Ifowuni ubuninzi: Ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kokunyanzeliswa kwengqondo, ukuxilonga kwe-smartphone kunye neenkonzo zenethiwekhi zoluntu (2019)

1.1. Iinkcazo kunye nokuphononongwa koncwadi

Iinjongo zolu phononongo ziphindwe kathathu: ukujonga umohluko phakathi kweziyobisi ze-smartphone kunye nokulutha kwe-SNS; ukuqonda ifuthe lokuqonda komsebenzisi kubukhoboka (ukulinganiswa ngokufunxa kwengqondo ukuvavanya imeko yabasebenzisi yokuzibandakanya kunye nokuzibandakanya nesoftware kunye netekhnoloji); kunye nokuvavanya umohluko kubalo lwabantu be-smartphone kunye ne-SNS yokulutha kunye nokuqonda komsebenzisi. Eli candelo livavanya uncwadi lwasemva kwezi zihloko, kugxilwe kubuchwephesha betekhnoloji, ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki kwe-smartphone kunye nokufakwa kwengqondo.

1.2. Iziyobisi

I-Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary (1995: 273) ichaza ukuba umlutha njenge "... indlela efunyenweyo yokuziphatha eye yaphantse yabucala okanye ngokuzithandela," ngelixa Gale Encyclopedia yezonyango (1999) ithatha umlutha njenge "... ukuxhomekeka, ekuziphatheni okanye kwinto umntu angenamandla okuyeka." Ngokwesiko, ukulutha kwakujongwa njengokuhambelana nezinto kuphela (ezinje ngotywala neziyobisi), kodwa kamva lwandisiwe ukubandakanya Ukuziphatha okuyingxaki (kubandakanya ukulala ngesondo ngokugqithileyo kunye nokungcola kwe-pathological). Ngapha koko, abanye bathi nayiphi na into engalawulekiyo okanye engaphezulu kokuziphatha okanye isenzo kufuneka ithathwe njengesiyobisi (I-Peele, 1985).

Umbono woMbutho waseMelika woNyango lweeNgqondo Incwadana yemigaqo of Izifo Zengqondo (DSM), okwangoku kuhlelo lwesihlanu (DSM-V, 2013) iimeko zengqondo. Iiklinikhi zenze isigqibo malunga nobukho bokubakho kwesiyobisi setekhnoloji, nangona iDSM ngokwangoku ingayamkeli imeko, igcina endaweni yokuba ibonakalisa njengesiphumo sezinye iimeko zengqondo zangaphambili, ezinje njengokuncitshiswa. ukulawula umgudu (I-Yellowlees kunye neMarko, ngo-2007). Oku utshilo, nangona kunjalo, iziyobisi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zetekhnoloji zitsale ingqalelo ethile kuluhlu olubanzi lwezezifundo kangangexesha elithile, kwaye kuye kwakho iminxeba yokwamkelwa ngokusesikweni (Ibhlok, 2008).

Kwimeko ye iinkqubo zolwazi uqeqesho ICarillo, iScornavacca, kunye neZa, 2017 ikhankanya ukuba ukuxhomekeka kwengqondo (umlutha) ku ubuchwepheshe bolwazi kunye noqhagamshelwano ayifanele ingabhidaniswa ejolise kumanqaku ukuxhomekeka. Ngelixa la magama mabini enokunxulumana kwaye anokuchaphazela izigqibo zomntu ngamnye zokusebenzisa i-IT, ukuxhomekeka kugxilwe ekujongeni ukubanako komntu ukufikelela kwiinjongo zakhe kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwetekhnoloji ethile. Ikwajolisa ekujongeni ngakumbi iziphumo ezilungileyo Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji. Kwelinye icala, iziyobisi zithambekele ekujongeni kwinto embi ngakumbi Iziphumo zetekhnoloji Sebenzisa njengoko unxulumene imeko yengqondo Ukuxhomekeka gwenxa ekusetyenzisweni kwetekhnoloji ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba iimpawu zokuziphatha ezinyanzelekileyo. Eli phepha ligxila kule nkalo yesimo.

Umzimba okhulayo wophando ubonakalise ubukho beziyobisi ngeendlela ezininzi zetekhnoloji yeenkcukacha (IBarnes kunye nePressey, ngo-2014; UCarillo et al. 2017; I-Griffiths, i-2001; I-Lin, i-2004; UTurel, uSerenko, kunye neGiles, ngo-2011; UTurel kunye neSerenko, 2010). UTurel et al. (2011) Xela ukuba nenkxaso yobambiswano inikiwe kubukho bezinto eziziphetheyo, kubandakanywa itekhnoloji yokulutha, kunye namanqaku okufana phakathi kweziyobisi kunye nokuziphathaHelmuth, 2001). Isifundo esinye sisebenzisa ukucatshulwa kwemifanekiso yamagnetic kwimidlalo eku-intanethi efumanise ukuba ukubongoza / ukunqwenela iziyobisi kunye nokubawa iindlela ze-neurobiological (Ko et al. 2009). Yiyo loo nto UTurel et al. (2011, iphe. I-1045) igqiba ngelithi ", ke ngoko, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa ingqiqo, iimodeli kunye nethiyori ezivela kwindawo yeziyobisi iziyobisi ukuya kwicandelo elitsha leziyobisi".

Izifundo ezivavanya ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki yetekhnoloji zinomtya ocacayo; Umzekelo, uHadley Cantril noGordon W. Allport babuze ubume bendalo iinkqubo zerediyo kwisicatshulwa sabo I-Psychology yeRadiyo papashwa ngo 1935. Emva kwexesha ubufundi buqwalasele ukuxhomekeka kwetekhnoloji ethile njengokugqithisa ukubukela umabonwakude (Horvath, 2004; Mcllwraith, 1998), Ukudlala umdlalo wevidiyo ngokugqithileyo (Abagcini, 1990), 'iziyobisi ngekhompyutha' (I-Shotton, 1991), kunye nokulutha okunokwenzeka kwe-Intanethi (I-Brenner, i-1997; I-Griffiths, i-1996, 1997; Oselula, 1998), ngesihloko esilandelayo sitsala umdla obalulekileyo (IBozoglan, iDemirer, kunye neSahin, 2014; Iibhlorho kunye neFlorsheim, ngo-2008; ICharlton kunye neDanforth, 2007; Idemirer kunye neBozoglan, 2016; UKuss, van Rooij, Mfutshane, uGriffiths, kunye no van de Mheen, 2013; I-Lehenbauer-Baum et al. 2015; UMorahan-Martin kunye noSchumacher, 2000; Iiponti kunye neGriffiths, 2016; UTurel et al. 2011). Iseto ephantsi ye Umlutha we-Intanethi Uphando luye lwavavanya okhethekileyo imisebenzi ekwi-intanethi, kubandakanya umlutha kwi Iifandesi ze-intanethi (UTurel et al. 2011) kunye nehlabathi elibonakalayo (IBarnes kunye nePressey, ngo-2014). Ukongezwa kwendalo okukodwa kulo mgca wokubuza ozuze ingqalelo kujongwa kuyingxaki ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone.

1.3. Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-smartphone

Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zifundo zimele iinkalo zezifundo ezahlukeneyo kubandakanywa neenkqubo zolwazi, izifundo zekhompyuter, ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo kunye nesayikholoji, phakathi kwezinye. Bambalwa nje kuphela kwizifundo, nangona kunjalo, abaye bahlolisisa izizathu, izizathu ngabaqhubi, okanye abasebenzisiIBian kunye neLeung, 2014; IBianchi kunye nePhillips, ngo-2005; Ehrenberg et al. 2008; UJeong noLee, 2015; I-Pearson kunye neHussain, 2015; UTakao et al. 2009; van Deursen et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2014). Kolu xwebhu lungamaphepha, iimbono zabasebenzisi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kunye nokulutha kujongwa ngokwembono yabaqhubi beempawu (umz. Ukuzithemba okuphantsi, neuroticismuguquko) (IBianchi kunye nePhillips, ngo-2005; Ehrenberg et al. 2008; I-Pearson kunye neHussain, 2015; UTakao et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2014), izinto ezinempembelelo (umzekelo, inani labahlobo, impumelelo kwizifundo, kunye nenani lokufunda) (UJeong noLee, 2015), inkqubo kunye nokuqhelanisa noluntu (umz. iintlobo zokusebenzisa i-smartphone, ngqondweni, Uxinzelelo lwasentlalweni, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwakho (van Deursen et al. 2015), kunye nezifundo ze-hybrid (umz. Uvavanyo lophando Iimpawu zobuntu neepatheni zokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone) (IBian kunye neLeung, 2014).

Iziphumo zokuqonda komsebenzisi kunye nekhonkco kwikhoboka le-smartphone yindawo efanelekileyo yokubuza njengoko inxulumene nendlela abasebenzisi abazibandakanya ngayo netekhnoloji kwaye banokuntywila ngokunzulu kuyo - ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kwingxaki. Ukuqonda ukuqonda okanye iinkolelo zomsebenzisi kubalulekile njengoko zinefuthe kwindlela yokuziphatha yomsebenzisi, kwaye uncede ukucacisa indlela abasebenzisi bangena ngayo kwitekhnoloji. Ngapha koko, ukuqonda ukuba yintoni ekhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuba izibuko iinkolelo ezithile zisinceda ukuba siqonde isizathu sokuba babambe ezo nkolelo; ngelixa uphando lwangaphambi kokulutha ngomnxeba kwifowuni lujolise kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni nakwizimo zengqondo, ukujonga okuncinci kubekwe ekwakheni inkolelo. Lo ngumba esijika kuwo ngoku, ngakumbi ngokungenisa umxholo wokufakwa emzimbeni kwengqondo.

1.4. Ukufunxwa kwengqondo

Ngelixa inani lethiyori linceda ukukhanyisela ukwamkelwa komsebenzisi kunye nokwamkelwa kweetekhnoloji zolwazi-kubandakanya ukuphakanyiswa kwezinto ezintsha ithiyori, ithiyori yokuziphatha okucwangcisiweyo, ithiyori ye isenzo esivakalayo, kwaye i imodeli yokwamkela itekhnoloji (TAM) (I-Ajzen, 1985, 1991; I-Brancheau kunye neWetherbe, ngo-1990; UDavis, 1989; Intlanzi kunye neAjzen, 1975; Rogers, 1995) - banamandla amiselweyo ekuchazeni njani iinkolelo ezingqonge itekhnoloji yeenkcukacha ziyilelwe (I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna, 2000). I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna (2000) wazise umxholo wokufakwa emzimbeni kwengqondo (CA) ukunceda ukoyisa ukusilela okuqinisekileyo kwengqondo. I-CA yabelana ngengcambu yenyani kunye nezinye ze-IT eziphambili ukwamkelwa komsebenzisi Ithiyori kubandakanywa i-TAM ngokugxininisa ukusebenzisa njengomqhubi ongumqobo weenkolelo zomsebenzisi, nalapho indlela yokuziphatha ishukunyiswa "I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna, 2000, iphe. 666).

I-CA ikwanaso isibonelelo sokuba usekwe kwi-Corpus enkulu yokufunda kulwazi lokuqonda kunye isayikholojisti yentlalo Uncwadi, apho i-CA ityhila isiseko sayo ithiyori ukusuka kumacala amathathu oncwadi ahambelana nalo: ubuntu bomlinganiswa wokufakwa emzimbeniI-Tellegen kunye neAtkinson, ngo-1974; I-Tellegen, i-1981, 1982), imeko yokuhamba (I-Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; I-Trevino kunye neWebster, 1992), kunye nengcinga ye ukubandakanyeka kwengqondo (IWebster kunye neHackley, 1997; IWebster kunye neHo, 1997).

Icaciswe njenge "… imeko yokuzibandakanya okukhulu nesoftware" (I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna, 2000, iphe. 673), ukufunxwa kwengqondo kunokusebenza njengeyona nto inamandla inika inkolelo enxulumene ne-IT, apho amava abandakanyekayo kwaye abangela amava abangela abasebenzisi 'ukujonga nzulu' kunye nokuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuzibandakanya nomsebenzi (I-Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; UDeci noRyan, ngo-1985; I-Tellegen kunye neAtkinson, ngo-1974; IVallerand, 1997).

I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna (2000) Icetywayo ye-CA njengeyona nto inamandla yokuqhubela phambili kwiinkolelo ezinxulumene ne-IT, apho amava abandakanyeka kakhulu kwaye ebangela umdla 'uhoyo olunzulu'. CA iqhutywa yi ngaphakathi ukukhuthaza (okt ukonwaba, ukoneliseka kunye nokonwaba ngenxa yamava) ngokuchasene extrinsic inkuthazo (okt ukulindelwa komvuzo onxulumene nokuziphatha okuthile). Njengoko "... isiphelo ngokwabo" (I-Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), iinkuthazo ezinomdla zinkulu amandla okuchaza kwiinjongo zokusebenzisa kune abashukumisayo (UDavis, uBagozzi, kunye noWarshaw, ngo-1992). Ukuthimba oqondayo i Ulwaziso oluninzi kwimilinganiselo emihlanu:

i.

Ukuzahlula okwethutyana ("ukungabinakho ukubhalisa ukuhamba kwexesha ngelixa kudityanisiwe");

ii.

Ukuntywiliselwa ekugxilwe ("amava othethathethwano olupheleleyo apho ezinye iimfuno zenzelwa ingqalelo, ngokuyintloko, zingahoywa");

iii.

Ukonwabele ukonwaba ("izinto ezonwabisayo zentsebenzo");

iv.

Ulawulo (“imbono yomsebenzisi yokuba ngumphathi wentsebenzo”); kwaye

v.

Inqwenela (“Ubungakanani bamava avusa umdla womntu wokuziva kunye nokuqonda”).

Singalindela ukuba abantu abaneenqanaba eziphezulu zeengxaki ze-smartphone kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkonzo ye-SNS, okanye umlutha, bazokufumana amanqanaba aphezulu e-CA, njengoko oku kunika inkcazo ngemeko enzulu yokuzibandakanya, ukuzibandakanya kunye nokuhoywa okunokuthi kuhlangatyezwe ngabantu abathile xa bencokola. Indawo ezinxibelelana nekhompyuter, ezinokukhuthaza indlela yokuziphatha eyingxaki phakathi kwabasebenzisi abathile. Ke, abasebenzisi abangamakhoboka banokufumana uhlobo oluthile ukuphambuka kwengqondo.

Bukhona ubungqina bokuxhasa eli bango. Ubudlelwane phakathi kweziyobisi kunye nokugqwetha okubonakalayo kunokubangela amanqanaba aphezulu e-CA, ngakumbi ukuba likhoboka elinokuvelisa a isiphumo sokudibanisa okukhokelela ekubeni abasebenzisi babone iiwebhusayithi ngokuqinisekileyo kunabasebenzisi abangaxhaswanga (IBarnes kunye nePressey, ngo-2017; UTurel et al. 2011). Iziphumo zomlutha utshintsho Iinkqubo ezibonakalayo kunye nokomelezwa kwamava athile. Ngenxa yoko, abasebenzisi ababonakalisa amanqanaba aphezulu okulutha babambe izimvo ezilungileyo zenkqubo (nokuba ezo zingcinga azinangqondo), oko kukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okufakwa kwinkqubo. Umzekelo, UTurel et al. (2011) Fumana ubungqina bokuba abasebenzisi abanomlutha wentengiso ye-intanethi baxela amanqanaba aphezulu okuqonda ukuba aluncedo, nokonwaba kunye nokusebenziseka lula kwendawo yentengiso, ngelixa I-Barnes ne-Pressey (2017) Xela ukuba ubugqwetha kumhlaba obonakalayo unefuthe elihle ekufunyanweni kwengqondo.

Lilonke, ukuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-CA kunye nesiyobisi kusinika amandla okuqonda kwiindlela ezinokuthi zibonakalise indlela yokuziphatha malunga netekhnoloji kwaye yintoni eqhubela abantu ukuba babambe iinkolelo ezithile malunga ne-IT, kwaye "isebenza njengeyona nto iphambili ekukholekeni kweenkolelo ezisisiseko malunga netekhnoloji yolwazi ”((I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna, 2000, iphe. 666). Oku kungabonakala kuxabisekile kwaye kunika ixesha ubonelelo lobuchwephesha be-smartphone kunye neengxelo zokusetyenziswa kwengxaki, kwaye kungasinceda ukuba siqonde ukuba kutheni amava abasebenzisi imeko enzulu yokuzibandakanya kunye netekhnoloji ethile kunabanye. Kwicandelo elilandelayo sikhankanya ii-hypotheses zethu ezinxulumene nokulutha kwitekhnoloji ye-smartphone.

2.1. Iziyobisi zeSmart ngokuchasene nomlutha weSNS

Uninzi lwezifundo ezivavanya ingxaki Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji gxila kwizixhobo okanye kwisixhobo ngokwaso (unomathotholo, umabonwakude, ikhompyuter, iselfowuni), endaweni yomxholo itekhnoloji ebonelela ngayo (inkqubo ethile, isoftware, iwebhusayithi, okanye usetyenziso). Njengoko URobert kunye nePirog (2012: 308) Qaphela: "Uphando kufuneka lubi phantsi kwetekhnoloji esetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezitsala umsebenzisi kubuchwephesha obuthile." Kukho impikiswano ekhoyo kuncwadi malunga nokuba likhoboka lemfonomfono okanye iinkonzo ezibonelelwe kulo; njenge I-Pearson kunye no-Hussain (2015, iphe. I-19) iqaphele: "Ngezicelo ezininzi zokulutha ezikhoyo kwi-smartphone, kunzima ukuqonda into imbangela nefuthe ubudlelwane bokusetyenziswa kwengxaki. Iifowuni ezineefowuni ezininzi Ukusebenza isenokuba ngumlutha okanye inokuba abasebenzisi bayo balikhoboka lemidiya ethile. "Ngaphezulu, inokuba yinto eyenzekileyo, apho umsebenzisi alikhoboka labo bobabini be-smartphone kunye nee-SNS.

As UDe-Sola Gutiérrez et al. (2016: 2) Qaphela: "Kukho ubungqina bokuba i-smartphone, ngobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, ithanda ukubaphatha gadalala kakhulu kunefowuni eqhelekileyo" (jonga kwakhona Taneja, 2014). Nangona kunjalo, ngaba yimeko yokulutha kwesixhobo (umzekelo i-smartphone) okanye umlutha wesiqulatho kunye nokusetyenziswa? Lo mgca wokubuza uphela kwiingxoxo zangaphambili malunga nokulutha kwi-Intanethi apho wamkelwe ukuba "kukho umahluko osisiseko phakathi kweziyobisi. ukuba kwi-Intanethi kunye neziyobisi on i-intanethi" (I-Griffiths, i-2012, iphe. 519). Njengoko Griffiths (2000) Xoxa, imisebenzi ekwi-intanethi ziya kwahluka kubume bazo bokwenza indawo yokuhlala (jonga kwakhona Oselula, 1999).

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona kunjalo, akukho sifundo sahluleyo phakathi kwesiyobisi kwi-smartphone okanye umlutha kwizinto abanokuzisebenzisa abasebenzisi okanye badibanise ezi ndlela zimbini, ngaphandle kokubhekiswa kuphando lwangaphambili. UDe-Sola Gutiérrez et al. (2016: 1) khankanya: "Uphando kule ndawo luvele ngokuvela kwimbonakalo yeeselfowuni njengesixhobo sohlalutyo lwayo kusetyenziswa izixhobo kunye nemixholo." Eyona nto iphambili kule ngxoxo- kunye nentsholongwane kwisifundo esikhoyo- kukuba ingxaki yi-smartphone okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nemxholo (UDe-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016).

URobert et al. (2014) Iyalela ukuba ngenxa yokwanda kwezinto ezinokwenziwa kwiiselfowuni, kubalulekile ukuba siqonde ukuba yeyiphi na imisebenzi enokuthi ibe yimikhwa yokwakha kunezinye. Ngaphambi kokwenza uphando olunjalo kungabonakala kuyinto efanelekileyo ukuqala ukuba uza kubona umahluko okhoyo kwi-smartphone kunye nesiyobisi izicelo ezingundoqo (njenge SNS). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS kubonakalisiwe ukuba kukuqikelela okunamandla kwesiyobisi se-smartphone, kwaye yomelele kunezinye izinto ezithandwayo ze-smartphone ezinjengokudlala (UJeong et al. 2016), kwaye sisisiseko sokufakwa kwayo kwisifundo sangoku. Ngaba imeko yokukhobokisa kwinkalo enye ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone, i-SNS, okanye ngaba likwimeko enjalo yokulutha ngokubanzi okanye kwihlabathi jikelele? Sigcina lo mkhwa kwesi sixhobo ngokuthe kratya kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi kunokuba ulikhoboka le-SNS ngakumbi; ke akukho sicelo esinye esinokuba ngumlutha ngakumbi kunesixhobo esikuyo iyonke. Ngenxa yoko siphakamisa oku kulandelayo:

2.2. Impembelelo yokufunxwa kwengqondo kwi-smartphone kunye nokulutha kwe-SNS

Ngoku sijonga ifuthe lokuchaphazeleka kwengqondo kumlutha we-SNS kunye nee-smartphones ngokwahlukeneyo. Olona khetho lubalulekileyo losetyenziso kwii-smartphones luchazwa ngokubanzi njenge-SNS, oluqhutywa lunxibelelwano loluntu abalubonayo (IBarkhuus kunye nePolichar, ngo-2011; I-Pearson kunye neHussain, 2015; I-Salehan kunye neNegbanban, ngo-2013), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS kuxelwa njengesixhobo sokuchasa isigxina se-smartphone (I-Salehan kunye neNegbanban, ngo-2013). Kweli nqanaba lokugqibela, inkcazo enye yobudlelwane phakathi kokufumaneka kwe-SNS kunye nokusetyenziswa kunye nokwamkelwa kwe-smartphone kunye nokulutha kuya kuba kwinqanaba lokufunxa kwengqondo okufunyanwa ngabasebenzisi kunye namava abandakanyekayo kwaye anomdla abangela ukuba abasebenzisi 'bajonge nzulu' kunye nokuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo (I-Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; UDeci noRyan, ngo-1985; I-Tellegen kunye neAtkinson, ngo-1974; IVallerand, 1997), ngakumbi njengoko i-SNS isanda kwaye ikhula ekutsaleni. Yiyo loo nto ke sibonisa ukuba ukufunxwa kwengqondo kuya kuba kukhulu kwi-SNS kunee-smartphones, njengesinye seziphumo eziphezulu zokuthathwa kwengqondo kukungakwazi ukuzibamba kwiindlela ezinokuba yingozi okanye zokonakalisa, ngakumbi ezo ziqhutywa kukuthandwa kwe-SNS.

2.3. Izinto ezibonakalayo kunye nokulutha kwe-smartphone

Abantu abancinci kunye nabasetyhini banokuba semngciphekweni wokufumana i-smartphone, ngelixa ubungqina malunga nefuthe lemfundo lixubekile. Ekuqaleni, abantu basetyhini bathanda ukuchitha ixesha elininzi lemihla ngemihla kwiifowuni zabo kunamadoda (URoberts et al., 2014), kwaye kukho ubungqina obucacisayo bokuba abantu basetyhini banamava okuxhomekeka kweselfowuni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki kunamadoda (UBeranuy et al. 2009; I-Geser, 2006; IHakoama kunye neHakoyama, 2011; UJackson et al. 2008; UJenaro, uFlores, uGomez-Vela, uGonzalez-Gil, kunye noCaballo, 2007; I-Leung, i-2008; ILopez-Fernandez, Honrubia-Serrano, kunye neFrexaxa-Blanxart, 2012; ISanchez Martinez kunye ne-Otero, ngo-2009). Abasetyhini (ngakumbi abo abazithembi kakhulu) bathathwa njengabona bantu iqela elisengozini malunga nokulutha kwe-smartphone (UPedrero et al. 2012), kwaye inokuxhomekeka ngakumbi kwii-smartphones kunabesilisa ukwenzela ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwentlalo (U-Lee et al. 2014). Ubungqina bucebisa ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo bathumela imiyalezo engaphezulu koogxa babo abangamadoda kwaye bathambekele ekwenzeni izicatshulwa ezinde kunamadoda (IPawłowska kunye nePotembska, 2012). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo zifumene kancinane okanye akukho nantlukwano kuxhomekeko lweselfowuni ngokwesini (IBianchi kunye nePhillips, ngo-2005; UJunco, uMerson, kunye noSalter, ngo-2010; I-Pearson kunye neHussain, 2015).

Kukho ubungqina bokuba abantu ababhinqileyo kunye nabasetyhini basebenzisa iifowuni zabo ngendlela eyahlukileyo nehlukeneyo. IGeser (2006, iphe. I-3) iqinisekisa ukuba "iintshukumisa kunye neenjongo zesibuko sokusebenzisa ifowuni kunokuba sisiqhelo iindima zesini. ”Ngelixa abantu ababhinqileyo bathanda ukutsala ngokweemvakalelo nangobuqu ezivumelekileyo ngeefowuni, yiyo loo nto bexabisa ukusebenza kwentlalo yesixhobo ngaphezulu kwendoda. izingosi zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo (njenge-Facebook) (IBianchi kunye nePhillips, ngo-2005; UDe-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016; I-Geser, 2006; ILenhart, iPurcell, iSmith, kunye neZickuhr, 2010) -Amadoda atyekele ekuxabiseni iisayithi zonxibelelwano (njenge-LinkedIn) (U-Lenhart et al. 2010). Ngapha koko, kufundo lwabo lwe abafundi beekholeji e-US, URobert et al. (2014) ifumene ukuba abasetyhini bachitha ixesha elininzi kwi Facebook ngaphezu koogxa babo abangamadoda, kwaye iindawo ezithile zonxibelelwano bezingabaqhubi ababalulekileyo bokulutha ngefowuni. Yiyo loo nto sinokuphikisa ukuba izizathu zentlalo zezona ziqhuba phambili ekusebenziseni kwabasetyhini ii-smartphones.

Abantu abancinci, ngakumbi abakwishumi elivisayo, bathambekele ekusebenziseni ngokunyanzeliswa kweefowuni, ngelixa lonke ixesha elichithwa kwiifowuni eziphathwayo liyancipha ngobudala (UDe-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016), enikwe amandla ancitshisiweyo Ukuzibamba (IBianchi kunye nePhillips, ngo-2005). Uphando lukhombe kwiminyaka yokuba umntu aqale afumane iselfowuni kunye nokonyuka kokusetyenziswa kwengxaki kwixa elizayo (ISahin, i-Ozdemir, i-Unsal, kunye neTemiz, 2013).

Ubungqina ngokubhekisele kubudlelwane phakathi ukufikelela kwimfundo kunye nengxaki yokusetyenziswa kweeselfowuni ngokulinganayo. Ngelixa ezinye izifundo zikhomba unxibelelwano phakathi kwengxaki yokusetyenziswa kweeselfowuni kunye nenqanaba lemfundo (ngakumbi phakathi kokuthatha ixesha elide lokufunda) (ITavakolizadeh, Atarodi, Ahmadpour, kunye nePourgheisar, 2014), abanye bayayiphikisa le (I-Billieux, 2012), kwaye uxele ikhonkco phakathi eliphantsi amanqanaba emfundo kunye nengxaki yokusetyenziswa kweeselfowuni (I-Leung, i-2007). Kungoko iinkcazo ezenziweyo malunga nonxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kweselfowuni okunengxaki nokufezekiswa kwemfundo azange zinyanzelise ikakhulu.

Senza okulandelayo:

2.4. Impembelelo yokufunxwa kwengqondo kwi-smartphone

Kuba i-SNS inokuthathwa njengento ephantsi kokusebenza kunye neenkonzo ezibonelelweyo kwii-smartphones, kunye neyona nto iphambili yexesha elichithwe kweso sixhobo, ifuthe lokuchaphazeleka ekufumaneni isiyobisi kwifowuni ngeseti kufuneka (ngokuchanekileyo) ukuba lithunyelwe ngumlutha we-SNS. Ngamanye amagama, umlutha kwi-SNS (njenge-Facebook, Instagram, Twilley, njl. njl. njl. njl Ukusebenza kwengqondo ukumuncwa.

Kukho inkxaso kolu lwalamano kwiincwadi ezinxulumene noko. Njengoko sekutshiwo ngaphambili, eyona ndlela ithandwayo yeyokukhetha i-smartphone yi-SNS (IBarkhuus kunye nePolichar, ngo-2011; I-Pearson kunye neHussain, 2015; I-Salehan kunye neNegbanban, ngo-2013), kunye neengqinisiso zobungqina kubudlelwane obulungileyo phakathi kweziyobisi zefowni kunye ne-SNS. Ke ngoko, ukunyuka okukhawulezileyo nokwamkelwa kwe-smartphone kunye nokusetyenziswa kuyahambelana nokubaluleka ukwanda ye-SNS, apho i-SNS isebenzisa i-smartphone ikhobokaI-Salehan kunye neNegbanban, ngo-2013). Ke ngoko, ukuba kukhulu ukudonsa kwe-SNS, kokukhona likhulu inqanaba lilonke lokulutha kwesixhobo. Ngenxa yokuba sinokulindela impembelelo ngqo yokuthathwa kwengqondo kumlutha kuya kuba mkhulu kwi-SNS kunee-smartphones, njengoko besikhe sachaza ngaphambili ukuba singalindela ukuba umlutha kwi-SNS ulungelelanise ubudlelwane phakathi kokugxothwa kunye nokulutha kwe-smartphone. Ke ngoko, sishiya:

2.5. Impembelelo yokufakwa emzimbeni wengqondo ngesini, iminyaka kunye nemfundo

Bukhona ubungqina obucacisa ukuba abalingani abohlukeneyo bayabona kwaye bayachonga ngetekhnoloji ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Abasetyhini kucingelwa ukuba bagxininisa ekusetyenzisweni kwabantu-okujolise ekusetyenzisweni nasekuqhubekeni koluntu, ngelixa amadoda ethathwa njengowenza umsebenzi othile (UClaisse kunye noRowe, ngo-1987). Ifanelekile kuphando lwangoku, umehluko uxeliwe phakathi kwabasebenzisi abesilisa nabasetyhini imikhwa yengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-smartphone. U-Lee et al. (2014) wafumanisa ukuba iimpawu ezintathu zengqondo (imfuno yokuchukumisa, indawo yokulawula, yaye intlalontle ixhala) yahlukile phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-smartphone abesilisa nabasetyhini.

Njengoko sekutshiwo ngaphambili, xa kuthelekiswa neyamadoda, abantu basetyhini bathanda ukutshintsha kweemvakalelo kunye nezobuqu ezivunyelwe ziifowuni, yiyo loo nto ukuxabisa ukusebenza kwesixhobo, ngakumbi indawo zonxibelelwano zentlalo (IBianchi kunye nePhillips, ngo-2005; UDe-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016; I-Geser, 2006; U-Lenhart et al. 2010). Ngaphaya koko, abantu basetyhini bathanda ukusebenzisa ii-smartphones ngezizathu zesidlangalala, ngelixa amadoda ethanda iinjongo ze-arhente (U-Lenhart et al. 2010). Ke, ngaba amanenekazi anokufumana imeko enzulu yokufakwa (okanye yokufakwa emzimbeni) kunye ne-SNS kunamadoda?

Nakuba I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna's (2000) Uphononongo lokufunxwa kwengqondo okufunyenwe kwi-Intanethi akufumananga mahluko ngokwesini, isifundo sabo senziwa kwilizwe langaphambi kwe-SNS. Ukuba, njengoko kucingelwe ngaphambili, abasebenzisi ababhinqileyo bazakufumana amanqanaba aphezulu okulutha kwe-SNS kunamadoda ngenxa yokumiselwa kwawo ngenxa yotshintshiselwano lobuqu kunye nolweemvakalelo oluvunyelwa zii-smartphones kunye nokusebenza kwazo kwintlalo, ke sinokuthi emva kokuba abasebenzisi basetyhini babe namava amanqanaba amakhulu okuqonda abasebenzisi besilisa.

Ngokumalunga nobudala nemfundo, akukho bungqina bucebisayo bokuba loo nto inenxaxheba kwimigangatho yokufumana ulwazi ngokuqonda okwenzeka kubasebenzisi. Siya kulindela ke ukuba kungabikho mahluko ungafaniyo nokubakho ngenxa yobudala okanye ukufikelela kwimfundo.

Njengokuba kunikwe apha ngasentla, siyaqonda:

2.6. Ukuthimba oqondayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Uthotho lwethu lokugqibela lwee-hypotheses zinxulumene nomsebenzisi we-smartphone kunye nokulutha kwe-SNS kunye nenqanaba lokufumana ulwazi. Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, singalindela ukuba abasebenzisi abanengxaki ephezulu ye-smartphone kunye nosetyenziso lwenkonzo ye-SNS, okanye umlutha, baya kubonisa amanqanaba aphezulu e-CA. Oku kuchaza ukuba kutheni abanye amava abasebenzisi Imeko enzulu yokuzibandakanya, ukuzibandakanya kunye nokunikwa ingqalelo xa unxibelelana neemeko zangaphakathi zekhompyuter ngelixa abanye abasebenzisi bengazi. Kungoko inqanaba eliphezulu le-CA liqhuba umlutha kunye nokukhuthaza Ukuziphatha okuyingxaki phakathi kwabasebenzisi, kwaye basebenze njengohlobo lwe ukuphambuka kwengqondo. Ke ngoko, sishiya:

3.1. Uyilo lophando

The uyilo lophando ukwamkelwa kubandakanya isampulu yecandelo elinye lokuvumisa usebenzisa a ingxelo uhlolo. Uphononongo lusebenzisa esikalini kusenzelwa uphando lwangaphambili ukulinganisa izongezelelo kuphando, nangona ezi zathi zalungiswa kwaye zandiswa ukuze imeko yokufunda - izicelo zenethiwekhi yoluntu kunye smartphones. Umlinganiselo we ukumiselwa kwengqondo yatshintshwa ukusuka I-Agarwal kunye neKarahanna (2000) kunye nezinto ezihlanu: ukwahlula okwethutyana ("Ukungabinakho ukubhalisa ukuhamba kwexesha ngelixa ubambisene"), ukuntywila ngokujolisa ("Amava othethathethwano olupheleleyo apho ezinye iimfuno zenzelwa ingqalelo, ngokuyintloko, zingahoywa"), ukonwaba okwandisiweyo ("Izinto ezonwabisayo zentsebenzo"), ulawulo ("Imbono yomsebenzisi yokuba ngumphathi wentsebenzo"), kunye ukwazi (“Ubungakanani bamava avusa umdla womntu wokuziva kunye nokuqonda”). Amagama emibuzo yokuqonda okujolise kwimisebenzi egxile ekusebenziseni inethiwekhi yokuncokola usetyenziso kwi-smartphone yam ”. Imigaqo ye iziyobisi kwi-smartphone kwaye ulikhoboka leenkonzo zenethiwekhi zitshintshwe ukusuka UCharlton noDanforth (2007). Umlinganiso ngamnye wayefana nomxholo kodwa wahlukile ngokwemixholo egxile ku- "i-smartphone yam" okanye "iiwebhusayithi zokusebenza zenethiwekhi". Izinto ezintlanu zabandakanywa ukusuka UCharlton noDanforth (2007), ndongezwe ngezinye izinto ezimbini ukuze zilungele imeko yesi sifundo "Ndiziva ndilahlekile ngaphandle [kweewebhusayithi zokunxibelelana / ii-smartphone zam]" kunye "Ndiphazamiseka ngokulula [ziiwebhusayithi zonxibelelwano / i-smartphone yam]." Bonke bayakha izinto zilinganiswe kumanqaku asixhenxe Isikali esikhethiweyo ukusuka kwi-1 = Ukuchasana ngokungqongqo ukuya kwi-7 = Ngovumelwano oluqine, apho i-4 = ayivumi okanye ayivumi. Izinto ezikalini ezisetyenziswe kuvavanyo zinikezelwe kwi isihlomelo. Ulwazi ngokwendawo kunye nolwazi lwasemva kuqokelelwe kwisini, iminyaka, eyona nqanaba liphezulu impumelelo kwezemfundo, Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS kwemihla ngemihla, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone mihla le.

3.2. Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha kunye nohlalutyo

Olu phando lwalusenziwa kwi-Intanethi kusetyenziswa iQualtrics, lwaza lwasasazwa kubafundi abafundayo ishishini kwidyunivesithi yaseMedi-Atlantic kwingingqi ye-United States ngoFebruwari 2015. Inani leempendulo ezifanelekileyo ze-140 zaqokelelwa. Isampulu yayiyi-68.6% yabasetyhini kunye ne-31.4% eyindoda. Iyonke i-75% yesampulu yayiyiminyaka ye-34 ubudala okanye ngaphantsi, ngelixa i-42.9% yayine isidanga sebhatshela kunye ne-13.6% a Isidanga semasters.

Sivavanye ukuthembeka kwamanyathelo kusetyenziswa iCronbach's Alpha; Isikali sokulutha kwi-smartphone kunye nokulutha kwii -apps zenethiwekhi yokunxibelelana yayineAlfas yeCronbach ye0.835 kunye ne0.890 ngokwahlukeneyo, ngaphezulu komqobo we-0.7 ocetyiswe Ngokobuncinci (2010). IAlpha yeCronbach yemilinganiselo yokufunxa kwengqondo yayiyi-0.909, ngelixa ezo zinto zingaphantsi kwayo zazisusela kwi-0.722 ukuya kwi-0.949, zonke zithathwa njengezamkelekileyo. Ubunyani bocalucalulo kwavavanywa ngokwamahluko wokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukuphonononga i-Variance inflation Factor (VIF) kwiinguqu ezilinganisiweyo kwisifundo sethu, sifumanisa ukuba onke amaxabiso eVIF angaphantsi kwe10, ukusuka kwi1.032 ukuya kwi1.404, ebonisa ukuba i-multicollinearity ayiyona ngxaki (Izinwele, Mnyama, Babin, kunye noAnderson, 2014). Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokukhetha ziye zavavanywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo olunye lukaHarman. Into yokuqala ichaze kuphela i-35% yomahluko wesampulu kwaye ngenxa yoko indlela eqhelekileyo ibonakale ingabikho.

Ukwenzela ukuvavanya amanqanaba okulutha i-ANOVA esetyenziselwa uvavanyo H7 kwaye H8, sidale amaqela amathathu okulutha ngokusebenzisa indlela efanayo UMorahan-Martin kunye no-Schumacher (2000). Amaqela ethu okulutha avavanywa ngokwenani leempawu "ezisebenzayo" kwinqanaba lesiyobisi sezinto ezisixhenxe. Ukuze uphawu lusebenze ", ukusebenza kwenqanaba leLikert kufuneka kungaphezulu kweqondo eliphakathi, 4 (ICharlton kunye neDanforth, 2007; UMorahan-Martin kunye noSchumacher, 2000). Amaqela amathathu otywala: akukho mlutha (akukho zimpawu), umlutha ophantsi (uphawu olunye okanye ezimbini) kunye nokulutha kakhulu (iimpawu ezintathu okanye nangaphezulu).

Uninzi lwa uhlalutyo lwamanani yaqhutywa kwi-SPSS 22. Uhanahaniso inkqubo yovavanyo Usebenzise inani leenkqubo zeenkcukacha-manani: uvavanyo lwe-t, uvavanyo lweyantlukwano (ANOVA), irejista novavanyo lweSobel ngokubalwa kusetyenziswa indlela UBaron noKenny (1986).

4.1. Iziyobisi zeSmart ngokuchasene nomlutha weSNS

4.2. Impembelelo yokufunxwa kwengqondo kubugqirha

Ukuvavanya ukuba umahluko kwimilinganiselo ye-beta ibalulekile kusini na kusetyenziswa uvavanyo I-Paternoster, iBrame, iMazerolle, kunye nePiquero (1998) kunye nale fomyula ilandelayo:

Isiphumo yi-Z = 1.766, ebaluleke kwinqanaba le-5%, eqinisekisa ukuba i-CA inayo ngaphezulu impembelelo ebalulekileyo likhoboka le-SNS kunakwi-smartphone. Ke, H2 -Impembelelo ethe ngqo yokufunxwa kwengqondo kumlutha uya kuba mkhulu kwi-SNS kunee-smartphones - iyaxhaswa.

4.3. Izinto ezibonisa ubuntu kunye neziyobisi

Sijika ngoku kwiimpawu zedemographic yeziyobisi ze-smartphone. Ukuvavanya umohluko ngokwesini, imfundo kunye nobudala, sisebenzisa i-ANOVA ukujonga umohluko phakathi kwamaqela kwisishwankathelo somlutha eziguquguqukayo kuzo zombini ii-smartphones kunye ne-SNS. Ukuvavanya umlutha ngokweqela leminyaka bekuyimfuneko ukubuyisela kwakhona amaqela amadala kwiqela elinye iminyaka engama-35 + ngenxa yedatha engonelanga. Sasinamaqela amathathu ubudala: iminyaka eyi-18-24, iminyaka engama-25-34 kunye neminyaka engama-35 +. Ngokufanayo, ukufikelela kwimfundo yafakwa ngokutsha yangamaqela amathathu ngenxa yedatha engonelanga: Isikolo esiphakamileyo Umphumelele okanye ngezantsi, isidanga sebhatshela okanye Ukulingana, kwaye Isidanga semasters okanye Ukulingana.

Uvavanyo lwe-ANOVA lokulutha inkonzo ye-SNS alubonakalisi mahluko obonakalayo ngokobudala (F = 1.368; p = .258), isini (F = 0.327, p = .568) okanye ukufikelela kwimfundo (F = 1.488, p = .229). Ke, H3 -Ienkonzo zothobelo lwe-SNS ziya kwahluka: (a) ngesini; (b) ubudala; kunye (c) nemfundo-iyaliwe.

Ngokweziyobisi ze-smartphone kunye Iimpawu zokuphila kwabantuUvavanyo lwe-ANOVA lufumana umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwamaqela ekufezekisweni kwemfundo (F = 3.098, p = .048). Uvavanyo lwe-post-hoc kusetyenziswa inkqubo yeBonferroni yafumanisa ukuba elona qela liphantsi lemfundo, iSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo okanye ezantsi, lalinomlutha ophakamileyo kakhulu kuneBachelor's Degree okanye Equivalent (umahluko = 4.093, M_{Isikolo samabanga aphezulu} = 27.462, M_Bachelors = 23.333, p = .042). Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo utyhiliweyo ngokwesini (F = 0.102, p = .750) okanye ubudala (F = 1.008, p = .368). Ngenxa yoko, H4 - isiyobisi se-smartphone siya kwahluka: (a) ngesini; (b) ubudala; kunye (c) nemfundo-yamkelwe ngokuyinxenye, ubungqina bokwahluka kweziyobisi ze-smartphone kwimfundo.

4.4. Impembelelo yokufunxwa kwengqondo kwi-smartphone

4.5. Impembelelo yokufakwa emzimbeni wengqondo ngesini, iminyaka kunye nemfundo

Ukuvavanya ukufunxwa kwengqondo ngokwamaqela obudala bekuyimfuneko ukubuyisela kwakhona amaqela amadala kwiqela elinye iminyaka engama-35 + ngenxa yedatha engonelanga (njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla). Sasinamaqela amathathu ubudala: iminyaka eyi-18-24, iminyaka engama-25-34 kunye neminyaka engama-35 +. Umahluko olinganayo wacingelwa iimvavanyo ze-ANOVA. Uvavanyo lwe-ANOVA luveze inani elincinci lokwahluka okubonakalayo phakathi kwamaqela eminyaka, eyile Inqwenela kunye noLawulo (F = 4.444, p = .013; kunye F = 5.008, p = .008 ngokwahlukeneyo). Uvavanyo lwe-post-hoc kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-Bonferroni yafumanisa ukuba kwi-Curiosity, i-18-24 yeminyaka yobudala beqela likhulu kakhulu kune-25-34 iminyaka yobudala beqela (kuthetha umahluko = 0.800, p = .016). KuLawulo, iqela leminyaka eli-35 + lafunyanwa linamanqanaba amakhulu kakhulu kuneli-25-34 leminyaka yobudala beqela (kuthetha umahluko = 0.731, p = .006). Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo kwidatha. Yiyo loo nto siyifumana H6b -Iziphumo zokufunxwa kwengqondo xa usebenzisa i-SNS ayizukuhluka ngokobudala - inxaso engaphelelanga.

Iimvavanyo ze-ANOVA zokuqinisekisa umohluko wokufakwa emzimbeni wobukrelekrele ngokokufunyanwa kwemfundo azifumananga ziphumo zibalulekileyo. Ke, H6c -Iziphumo zokufakwa kwegama lokuqonda xa usebenzisa i-SNS aziyi kwahluka ngokufumana imfundo-iyaxhaswa.

4.6. Ukuthimba oqondayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Uthotho lwethu lokugqibela lweemvavanyo zivavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwenqanaba lokulutha kunye nenqanaba le-CA elinamava ngabasebenzisi bee-smartphones kunye ne-SNS. Ukuze sikwazi ukwenza ezi mvavanyo sidale amaqela abasebenzisi abasebenzisi aphezulu, asezantsi kwaye akukho siyobisi, njengoko kucacisiwe kwicandelo lenkqubo.

6.1. Iziphumo

Olu phando lwenza inani lemirhumo kwithiyori, umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Ngelixa izifundo ezininzi ziphonononge imiba yokulutha kwe-smartphone (bona, umzekelo, IBian kunye neLeung, 2015; URosen et al. 2013; van Deursen et al. 2015) bambalwa bohlule phakathi kwezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa ukuze ukuqonde ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone okunengxaki. Ngapha koko, ngelixa uphando lwangaphambili luye lavavanya Iimpawu zobuntu kunye nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-smartphone (U-Lee et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015), izimvo zabasebenzisi ziye zajongwa. Ukulinganiswa ngokufunxa kwengqondo, sifumanisa ukuba abasebenzisi abayimilwelwe kwii-smartphones banolwazi olunzulu lokuzibandakanya kunye nokubandakanyeka- into enokuchazwa njenge 'ndawo evakalayo'. Ke ngoko, kulona lwazi lwethu, olu phononongo luluhlu lokuqala projekthi yophando Ukuzoba umahluko phakathi kwezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kweengxaki ze-smartphone, kunye nokuqonda komsebenzisi.

Inani le iimpembelelo zomgaqo-nkqubo inokutsalwa. Ekuqaleni, kufuneka sibonise ulwazelelo ekuchazeni umsebenzi 'njengomlutha', ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone, okunokuthi ngenxa yemicimbi ebanzi (umz. ukulawula umgudu ukuphazamiseka). Oku kwatsho, nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone okugqithisileyo kunokubangela ukurhoxiswa kwentlalo kwaye konakaliswe ubudlelwane. Ezifanayo kwiimpikiswano ezinxulumene Umlutha we-Intanethi kunye nommiselo wayo (IBarnes kunye nePressey, ngo-2014), ukulawulwa kokusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone kuyingxaki kwaye kusisihloko sengxoxo mpikiswano kwimidiya, nangona kungaphaya kwesifundo esikhoyo. Nokuba yeyiphi na ilebheli enokubhekiswa ekusebenziseni kakhulu iteknoloji ye-smartphone-ukuxhomekeka, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nosetyenziso, okanye umlutha-ngumbandela oxhalabisa kakhulu amazwe athuthukileyo, Ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone phantse kube nokuzimela ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko izixhobo kunye namaqonga esanda ngokuthe chatha, banomthamo omkhulu wokukhuthaza ukubandakanyeka kwabasebenzisi kunye nokuzibandakanya, ezinokuthi, zikhokelele ekusebenziseni kakhulu. Ngapha koko, uphando lubonakalisile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone okunyanzelekileyo kunokubangela 'i-technostress' (U-Lee et al. 2014) Ukungakwazi ukujongana ntsha itekhnoloji yeekhompyuter (Brod, 1984), kunye nabasebenzisi abanoluvo lokuxhalaba ngenxa yonxibelelwano kunye ulwazi olugqithisiweyo (URagu-Nathan, Tarafdar, Ragu-Nathan, kunye no-Tu, 2008).

Iziphumo zesifundo esikhoyo nazo impembelelo. Iifowuni ziyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla kubantu abaninzi, kwaye ngeli xesha le teknoloji inika amandla okuzibandakanya inethiwekhi yokuncokola, ukuzonwabisa, kunye nezinto ezilandelwayo ngemfundo, zinokuthi noko, zibangele ukuxhomekeka ngakumbi kunye nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni uxinzelelo kwengqondo Abanye abasebenzisi (UJames noDrennan, 2005; U-Lee et al. 2014). Ushishino ngeziphumo zezixhobo ezinokuthi zihambise amanqanaba aphezulu okuqonda okukuko zifihle, kukho iingxelo zosasazo ezibuza ukuba ngaba ii-smartphones kufanele ukuba ziphethe izilumkiso ngempilo, kunye neenkxalabo zokusetyenziswa kweengxaki ze-smartphone kubantu abancinci (Iipele, i-2017; ISiddique, 2015). Isicelo esongezekayo sokuxhasa abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa i-smartphone siya kuba sinolwazi usetyenziso lweselula erekhoda ukusetyenziswa kwesicelo kumsebenzisi wayo, ekufuneka ancede nge ukuzilawula.

6.2. Izithintelo kunye nophando lwexesha elizayo

Olu phando lunemida eliqela. Ngokubhekisele ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphakathi, uphando lusekwe kubathathi-nxaxheba ukuzibika, ezinokuba semngciphekweni wokwahluka kwendlela eqhelekileyo. Oku kuthethwe, iingxelo zakho kunokuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuvavanya iimpawu zengqondo zabantu, njengoko izifundo zibekwe kakuhle ukubonelela ukuqonda kwiinkolelo zabo kunakubonayo ngaphandle. Iingxaki ezinxulumene nokwahluka kwendlela eqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, zinokubaxwa (Isiciko, i-2006). Okwesibini, ngokubhekisele ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphandle, ufundo lusekwe kwicala lomnqamlezo Uvavanyo, olwenziweyo kwisampuli yabafundi baseMelika, enokuphazamisa ukufunyanwa kobudlelwane boluntu kwizifundo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo unokusebenzisa i-longitudinal uyilo lophando kunye neesampulu ezibanzi zeesampulu kumzamo wokuphindaphinda iziphumo zophando olukhoyo. Ukuze wenze njalo, uphando oluthe kratya kufuneka lujolise kwiinkonzo ezithile kwaye ufune isampulu ehlanganisiweyo engaphezulu ummeli yabemi be-SNS. Okwesithathu, sinikwe ukuba imilinganiselo emibini ivelise iziphumo ezingabalulekanga malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kokufunxwa kokuthathwa kwengqondo kunye neziyobisi ezibini, sinokuqalisa ukuthandabuza ukuba okwangoku ukuthathwa kolwazelelelo kufanelekile na ngendlela yayo yezifundo zobukhoboka beenkonzo zenethiwekhi yentlalo, kunye nendlela yokuntywiliselwa iiwebhsayithi zokunxibelelana zinokwahluka kubhaptizo kolunye olunokwenzeka isimilo esiziphetheyo. Ukuphuhliswa kwesikali nokucokiswa kule Umxholo ubonelela enye into enokubakho yophando lwexesha elizayo ukuphucula ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphakathi.

Kukho indawo ebonakalayo kuphando lwexesha elizayo malunga nokulutha kwii-smartphones kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kunye necala elimnyama lobuchwephesha ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kulawo malungu oluntu asemngciphekweni kubandakanya ulutsha kunye nabo bakumaqela amancinci. Umbuzo omnye ofuna ukujongwa ngakumbi kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-smartphone okwandisiweyo ngenene kuyanda ukuba likhoboka le-Intanethi. Ukuqhubela phambili, ezinye iinkalo zokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-smartphone (umzekelo, okubizwa ngokuba zii-zombies ze-smartphone), kusafuneka zihlolisiswe. Kuya kufuneka siqhubekeke ukusuka kwizifundo zokulutha 'kwehlabathi' ukuya kwisixhobo ukuya kwizifundo ezinenkqubela ngakumbi ezahlula phakathi kwesixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwaso kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa komsebenzisi, kunye nokuqonda kokuqonda kwabasebenzisi kwetekhnoloji. Okokugqibela, ngenxa yobuninzi bezixhobo ze-smartphone kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuphazamiseka kwetekhnoloji kokubini kwisikhundla sayo sokukhulula kunye nokweyisa.