Ngaba ukuzonwabisa kwevidiyo, okanye ukulaliswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo, kuxhomekeke kukudandatheka, ukuphumelela kwezemfundo, ukusela ngokugqithiseleyo, okanye ukuqhuba iingxaki? (2014)

J Behav Umlutha. UMar 2014; I-3 (1): 27-32.

Ipapashwe kwi-intanethi ngo-Feb 3, 2014. doi:  I-10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.002

PMCID: PMC4117274

Yiya e:

Abstract

Imvelaphi kwaye iinjongo: Ngelixa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo kunye neziphumo ezibi zixoxwa, ubudlelwane phakathi komdlalo wevidiyo kunye neziphumo ezibi zimiselwe ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zangaphambili zihlupheka ngenxa yobuthathaka beendlela ezinokuthi zibangele iziphumo ezibi. Kukho imfuno yophando oluthe kratya lokuxhamla ekusetyenzisweni kweendlela zokuthintela iiyantlukwano eziguqukayo. Iindlela: Iinkcukacha zepaneli ezimbini ezisetyenzisiweyo zaye zasetyenziswa kuphando ezimbini ze-1,928 yabasebatsha baseNorway abaneminyaka eyi-13 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-17. Olu phononongo luquka amanyathelo okusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, uxinzelelo, ukusela kakhulu i-episodic, impumelelo kwizifundo, kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha. Idatha yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa umahluko wokuqala, indlela yokurekhoda engasetyenziswa zizinto ezihlaselayo ngexesha. iziphumo: Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo wawunxulumene nokudakumba, impumelelo kwizifundo ezisezantsi, kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha, kodwa ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo yevidiyo belingahambelani nakwezinye iziphumo ezibi ezifundwayo. Ingxoxo: Iziphumo zaye zahambelana nenani elikhulayo lezifundo eziye zasilela ukufumana ubudlelwane phakathi kwexesha elichithwe kwimidlalo yevidiyo kunye neziphumo ezibi. Isifundo esikhoyo ngoku siyangqinelana nezifundo zangaphambili kuluntu umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo wawunxulumene nezinye iziphumo ezingalunganga, kodwa wenza igalelo elongezelelekileyo lokuba ubudlelwane bungachukunyiswa ziziphumo zomntu ngamnye ezihlaselayo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lujolise ekusekeni i-oda yokwexeshana yeziphumo ezinokubangelwa. Izigqibo: Ukuchitha ixesha udlala imidlalo yevidiyo akubandakanyi imiphumo emibi, kodwa ulutsha olufumana iingxaki ezinxulumene nemidlalo yevidiyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba nazo ziya kuba neengxaki kwezinye izinto zobomi.

Internet: umdlalo wevidiyo, umlutha, iziphumo, iziphumo, ixesha elide, umntwana

intshayelelo

Izifundo ezininzi zibonakalise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo kunxulumana neengxaki ezininzi (IGriffiths, iKuss kunye neKing, ngo-2012). Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise umzekelo ukuba ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo yevidiyo linxulunyaniswa namanqanaba aphezulu kuxinzelelo (Lemona et al., 2011), impumelelo ekumgangatho ophantsi (I-Anand, 2007; IiNtlanga, iLynch, iLinder kunye noWalsh, ngo-2004), ukusela utywala ngakumbi (Ream, Elliott & Dunlap, 2011), kunye neengxaki zokuqhuba (IHoltz kunye neAppel, ngo-2011). Oku kucebisa ukuba isixa semidlalo yokudlala kunokuba sisiphumo seziphumo ezibi. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zifumene ukuba ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo yevidiyo hayi ezinxulumene neziphumo ezibi (umz UDesai, uKrishnan-Sarin, uCavallo kunye noPotenza, ngo-2010; IFerguson, i-2011; UFerguson, uSan Miguel, uGarza noJerabeck, ngo-2012; von Salisch, Vogelgesang, Kristen kunye no-Oppl, 2011). Oku kucebisa ukuba isixa semidlalo ngokwayo asidibananga nemiphumela eyonakalisayo. Kukho isivumelwano esikhulu sokuba ukujongana neengxaki ezinxulumene nokudlala kunxulumene nezinye iziphumo ezibi. Umzekelo, uphando lubonakalisile loo vidiyo likhoboka inxulumene nokudakumba (Iintlanga et al., 2011; Mentzoni et al., 2011).I-Skoric, iToo kunye neNeo, 2009), iingxaki zokusebenzisa utywala (Ream et al., 2011), kunye neengxaki zokuqhuba (URehbein, uKleinmann, uMediasci kunye noMöle, ngo-2010).

Ngaphandle kwenani elikhulu lezifundo ezigxile kumdlalo wevidiyo, kusekho ukungavisisani malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamagama, into ekufuneka ichaziwe, kwaye zeziphi iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa. Isekwe kuhlolo loncwadi, I-King, Haagsma, Delfabro, Gradisar kunye neGriffiths (2013) Ndicebise ukuba eyona nto iphambili kumdlalo wevidiyo ngumlutha weempawu zokurhoxa xa ungakwazanga ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ukuphulukana nolawulo malunga nexesha elingakanani elichithwa kwimidlalo yevidiyo, kunye nembambano malunga nolwalamano lobuqu kunye nokuzibophelela kwesikolo / emsebenzini okuvela kwimidlalo yevidiyo . Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo awuqwalaselwanga njengesifo esisemthethweni sokuxilongwa kwengqondo, kodwa sidweliswe njengombandela wokuqhubeka nesifundo kuhlobo olusandula kupapashwa lwencwadi yesihlanu esandula kupapashwa kwiDiagnostic kunye ne-Statistical Manual yeNgqondo yeNgqondo.Umbutho we-Psychiatric Association, i-2013). Kwimpikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nokuba umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo kufuneka ubonakaliswe njani, kucetyisiwe ukuba ukubandakanyeka okuphezulu kufanele kwahlulwe kubukhobisi (umz. ICharlton kunye neDanforth, 2007). Impembelelo ezimbi ezinokubakho zexesha ezichithwe kwimidlalo zinokuxhomekeka kwimiba nganye kunye nakwimeko. Ke, abaphandi baqalise ukwahlula phakathi kwethakazelelo lemidlalo yevidiyo kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nokudlala (Brunborg et al., 2013; ICharlton kunye neDanforth, 2007; UFerguson, uCoulson kunye noBarnett, ngo-2011; URehbein et al., 2010; I-Skoric et al., 2009). Ubungqina obuvelayo bubonisa ukuba umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo unxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezibi, kodwa ukubandakanyeka okuphezulu kwimidlalo akuyona (Brunborg et al., 2013; Ferguson et al., 2011; I-Skoric et al., 2009).

Eli candelo lophando lisenendlela ethile ekufuneka yenziwe ngaphambi kokuba amabango enziwe malunga nokuya kwicala lokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo kunye neziphumo ezibi. Enye into ebangela ubunzima kukuba iziphumo ezixeliweyo zinokuchazwa kwiimeko ezininzi ezingachazwanga ngokuguquguquka kwesithathu. Umzekelo, ubudlelwane obuxeliweyo phakathi kwemidlalo yevidiyo kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha kunokucaciswa ngokufuna okukhulu. Uphando lubonakalisile ukuba ukufuna iimvakalelo kunokunxulumana zombini nemidlalo yevidiyo kunye nokuziphatha okuphule umthetho (UJensen, Weaver, Ivic kunye ne-Imboden, ngo-2011). Kwakhona ubudlelwane phakathi komdlalo wevidiyo kunye nokudakumba kunokucaciswa ngokuxhalaba ngomkhondo (Mentzoni et al., 2011). Ngamanye amaxesha abaphandi bazama ukulawula izinto eziguquguqukayo zesithathu (umzekelo, isini, ubudala, kunye nenqanaba lentlalontle kwezoqoqosho, ubukrelekrele, ubuntu) ngokubandakanya ezo zinto zinjalo kwiimodeli zohleko. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kuzakusoloko kushiywa izinto ezingafaniyo, le ndlela isenokunganeli kwaye ibangele uqikelelo olucacileyo (I-Verbeek, i-2012). Enye indlela yokujongana nokwahluka okunjalo okushiyiweyo ukwahlula kuqala (FD). I-FD ifuna idatha enokujonga ngaphezulu komntu omnye (idatha yephaneli), kwaye inike ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nokukhetha okubangelwa kukungafaniyo kwexesha-into engahlawulelwayo yomntu ngamnye (I-Allison, 1990; INordström kunye nePape, ngo-2010; IWooldridge, 2001). Indlela ye-FD ichazwe kwicandelo lezibalo apha ngezantsi.

Kwisifundo sangoku, siphande ubudlelwane phakathi kwexesha elichithwe kwimidlalo yevidiyo kunye neziphumo ezingalunganga ezininzi (uxinzelelo, ukungafikeleli kakuhle kwizifundo, ukusela utywala kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha), kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kweziyobisi nomdlalo wevidiyo kunye neziphumo ezibi ezifanayo. . Isifundo sangoku sesokuqala ukusebenzisa i-FD ukuphanda ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nazo. Ke ngoko, isifundo sethu sesokuqala ukulawula lonke ixesha elinokubakho ngokuguquguqukayo komntu ngamnye xa kuphandwa iziphumo ezingalunganga zokudlala ividiyo.

tindlela

Iinkcukacha

Olu phononongo lusebenzise idatha yophando "Lutsha eNorway 2010" kunye "Ncinci eNorway 2012", apho injongo yayikukuqokelela ulwazi olufanayo kubantu abafanayo ngamanqaku amabini ahlukeneyo ahlukaniswe yiminyaka emibini. Kwi-2010 (i-t1), olu phando lwalusenziwa kwizikolo ze-89 zizonke eNorway. Isampulu yezikolo yenziwa ukuze ifumane isampulu yabameli abakwishumi elivisayo laseNorway, kwaye yabandakanywa nezikolo zaseprayimari (unyaka wokugqibela kuphela xa abantwana beneminyaka eyi-12), isikolo esiphakamileyo (iminyaka yobudala ye-12 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-16), kunye nezikolo eziphakamileyo ( inqanaba lobudala le-16 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-19). Inani lilonke labafundi be11,487 bamenywa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. Kwezi, abafundi be-8,356 abathathe inxaxheba, elilingana neqondo lokuphendula le-72.7%. Iikhweshine zagqitywa ngeyure enye, kwaye abafundi ababengekho ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwedatha banikwa ithuba lokugqibezela isaveyi kamva.

Kwi-2012 (i-t2), i-4,561 yabakwishumi elivisayo abathathe inxaxheba kuvavanyo lwe-2010 bamenywa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuphando olulandelayo. Kwakukho izizathu ezibini zokuba kutheni bengamenywanga bonke abaphenduli kuvavanyo lwe-2010, i-1) ukuba babengavumi ukumenyelwa ulandelo (n = 2,021), kunye 2) ulwazi lonxibelelwano lwalungekho (n = 1,774). Phakathi kwabo bamenyiwe, i-2,450 yathatha inxaxheba, elingana nenqanaba lokuphendula le-53.7%, nangona kunjalo, umlinganiso othathe inxaxheba kwi-2012 kwabo bathathe inxaxheba kwi-2010 yi-29.3%.

Ikhweshine eyayilawulwa kwizikolo zamabanga aphantsi e2010 yayinguqulelo efinyeziweyo kwekhweshine eyabelwa kwizikolo eziphakamileyo nezamabanga aphakamileyo. Le nguqulo ayifakwanga eziguqukayo zenzala kwisifundo esikhoyo. Ngenxa yoko, abafundi bezikolo zamabanga aphantsi abafakwanga kwisampulu yohlalutyo.

Isampulu yohlalutyo esetyenziswe kufundo lwangoku lubandakanya ulutsha lwe1,928 (55.5% yabasetyhini), nenqanaba leminyaka eyi-13 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-17 kwi2010.

Amanyathelo

Ukusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo. Iimpendulo kwimibuzo emibini zisetyenziselwe ukuqikelela ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo kwiiveki ezine ezidlulileyo. Umbuzo omnye ubuzwe malunga nexesha leseshini eqhelekileyo yokudlala (kufakwe amanqaku kwi-0 = "ngokufuthi", i-0.5 = "ngaphantsi kwe-1 iyure", 1.5 = "iiyure ze-1-2", 2.5 = "iiyure ze-2-3", 3.5) = "I-3-4 iiyure", 5 = "4-6 iiyure", and 7 = "more than 6 iiyure". Omnye umbuzo ubuzile malunga nokuxhaphaka kwezemidlalo (inikwe amanqaku i-0 = "ayikaze, okanye iphantse yabakho", 2 = "I-1-3 imihla ngenyanga", 4 = "usuku olunye evekini", 14 = "iintsuku ezininzi ngeveki", kunye 30 = "imihla ngemihla okanye phantse yonke imihla.) Ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo yayiyimveliso yobungakanani kunye nemibuzo eqhutywa rhoqo. Amanqaku asusela kwi-0 ukuya kwi-210.

Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo. Inguqulelo yosixhenxe yezinto "zoMdlalo oGqithisela iziyobisi kulutsha olufikisayo" (Lemmens, Valkenburg kunye noPeter, 2009) isetyenziselwe ukulinganisa umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo. Into nganye kwezi zisixhenxe ilinganisa enye yeenkqubo ze-DSM zotywala: Ubukhali, ukunyamezelana, ukutshintsha kwemo, ukurhoxisa, ukuphinda ubuye, ungqubano kunye neengxaki. Isikali samanqaku amahlanu (1 = "never", 2 = "phantse soze", 3 = "ngamanye amaxesha", 4 = "rhoqo", 5 = "ngokufuthi") yayisetyenziselwa abaphendulayo ukubonisa ukuba kukangakanani isiganeko ngasinye yenzekile kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo. Umyinge wamanqaku asixhenxe asetyenzisiwe kuhlalutyo (uluhlu lwe-1-5). I-alpha yeCronbach yesikali kwisifundo esikhoyo .86 kwi-t1, kunye .90 kwi-t2.

Ukuxinezeleka. Uxinzelelo lalinganiswa kusetyenziswa izinto ezintandathu ezivela kuLuhlu lweeMpawu zoPhononongo lweHopkins (UDerogatis, uLipman, uRickels, u-Uhlenhut no-Covi, ngo-1974). Abaphenduli babuzwe ukuba babonise inqanaba apho bafumana khona izikhalazo ezithandathu kwiveki ephelileyo: “Baziva bediniwe kakhulu ukwenza izinto”, “benengxaki yokulala”, “baziva bengonwabanga, belusizi, okanye benxunguphele”, “beziva ndingenathemba malunga ikamva "," ndiziva ndindindelekile okanye ndigxilisiwe ', kwaye "ndikhathazeka kakhulu ngezinto". Iimpendulo zenziwa kumanqaku manqaku amane (i-1 = "ayikhathazeki kwaphela", 2 = "uxinzelelo oluncinci", 3 = "uxinene kakhulu", kunye ne4 = "uxine kakhulu"). Amanqaku aphakathi ukusuka kwi1 ukuya kwi4 asetyenziswa kuhlalutyo. I-alpha yeCronbach yesikali sasiyi-.85 kwi-t1, kunye .87 kwi-t2.

Impumelelo kwizifundo. Abaphenduli babonise amabakala abaye bawafumana kwizifundo ezithathu zokugqibela bafumana ikhadi lengxelo lesikolo. Izifundo zabhalwa ngeNorway, iMathematics kunye nesiNgesi. Amabanga eNorway aqala ukusuka kubuninzi be-6 ukuya kwi-1 ubuncinci, apho i-1 ibonakalisa ukusilela. I-avareji yamabakala amathathu yasetyenziswa njengesalathiso sokuphumelela kwimfundo.

Ukusela kakhulu i-episodic. Abaphenduli bacelwe ukuba babonise ukuba bangaphi kunyaka ophelileyo “basela kakhulu kangangokuba uziva unxila”. Iimpendulo zazingu-0 = "Amaxesha e-0", 1 = "1 time", 3.5 = ”2-5 times", 8 = "6-10 times", 25 = "10-50 times", and 50 = "more than 50 =" more than XNUMX = amaxesha ".

Qhuba iingxaki. Iingxaki zokuziphatha zalinganiswa kusetyenziswa imibuzo ye-13 malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ngengxaki kunyaka ongaphambi koko, kwaye zahlulahlulwe ngokweengcebiso nguPedersen, Mastekaasa noWichstrøm (2001). Udidi lokuqala yayizizo "iingxaki zokuziphatha kakhulu" kwaye zibandakanya le mibuzo ilandelayo: "izinto ezibiweyo zibaluleke ngaphezu kwe-NOK 1000",1 "Wenze ukonakaliswa okanye ukonakala oxabiseke ngaphezu kwe-NOK 1000", "uzonakalisile ngabom okanye waphule izinto ezinje ngeewindows, izihlalo zebhasi, izindlu zonxibelelwano, okanye iibhokisi zeposi", "ezophulwe kwenye indawo ukuze zibiwe into", kwaye "ubusephumle umlo usebenzisa izixhobo" . Inqanaba lesibini "iingxaki zokuziphatha ngokugwenxa" zibandakanya izinto "ezazinengxabano enobundlobongela notitshala", "zifungelwe utitshala", "zabizelwa kumphathi omkhulu ngento ephosakeleyo oyenzileyo", kwaye "yathunyelwa ngaphandle kwigumbi lokufundela ”. Udidi lokugqibela "lweengxaki zokuziphatha ezisecaleni" zibandakanya izinto "ezithintelwe ukuhlawulela izinto ezinje ngethiyetha zemiboniso bhanyabhanya, ukukhwela ibhasi okanye ukukhwela uloliwe okanye ezifanayo", "ukutsiba usuku lonke esikolweni", "izinto ezibiweyo ezixabisa ngaphantsi kwe500 NOK kwivenkile" , kwaye "uhambe ubusuku bonke ungazisanga abazali bakho, okanye uxelele abazali bakho ukuba ubukenye indawo kunokuba ubuku njalo". Iimpendulo zenziwa kwisikali esusela kumaxesha e-0 ukuya kumaxesha e-50, nangona kunjalo, zazingachazwanga (ewe = 1, hayi = 0) kwaye inani lamanqaku kudidi ngalunye lasetyenziswa kuhlalutyo.

Statistics

Iminyaka yobudala, isini kunye namabakala aqikelelweyo emtsalane phakathi kwe-t1 kunye ne-t2. Kuhlalutyo, oku kulungisiwe kusetyenziswa isisindo esinokulinganiswa. Ukuhanjiswa kwamanqaku kuwo onke amanyathelo ngaphandle kwempumelelo yemfundo bekucekeceke kakhulu ngasekunene. Ukuthintela ukwaphulwa komqondo wokuhanjelwa kwekhaya ngenxa yokuhlengahlengiswa ngokulandelelana, iilogithms zendalo zamanqaku asetyenzisiweyo kuhlalutyo. Kuba akukho logarithm yendalo ye-zero, i-0.1 yongezwa kuwo onke amaxabiso ngaphambi kokuguqulwa. Uhlalutyo lokuhlengahlengiswa kwaqhutywa kusetyenziswa idatha evela kwi-t1 kunye ne-t2, kunye neemodeli ze-FD, ezinokuthi zichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ifomula yokubuyiselwa kwe-OLS yokuxhomekeka koguquguqukayo kokungafaniyo okuzimeleyo ngexesha elinye yile:

DVi1 = β1 * IVi1 + β2 * Ci + ei1,

apho i-DV inguqu exhomekekileyo kunye ne-IV ngokwahlukileyo okuzimeleyo komntu i ngexesha 1. Ci ichaza ezinye izizathu ezinokubakho ze-DV ekuhambeni kwexesha (oko kukuthi, azitshintshi ixesha elide). Ngokunjalo, ifomula yokuhlaziywa kwe-OLS yokuxhomekeka koxhomekeko oluzimeleyo kwinqanaba lesibini yile:

DVi2 = β1 * IVi2 + β2 * Ci + ei2.

Sebenzisa i-OLS, ukulungelelaniswa komlinganiso b1 ziya kukhethwa ukuba IVi1 kwaye Ci zidibene. Nangona kunjalo, nge-FD, ifomula yesibini ikhutshiwe ukusuka kokuqala, okuphelisa Ci. Oku kuvelisa uqikelelo lwe β Okungakhethwanga ngenxa yomntu ngamnye ongenisa ixesha, kuba ezi zicinyiwe kuhlalutyo lobhaliso. Xa uziqhelanisa, i-FD ibandakanya ukuphinda ubuyekeze utshintsho olusuka kwi-t1 ukuya kwi-t2 kwi-T1 ukuya kwi-t2 kuguqulelo oluzimeleyo.

Sebenzisa i-FD kwisifundo sangoku, uxinzelelo, impumelelo kwizifundo, ukusela kakhulu i-episodic ukusela kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha zazibhaliswa ngexesha elichithwe kwimidlalo. Ukongeza, uxinzelelo, impumelelo kwizifundo, ukusela kakhulu i-episodic ukusela kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha zaye zabhalwa kumdlalo wevidiyo.

Zokuziphatha

Inkqubo yokufunda yenziwa ngokungqinelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. Inkqubo yovavanyo yavunywa yiNorway yeSayensi yezeNtlalontle yoLwazi ngeeNkcukacha. Bonke abafundi bazisiwe ngenjongo yesaveyi, bavunywa emva kokuba befumene olu lwazi. Ukongeza, imvume ebhaliweyo yanikwa ngabazali babo bonke abafundi abafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi kunye nesikolo esiphakamileyo.

iziphumo

1 Table bonisa iindlela, ukuphambuka okumgangatho kunye nogqithiso lweodolo ye-Spearman yokuhambelana kwezinto ezifundwayo. Ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo kwi-t1 yayibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ilungelelaniswe kakuhle ngexesha elichithwe kumdlalo we-t2. Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo kwi-t1 yayibaluleke kakhulu kwaye inxibelelana kakuhle nomdlalo wevidiyo kwi-t2. Ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo yayilungelelaniswe kakhulu kwaye lihambelana kakuhle nomdlalo wevidiyo (kuzo zombini i-t1 kunye ne-t2). Ixesha elichithwe umdlalo wokudlala kwi-t1 yayibaluleke kakhulu kwaye idibene ngokungahambi kakuhle nokudakumba, impumelelo kwizifundo, kwi-CP enobundlobongela nakwi-T1 nakwi-t2, kwaye ngokunxulumene nangokungalunganga nokusela okunobunzima kwi-t1 (kodwa ingeyiyo i-t2) kunye ne-CPT ye-t2 (kodwa hayi kwi-t1). Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo kwi-t1 wawudibene kakhulu kwaye uhambelana kakuhle noxinzelelo kwi-t1 kodwa hayi kwi-t2, ubukhulu becala kunye nolwalamano olubi kunye nokufezekiswa kwezifundo kwi-t1 kunye ne-t2, kunye nokusela kakhulu i-episodic e-t1 kodwa hayi kwi-t2. Ukulutha komdlalo wevidiyo kwi-t1 yayilungelelaniswe ngokubonakalayo nangobunkunkqele obukhulu, nobukrwada kunye nokufihla i-CP kwi-t1 kunye ne-t2. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ezinye zezi zinto zingqinelanayo zibalulekile, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusuka kubuthathaka ukuya kumodareyithari ngobungakanani besiphumo.

Ithebula 1. 

Iindlela, ukuphambuka komgangatho (SD) kunye ne-Spearman yenqanaba lokuhambelana kwee-coefficients zazo zonke izinto ezifundwayo

Iziphumo ezivela kwiimodeli ze-FD zingenisiwe 2 Table. Njengazo zonke iimodeli zohlengahlengiso ngaphandle kwezo zibandakanya impumelelo yokufunda kubandakanywa ukuzimela okuxhomekekileyo kunye nokuxhomekeka kokubini, ii-coefficients yi-elasticities, oko kuthetha ukuba ukunyuka kwe-1% kuguquguquko oluzimeleyo kunxulunyaniswa notshintsho lweepesenti olulinganayo kunye nokwahluka kokuxhomekeka. 2 Table bonisa ukungadibani ngokubalulekileyo phakathi kwesixa sokudlala kunye nakuphi na ukwahluka okuxhomekekileyo, ngaphandle kwe-CP enolunya, apho isiphumo sasinobukhulu obungaqondakali. Ubungakanani bomphumo wokulutha ngomdlalo wevidiyo, nangona kunjalo, bukhulu kakhulu kwaye babalulekile. Ngokweemodeli, ukunyuka kwe-10% kumdlalo wevidiyo kunxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kwe-2.5%, ukwehla kwe-1.7 kumabanga aphakathi, i-3.3% ukunyuka kweengxaki zokuziphatha okunzulu, ukunyuka kwe-5.9% kwiingxaki zokuziphatha ezinolunya kunye nokunyuka kwe-5.8% iingxaki zokuziphatha ezifihlakeleyo. Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo wawungekho, nangona kunjalo, unxulunyaniswa nexesha lokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwesiselo esinxilisayo.

Ithebula 2. 

Uxinzelelo, impumelelo kwizifundo, ukusela i-episodic enobunzima kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha (i-CP) irekhodwe kwixabiso lokudlala kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo kusetyenziswa imodeli yempazamo yokuqala

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Inqanaba lokufumana iziyobisi kwimidlalo yangoku kuthelekiswa nezifundo zangaphambili kusetyenziswa isixhobo somlinganiso ofanayo. Amanqaku okuvavanywa kwisampulu yethu (i-1.47 ngeloxesha i-1, kunye ne-1.37 ngeloxesha i-2) yayifana nento eyayixeliweyo kwiisampulu ezimbini zabadlali beqela elifikisayo eNetherlands (1.52 kunye 1.54) (I-Lemmens et al., 2009). Kwakufana noko bekuxeliwe kubemi abasebatsha eJamani (nditsho = 1.46) (UFestl, uScharkow kunye nenani, ngo-2013).

Uphononongo lwangoku lubonise ukuba umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo wawunxulunyaniswa nenqanaba eliphezulu loxinzelelo, impumelelo yokufunda, kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha. Oku kuhambelana nezinye izifundo ezininzi eziphandileyo ezinokubangela isiphumo esonakalisayo ngexesha lokufumana iingxaki kwimidlalo yevidiyo (Iintlanga et al., 2011; I-Lemmens et al., 2009; Mentzoni et al., 2011; Ream et al., 2011; URehbein et al., 2010; I-Skoric et al., 2009). Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi kwexesha elichithelwe umdlalo kunye neziphumo ezibi zazingaqondakali. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo azihambelani nezifundo zangaphambili (I-Anand, 2007; Iintlanga et al., 2004; IHoltz kunye neAppel, ngo-2011; Lemona et al., 2011; Ream et al., 2011), kodwa iziphumo zethu ziyaluxhasa uphando oluxhasa umbono okhulayo wokuba ukuzibandakanya okuqinisekileyo kwimidlalo yevidiyo akuhambelani neziphumo ezibi, kwaye abaphandi kufuneka bahlule phakathi kokuzibandakanya okukhulu kunye nemidlalo kunye nokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo (Brunborg et al., 2013; ICharlton kunye neDanforth, 2007; Desai et al., 2010; Ferguson et al., 2011, 2012; URehbein et al., 2010; I-Skoric et al., 2009; U-von Salisch et al., 2011).

Ngaphandle kokuqina kwesifundo esikhoyo, kukho izithintelo ezininzi ekufuneka zilungisiwe. Nangona isampulu yayinkulu xa ithelekiswa nezinye izifundo kule ndawo, kukho umtsalane obuphezulu phakathi kwe-t1 kunye ne-t2, kwaye isampulu ethathe inxaxheba kuwo omabini amaxesha amanqaku isenokungameli inani labantu abafikisayo baseNorway. Olunye ulungiso lwenziwe kulo mbandela ngokulinganisa idatha yesini, iminyaka kunye nokufezekiswa kwezifundo, kodwa ukhathalelo kufuneka luthathelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwiziphumo ezingaphaya kwesampula yokufunda. Okwesibini, ngelixa indlela yokuqala yokwahlula ithintela okushiyiweyo okungafaniyo okuvela ngenxa yeziphumo ezihlaselayo ngexesha, azilawuli ngenxa yexesha elinokwenzeka okwahlukileyo Izinto eziguqulweyo ezishiyiweyo. Ke ngoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba iziphumo eziqwalaselweyo azicacanga kwaye zikhethwe ziimpawu eziphakathi eziphakathi. Okwesithathu, yonke ingcaciso esetyenziswe kolu phononongo yayizixele ngokwakho kwaye ke iba sesichengeni sokuzixela ngokwakho. Okwesine, asizange sahlukanise phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo yevidiyo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba eminye imidlalo inokuba isondele kakhulu kwiziphumo ezingalunganga, ngelixa ezichaseneyo ziyinyani kwezinye iindidi zemidlalo. Ke ngoko uphando lwamva luza kuxhamla ekwahluleni phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo. Okwesihlanu, ngenxa yokuba isifundo sethu singenayo uyilo lovavanyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba singagqibeki malunga nokuhambelana kokukhangela. Ingangathi imeko yoxinzelelo ibangela iingxaki kwimidlalo yevidiyo kunokuchasene nayo. Ingayinto yokuba ubudlelwane buyaphindaphindana ngokuqala okulula, kwaye benze umoya ojonge ezantsi apho umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo ubangela uxinzelelo nolubangela umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo. Le ndlela yobudlelwane inokuba yinyani kwabo phakathi kokufezekiswa kwezifundo, iingxaki zokuziphatha kunye nomlutha wevidiyo.

Ngaphandle kokukhawulelwa ekufuneka kujongwane nako kuphando lwexesha elizayo, iimpembelelo zophando lwangoku kukuba kuqala uphando kule nkalo unokufumana inzuzo ngokuqhubeka ukwahlula phakathi kwexesha elichithwe kwimidlalo kunye nomlutha wevidiyo. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ulwalamano oluluqilima phakathi kokulutha kwezemidlalo kunye neziphumo ezibi, nokuba olu lwalamano alunamida. Oku kuneempembelelo kwizifundo ezizayo ezijolise ekusekeni unxibelelwano lwe-causal phakathi komlutha womdlalo wevidiyo kunye neziphumo ezibi. Isifundo sangoku sinegalelo ekuphumezeni iimfuno ezicetywayo zokusekwa kwe-causation kwizifundo zobhubhane (Intaba, i-1965), kodwa yabona IRothman, iGreenland kunye neLash (2008) Uvavanyo olunzulu lweenqobo zokugweba. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuxhomekeka nokuxhomekeka kokuzimela buqina buqinile, izinto esizifumeneyo ziyahambelana nezifundo zangaphambili, izinhlangano zikhona emva kolawulo lwezinto ezididayo (ukucaciswa), kubonakala ngathi kukho ulwalamano olulinganayo (umdalo webhayoloji), kwaye iziphumo zibubungqina obuvakalayo . Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukunqongophala kwezifundo ezinokuseta i-temporal oda yesizathu kunye nefuthe. Izifundo zexesha elide ziya kuba luncedo ekuboneni ezo zinto zinjalo zokuziphatha okubi. Kukho kwakhona ukunqongophala kwezifundo zovavanyo ekufuneka zenziwe ukwenzela ukuba kuphandwe ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi kwiindlela zokubangela. Okokugqibela, izifundo eziphanda ukuhambelana phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenwe kwizifundo zovavanyo oluzayo kunye nezifo ezikhoyo ziyafuneka.

Isishwankathelo, iziphumo ezivela kufundo lwangoku zibonise ukuba ikhoboka lomdlalo wevidiyo linxulunyaniswa nokudakumba, ukuncipha komfundi, kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha, kodwa akunxulunyaniswa nokusela kakhulu i-episodic. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lubonise ukuba ixesha elichithwe kwimidlalo linxulunyaniswa ngokungenankathalo kunye neziphumo ezifanayo. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zineziphumo zophando lwexesha elizayo olujolise ekumiselweni konxibelelwano lwe-causal phakathi komdlalo wevidiyo kunye neziiphumo ezingalunganga.

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