinqileyo yayingabalulekanga (F (1,15) = 0.295, p = 0.595, M1 = 225.31 kunye neM2 = 213.75)

 

Ikhiwane. 3

Iindlela kunye nempazamo esemgangathweni ye-GAIN ngexesha le-18 yokuqala kunye nezilingo zokugqibela ezili-18 zovavanyo lukaMtyholi, kubathathi-nxaxheba kulawulo (igrafu yasekhohlo) kunye nabadlali beWoW (igrafu yasekunene). MU = iiyunithi zemali.

3.3. Ingxoxo

Injongo yokufunda i-2 yayikukuphindaphinda iziphumo zesifundo sokuqala, ngokuthelekisa abadlali be-WoW kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Ukudibana okungalunganga phakathi kwe-GAIN kunye ne-s-IAT kunye ne-WoW-SPUQ amanqaku abonisa umkhuba oya ngokubaluleka kuphela kwiqela labadlali abesilisa beWoW. Nangona kunjalo, isampulu encinci kakhulu yabadlali be-WoW besilisa (n = 28) inokuhambisa inkcazo yeziphumo ezibuthathaka. Ukutshekishwa kokukhohlisa kubonise kuphela umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwe-GAIN kwisilingo sokuqala nesokugqibela se-18 kwiqela labadlali abangamadoda be-WoW, apho abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa iinzuzo ezisezantsi kwinxalenye yesibini yovavanyo xa kuthelekiswa nenxalenye yokuqala. Sithanda ukukhumbuza umfundi ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo 2 bahlawulwa isixa semali, abaye basiphumelela ngexesha lovavanyo kwaye babeyazi le nyani ngaphambi kokuqala ulingo. Ke, kule meko inkuthazo yabathathi-nxaxheba inokuba ibiphezulu, xa kuthelekiswa nesifundo 1. Ngapha koko, ukuthelekisa iindlela ze-GAIN phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba beMidlalocom kunye nabadlali beWoW, kuyacaca ukuba nangona iWoW-players kubi kakhulu kwinxalenye yesibini yovavanyo, xa kuthelekiswa nenxalenye yokuqala yovavanyo, basaphumelele ngaphezulu bebonke kunabathathi-nxaxheba beMidlalocom (jonga 1 Table, 3 Table: M = 413.61 yabathathi-nxaxheba beMidlalocom kunye neM = 443.04 yabadlali beWoW yamadoda). Ke, ukuze silawule isiphumo sokuphazamiseka okunokubakho, siqhube uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo, sisebenzisa i-Unified-Motive-Scale-10 (UMS-10; ). Idatha ye-USM-10 ibifumaneka njengenxalenye yesifundo esikhulu sexesha elide.

3.3.1. Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo

Ngokukodwa, siqhube ulungelelwaniso oluyinxalenye kunye nesisusa sokuphumelela okufezekisayo (UMS-10; , ICronbach's Alpha kwisifundo esikhoyo yayiyi-0.89), i-s-IAT, amanqaku eWWW-SPUQ kunye ne-GAIN kwisifundo 2. Umanyano phakathi kwe-s-IAT kunye ne-GAIN inyuke ukusuka r = - 0.296, p = 0.063 (jonga 5 Table; kuvavanyo olu-nye) r = - 0.322, p = 0.054 (uvavanyo olunomsila omnye). Umanyano phakathi kweWoW-SPUQ kunye neGAIN nayo inyukile ukusuka r = - 0.313, p = 0.104 (jonga 5 Table; kuvavanyo-ezimbini) r = - 0.354, p = 0.082 (uvavanyo olunemisila emibini). Ngokumalunga nabadlali beWoW ababhinqileyo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kulawulo, unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-s-IAT, amanqaku eWWW-SPUQ kunye ne-GAIN yahlala ingabalulekanga emva kolawulo lwenkuthazo.

4. Isifundo 3

Ugxininiso lwesifundo i-3 yayikuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-PIU, IGD kunye nokuxhonywa / ukuthatha umngcipheko ngokusebenzisa zombini iindlela zovavanyo nezokuzichaza.

4.1. Iindlela

4.1.1. Abathathi-nxaxheba

Emva kokukhutshwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba abahlanu abanedatha elahlekileyo kunye nomnye othathe inxaxheba ngenxa yeempendulo ezivela kuluhlu (umz.I-200 h yemidlalo yeekhompyuter ngeveki) isampulu yesifundo esikhoyo siphumelele N = Abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-94 (abesilisa abangama-33). Uninzi lwabo yayingabafundi besayikholoji kwiYunivesithi iUlm, eUlm, eJamani. Iminyaka yobudala besampulu iyonke yayingu M = 23.48 (SD = 3.55). Ngokumalunga nemfundo yabo, i-27% ixele ukuba ineyunivesithi okanye idigri ye-polytechnic, enye i-67% ixele ukuba inqanaba le-A okanye idiploma ye-baccalaureate, 6% yabathathi-nxaxheba (n = 6) khange ayiphendule imibuzo ngemfundo yabo.

4.1.2. Amanyathelo

I-S-IAT (; ICronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.81), i-OGAS (inguqulelo eguqulweyo ye-GAS ngu ; ICronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.81), i-BIS-11 (; ICronbach's Alpha kwisampulu yangoku yayiyi-0.80) kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko ngokubanzi (Iphaneli yaseJamani yoLuntu nezoQoqosho, i-SOEP; ) zavavanywa. Ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kwenkxaso-mali ye-BIS-11 yayimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ukuqwalaselwa okungxamisekileyo kwe-0.70, ukungxamiseka kwemoto i-0.70 kunye nokungacwangcisi okungxamisekileyo kwe-0.39. Ngaphaya koko, uvavanyo luka "Sifuba sikaMtyholi" luye lwahlengahlengiswa kancinci ukulinganisa ukungxamiseka / ukuthatha umngcipheko (xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ze-1 kunye ne-2, apha, isikhundla sika "mtyholi" sasingahleliwe phakathi kwazo zonke izilingo, ke, ukufunda kwakungeke kwenzeke ). Apha, inani elichaziweyo leebhokisi ezivulwe ngokuzithandela kuvavanyo ngalunye (MNOB) lalisetyenziswa njengenyathelo lokunyanzeliswa / ukuthatha umngcipheko. Oku kuhambelana nesifundo esenziwe ngu .

4.1.3. Inkqubo

Iikhweshine kunye nokuvavanywa kwagqitywa ngokulandelelana okufanayo kwizifundo 1 kunye 2, nangona kunjalo, apha abathathi-nxaxheba bazaliswa kwiphepha lemibuzo kwisikrini sekhompyuter. Kolu phononongo abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana imbuyekezo (iivawutsha zeAmazon okanye iikhredithi zekhosi) ngokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kufundo, kodwa abahlawulwanga isixa esithile semali, abaphumeleleyo kuvavanyo lwekhompyuter. Abathathi-nxaxheba bazisiwe ngale nkqubo ngaphambi kokugqitywa kovavanyo.

4.1.4. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani

Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwenziwa ngokungaxhamliyo kwizifundo ze-1 kunye ne-2.

4.2. Iziphumo

Qaphela, izinto eziguquguqukayo kwi-Intanethi iiyure ngeveki kunye nenqaku le-OGAS alikhange lisasazwe. Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zixelwe kwi 6 Table. Abathathi-nxaxheba babenolwazi oluthile kwimidlalo malunga nobuchule bokudlala kwiminyaka, kodwa elona xesha lichithwe kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi liphantsi kakhulu. I-Analog yokufunda i-2, apha sithelekise, ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda nabasetyhini bahluke malunga nokuhluka, kubonakalisiwe 6 Table. Umahluko obalulekileyo waqwalaselwa kunye nobuchwephesha bezinto zokudlala eziguquguqukayo (iminyaka) (U(33,61) = 385.0, p <0.001), iiyure zomdlalo okwi-intanethi ngeveki (U(33,61) = 663.5, p <0.001), ukuthatha umngcipheko (ukuzixela) (U(33,61) = 732.0, p <0.05) kunye ne-OGAS (U(33,61) = 562.5, p <0.001), apho abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda bafumana amanqaku aphezulu kunabathathi-nxaxheba ababhinqileyo.

6 Table

Iindlela, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo (i-SD) kunye nolwazelelelo / oluchanekileyo lwamava okutshintsha kwemidlalo (iminyaka), iiyure zemidlalo ngeveki, ukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo ngokwakho), i-s-IAT, i-OGAS, i-BIS-11 kunye neMNOB.

 KuthethaSDUluhlu olunokwenzekaUluhlu olwenziweyo
Ingcali kwezemidlalo (iminyaka)6.316.51-0-21
I-intanethi yokudlala iiyure ngeveki0.561.86-0-15
Ukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho)5.101.820-101-9
I-IAT22.995.7112-6012-42
I-OGAS8.002.057-357-18
I-BIS-11 iyonke61.379.1730-12044-84
BIS-11 ingqalelo16.543.478-3210-28
BIS-11 motor21.684.3311-4414-35
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga23.153.4511-4417-32
I-MNOB4.900.790-103.22-7.5
 

4.2.1. Uhlalutyo lokuhlalutya

Ubudala budityaniswa nenqaku le-OGAS (ρ = 0.24, p <0.05). Unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-MNOB nenqaku le-OGAS luye lwafikelela kubaluleka (ρ = 0.21, p <0.05). Emva kolawulo lobudala, unxibelelwano phakathi kweMNOB kunye nenqaku le-OGAS lenyuke laya r = 0.37, p <0.01 (r = 0.45, p <0.05 emadodeni nakwi r = 0.28, p <0.05 kwabasetyhini). Lonke olunye unxibelelwano lubonakalisiwe kwi 7 Table.

7 Table

I-Spearman kunye nePearson ulungelelwaniso lwezinto eziguquguqukayo ze-MNOB, ukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho), i-s-IAT, i-OGAS kunye ne-BIS-11.

 I-MNOBUkuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho)I-IATI-OGASI-BIS-11 iyonkeBIS-11 ingqaleloBIS-11 motor
I-MNOB1      
ukuthatha umngcipheko (ingxelo yakho)0.0861     
I-IAT0.115- 0.1241    
I-OGAS0.209⁎0.0920.235⁎1   
I-BIS-11 iyonke0.316⁎⁎0.458⁎⁎0.1500.283⁎⁎1  
BIS-11 ingqalelo0.284⁎⁎0.1960.345⁎⁎0.296⁎⁎0.770⁎⁎1 
BIS-11 motor0.236⁎0.576⁎⁎- 0.0180.261⁎0.847⁎⁎0.443⁎⁎1
I-BIS-11 engacwangciswanga0.257⁎0.299⁎⁎0.0750.1480.821⁎⁎0.487⁎⁎0.551⁎⁎
 

Qaphela: Uqhakamshelwano lwe-Spearman lubonakalisiwe kumalonda.

⁎⁎p <0.01.
⁎p <0.05.

4.2.2. Ukuhlolwa kolawulo lokuvavanywa kwesifuba sikaMtyholi njengenyathelo lokunyanzeliswa / ukuthatha umngcipheko:

I-MNOB yahambelana kakuhle nenqaku le-BIS-11 labathathi-nxaxheba (jonga 7 Table), ke ngoko umlinganiso wangoku unxulunyaniswa ngokucacileyo nokuziphatha okunganyanzelekanga. Kwakungekho lungelelwaniso lubalulekileyo phakathi kweMNOB kunye nenqanaba lokunika ingxelo lokuthatha umngcipheko jikelele (bona 7 Table). Ngomdla wokufunda i-1 kunye ne-2, sithelekise i-GAIN kuvavanyo lokuqala nolokugqibela lwe-18 ukukhupha indima yeziphumo zokufunda. Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo unokufumaneka kwindoda (F(1,32) = 2.365, p = 0.134, M1 = 219.24 kunye noM2 = 235.61) okanye abathathi-nxaxheba ababhinqileyo (F(1,60) = 0.155, p = 0.695, M1 = 224.02 kunye noM2 = 220.57). Iziphumo zesampulu yonke nazo azifumananga kubaluleka (F (1,93) = .265, p = 0.608) (jonga Ikhiwane. 4).

 

Ikhiwane. 4

Iindlela kunye nempazamo esemgangathweni ye-GAIN kwizilingo ezili-18 zokuqala ngokuchasene ne-GAIN kwizilingo ezili-18 zokugqibela zovavanyo lukaMtyholi. MU = iiyunithi zemali.

5. Ingxoxo ngokubanzi

Koku kulandelayo, isishwankathelo seziphumo zezifundo ze-1, i-2 kunye ne-3 zinikezwe kunye nengxoxo ngegalelo labo ebaleni.

Kwisifundo se-1, amanqaku aphezulu e-s-IAT adityaniswa nokusebenza kakubi kwimisebenzi yokufunda ebekiweyo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda, ngokubonisa igama kwi-IGD. Amanqaku e-OGAS abathathi-nxaxheba, nangona kunjalo, awanxulunyaniswa kakhulu ne-GAIN eguquguqukayo (nangona kukho umkhondo wokubaluleka). Kwisifundo i-2 sijolise ekuphindaphindweni kweziphumo zokufunda kwe-1 kwiqela le-WW player kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abalawulayo. Apha, isini sabathathi-nxaxheba sathathelwa ingqalelo. Amanqaku aphezulu e-s-IAT, kunye namanqaku aphezulu e-WoW-SPUQ abonise umkhondo ohanjiweyo wokufumana i-GAIN esezantsi kulingo kuphela kwiqela labadlali beWowW (r = - 0.322, p = 0.054, kuvavanyo olunye kunye r = - 0.354, p = 0.082, uvavanyo olunemisila emibini, ngokulandelelana). Amanqaku e-OGAS awaphinda aqhagamshelwe kwi-GAIN kula maqela. Kwisifundo 3, kwisampulu yomfundi, umlinganiso wovavanyo lokuthatha umngcipheko, i-MNOB, yayinxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo nenqaku le-OGAS, kodwa hayi inqaku le-s-IAT, emva kolawulo lobudala.

Ukuqukumbela, kubonakala ngathi, ukusebenzisa kakhulu i-Intanethi kunxulunyaniswa nokusilela kwizakhono zokufunda ezingafakwanga. Lo mbutho ubonwe ngamanqaku e-s-IAT kunye nenqaku le-WoW-SPUQ, kodwa hayi amanqaku e-OGAS kwisifundo esikhoyo. Uncwadi olukhoyo luzisa iziphumo ezixhasa zombini: ukusilela ekwenzeni izigqibo phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abanengxaki (umz ), kunye naphakathi kwabadlali be-intanethi abagqithisileyo (umz ). Ngapha koko, kutsha nje imodeli yethiyori ye-I-PACE (ukuNxibelelana koMntu-ngokuchazwa-kokuphunyezwa) icetywe ngu , eqaqambisa indima yokuncitshiswa kokusebenza okulawulayo kunye nokwenza izigqibo okungalunganga kuphuhliso lwe-PIU ethile. Isiphumo esomeleleyo esifunyenwe kwi-WoW-SPUQ amanqaku, xa kuthelekiswa namanqaku e-OGAS anokubonisa ukhetho lomlinganiso okhethekileyo ngakumbi wokuvavanya umlutha we-WOW. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka.

Inyaniso yokuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-PIU kunye nokuncitshiswa kokungafakwanga kokufunda kwisifundo esikhoyo yafunyanwa kuphela kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda (igama elithi) IGD (isifundo 1 kunye ne2) inokunceda ngakumbi ekucaciseni iziphumo ezingangqinelaniyo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi Ukwenza izigqibo kunye ne-PIU kuncwadi (umz , ). Olu nxibelelwano, nangona kunjalo, lubonakala lunokwenzeka njengoko izifundo zibonisa ukuba i-IGD ikakhulu luhlobo lobudoda (umzekelo ).

Ukuqwalasela I-Hypothesis 3, eminye imibutho ebalulekileyo inokuthi ifumaneke phakathi kokunyanzelwa, ilinganiswe nge-BIS-11, kunye ne-PIU / IGD (yezifundo ze-2 kunye ne-3), ehambelana noko kufunyenwe kuncwadi (umz. ). Ngelixa inqanaba lokuzixela lokuthatha umngcipheko (i-SOEP) lalinganxulunyaniswa ne-PIU / IGD nakwezo zifundo, umlinganiso wovavanyo lokuthatha umngcipheko / wokunyanzeliswa wawunxulunyaniswa nenqaku le-OGAS (isifundo 3), kodwa hayi kunye amanqaku e-s-IAT. Lo mahluko ungakho ngenxa yemicimbi, malunga nokuthembeka kwamanyathelo. Ngelixa ukuzixela okusemngciphekweni kwavavanywa ngento enye, umlinganiso wovavanyo lokuthatha umngcipheko kulindeleke ukuba uhambise idatha ethembekileyo nethembekileyo. Ngokubhekisele kumanyano phakathi kwe-MNOB kunye nenqaku le-OGAS, isilingo sesifuba sikaMtyholi (uguqulelo 2, apho iibhokisi zazingalawuleki ngokupheleleyo ngaphezulu kwezilingo ezingama-36) zinokugubungela icala elithile lokuxhokonxa (njengokuthatha umngcipheko), olubonakalisa ngcono i-IGD kunePIU ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, akhange abonakalise mahluko ekuthatheni umngcipheko (ngokomlinganiso kunye ne-BART) phakathi kwezifundo ezichanekileyo kwi-Intanethi okunomkhwa obheke kwi-IGD kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba Ke, le nhlangano ifuna ukuqhubeka kophando.

Ukutshekishwa kokuvavanywa kwesifuba sikaMtyholi sokulinganisa ukufundwa okunganyanzelekanga kube yimpumelelo kwisifundo se-1, ke, sicinga ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banokukhupha ngokupheleleyo kwaye bafunde iindlela zokufumana imali ngakumbi kulo lonke uvavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, kufundo 2 akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo unokuqwalaselwa phakathi kwenzuzo kwizilingo 1-18 kunye 19-36 ngaphandle kweqela labadlali abangamadoda beWoW, apho abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa iinzuzo ezisezantsi kwinxalenye yesibini yovavanyo. Apha, sabonisa kuhlalutyo olongezelelweyo ukuba emva kokulawulwa kwempembelelo yokuphumelela, umanyano olubi phakathi kwe-GAIN kunye nenqaku le-s-IAT / WOW-SPUQ lomelela. Yiyo loo nto sicebisa ukuba kwisifundo 2 isiphumo sokufunda esingaginyiswanga sigqunywe yimpembelelo yenkuthazo, kuba abathathi-nxaxheba bahlawulwa isixa semali abaphumeleleyo kuvavanyo. Okwangoku, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-UMS-10 yemilinganiselo yempumelelo yokuphumelela, ke, utyekelo lokukhuthazwa ukuya kwimpumelelo enkulu ngokubanzi, hayi ilizwe, yiyo loo nto, inkuthazo yokuphumelela ngakumbi koluvavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokulawula impumelelo yenkuthazo ye-UMS-10, siqwalasele indima yendima eyahlukileyo ekukhuthazeni uphawu ekusebenzeni kwesifuba sikaMtyholi ngaphakathi kwesampulu.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwenguqulelo yesibini yesilingo sikaMtyholi sokulinganisa ukuthatha umngcipheko / ukungxamiseka, kubonise ukuba inani elichaziweyo leebhokisi ezivulwe ngokuzithandela (MNOB) alikhange linxulunyaniswe kakhulu nenqanaba lokuzixela lokuthatha umngcipheko. Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuba i-SOEP ivavanya umngcipheko ngokubanzi ithatha into enye kuphela, enokuthi ibe nefuthe elibi ekuthembekeni kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-MNOB yayinxulunyaniswa nenqaku elipheleleyo le-BIS-11, kunye neenkxaso eziqwalaselweyo, iimoto kunye nokungacwangcisi okungafunekiyo. Ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana nezifundo zokuqinisekisa kwiindlela ezifanayo zokuziphatha zokuthatha umngcipheko njenge-BART ().

Koku kulandelayo, amanye amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kuphando olwenziweyo kuya kuxutyushwa. Amandla omnye ophando olukhoyo ngoku kukuba indima yesini yathathelwa ingqalelo. Nangona umehluko wesini uchazwe kwimeko ye-IGD ne-PIU (), akulona uphando oluninzi oluye lwayivavanya ngakumbi indima yesini xa kuvavanywa umanyano phakathi kwe-PIU / IGD kunye nokufunda okungapheliyo / ukuthatha umngcipheko, njengakwisifundo sangoku. Ukongeza, kufundo lwe-2 iqela labadlali beWoW laqeshwa, kusetyenziswa iikhrayitheriya ezingqongqo, kwaye hayi ngokufaka ixabiso elisikiweyo kwiphepha lemibuzo elizenzele lona njenge-OGAS. Ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso lokusika kuyingxaki, kuba uninzi lwezinto ezinqunyulweyo, ezisetyenziswa kwizifundo, ngamanye amaxesha zikhethwe ngokungenalusini kwaye zingakhange zigunyaziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwimeko yezonyango. Okokugqibela, kwizifundo 1 ukuya kwi-3 sizivavanye zombini i-PIU kunye ne-IGD, evumela ukuba siqhubeke ukujonga ukufana kunye neempawu ezizodwa zokuphazamiseka.

Imida ibandakanya inani eliphantsi labathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela ngalinye, ngakumbi kwisifundo 2, kunye nenqanaba eliphantsi labathathi-nxaxheba. Ke, izifundo ezizayo kufuneka zivavanye iisampulu zabameli. Okwesibini, iqela lokuthelekisa labasebenzisi be-Intanethi abagqithisileyo, ababengabadlali beWoW, alifakwanga. Ngaphaya koko, iziphumo zophononongo zisekwe kuhlalutyo lokunxibelelana, yiyo loo nto, kungekho kutolikwa malunga nobume obunokwenzeka.

6. Ukuqukumbela

Lilonke, sikwazile ukubonisa ukuba i-PIU inxulunyaniswa ngokubanamandla nezakhono zokufunda ezingafakwanga kubadlali bemidlalo yamadoda (WoW). Oku kufumanisa kunokuqwalaselwa kwiisampulu ezimbini ezizimeleyo kwisifundo esikhoyo. Ngapha koko, ubudlelwane obuthathaka obuncinci phakathi kweWOW-SPUQ kunye nokufunda okungaphelelanga kunokubonwa kwiqela labadlali abesilisa beWoW. Ngaphezulu, amanqaku aphezulu kwi-OGAS adityaniswa neendlela eziphezulu zokuziphatha ngokuthatha umngcipheko kufundo lwe-3. Iziphumo zesini esithile kwizifundo 1 kunye ne2 zaxoxwa ngakumbi kolu phando.

Indima yemithombo yenkxaso-mali

UChristian Montag uzuze isibonelelo-seHeisenberg-yiGerman Foundation Foundation (MO 2363 / 3-1). Ngapha koko, isifundo esikhoyo sixhaswa ngesibonelelo sophononongo kwi-Intanethi nakwidrama yemidlalo yeekhompyuter enikezwe uChristian Montag yiJamani Foundation Foundation (MO 2363 / 2-1). Isiseko sophando saseJamani sasingenayo inxaxheba kuyilo lokufunda, ukuqokelela, ukucazulula okanye ukutolika idatha, ukubhala umbhalo obhaliweyo, okanye isigqibo sokuhambisa iphepha ukuze lipapashwe.

Abaxhasi

I-CM kunye ne-RS ziyile isifundo. I-RS, i-BL kunye ne-CM yaqesha kwaye yavavanya abathathi-nxaxheba. I-RS yaqhuba uhlalutyo kwaye yabhala umbhalo obhaliweyo. I-B iphinde ijonge kwakhona uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani yaza yaphononongwa. I-SM yayicwangcisa imisebenzi yovavanyo (iinguqulelo ze-1 kunye ne-2) kwaye yanika ingxelo ecacileyo ngombhalo obhaliweyo, emva kokuyijonga kwakhona. I-MR iphonononge kwakhona imibhalo ebhaliweyo. Bonke ababhali banegalelo kuyo kwaye bayivume indlela ebhaliweyo.

Imibulelo

Sibulela uRalf Reichert ovela kwiTurtle Entertainment ngokusinika ithuba lokuba senze uvavanyo lwethu kwi-GamesCom 2013. Nangona kunjalo, iTurtle Entertainment ayenzanga nzuzo okanye ibe negalelo ekwenzeni isifundo.

Sikwathanda ukubulela uMaximilian Sieber kunye no-Otilia Pasnicu, abathe bafumana kwaye bavavanya abathathi-nxaxheba ekufundeni i-3 njengenxalenye yezihloko zabo zeBachelor.

Imihlathi

1Ngalo lonke iphepha elikhoyo siza kube sisebenzisa eli gama lithi ingxaki ekusetyenzisweni kwe-Intanethi (i-PIU) njengesixhobo sokulutha endaweni ye-Intanethi, njengoko okwangoku akukho sifo sasemthethweni esikhoyo kwi-DSM-5 kunye ne-ICD 10. Njengoko isiDanga seMidlalo se-Intanethi (IGD) sibandakanyiwe kwiSihlomelo seDSM-5, eli gama liya kusetyenziswa njengegama elifana neli likhoboka lesiyobisi kwi-Intanethi. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ayisosonke isifundo, esibonisa kwinqaku elikhoyo, siphande nge-IGD, sisebenzisa le ndlela icetyiswayo kwiDSM-5.

2Qaphela, ibhokisi "yedemon" ayilungiselelwe ukuba ivele kwisikhundla i-1, kuba oku bekuya kuphelisa ulingo lwangoku ngaphandle kokunika abathathi-nxaxheba ithuba lokukhetha ukuba bafuna ukuqhubeka ngokuvula enye ibhokisi.

Ucaphulo

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