PLoS One. 2016 Sep 12;11(9):e0161126. I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0161126. eCollection 2016.
Ngu-Younes F1,2, IHalawi G1,2, Jabour H3,4, El Osta N5,6,7, Karam L1,8, Hajj A1,2, URabba Khhabaz L1,2.
Abstract
IMBALI YANGAPHAMBILI NEENKOLO:
IINDLELA:
IINKCUKACHA:
IMISEBENZI:
Abstract
Imvelaphi kunye neeNjongo
Ukuxilwa kwe-intanethi (IA) ingaba yinkxalabo enkulu kubafundi bezobuyunivesithi abajolise ekuphuhliseni abaqeqeshi bezempilo. Impembelelo yalo mlutha kunye nokudibanisa nokulala, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo kunye nokuzithemba kunokuthintela izifundo zabo, ukuchaphazela iinjongo zabo zexesha elide kunye nemiphumo ebanzi kunye neyingozi kuluntu ngokupheleleyo. Iinjongo zale sifundo zilandelayo: 1) Hlola i-IA enobafundi bezobuyunivesithi, kunye nezinto ezihambelana nayo; 2) Hlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IA, i-sleepiness, ukuxinezeleka, uxhalaba, uxinzelelo kunye nokuzithemba.
tindlela
Uphononongo lwethu lwaluyi-survey-based section-based survey eqhutywe phakathi kwabafundi be-600 ngamacandelo amathathu: iyeza, amazinyo kunye nekhemisi kwiYunivesithi yaseSaint-Joseph. Imibuzo emine eqinisekisiwe neyithembekileyo isetyenzisiweyo: I-Young Internet Test Addiction Test, Inkcazo yobunzima be-Insomnia, i-DASS 21) kunye ne-Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES).
iziphumo
Amanqaku e-YIAT aqhelekileyo yayingu-30 ± 18.474; Umgangatho wokuxhaphaka kwe-IA okwenzeka kwi-XA yayingu-16.8% (i-95% yokuphumla kokuzithemba: 13.81-19.79%) kwaye yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini (p-umda = 0.003), nokwanda okuthe kratya kumadoda (23.6% kuthelekiswa ne13.9%). Ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo lwafunyanwa phakathi kwe-IA enokubakho kunye nokulala, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuzithemba (p-xabiso <0.001); Amanqaku e-ISI kunye ne-DASS ayephezulu kwaye ukuzithemba kwabafundi bekuncinci kubafundi abane-IA.
izigqibo
Ukwalatha abafundi nge-IA enokubakho kubalulekile kuba oku kulikhoboka lihlala lihleli kunye nezinye iingxaki zengqondo. Ke ngoko, ukungenelela kufuneka kungabandakanyi kuphela ukuphathwa kwe-IA, kodwa kwakhona kunxulumene noxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nokuqaqanjelwa, unxunguphalo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuzithemba.
Amanani
Citation: U-Younes F, Halawi G, Jabour H, El Osta N, Karam L, Hajj A, et al. (2016) Ukulutha kwe-Intanethi kunye nobudlelwane kunye nokuNgabikho kwengqondo, Unxunguphalo, Uxinzelelo, Uxinzelelo kunye nokuzithemba kwabafundi beDyunivesithi: Isifundo esiliSiqendu esiliSiqendu esiliSayensi. I-PloS ONE 11 (9): e0161126. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0161126
umhleli: I-Andrea Romigi, iYunivesithi yaseRome Tor Vergata, e-ITALY
I funyenwe: Matshi 31, 2016; Zamkelwa: Julayi 30, 2016; Yashicilelwe: Septemba 12, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Younes et al. Eli linqaku lokufikelela elivulekileyo elisasazwe phantsi kwemigaqo ye Ilayisenisi yeCreation Commons Licribution, evumela ukusetyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa, nokuvelisa okungahambisani naluphi na uhlobo, ukuba unobumba bokuqala kunye nomthombo baxelwe.
Ukufumaneka kwedatha: Yonke idatha efanelekileyo ingaphakathi ephepheni kunye neefayile zayo zoLwazi oluxhasayo.
Inkxaso: Ababhali abafumani nkxaso mali ethile kulo msebenzi.
Injongo yokunyanzela: Ababhali baye bavakalisa ukuba akukho mfuno ekhuphisanayo.
intshayelelo
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kukhule ngokuthe gabalala kwilizwe lonke kubasebenzisi abasebenzayo abangaphezu kwe-2.5 billion [1, 2Uninzi lube lulutsha kunye nabantu abancinci [3]. Ukudibanisa ukukhula okukhawulezayo kokufikelela kwi-intanethi kukonyuka kwamakhoboka e-intanethi, ngakumbi phakathi kolutsha, ukufumana ukwanda kwengqwalaselo evela kwimithombo yeendaba ethandwayo, abasemagunyeni bakarhulumente, kunye nabaphandi [4].
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi okugqithisileyo kuchazwa njengokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kuye kwagqithisa, kungalawuleki, kunye nokuchitha ixesha ukuya kwinqanaba lokuphelelwa lixesha kunye nokuphazamisa kakhulu ubomi babantu [5]. Ulutha lwe-Intanethi luphawulwa ngendlela engeyiyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ekhokelela kukhubazeko olubalulekileyo lwekliniki okanye uxinzelelo [6].
Amagama "ingxaki yokusebenzisa i-intanethi"7], ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological [8-10] kunye "nokublutha kwi-intanethi"11-13] zihlala zithathwa njengezihlanganisi zokuxhomekeka kwe-intanethi [14]. Umncinci et al [15-17] Iindlela zokuphononongwa kwesifo esikuyo i-intanethi (i-IA) apho ukurhoxa, ubuchule bokucwangcisa okungalunganga, ukunyamezelana, ukujongisisa, ukuthotywa kolawulo, kunye nexesha elininzi kwi-intanethi zichazwe njengezimpawu eziphambili.
Ubukho behlabathi be-IA bubonke ukusuka kwi-1.6% -18% [18]. I-10.7% yolutsha olufikisayo eSouth Korea ekhoyo kwi-IA ngokwezinga le-Yong's addiction [19]. I-11% eGrisi, esekwe kuvavanyo olufanayo [20]; I-10.7-13.9% yolutsha lwaseYurophu lusemngciphekweni wokusetyenziswa gwenxa, ngokusekwe kwizixhobo zikaYoung [21] kunye ne-4% kubafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo e-USA [22].
Ubukho be-IA bunokwahluka ngokweminyaka, ngesondo nangobuhlanga, kwaye baxhaphaka kakhulu phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji [23].
Amanqanaba aphezulu okuphazamiseka kobuntu afunyanwa kubantu abane-IA [24-27].
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi okunzima kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba kunxulumene nokuphazamiseka kwemood [28], umgangatho wobuthongo obungalunganga [28, 29], ukuzijongela phantsi [30], impulsiveity [31], ukuzibulala [32, 33], amanqanaba asezantsi omsebenzi womzimba [29], kunye neengxaki zempilo (migraines, back back, obesity) [34].
I-hypothesis yethu kukuba i-IA inokuba yinkxalabo enkulu kubafundi bezonyango zaseyunivesithi, kwaye ukuba ukuvavanya umanyano lwayo kunye nokulala, ukuphazamiseka kwemvakalelo kunye nokuzithemba kubalulekile, ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukulungisa lo mbandela.
Kubafundi bezonyango abajolise ekuphuhliseni babe ziingcali zezempilo, iimpembelelo zalo mkhwa zinokuphazamisa izifundo zabo kwaye zibe nefuthe kwiinjongo zabo zobomi bexesha elide kwaye zinokuba neziphumo ezibanzi nezonakalisayo kuluntu luphela.
Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayiku: 1) Ukuvavanya i-IA enokubakho kwabafundi kwiKampasi yezeNzululwazi zezoNyango (i-CMS) kwiYunivesithi yaseSaint-Joseph eLebhanon, kunye nemiba yezentlalo enxulumene noko; I-2) Vavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IA enokubakho, ukulala ubuthongo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokuzithemba ngelixa ubeka ingxelo malunga nokuvezwa ngexesha elifanayo lokungalali, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokudakumba kwabafundi.
Impahla nenkqubo
Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha
Iprotocol yophando yavunywa yikomiti yokuziphatha yeYunivesithi yaseSaint-Joseph (Ref USJ-2015-28, ngoJuni 2015). Imvume ebhaliweyo eyazisiweyo yafunyanwa kubo bonke abantu abathatha inxaxheba kuphando.
Inkqubo yophando kunye nesampulu
Isifundo sethu yayiluphononongo olusekwe kumaphepha emibuzo olwenziwe phakathi kwabafundi bamandla amathathu: amayeza, ugqirha wamazinyo kunye nekhemisi kwiYunivesithi yaseSaint-Joseph, ukusukela ngoSeptemba ukuya kuDisemba 2015 (iinyanga ze4). Iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanya yayi: abafundi abaneminyaka eyi-18 iminyaka nangaphezulu, kwaye bazimisele ukuthatha inxaxheba kolu phando. Iikhrayitheriya zokukhutshelwa kwaba ngaphandle: iminyaka engaphantsi kweminyaka ye-18 kunye nobukho besifo esinganyangekiyo. Abafundi bakhethwe ngokungacwangciswanga ngaphakathi kwiklasi nganye besebenzisa itafile yenombolo engacwangciswanga ukuqinisekisa ukumelwa kwesampula. Olu khetho lucwangcisiweyo lwalulingana nenani labafundi kwiklasi nganye. Abafundi abakhethiweyo beza kuye ngabancedisi boqeqesho abaqeqeshiweyo abaqhelekileyo ekupheleni kwezifundo zabo ngaphambi kokuba baphume kwigumbi lokufundela kwaye babuza ukuba bazimisele na ukuthatha inxaxheba phantsi kwemeko yokunganikezeli kwemigaqo yokuthintela. Kwafunyanwa imvume ebhaliweyo esesikweni.
Ukuqokelela idatha
Idatha yaqokelelwa ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe lobuso ngobuso kusetyenziswa isixhobo sokuhlola esisetyenzisiweyo esisiseko esisekwe kumaphepha amane emibuzo eqinisekisiweyo nesebenzayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Young Internet Addiction Test, i-Insomnia Severity Index, i-Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (Dass 21), kunye neMeko yeRosenberg Self Esteem Scale. Ixesha lodliwanondlebe laqala kwi-15 ukuya kwi-25 imizuzu.
Amanyathelo
Abathathi-nxaxheba.
Idatha yobuqu malunga nobudala, isini kunye nobuso baqokelelwa. Ngapha koko, ulwazi malunga nokuhlala wedwa okanye hayi, icuba (icuba okanye umbhobho wamanzi), nokusetyenziswa kotywala kwafunyanwa.
Iziyobisi kwi-Intanethi.
Uvavanyo oluGqibeleleyo lwe-Intanethi lwe-Intanethi (YIAT) luqinisekisiwe phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala kwaye lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi [15, 16, 35]. Yindlela ye-20-into yokuzazisa ingxelo ephonononga imveliso yomphenduli emsebenzini, esikolweni, okanye ekhaya (imibuzo ye-3), isimilo sokuziphatha (imibuzo ye-3), unxibelelwano lweemvakalelo kunye nokuphendula usebenzisa i-intanethi (imibuzo ye-7), kunye neepateni ngokubanzi yokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (imibuzo ye-7). Abathathi-nxaxheba baphendula kwizinto ze-20 YIAT kwi-6-point Likert kipimo ("ayisebenzi" ku "uhlala njalo"), ovelise amanqaku apheleleyo phakathi kwe0 ne100. Ezi ndawo zilandelayo zokusika kumanqaku e-YIAT zizonke zasetyenziswa: (1) ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi okuqhelekileyo: amanqaku 0-49 kunye (2) ezinokubakho iziyobisi kwi-Intanethi: amanqaku ngaphezulu kwe-50 [36, 37].
Insomnia.
I-ISI yiphepha lemibuzo elinemibuzo eli-7 elivavanya imeko, ubungqongqo, kunye nefuthe lokungalali. Imimandla evandlakanyiweyo yile: ubungqongqo bokuqalisa kokulala, ukugcinwa kokulala, iingxaki zakusasa zokuvuka, ukungoneliseki kokulala, ukuphazamiseka kobunzima bokulala ngokusebenza kwemini, ukuqonda ubunzima bokulala kwabanye, kunye noxinzelelo olubangelwa bubuthongo bokulala. Isikali se-5-point Likert sisetyenzisiwe ukukala into nganye (0 ukuya ku-4 apho i-0 ibonisa ukuba akukho ngxaki kwaye i-4 iyahambelana nengxaki enzima kakhulu), inikezela amanqaku apheleleyo ukusuka kwi-0 kuye kwi-28. Amanqaku ewonke atolikwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: yokungalali (0-7); i-sub-clinical okanye ukulala okungapheliyo (8-14); ukungalali ngokwaneleyo (15-21); kunye nokulala okungathethekiyo (22-28). Ngaphaya koko, ukuqaqanjelwa sisifo esibalulekileyo ekliniki kufunyenwe xa amanqaku ewonke e> 14 [38, 39].
Ubuwena.
Isikali seRosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES) sisetyenziswa ngokufuthi kwaye ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwaqinisekiswa kwizifundo ezininzi zangaphambili [40]. Inengxelo ze10. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakala indlela abavumelana ngayo ngesiteyitimenti ngasinye kwisikali samanqaku amane, (i-0) ndivuma kakhulu (i-3) ndivuma kakhulu ngezinto 1, 2, 4, 6 kunye ne-7 kunye nomgangatho ohambelana nezinto 3, 5, I-8, 9 kunye ne-10. Amanqaku apheleleyo afunyanwa ngokushwankathela zonke iimpendulo kwaye anokuhluka ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-30, ngamanqaku aphezulu abonisa ukuzithemba okukhulu [41].
Ixhala, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo.
Isikali soxinzelelo loxinzelelo (i-Dass) linyathelo elisetyenziswa ngokubanzi lokuchaphazela kakubi abantu abadala [42]. Into ebalulekileyo neyahlukileyo kwi-DASS kukufakwa kwayo kuxinzelelo / istres soxinzelelo ukongeza kuxinzelelo loxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. I-DASS 21 yinguqulelo emfutshane yenqaku le-42-into yoqobo. Zombini ziindlela ezinokuthenjwa nezisebenzayo zoxinzelelo, unxunguphalo kunye noxinzelelo / uxinzelelo kubakhenkethi kunye nabangekho kwikliniki yabantu abadala [43-45].
Luphawu lwe-21-rate olinganiswe kwinqanaba le-4-point Likert (0-3), i "0" ebonisa ukuba "ayisebenzi kum konke konke" kunye ne "3" ebonisa ukuba "isebenza kum kakhulu, okanye uninzi lwe ixesha ".
Amanqaku alandelayo asikiweyo asetyenziselwa isibonelelo ngasinye: uxinzelelo: i-0-4 eqhelekileyo, i-5-6 emodareyithayo, eyi-7-10, eyi-11-13 enobuzaza uxinzelelo: i-14-0 eqhelekileyo, i-3-4 emodareyitha, eyi-5-7, i-10-11 ekrakra kunye ne-13 + enkulu kakhulu; uxinzelelo: i-10-0 eqhelekileyo, i-7-8 emodareyitha, eyi-9-10, i-12-13 enobunzima kunye ne16 enobuzaza.
Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani.
Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwenziwa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-SPSS yeWindows (uguqulelo lwe-18.0, eChicago, e-IL, e-USA). Umgangatho wokubaluleka usekwe kwi0.05. Iimpawu ezikwisampulu zashwankathelwa kusetyenziswa intsingiselo kunye nxaxhileyo emiselweyo (SD) yokuqhubeka okuguquguqukayo kunye neepesenti eziguquguqukayo zodidi. I-Insomnia kunye ne-intanethi umlutha wokuxhaphaka wabalwa kusetyenziswa idatha echazayo, kunye ne-95% yexesha lokuzithemba (CI). Uvavanyo lweKolmogorov-Smirnov lwalusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya imeko eqhelekileyo yokwabiwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo.
Iindidi zokulutha kwi-Intanethi zahlelwa njengezabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo be-intanethi kunye nokubanakho ukulutha kwi-Intanethi.
Uhlalutyo lwezinto ezininzi luye lwenziwa ukuze kufunyanwe iimpembelelo zokuchazwa kweendlela ezininzi ezichazayo ezivezwa ngaxeshanye kunye nokujonga ukuba zeziphi izinto ezichazayo ezisebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwi-intanethi.
Kumanqanaba okuqala, uhlalutyo olungafaniyo lokwahlulahlula ngokwamacandelo kunye nokuqhubekayo kwenziwa ngokulandelelana kuvavanyo lokuzimela kweChi-isikwere okanye kuvavanyo lweFisher Exact kunye novavanyo lomfundi t okanye uMann-Whitney. Emva koko, uhlalutyo lokuhlelwa kwezinto lwenziwa kunye nokulutha kwi-intanethi (<50, -50) njengokwahluka okuxhomekekileyo. Iimpawu zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye namanqaku (i-ISI, i-DASS A, i-DASS S, i-DASS D, i-RSES) ebonisa umbutho kunye nexabiso le-p <0.25 kuhlalutyo olungavisisaniyo, babengabagqatswa bemodeli ye-multivariate, ngokwendlela yokungena. Ukudibana phakathi kwezinto ezizimeleyo kwavavanywa. Izinto ezizimeleyo ezihambelana kakhulu azifakwanga.
Kucetyisiwe ukuba ungabandakanyi izinto ezimbini ezizimeleyo apho kukho ukulungelelaniswa kwe0.64 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukuxhalaba, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo azange zifakwe kwimodeli efanayo, kuba zidibene kakhulu kunye, ziboniswe yi-Spearman kunye ne-Pearson fitlation coefficients. Okokugqibela, kwenziwa uhlalutyo lokulandelwa kwezinto ezintathu kunye nokuguquguquka okuzimeleyo okubandakanyiweyo kwimodeli yayiyeyesini, ukutshaya icuba, amanqaku e-ISI, amanqaku e-RSES kunye nenqaku le-DAS loxinzelelo, uxinzelelo noxinzelelo kwimodeli nganye emithathu.
iziphumo
Iimpawu zentlalontle yabantu kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba
Bebonke abafundi be-780 beziswa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando, u-600 (77%) uvumile. Inani lethu lokufunda liquka i-182 (30.3%) abafundi abangamadoda kunye ne-418 (69.7%) abafundi ababhinqileyo. Iminyaka yobudala ephakathi kwe-18 kunye ne-28 iminyaka ichaza iminyaka ye-20.36 ± 1.83.
Isampulu ibandakanya abafundi be-219 abavela kwiFakhalthi yezamayeza (i-FM), i-109 kwi-faculty ye-dentistry (FD) kunye ne-272 kwi-Faculty ye-pharmacy (FP). 1 Table ishwankathela iimpawu zabathathi-nxaxheba.
Ubukhoboka be-Intanethi (YIAT)
Amanqaku e-YIAT aphakathi yi-30 ± 18.47 (2 Table); Umgangatho wokuxhaphaka kwe-intanethi okunokwenzeka ube yi-16.80% nge-95% CI ye-13.81-19.79%. "Itheyibhile ye-S1"Ishwankathela amanqaku aphakathi kwi-20 yezinto zeYIAT.
Uhlalutyo lobuhlanga.
Uhlalutyo olungenabungqina lubonakalise ukuba umlutha we-intanethi onokubakho owahluke ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini (ixabiso le-p. 0.003), kunye nokunyuka okuphezulu kumadoda (23.60% kuthelekiswa ne13.90%). Ukutshaya icuba kwakuhambelana kakhulu nokulutha kwe-intanethi (ixabiso-le-X XUMUMX); Nangona kunjalo, akukho minyaka, i-faculty, i-alcohol alcohol, okanye ukuhlala yedwa, yayinxulumene kakhulu nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi (3 Table).
Ukuxhaphaka kwe-Insomnia kunye nobukrakra (ISI)
I-Insomnia yavavanywa ngokwe-ISI yemibuzo. Intsingiselo ye-ISI yamanqaku esampulu yayiyi9.31 ± 3.76. Ukuqala kokungalali okubalulekileyo kweeklinikhi yayiyi-9.80% nge-95% CI iqala phakathi kwe7.42 kunye ne-12.18% (2 Table).
Ukuxhalaba, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo (Dass-21)
Ukuxhalaba: I-DASS A. Umndilili we-DASS amanqaku ngu-4.77 ± 3.79. I-44.70% yabathathi-nxaxheba inike amanqaku e-DASS A aqhelekileyo (2 Table).
Uxinzelelo: DASS D. Inqaku le-DASS D eliqhelekileyo yayingu-5.43 ± 4.43. Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba lazisa amanqaku e-DASS D aqhelekileyo (2 Table).
Uxinzelelo: DASS S. Amanqaku aphakathi e-DASS S yi-6.99 ± 4.46 kunye ne-33.20% yabathathi-nxaxheba baveze amanqaku e-DASS S aqhelekileyo (2 Table).
Ukuzithemba (RSES)
Amanqaku ovavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwe-RSES kwisampulu yokufunda yayiyi-22.63 ± 5.29 (ifayile ye-S).
Unxibelelwano phakathi kokulutha kwi-Intanethi, ukungalali, ukuzithemba okuphantsi, ixhala kunye nokudakumba
Ubudlelwane obalulekileyo bufunyenwe phakathi komlutha we-intanethi kunye nokulala ngokudakumba (p-xabiso <0.00001) (4 Table).
Umndilili wenqaku le-ISI ibingu-8.99 ± 3.65 kubasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo be-intanethi xa kuthelekiswa ne-10.89 ± 3.90 kwiqela elinokubakho kwi-intanethi (p <0.0001) (5 Table).
Ngaphezu koko, ubudlelwane obabalulekileyo bafunyanwa phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-intanethi olunokubakho kunye noxinzelelo, uxinzelelo noxinzelelo (iitafile 4 kwaye 5). Amanqaku aphakathi e-DASS ayephezulu kakhulu kwiqela le-intanethi elinokubakho kwi-intanethi ukuxhalaba, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo.
Ngokuzithemba, ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo lwafunyanwa phakathi kwe-YIAT kunye namanqaku eRSES ngokuzithemba okuphantsi kokuba kunxulunyaniswa nokulutha kwe-intanethi okunokwenzeka (iiThebhile 4 kwaye 5).
Imodeli yokulawulwa komgangatho
Imodeli yokuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto ibonise ukuba isini, i-ISI, i-DASS A, i-S kunye ne-D, kunye namanqaku e-RSES ayanyaniswa kakhulu nokulutha kwi-intanethi. Nje ukuba izinto ezichazayo zilawulwe kuhlalutyo lwe-multivariate, umanyano phakathi kokutshaya icuba kunye nokulutha kwi-intanethi kwakungasabalulekanga (p> 0.05), (6 Table).
ingxoxo
Sijonge ukumisela ubukho jikelele be-IA enokubakho kubafundi bezonyango zaseyunivesithi yaseLebhanon, ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IA kunye neempawu zabathathi-nxaxheba (ubukhulu becala, isini, imikhwa yokutshaya, ukunxila), kunye nokuphonononga unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kwe-IA, ukungalali, unxunguphalo, uxinzelelo Uxinzelelo kunye nokuzithemba.
Uphononongo lwethu luveze ukuba i-IA enokubakho yayihambelana kakhulu nesini kwaye ingaphezulu kwamadoda. I-16.80% yabathathi-nxaxheba ihlupheke ngenxa ye-IA enokubakho, ngenqaku le-YIAT le-30 Ezi ziphumo ziqhathaniswa nezo zazichazwe ngaphambili kubantu abadala abancinci [1, 4, 6, 13]. Olunye uphononongo lubike ukuba ukwanda kwe-IA yayiphezulu kumadoda [46], ngelixa abanye bengafumananga mahluko phakathi kwamadoda [34].
Xa sivavanya ukuqaqanjelwa sisifo, iziphumo zethu zikwabonisa ukuba i-9.8% yabathathi-nxaxheba inengxaki yokuqaqanjelwa sisifo kwaye ulungelelwaniso oluqinileyo lwafunyanwa phakathi komlutha we-Intanethi kunye nokuqaqanjelwa sisifo. Ukuxhaphaka kwe-Insomnia ekunikwe ingxelo kolu phononongo kuyahambelana nohlobo lwesampulu efundwe (abafundi abancinci) kwaye ithelekiswa noko kunikwe ingxelo kubantu abadala abancinci abaneminyaka eyi-20 ukuya kwi-29 (9.1%) [47, 48] nakwabafundi beekholeji (12-13%) [49].
Iingxaki zokulala zihlala zithathwa njengeziphumo ezibi okanye iingxaki zokulutha kwe-intanethi [50], kodwa ukubuyela umva kwakhona kubangelwa kukuba iingxaki zokulala zaxela ixesha elide elichithwe kwiindawo zokunxibelelana phakathi kwabafundi abaselula [51]. Kuphononongo olucwangcisiweyo loncwadi, ukulutha kwemidlalo yokulutha kwafunyaniswa ukuba inxulumene nomgangatho wokulala obuhlwempuzekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-intanethi okunxulunyaniswa nokungalali kakuhle kunye nomgangatho wokulala ombi [52]. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lokufunda kunye nephepha lemibuzo elisetyenzisiweyo lalinobunzima kakhulu kwaye ubukhulu becala yayingumgangatho wokulala ophononongiweyo, ubuncinci bokungalali.
Ngaphaya koko, kwafunyanwa ulwalamano olomeleleyo kolu phando phakathi konxibelelwano olunokuba khona kwi-intanethi kunye noxinzelelo, uxinzelelo noxinzelelo: ipesenti yabafundi abanengxaki yokuxhalaba, uxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo luphezulu phakathi kwabo banokuba likhoboka le-Intanethi. Izifundo ezipapashiweyo zangaphambili sele zibonise unxibelelwano olunokubakho phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological kunye nokudakumba [53, 54] kunye nexhala [55]; nangona kunjalo, idatha ibiphikisana [56] kunye nezifundo ezivavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological kwaye ingabi ngumlutha njengoko kuchazwe nguNcinci.
Okokugqibela, into ebalulekileyo yokufunda kwethu kukuba ukuzithemba kuhambelana kakhulu nokulutha kwi-intanethi kunye neprofayili yengqondo yabafundi: Amanqaku e-RSES adityaniswa ngokunxaxhileyo kwi-ISI, Dass A, DASS S, Dass D ne-YIAT amanqaku. Ukwehla kokuzithemba kubonakala ngathi kuyayamaniswa nokunyuka kokungalali, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye ne-IA enokubakho.
Ukuzithemba kuchazwa njengovavanyo umntu analo ngesiqu sakhe, indlela umntu aziva ngayo malunga nazo zonke iimeko [40, 41]. Xa indibaniselwano yentlalo kunye nenkxaso isezantsi, inqanaba lokuzithemba liya kuncipha ngokufanelekileyo [57].
Ukukhangela izinto ezinxulumene nokuthathelwa ingqalelo okuphantsi kwabafundi kubaluleke kakhulu kuba unxibelelwano oluphakathi lukhona phakathi kokuzithemba noxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo [58, 59] kunye nokwehla kwemvakalelo yokuzithemba kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwembono yokuzibulala [60].
Amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda
Iziphumo zethu kufuneka ziguqulelwe kwimeko yophando kunye nokusikelwa umda. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwethu zixhomekeka kwindlela oziphethe ngayo. Iphepha lemibuzo elizixela ngokwalo lihlala zizixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando lwaseburhulumenteni kuvavanyo lwempilo yomzimba nengqondo [61, 62, 63]. Indlela yokuzixela ibonisa indlela ekwenziwa ngayo udliwanondlebe, inokuthi ilunge ngakumbi xa kunokunikwa ingxelo yokuphazamiseka kwengxaki. Amaphepha emibuzo aqulunqwe "kukhetho oluninzi" kunye nephethini yokulinganisa ukulungiselela ukuphendula kwaye abe nexesha elifutshane lodliwanondlebe ukwenzela ukuphepha ukuphazamisa abafundi, ngethemba lokuba ukulula kwekhweshine kuya kwenza kube lula ukuba abaphenduli banike ulwazi oluchanekileyo. . Ukusetyenziswa okungapheliyo kwamachiza akuvavanywanga kuba ubukho baso nasiphi na isifo esingapheliyo babuphakathi kweendlela zokuthintela kolu phononongo. Okokugqibela, uphononongo alukhange luhlolisise ukuphindaphindeka komlutha we-intanethi kwimpumelelo, ngokwamabakala, ukusilela okanye impumelelo, onokuba unomdla.
Ngaphandle kokukhawulelwa kule meko, iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kolu phononongo zibalulekile kwaye zenza ukuba kuqhubeke uphando.
Ngokolwazi lwethu, esi yayisisifundo sokuqala esvavanya unxibelelwano phakathi koxinzelelo lweengqondo ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo: ukungalali, unxunguphalo, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, ukuzithemba, kunye ne-IA kubafundi baseyunivesithi.
Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuchonga nokunikezela ngoncedo kubafundi abanokubakho kwi-IA ngoba oku kulikhoboka lihlala lihleli kunye nezinye iingxaki zengqondo, kwaye i-IA inokuba sisiqwengana esibonakalayo se-iceberg.
Ukuxhasa ulwazi
(DOCX)
Itheyibhile ye-S1. Le yeyona mntu kunye nedatha epheleleyo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba (iphepha le-SpSS).
I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0161126.s001
(DOCX)
Imibulelo
Sibulela kubo bonke abafundi abathathe inxaxheba kolu phando nakuNksk Tatiana Papazian ngokuncedisa ekuhleleni.
Umbhali Wemivuzo
- Yenziwa kwaye yenziwa izilingo: I-LRK HJ.
- Yenza olu vavanyo: FY GH.
- Uhlalutyo lwedatha: AH NEO LK.
- Bhala iphepha: I-LRK.
Ucaphulo
Itheyibhile ye-S1. Le yeyona mntu kunye nedatha epheleleyo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba (iphepha le-SpSS).
I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0161126.s001
(DOCX)
Imibulelo
Sibulela kubo bonke abafundi abathathe inxaxheba kolu phando nakuNksk Tatiana Papazian ngokuncedisa ekuhleleni.
Umbhali Wemivuzo
- Yenziwa kwaye yenziwa izilingo: I-LRK HJ.
- Yenza olu vavanyo: FY GH.
- Uhlalutyo lwedatha: AH NEO LK.
- Bhala iphepha: I-LRK.
Ucaphulo
- 1. Izibalo zeHlabathi zeIntanethi Abasebenzisi be-Intanethi behlabathi: Ukusasazwa yimimandla yehlabathi 2014 [ngoFebruwari 27, 2016.]. Ifumaneka kwi: www.internetworldstats.
- 2. Ukunxibelelana kwezonxibelelwano kufikelela phantse kwisine kwihlabathi liphela. [NgoFebruwari 20, 2016]. Ifumaneka kwi: www.emarketer.com/Article/Social-Networking-Iindlela-Nearly-One-Four-Around-World/1009976.
- 3. Bremer J. I-intanethi kunye nabantwana: izibonelelo kunye nokungalunganga. Umntwana ongu-Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. I-2005; 14 (3): 405-28, viii. emva kwemini: 15936666 doi: 10.1016 / j.chc.2005.02.003
- 4. UChristakis DA, uMoreno MA. Ubanjiswe ngumnatha: ngaba i-intanethi ingaba ngumlutha we-21st? UArch Pediatr Adolesc Med. I-2009; 163 (10): 959-60. I-Doi: 10.1001 / archpediatrics.2009.162. emva kwemini: 19805719
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- 5. Kraut R, Patterson M, Lundmark V, Kiesler S, Mukopadhyay T, Scherlis W. paradox ye-Intanethi. Itekhnoloji yentlalo enciphisa ukubandakanyeka kwintlalontle kunye nentlalontle yengqondo? I-Psychol. I-1998; 53 (9): 1017-31. emva kwemini: 9841579 doi: 10.1037 / 0003-066x.53.9.1017
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- 6. I-Weinstein A, Lejoyeux M. Ukulutha kwe-Intanethi okanye ukusebenzisa kakhulu i-intanethi. NdinguJ J ukusebenzisa iziyobisi gwenxa. I-2010; 36 (5): 277-83. doi: 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.491880. emva kwemini: 20545603
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- Jonga iCandelo
- PubMed / NCBI
- 7. UDavis RA, uFlett GL, uBesser A. Ukuqinisekiswa kwenqanaba elitsha lokulinganisa ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki kwi-intanethi: iimpembelelo zovavanyo lwangaphambi kokuqeshwa. I-cyberpsychol Behav. I-2002; 5 (4): 331-45. emva kwemini: 12216698 doi: 10.1089 / 109493102760275581
- 8. Vimba JJ. Imiba yeDSM-V: umlutha we-intanethi. NdinguJ Psychiatry. I-2008; 165 (3): 306-7. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2007.07101556. emva kwemini: 18316427
- 9. Iipie R. Ngaba iDSM-V ichonga "isiyobisi se-Intanethi" esiPhazamiso seNgqondo? Ukunyangwa kwengqondo (Edgmont). 2009; 6 (2): 31-7.
- 10. Ukubamba C. Ukusebenza kwengqondo. Ukuzibandakanya kokuziphatha okubi okwenziwa kwiDSM-V ecetywayo. Inzululwazi. I-2010; 327 (5968): 935. I-Doi: 10.1126 / isayensi.327.5968.935. emva kwemini: 20167757
- 11. KS omncinci. Psychology yokusetyenziswa kwekhompyuter: XL. Ukusetyenziswa okusetyenzisiweyo kwe-Intanethi: ityala elaphula u-stereotype. I-Psychol Rep. 1996; 79 (3 Pt 1): 899-902. emva kwemini: 8969098 doi: 10.2466 / pr0.1996.79.3.899
- 12. KS omncinci, Case CJ. Ukuphathwa gadalala kwi-Intanethi emsebenzini: iindlela ezintsha kulawulo lomngcipheko. I-cyberpsychol Behav. I-2004; 7 (1): 105-11. emva kwemini: 15006175 doi: 10.1089 / 109493104322820174
- 13. U-K omncinci, u-Pistner M, u-O'Mara J, u-Buchanan J. Ukuphazamiseka kwe-cyber: inkxalabo yezempilo yengqondo ye-millennium entsha. ICyberpsychol Behav. Ngo-1999; 2 (5): 475–9. ikhonkco: 10.1089 / cpb.1999.2.475. emva kwemini: 19178220
- 14. van den Eijnden RJ, Spijkerman R, Vermulst AA, van Rooij TJ, Engels RC. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunyanzelekileyo phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo: ukufuna umnxeba kubudlelwane bomzali nomntwana. J Abnorm Psychol yomntwana. I-2010; 38 (1): 77-89. i-Doi: 10.1007 / s10802-009-9347-8. emva kwemini: 19728076
- 15. KS omncinci. Ukufundwa kwi-Net: Indlela yokuqonda iZimpawu zoThengiso lwe-Intanethi-kunye neQhinga lokuwina ukuBuya kwakhona. ENew York, NY: UWiley; 1998.
- 16. KS omncinci. Iziyobisi kwi-Intanethi: Ukuvela kwesifo esitsha sonyango. ICyberPsychology kunye nokuziphatha. 2009; 1 (3): 237-44. ikhonkco: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.237
- 17. I-Widyanto L, i-Griffiths MD, i-Brunsden V. Ukuthelekisa kwe-psychometric yovavanyo lwe-Intanethi lwe-Intanethi, Isikali seNgcaciso kwi-Intanethi, kunye nokuziqonda ngokwakho. I-cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. I-2011; 14 (3): 141-9. i-Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2010.0151. emva kwemini: 21067282
- 18. Shaw M, Mnyama DW. Iziyobisi ezisetyenziswa kwi-Intanethi: inkcazo, uvavanyo, isifo kunye nezifo. Iziyobisi ze-CNS. I-2008; 22 (5): 353-65. emva kwemini: 18399706 doi: 10.2165 / 00023210-200822050-00001
- 19. Ipaki SK, Kim JY, Cho CB. Ukuqala kobukhoboka be-Intanethi kunye nokunxibelelana nezinto zentsapho phakathi kolutsha lwaseMzantsi Korea. Ukufikisa. I-2008; 43 (172): 895-909. emva kwemini: 19149152
- 20. I-Siomos KE, i-Dafouli ED, iBraimiotis DA, iMouzas OD, i-Angelopoulos NV. Ulutha lwe-Intanethi phakathi kwabafundi abafikisayo abangamaGrike I-cyberpsychol Behav. I-2008; 11 (6): 653-7. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2008.0088. emva kwemini: 18991535
- 21. UDurkee T, Kaess M, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, Floderus B, et al. Ukudalwa kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo eYurophu: inani lezinto ezihlala abantu kunye nezentlalo. Iziyobisi. I-2012; 107 (12): 2210-22. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2012.03946.x. emva kwemini: 22621402
- 22. I-Liu TC, iDesai RA, iKrishnan-Sarin S, iCavallo DA, iPotenza MN. Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-Intanethi nempilo kulutsha: idatha evela kuvavanyo lwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo e-Connecticut. J Clin Psychiatry. I-2011; 72 (6): 836-45. doi: 10.4088 / JCP.10m06057. emva kwemini: 21536002
- 23. I-Pujazon-Zazik M, iPaki MJ. Ukwenza i-tweet, okanye ukungabinayo i-tweet: iyantlukwano ngokwesini kunye neziphumo ezinokubakho ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zokusebenzisa i-intanethi kulutsha. NdinguJ Mens wezeMpilo. 2010; 4 (1): 77-85. ikhonkco: 10.1177 / 1557988309360819. emva kwemini: 20164062
- 24. I-Dalbudak E, i-Evren C, i-Aldemir S, i-Evren B. Ubungakanani bomngcipheko wokulutha kwi-Intanethi kunye nokunxulumana nobukrakra beempawu zomda womda, ukugula kwabantwana, amava angafaniyo, uxinzelelo kunye neempawu zoxinzelelo phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi yaseTurkey. Psychiatry Res. I-2014; 219 (3): 577-82. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2014.02.032. emva kwemini: 25023365
- 25. UKim EJ, Namkoong K, Ku T, Kim SJ. Ubudlelwane phakathi komlutha we-intanethi kunye nobukrakra, ukuzeyisa kunye neempawu zobuntu obuhle. I-Ps Pschichiatry. I-2008; 23 (3): 212-8. doi: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2007.10.010. emva kwemini: 18166402
- 26. UFloros G, Siomos K, Stogiannidou A, uGiouzepas I, Garyfallos G. Comorbidity of a psychiatric drugiction kunye nokulutha kwe-Intanethi kwisampula yeklinikhi: isiphumo sobuntu, isitayile sokuzikhusela kunye ne-psychopathology. Umlutha we-Behav. I-2014; 39 (12): 1839-45. doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2014.07.031. emva kwemini: 25129172
- 27. UFloros G, Siomos K, Stogiannidou A, Giouzepas I, Garyfallos G. Ubudlelwane phakathi kobuntu, izitayile zokuzikhusela, ukuphazamiseka kwemikhwa ye-intanethi, kunye nengqondo kwizifundo zekholeji. I-cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. I-2014; 17 (10): 672-6. i-Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2014.0182. emva kwemini: 25225916
- 28. An J, Sun Y, Wan Y, Chen J, Wang X, Tao F.Umanyano phakathi kwengxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kunye neempawu zokufikisa ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo: indima enokubakho kumgangatho wokulala. J Umlutha weMed. Ngo-2014; 8 (4): 282-7. ikhonkco: 10.1097 / ADM.0000000000000026. emva kwemini: 25026104
- 29. UKim JH, uLau CH, uCheuk KK, uKan P, uHi HL, uGriffiths SM. Ingxelo emfutshane: Abaxeli bokusebenzisa okunzima kwe-Intanethi kunye nokunxulumana nokukhuthaza impilo kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni kwabafundi beYunivesithi yaseHong Kong. J Adolesc. I-2010; 33 (1): 215-20. doi: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2009.03.012. emva kwemini: 19427030
- 30. U-Naseri L, Mohamadi J, Sayehmiri K, Azizpoor Y. Ufumene iNkxaso yoLuntu, ukuZithemba, kunye nokulutha kwi-Intanethi phakathi kwabafundi beYunivesithi yaseAl-Zahra, eTehran, eIran. I-Iran J Psychiatry I-Behav Sci. I-2015; 9 (3): e421. doi: 10.17795 / ijpbs-421. emva kwemini: 26576175
- 31. Lee HW, Choi JS, Shin YC, Lee JY, Jung HY, Kwon JS. Ukunyanzeliswa kumlutha we-intanethi: ukuthelekisa nokungcakaza kwe-pathological. I-cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. I-2012; 15 (7): 373-7. i-Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2012.0063. emva kwemini: 22663306
- 32. I-Lin IH, i-CH CH, i-Chang YP, i-Liu TL, i-Wang PW, i-Lin HC, et al. Unxibelelwano phakathi kokuzibulala kunye nokulutha kwi-Intanethi kunye nezinto ezenziwa kulutsha lwaseTaiwan. Ukulingana ngengqondo. I-2014; 55 (3): 504-10. doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2013.11.012. emva kwemini: 24457034
- 33. UKim K, Ryu E, Chon YAM, Yeun EJ, Choi SY, Oko JS, et al. Ulutha lwe-Intanethi kwolutsha lwaseKorea kunye nokunxulumene kwalo nokudakumba kunye nembono yokuzibulala: kuvavanyo lwemibuzo. I-Int J Nurs Stud. I-2006; 43 (2): 185-92. emva kwemini: 16427966 doi: 10.1016 / j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005
- 34. UFernandez-villa T, Alguacil Ojeda J, Almaraz Gomez A, Cancela Carral JM, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Garcia-Martin M, et al. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwengxaki kwabafundi beDyunivesithi: izinto ezinxulumene noko nokungafani kwesini. I-Adicciones. I-2015; 27 (4): 265-75. emva kwemini: 26706809 doi: 10.20882 / adicciones.751
- 35. Uvavanyo lwe-Intanethi yokulutha (IAT) [Epreli, 2016]. Ifumaneka kwi: http://netaddiction.com/internet-addiction-test./.
- 36. Khazaal Y, Billieux J, Thorens G, Khan R, Louati Y, Scarlatti E, et al. Ukuqinisekiswa kwesiFrentshi kovavanyo lokulutha lwe-intanethi. I-cyberpsychol Behav. I-2008; 11 (6): 703-6. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2007.0249. emva kwemini: 18954279
- 37. IAlpaslan AH, Soylu N, Avci K, iCoskun KS, Kocak U, Tas HU. Isimo sengqondo sokutya esiphazamisekileyo, i-alexithymia kunye nokuzibulala okunokwenzeka phakathi kwamantombazana aphakamileyo aseTurkey. Psychiatry Res. I-2015; 226 (1): 224-9. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2014.12.052. emva kwemini: 25619436
- 38. Cho YW, Ingoma ML, Morin CM. Ukuqinisekiswa kwenguqulo yaseKorea yesalathiso sobunzima bokungalali. J Clin Neurol. I-2014; 10 (3): 210-5. doi: 10.3988 / jcn.2014.10.3.210. emva kwemini: 25045373
- 39. IGagnon C, iBelanger L, Ivers H, iMorin CM. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Insomnia Severity Index kukhathalelo oluphambili. J IBhodi ye Fam Fam. I-2013; 26 (6): 701-10. doi: 10.3122 / jabfm.2013.06.130064. emva kwemini: 24204066
- 40. Sinclair SJ, Blais MA, Gansler DA, Sandberg E, Bistis K, LoCicero A. iipropathi zengqondo zeRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: zizonke kunye nakumaqela abantu abahlala eUnited States. I-Eval Health Prof. 2010; 33 (1): 56-80. doi: 10.1177 / 0163278709356187. emva kwemini: 20164106
- 41. URosenberg M. Umanyano phakathi kokuzithemba kunye nexhala. J Psychiatr Res. I-1962; 1: 135-52. emva kwemini: 13974903 doi: 10.1016 / 0022-3956 (62) 90004-3
- 42. I-Lovibond PF, iLovibond SH. Ubume beemeko ezimbi zeemvakalelo: ukuthelekiswa kweMilinganiselo yoXinzelelo loxinzelelo (i-Dass) kunye ne-Beck Depression kunye ne-Anxcare Inventories. Behav Res Ther. I-1995; 33 (3): 335-43. emva kwemini: 7726811 doi: 10.1016 / 0005-7967 (94) 00075-u
- 43. UTaylor R, uLovibond PF, uNicholas MK, uCayley C, uWilson PH. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezizezomntu olunye kuvavanyo loxinzelelo kwizigulana ezinentlungu engapheliyo: ukuthelekiswa kwesikali sokudakumba seZung kunye noXinzelelo loxinzelelo lweXinzelelo kubuhlungu obungapheliyo kunye neesampulu zekliniki kunye noluntu. Clin J Ubuhlungu. I-2005; 21 (1): 91-100. emva kwemini: 15599136 doi: 10.1097 / 00002508-200501000-00011
- 44. UBrown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W, Barlow DH. IiPsychometric zeprophathi yoxinzelelo loxinzelelo loxinzelelo (i-Dass) kwiisampulu zeklinikhi. Behav Res Ther. I-1997; 35 (1): 79-89. emva kwemini: 9009048 doi: 10.1016 / s0005-7967 (96) 00068-x
- 45. Uphethwe ngu-S, Sullivan K. Uxinzelelo, unxunguphalo kunye noxinzelelo njengababikezeli beempawu zeposconcussion ezifana nesampulu engeyozonyango. Psychiatry Res. I-2012; 200 (1): 41-5. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2012.05.022. emva kwemini: 22709538
- 46. I-Ni X, Yan H, Chen S, Liu Z. Iimpawu ezichaphazela umlutha we-intanethi kwisampulu yabafundi baseyunivesithi yase-freshmen e-China. I-cyberpsychol Behav. I-2009; 12 (3): 327-30. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2008.0321. emva kwemini: 19445631
- 47. UThomas SJ, uLichstein KL, uTaylor DJ, uRiedel BW, uBush AJ. I-Epidemiology yokulala, ukuvuka kwexesha kunye nexesha ebhedini: ukuhlalutya ubudala, isini kunye nobuhlanga. Behav Ukulala kweMedi. I-2014; 12 (3): 169-82. doi: 10.1080 / 15402002.2013.778202. emva kwemini: 23574553
- 48. I-Choueiry N, iSalamoun T, uJabour H, uEl Osta N, uHajj A, uRabbaa Khabbaz L. I-Insomnia kunye nolwalamano kunye neXhala ngabafundi beDyunivesithi: Isifundo esiliSiqendu esiliSiqendu esiliSifundo. I-PLoS Inye. I-2016; 11 (2): e0149643. doi: 10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0149643. emva kwemini: 26900686
- 49. IGellis LA, Ipaki A, iStotsky MT, iTaylor DJ. Unxibelelwano phakathi kokucoceka kokulala kunye nobunzima bokungalali kubafundi beekholeji: Icandelo eliphambili kunye nophando olunokubakho. Behav Ther. I-2014; 45 (6): 806-16. doi: 10.1016 / j.beth.2014.05.002. emva kwemini: 25311289
- 50. UKayin N, uGradisar M. Ukusetyenziswa kwemidiya ye-elektroniki kunye nokulala kubantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo nakwishumi elivisayo: Uhlalutyo. Ndilale Med. I-2010; 11 (8): 735-42. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.s sleep.2010.02.006. emva kwemini: 20673649
- 51. I-Tavernier R, i-Willoughby T. Ngaba zonke iintlobo zangokuhlwa zigqityiwe? Iklasi eguqukayo yohlalutyo yokuqonda eyaziwayo-ngokuhlwa, ukulala kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo phakathi kwabantu abadala abasakhulayo. Chronobiol Int. I-2014; 31 (2): 232-42. doi: 10.3109 / 07420528.2013.843541. emva kwemini: 24131151
- 52. I-Lam LT. Ukulutha kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi, kunye neengxaki zokulala: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo. I-Curr Psychiatry Rep. I-2014; 16 (4): 444. i-Doi: 10.1007 / s11920-014-0444-1. emva kwemini: 24619594
- 53. I-Tsai CC, i-Lin SS. Iziyobisi ezikwi-Intanethi zolutsha eTaiwan: isifundo sophando. I-cyberpsychol Behav. I-2003; 6 (6): 649-52. emva kwemini: 14756931 doi: 10.1089 / 109493103322725432
- 54. te Wildt BT, Putzig I, Zedler M, Ohlmeier MD. [Ukuxhomekeka kwi-Intanethi njengophawu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuxinzelelo]. Psychiatr Prax. 2007; 34 Suppl 3: S318-22. emva kwemini: 17786892 doi: 10.1055 / s-2007-970973
- 55. UBernardi S, Pallanti S. Umlutha we-Intanethi: isifundo esichazayo sekliniki egxile kwii-comorbidities kunye neempawu ezizimeleyo. Ukulingana ngengqondo. I-2009; 50 (6): 510-6. doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2008.11.011. emva kwemini: 19840588
- 56. UCarli V, uDurkee T, uWasserman D, uHadlaczky G, uDespalins R, uKramarz E, et al. Ubambiswano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-pathological kunye ne-psychor yengqondo ye-comorbid: uphononongo lwenkqubo. I-Psychopathology. I-2013; 46 (1): 1-13. doi: 10.1159 / 000337971. emva kwemini: 22854219
- 57. UGaraigordobil M, uPerez JI, uMozaz M. Ukuzazi, ukuzithemba kunye neempawu zengqondo. Ingqondo. I-2008; 20 (1): 114-23. emva kwemini: 18206073
- 58. I-Moksnes UK, i-Espnes GA. Ukuzithemba kunye nokuba sempilweni ngokweemvakalelo kulutsha olufikisayo-isini kunye nobudala njengabahleli bemodareyitha. Scand J Psychol. I-2012; 53 (6): 483-9. doi: 10.1111 / sjop.12021. emva kwemini: 23170865
- 59. I-Sowislo JF, u-Orth U. Ngaba ukuzithemba okuphantsi kuqikelela ukudakumba kunye noxinzelelo? Uhlalutyo lwe-meta yezifundo ezide. Psychol Bull. I-2013; 139 (1): 213-40. doi: 10.1037 / a0028931. emva kwemini: 22730921
- 60. Abadali be-DH, iScholte RH, i-Engels RC, i-Prinstein MJ, i-Wiers RW. Ukuzithemba okucacileyo nangokucacileyo njengabaziqikeleli bokubulala abanye, iimpawu zokudakumba, kunye nesizungu. J Behav Ther Exp Ingqondo yengqondo. I-2012; 43 (1): 638-46. doi: 10.1016 / j.jbtep.2011.09.006. emva kwemini: 21946041
- 61. UFischer A, uFischer M, uNicholl RA, uLau S, uPoettgen J, Patas K, et al. Ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo uxinzelelo oluphambili kwisifo sokunyibilika kwemithambo emininzi usebenzisa imibuzo yengxelo. Brain Behav. I-2015; 5 (9): e00365. doi: 10.1002 / brb3.365. emva kwemini: 26445703
- 62. U-Ortega-Montiel J, u-Posadas-Romero C, u-Ocampo-Arcos W, uMedina-Urrutia A, uCardoso-Saldana G, uJorge-Galarza E, et al. Uxinzelelo oluziqondileyo linxulunyaniswa nokunamathela kunye ne-atherosulinosis. Isifundo se-GEA. BMC Impilo yoLuntu. I-2015; 15: 780. i-Doi: 10.1186 / s12889-015-2112-8. emva kwemini: 26271468
- 63. White K, Scarinci IC. Ukuthelekiswa kwezeMpilo eyenzelwe wena phakathi kwabaThunyelwa baseLatina kwisiXeko sase-US eseMazantsi kunye neSampulu yeSizwe. NdinguJ J med Sci. I-2015; 350 (4): 290-5. doi: 10.1097 / MAJ.0000000000000554. emva kwemini: 26263236