Ubuninzi kunye neengxelo zokuLungiswa kweMidlalo yeMidlalo: Isifundo esisekelwe kuMmeli kaZwelonke iSample of Gamers (2016)

Int J Ment Health Addict. I-2016; I-14 (5): 672-686.

Ipapashwe kwi-intanethi ye-2015 Sep 23. doi: 10.1007/s11469-015-9592-8

PMCID: PMC5023737

UCharlotte Thoresen Wittek,¹ Turi Reiten I-Finserås,¹ Ståle Pallesen,² Rune Aune Mentzoni,² UDaniel Hanss,³ UMarko D. Griffiths,⁴ kwaye Ncedisa uMolde¹

Abstract

Imidlalo yokudlala yevidiyo sele iyinto yokuzihlaziya eyaziwayo kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kwaye inani elandayo lezifundo ezixhasayo lihlola ubuncinci obuncinci obubonakala bukhula neengxaki ngenxa yokudlala okugqithisileyo. Olu phando luphande ngamanqanaba obukhoyo kunye neengozi zomdlalo wevidiyo kwisampuli yabadlali, okhethwe ngokungaqhelekanga kwiRegistry yeSizwe yoBalo lwaseNorway (N = 3389). Iziphumo zibonise ukuba kukho i-1.4% yeziyobisi, i-7.3% yeengxaki zabadlala umdlalo, i-3.9% yabadlali ababandakanyekayo, kunye ne-87.4% yabadlali abaqhelekileyo. Isini (ukuba yindoda) kunye neqela leminyaka (ukuba mncinci) zinxulunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo neziyobisi-, ingxaki-, kunye nabadlali ababandakanyekayo. Indawo yokuzalwa (iAfrika, iAsia, uMzantsi- kunye noMbindi Merika) zinxulunyaniswe ngokuqinisekileyo neziyobisi- kunye neengxaki zabadlala umdlalo. Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo wawunxulunyaniswa kakubi nesazela kwaye unxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo ne-neuroticism. Impilo enkenenkene ye-psychosomatic yayinxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo nengxaki- kunye nemidlalo ebandakanyekayo. Ezi zinto zibonelela ngokuqonda kwicandelo lomlutha wevidiyo, kwaye kunokunceda ukubonelela ngesikhokelo malunga nokuba abantu abasemngciphekweni wokuba ngabadlala iziyobisi bangachongwa njani.

Internet: Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, ukuvela kwangaphambili, iimpawu zobuntu, Impilo yengqondo, ukuguquguquka kwezinto ezibonisa ubuntu

Ukudlala ividiyo yenye yezona zinto zidumileyo zokuzonwabisa. Kubonakalisiwe ukuba i-59% yabo bonke abantu baseMelika badlala imidlalo yevidiyo (Ipsos MediaCT 2014). Umndilili wama-48% abantu baseYurophu badlale imidlalo yevidiyo (Ipsos MediaCT 2012), Kwaye i-56% yabantu abadala abancinci baseNorway (abaneminyaka eyi-16-40 iminyaka) badlala imidlalo yevidiyo rhoqo (Mentzoni et al. 2011). Phakathi kolutsha, inani labadlali liphezulu kakhulu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuvavanyo olubonisa ukuba i-97% yabantu baseMelika abaneminyaka eyi-12-17 iminyaka badlala imidlalo yevidiyo (Lenhart et al. 2008).

Njengoko ukudlala ividiyo yevidiyo kusonyukile, ukuze ube neengxelo zokudlala kuyingxaki. Amagama asetyenziselwa ukuchaza umdlalo wevidiyo onengxaki ayahluka kulo lonke uncwadi lophando (Brunborg et al. 2013). Kwisifundo esikhoyo umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo isetyenziswa njengegama elikhethiweyo kwaye iya kusetyenziselwa ukubhekisa ekusetyenzisweni kwengxaki okanye kwendlela yokusebenza kwemidlalo yevidiyo, apho ukudlala umdlalo kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kubomi bemihla ngemihla. I-Lemmens et al. (2009) Chaza umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo njenge "ukusebenzisa kakhulu okanye ukunyanzela ukusetyenziswa kweekhompyuter okanye ividiyo yevidiyo ekhokelela kwiingxaki zentlalo kunye / okanye zeemvakalelo; Ngaphandle kwezi ngxaki, umdlali ophethe umdlalo akakwazi ukulawula ukusetyenziswa gwenxa. ”(Lemmens et al. 2009, iphe. 78).

Ngenxa yokuba izifundo zangaphambili zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo kwaye zibandakanya amaqela abathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo, amazinga okuxhaphaka kumakhoboka emidlalo yevidiyo ayahluka kwizifundo (Ferguson et al. 2011). Kuphengululo loncwadi, uFerguson et al. (2011) ifumene iqondo lokuxhaphaka malunga ne-6.0% yokulutha kumdlalo wevidiyo. Xa ungabandakanyi ezo zinokubekwa kudidi lwabadlali ababandakanyekayo, ubukho buye kwi-3.1%.

Ukusebenzisa le ndlela yokugqibela yokuhlela umlutha wevidiyo, apho izinto ezibonakalisa ubungqindilili, ukunyamezelana, kunye noguquko lweemvakalelo kwathatyathwa njengezalathiso zokuzibandakanya kunokuzibandakanya, uBrunborg et al. (2013) ifumene ukwanda kwe-4.2% yabadlala iziyobisi, i-12.9% yabadlali abanengxaki, i-4.9% yabadlali ababandakanyekayo, kunye ne-78% yabadlali abangenangxaki phakathi kolutsha lwaseNorway. Ngokuchasene noko, kusetyenziswa iikhrayitheriya zokuqala zokufumana amanqaku kuMgangatho woMlutha woMdlalo waBafikisayo (GASA; Lemmens et al. 2009), Mentzoni et al. (2011kuqikelelwa amazinga okuxhaphaka kwisampulu yabameli baseNorwegi abaneminyaka eli-16-40 ubudala ukuba babe yi-0.6 kunye ne-4.1% yokulutha umdlalo wevidiyo kunye nengxaki yemidlalo yevidiyo, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-GASA isekwe kwimilinganiselo yeDSM-IV eguqulweyo yokungcakaza kwe-pathological (King et al. 2013), kwaye, i-Mentzoni et al. (2011) Isifundo sinokulonyusa izinga lobuninzi, kuba ukuqukwa kweCllton's (2002Iindlela zokuzibandakanya ziya kuchonga inani labadlali abaqhelekileyo njengeziyobisi xa zingafanelekanga.

Izifundo ngokubanzi ziyavuma ukuba amadoda abika iingxaki ezininzi ezinxulumene nemidlalo yevidiyo xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini (Brunborg et al. 2013; UFerguson et al. 2011; Mentzoni et al. 2011). Ngokumalunga nobudala, olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba iminyaka yobudala ibisisichazi esomeleleyo sokusebenzisa ingxaki imidlalo yevidiyo (Mentzoni et al. 2011). Kuba (i) uninzi lophando kwimidlalo yevidiyo lwenziwa kulutsha nakwishumi elivisayo (Williams et al. 2009) kunye / okanye iisampuli zabadlali bebhola yomdlalo (iiponti kunye neeGriffiths) 2014), kwaye (ii) kukho i-paucity yezifundo ezisekwe kwisampulu yabemi ngokubanzi (Wenzel et al. 2009), uphando olungaphezulu luyafuneka ukuchonga imiba yezentlalo enxulumene nomngcipheko wokukhula nomlutha wevidiyo.

Ngokubaluleka kokunye ukuguquguquka kwenani labantu, uncwadi lophando lunqabile. Ngokumalunga nemeko yomtshato, esinye isifundo saxela ukuba umlingisi oqhelekileyo ongumlutha wayengatshatanga (Wenzel et al. 2009), ngelixa esinye isifundo safumana umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo ukuba uzimele kwimvelaphi yezemfundo (Rehbein et al. 2010). Ngapha koko, kubonisiwe ukuba ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunokuba yinto yomngcipheko (Elliot et al. 2012), kwaye udibaniswe namanqaku aphezulu kwizikali zokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo (Kim et al. 2008).

Ngokolwazi oluhle kakhulu lwababhali, akukho zifundo ziphanda ubudlelwane phakathi komdlalo wevidiyo kunye nelizwe lemvelaphi kwizifundo ezisekwe kubemi belizwe. Yiyo loo nto lo mbandela kufuneka uphononongwa ngakumbi. Isishwankathelo sophando lwakutsha nje olufunyenweyo safumanisa ukuba kukho ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwengxaki yemidlalo yevidiyo kubantu baseMpuma Asia, xa kuthelekiswa nabemi baseNtshona Yurophu, North America nase-Australia (King et al. 2012). Ukufuduka kucetyisiwe ukuba kube nefuthe loxinzelelo elinokubangela ukugula ngengqondo (uBhugra noJones 2001), kodwa umfanekiso uxubekile kwaye isiphumo sokuphambuka kwabokufika kufunyenwe, apho abafuduki bekhuselekile kwiingxaki zempilo yengqondo (Algeria et al. 2008). Izifundo ziye zaxela ukuba ilizwe elihambayo lingunobangela wokudlala kakhulu kwi-intanethi njengendlela yokoyisa isizungu (Griffiths 2000).

Iimpawu zomntu ezisekwe kwimodeli emihlanu yeFactor Model (Costa neMcCrae 1992) ngaphambili zidibene neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha (uAndrewassen et al. 2013). Imodeli yeempawu ezintlanu yahlula phakathi kwemilinganiselo emihlanu ephambili: (1) I-Neuroticism (umzekelo, ukuba novalo kunye noxinzelelo), (2) I-extindowsion (umzekelo, ukuba uyathetha kwaye uyaphuma), (3) Ukuvula amava ), (4) Ukuvumelana ngokuvumayo (umz., Ukuba novelwano kunye nokufudumala) kunye (5) Isazela (umz. Ukulungelwa nokuqhutywa ngokukhawuleza) (iWiggins 1996).

Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo ulungelelaniswe kakuhle ne-neuroticism, kwaye ngokungalunganga ngotshintsho olugqithisileyo, kuvumelekile (uPeter noMalesky 2008) kunye nesazela (uPeter noMalesky 2008; UAndreassen et al. 2013). Ezi zifundo zangaphambili azifumananga nxu lumano malunga nokuvuleleka. Kuba uphando kule ndawo lusasikelwe umda, kufuneka uphando olungaphezulu. Isifundo esikhoyo sinika ukuqonda kwinqanaba apho iimpawu zobuntu ezinokuthi zichaze indlela yokuziphatha enxulumene nomdlalo wevidiyo. Ngaphaya koko, isifundo esikhoyo sibonelela ngokuqonda okutsha kwiiprofayili zobuntu ezahlukeneyo zamaqela ahlukeneyo emidlalo yevidiyo.

Inani leziphumo ezibi zempilo yengqondo ziye zachazwa ngokunxulumana nomlutha wevidiyo (Choo et al. 2010), njengokudakumba (Mentzoni et al. 2011; UVan Roji et al. 2010), umbono wokuzibulala (uWenzel et al. 2009; URehbein et al. 2010) kunye noxinzelelo (Wenzel et al. 2009; URehbein et al. 2010). Ukongeza, olunye uphando lufumene ukuba amakhwenkwe omdlalo wevidiyo awaba ngumlutha wawunezigaba eziphazamisayo zokulala (Rehbein et al. 2010). Ngapha koko, uBrunborg noogxa bakhe (2013) ingxelo yokuba ulutsha olunengxaki- okanye olungamakhoboka ezixhobo zokudlala inomngcipheko omkhulu wokuziva uphantsi, ungakhathali okanye ukwimeko embi, unxunguphalo, udiniwe kwaye uphelelwe ngamandla, kwaye uzive usoyika, uthelekiso lwabadlali ababengengxaki. Nangona kunjalo, abadlali ababandakanyeka kakhulu, ababenamanani othelekiso lwexesha lokudlala kodwa bengazigcinanga iikhrayitheriya zokusetyenziswa gwenxa, khange babonise umngcipheko omkhulu kuso nasiphi na isikhalazo sezempilo.

Nangona kwenziwe izifundo ezininzi kubudlelwane phakathi kwesiyobisi sempilo kunye nevidiyo, zimbalwa izifundo ezisebenzise iisampulu ezimele ilizwe kubadlala umdlalo. Kuba isifundo esikhoyo sisebenzisa isampulu emele ilizwe lonke ligalelo kulo mqobo kuncwadi loncedo. Ngaphaya koko, njengoko zimbalwa izifundo eziphanda ezempilo ngokunxulumene namaqela ahlukeneyo ezemidlalo, isifundo esikhoyo siyakongeza kolu noncwadi malunga noku.

Iinjongo zokuqala zesifundo esikhoyo yayikukuqikelela amazinga okuxhaphaka eqhelekileyo-, ekubandakanyekeni, kwingxaki-, nakwabalingisi kumdlalo weqela labameli bezwe. Injongo yesibini yayikukuphanda indlela ezinamandla ngayo izinto zobuntu, iimpawu zobuntu, kunye nempilo yengqondo nengqondo ezinxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo.

indlela yokwenza

nxaxheba

Abathathi-nxaxheba bakhethwa ngokungenamkhethe kwiRegistry yaBantu yeSizwe yaseNorway. Isampulu epheleleyo yayiquka abantu abangama-24,000. Bafumene iphepha lemibuzo lokuvavanya idemokhrasi, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, izinto ezinobuntu kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo kwezempilo. Ukufika kwizikhumbuzo ezibini kuthunyelwe kwabo bangakhange baphendule. Itotali yemibuzo engama-875 ibuyisiwe ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo (umzekelo, iidilesi ezingalunganga, abathathi-nxaxheba abaswelekileyo, abagula kakhulu ukuba bangaphendula, ukuba phesheya ngexesha lokufunda okanye ukungasiqondi isiNorway). Yiyo loo nto, i-10,081 yeempendulo ezisemthethweni zifunyenwe, zikhokelela kumgangatho wokuphendula we-43.6%. Iseti yabaphenduli abangama-3389, abaneminyaka eli-16-74 ubudala (ababhinqileyo abangama-1351, iminyaka yobudala = iminyaka engama-32.6) baxele ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo kwiinyanga ezi-6 ezidlulileyo.

Amanqanaba okusungulwa kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo yabadlali (umlutha-, ingxaki-, ukubandakanyeka- kunye nomdlalo oqhelekileyo) wabalwa ngeendlela ezine ezahlukeneyo. Kwasetyenziswa iisampulu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, enye ibandakanya bonke abathathi-nxaxheba (N = 10,081) kwaye enye ibandakanya iidrama ezisebenzayo kuphela. Ngapha koko, amaqondo okuxhaphaka axelwa kusetyenziswa uCharlton's (2002) ukwahlulahlula kwiikhrayitheriya ezisisiseko kunye neziphambili zokulutha, kunye nendlela yantlandlolo yokufumana amanqaku ngendlela echazwe nguLemmens et al. (2009). Onke amaxabiso okwanda okuxeliweyo anikwe ubunzima kusetyenziswa ubude bezinto ezinokwenzeka.

Procedure

Olu phononongo lwalusekwe kwiYunivesithi yaseBergen kwaye lwenziwa egameni loNgcakazo loNgcakazo loRhulumente baseNorway kunye neSigqeba seSiseko ngexesha ekwindla le-2013. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafumene iphepha lemibuzo ngeposi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bazisiwe ukuba iimpendulo ziya kuphathwa ngemfihlakalo, kwaye ulwazi malunga nabaphenduli luya kugcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Abo baphendule iphepha lemibuzo banikwe ithuba lokungeniswa kwi-raffle yesipho sevawutsha esiku500 Noron Kroner. Olu phando lwamkelwe yiKomiti yeNgingqi yezeMigaqo yoPhononongo lwezeMpilo kunye neMpilo eNxulumene neNtshona eNtshona (hayi. 2013 / 120).

Izixhobo

Imibuzo ngokubanzi malunga nemvelaphi yabathathi-nxaxheba yayiquka isini, ubudala, inqanaba lomtshato (ukutshata / ukuhlala ngokutshatileyo okanye ukutshata / uqhawulo-mtshato / umhlolokazi / umhlolokazi), inani labantwana ababenembopheleleko yokhathalelo lwabo (ukusuka zero ukuya kwesihlanu okanye ngaphezulu), imfundo ephezulu egqityiweyo ( ukusuka ekupheliseni isikolo saseprayimari ukuya kwi-PhD egqityiweyo), ingeniso yomntu phambi kwerhafu kulo nyaka uphelileyo kwizibalo ze-100 000 NOK (ukusuka kwi-99,000 ukuya kwi-1,000,000 okanye nangaphezulu), inqanaba lengqesho (ixesha elipheleleyo lisebenza, ixesha uliqeshile, umfundi, umnini-khaya, ukhubazekile / ukufumana ukhuseleko lwentlalo okanye umhlala-phantsi), nendawo awazalelwa kuyo (eNorway, amazwe akummandla we-Nordic kodwa ngaphandle kweNorway, amazwe aseYurophu, iAfrika, iAsia, uMntla Melika, uMzantsi Merika, uMbindi Merika, okanye iOceania).

Iimpawu zobuntu zavavanywa kusetyenziswa i-Mini International Item Pool (Mini-IPIP; Donellan et al. 2006). I-Mini-IPIP isekwe kwimodeli yezinto ezintlanu zobuntu kwaye iquka izinto ze-20 apho ubuntu beempawu nganye bunezinto ezine. Imilinganiselo ebandakanyiweyo yile: 1) Neuroticism; I-2) I-extsiansion; I-3) Ingqondo / Ukuqonda; I-4) Ukuvumeleka; kunye ne-5) Isazela. Into nganye iphendulwe kwinqanaba leekota ezinamanqaku amahlanu (1 = vu melani ukuya kwi-5 = Ndivuma kakhulu). Ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi (i-alpha ye-Cronbach) kwisikali kwisifundo esikhoyo yayingu-0.80 yokutshintsha, i-0.75 yokuvuma, i-0.68 yesazela, i-0.70 ye-neuroticism, kunye ne-0.66 yokuqonda / yokuqiqa (n = 3622).

Inani lezinto ezisibhozo zokuvavanya iimpawu zempilo yengqondo ziye zakhiwa (intloko ebuhlungu, ihlombe- / intamo, isisu- / iintlungu zamathumbu, iingxaki zokulala, ukuziva unosizi / ukudakumba, ukuziva ungaphumli kwaye unovalo, ukuziva udiniwe okanye ulele ngexesha lasemini, kunye nokubekwa yintliziyo kwentliziyo. ) isekwe kwisikali esidlulileyo esiphuhliselwe iimpawu zengqondo (Eriksen et al. 1999; I-Hagquist 2008; Kroenke et al. 2002; Takata noSakata 2004; Thorndike et al. 1952). Abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba baqwalasele ukuba bazifumene kangaphi ezi mpawu kwezi nyanga zimbini zidlulileyo bekhetha kwezi ndlela zilandelayo: “soze”, “ngaphantsi kwesinye ngenyanga”, “amaxesha ama-2-1 ngenyanga”, “3-1 amaxesha veki ”, kwaye" 2 amaxesha ngeveki okanye ngaphezulu ". Ukungqinelana okungaphakathi (i-alpha yeCronbach) yesikali yayiyi-3 (n = 3622). Amanqaku apheleleyo azo zonke izinto ezisibhozo ahlulwehlulwe anesibhozo aza asetyenziswa kuhlalutyo.

Inguqulelo enezinto ezisixhenxe zoMdlalo oDibanisa iziyobisi kwabaDala (GASA; Lemmens et al. 2009) isetyenziselwe ukuvavanya umlutha womdlalo. Abaphenduli babonise iimpendulo zabo kwisikali samanqaku amahlanu (1 = ze ukuya kwi-5 = qho). Ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi (i-alpha yeCronbach) kwisikali yayiyi-0.84 (n = 3622).

Abaphenduli bahlulwe baba ngamacandelo amane oomdlalo weqonga, oomatshini abangamakhoboka, ingxaki yomdlali ophumeleleyo, umdlali ophethe izixhobo zomdlalo kunye nomdlali oqhelekileyo (Brunborg et al. 2013, 2015). Abaphenduli abachaze ukuba zonke izinto ezine ezilinganisa izinto ezingumlutha (ukuphinda ubuye, ukurhoxa, impixano kunye neengxaki) zenzekile okungenani “ngamanye amaxesha” (3) zachongwa njengomlutha wemidlalo yevidiyo. Abaphenduli baphosa ubuncinci "ngamanye amaxesha" (3) kwizinto ezimbini okanye ezintathu ezifanayo zahlelwa njengabadlali beengxaki. Abaphenduli baphosa ubuncinci i-3 kwizinto ezintathu zokuqala (ukunyityilikiswa, ukunyamezelwa, ukuguqulwa kwemood) kodwa abangakhange bafumane amanqaku e-3 okanye ngaphezulu kwezinye zeendlela eziphambili zachongwa njengezabandakanyeka. Abaphenduli abaseleyo bahlelwa njengabadlali abangenangxaki.

Izinto eziguquguqukayo zedrafti zagqitywa ukwenziwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo: isini sachithwa (1 = Ibhinqa kunye ne-2 = indoda), amaqela amathathu ubudala ayakhiwa (1 = 51-74, 2 = 31-50 kunye ne-3 = 16-30), imeko yomtshato yayikhutshiwe (1 = ukuhlala neqabane kunye ne-2 = uhlala wedwa), indawo yokuzalwa yahlulwe yangamaqela amathathu (1 = IAfrika, iAsia, uMzantsi kunye nakuMbindi Merika, 2 = IYurophu, uMntla-Merika, iOceania kunye ne-3 = Norowe), inqanaba lemfundo lahlulwa ngokwamaqela amathathu (1 = imfundo yamabanga aphantsi okanye ephezulu 2 = imfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo ephezulu Kunye ne3 = imfundo ephezulu), imeko yengqesho yayiyekisiwe (1 = bengasebenzi kunye ne-2 = baqeshwe).

Ngeempawu zobuntu kunye nemilinganiselo yempilo yengqondo, ukwahlulahlula-hlukana kwakusetyenziselwa ukudanisa zombini iiparameter, ukwenza amaqela afaka amanqaku aphezulu (i-1) nangaphantsi (i-2) i-Median yeempawu zobuntu, kunye nokudala amaqela afaka amanqaku aphezulu (2) nangaphantsi (1) i-Median yempilo yengqondo.

Statistics

Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zeempawu ezichaziweyo zabalwa ngokwendlela yokuhambisa. Imveliso yePearson yomzuzwana-ulungelelwaniso lwento ebaliweyo yabalwa ukuze kuphandwe unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto ezixeliweyo zesifundo. Sebenzisa isampulu exele ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo kwiinyanga ezi-6 ezidlulileyo, uhlalutyo oluhlaziyiweyo kunye nolungelelwaniso olwenziwa kwihlabathi liphela lwenziwa ngokwahlukileyo kumdlalo wevidiyo ("umlutha womdlalo", "ingxaki yomdlali", "umdlali ozibandakanyayo" kunye "nomdlalo oqhelekileyo") njenge umahluko oxhomekekileyo. "Umdlalo oqhelekileyo" wasetyenziswa njengoluhlu lwesalathiso. Isini, ubudala, indawo yokuzalwa, ubume bomtshato, inqanaba lemfundo kunye nenqanaba lomsebenzi kwafakwa kwinyathelo lokuqala, ubuntu babandakanywa kwinqanaba lesibini, kwaye impilo yengqondo yangeniswa kwinqanaba lesithathu. Izinto ezifuneka kuqala zokwenza olu hlobo lohlalutyo zazalisekiswa. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani lwenziwa kusetyenziswa I-IBM SPSS Statistics, inguqulo 22.

iziphumo

itafile Table11 ibonisa idatha echazayo yesampulu. Ipesenti yamadoda anika ingxelo yokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo kwiinyanga ezi-6 ezidlulileyo yayingama-62.7 kwaye ama-37.3% yayingabantu ababhinqileyo (N = 3389). Itheyibhile Table22 ibonisa ukwanda (okunesisindo) amaxabiso eesampulu zemidlalo yevidiyo, kunye nesampulu yabantu bonke, kusetyenziswa isiseko sikaCharlton kunye nesisombululo somhlaba. Uqikelelo lwesifo sokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo yayiyi-1.41% (CI = 1.03, 1.80) kwisampulu yomdlalo wevidiyo, kunye ne-0.53% (CI = 0.39, 0.67) kwisampulu yabantu bonke.

Idatha echazayo yesampulu (N = 3389 XNUMX)

Amanani okusuka (onemilinganiselo) yamaqela ahlukeneyo ebadlala kwiqela labadlali beqela lemidlalo nakubemi bebonke

itafile Table33 ibonisa ukwanda (okunesisindo) amaxabiso esampulu yomdlalo wevidiyo, kunye nesampulu yabemi bonke, emva kwe-Lemmens yokufumana amanqaku kwasekuqaleni. Uqikelelo lwesifo sokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo yayiyi-0.89% (CI = 0.58, 1.19) kwisampulu yomdlalo wevidiyo, kunye ne-0.33% (CI = 0.21, 0.44) kwisampulu yabantu bonke.

Amanqanaba okubalwa kuqala (enesisindo) yamaqela ahlukeneyo ebadlali kwi-gamers nakubemi bebonke, emva kwe-Lemmens inqaku lokuqala

itafile Table44 ibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo kwisifundo. Olona nxibelelaniso luqilima lwaluphakathi kweminyaka nenqanaba lemfundo (r = 0.35), imeko yomtshato kunye nemfundo (r = 0.38), kunye neqela elidala kunye nenqanaba lomtshato (r = 0.38).

I-corelation coefficients (Ulungelelwaniso lwePearson) kunye ne-Phi coefficients phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezifundwayo (isini, iqela lobudala, inqanaba lomtshato, indawo awazalelwa kuyo, inqanaba lemfundo, inqanaba lomsebenzi, ubuntu [ukutyeba, ukuvuma, ukuqonda, ukuqonda ...

itafile Table55 izisa iziphumo ezivela kuhlalutyo lokuphambuka kwezinto ezingafunekiyo (crude) zamanye amazwe ngokubhekisele kumyinge we-odds (OR) kunye nama-95% amaxesha okuzithemba (95% CI).

Ukuhlaziywa kolungelelwaniso lwezinto zemultinominal (i-crude) apho umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo (1 = umlutha ongumlutha, i-2 = ingxaki ye-gamer, i-3 = umdlalo ohlanganyelweyo, i-4 = i-gamer eqhelekileyo) iqulathe umohluko oxhomekekileyo, apho umdlali oqhelekileyo oquka icandelo lokurekhoda

itafile Table66 izisa idatha kuqwalaselo lohlengahlengiso loqwalaselo lwamazwe amaninzi.

Uhlalutyo oluninzi lokubuyisela (ukulungelelaniswa), apho umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo (1 = umlutha ongumlutha, i-2 = i-gamer yengxaki, i-3 = i-gamer ebandakanyekayo, i-4 = i-gamer eqhelekileyo) iqulathe umohluko oxhomekekileyo, apho umdlalo oqhelekileyo ubandakanya icandelo lokurekhoda

Kuzo zombini uhlalutyo olungekho gwenxa kunye nolungelelwanisiweyo, ukuba ulikhoboka, ingxaki- okanye ukubandakanyeka kwabadlali kwakubalasele kwaye kungadibani nesini, kubonakalisa ukuba abaphenduli abangamadoda babenokwenzeka kunokuba abaphenduli ababhinqileyo babekhona kuzo zonke ezi ntlobo.

Ukuba yi-31-50 yeminyaka ubudala yayinxulumene kakhulu kwaye inxulunyaniswa nokuba likhoboka lomlutha- okanye lengxaki xa kuthelekiswa neqela elahlukileyo (iminyaka eyi-16-30) kuhlalutyo olungalunganga nolungisiweyo. Ukuba yiminyaka eyi-51-80 kwakudityaniswa kakubi nokuba ngumlutha weqonga, ingxaki yomdlalo weqonga okanye umdlali obandakanyekayo xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokwahlulahlula kuhlalutyo olubi. Iziphumo zazisabalulekile xa uhlengahlengiso lweempawu zobuntu, kodwa ubudlelwane nokuba ngumdlali obandakanyekayo awuzange uhlale ubalulekile xa uhlengahlengisa impilo yengqondo.

Ukuzalelwa e-Afrika, e-Asiya, kuMzantsi- okanye kuMbindi Merika kwakuchaphazeleka kwaye kunxulumene kakhulu nokuba ngumlutha- okanye yingxaki yomlingisi kulwahlulo olungalunganga kunye nolungisiweyo. Kuluhlalutyo lobuvuvu, inqaku eliphezulu ku-extraversion kakhulu kwaye lalingadibani nokuba ngumlutha- okanye wabadlali ababandakanyekayo xa kuthelekiswa nabo banamanqaku asezantsi. Kuhlalutyo oluhlengahlengisiweyo, akukho nanye kwimibutho ehlala ibalulekile. Kuluhlalutyo lobuqhetseba, ukuvumeleka kwakuxhamle kakhulu kwaye kungachaphazeleki nokuba ngumlutha-, ingxaki-, okanye umdlali ophathisiweyo. Kuluhlalutyo olulungelelanisiweyo kuphela, unxibelelwano olubi ngokuba ngumdlali weengxaki luhleli. Kwazela ngesazela kwabakho umanyano olubalulekileyo nolungalunganga ngokuba ngumlutha-, ingxaki- okanye umlingisi ozibandakanyeyo kokubini kuluhlu- kunye nohlalutyo oluhlengahlengisiweyo. Kuhlalutyo lobuqhetseba, i-neuroticism yayinokuchaphazeleka kwaye inxulumene kakhulu nokuba likhoboka lomlutha-, ingxaki- okanye ukubandakanyeka kwabadlali. Nangona kunjalo, kwimodeli ehlengahlengisiweyo, ukunxulumana nokuba ngumdlali obandakanyekayo akuzange kuhlale kubalulekile. Kuluhlalutyo olungekho gwenxa kunye nolungelelwanisiweyo, ukuqiqa / ukucamngca kwakudibene kakuhle kwaye kunxulunyaniswa nokuba ngumdlali weengxaki.

Ukuba namanqaku asezantsi kwinqanaba lempilo yengqondo bekungadibani nokuba ngumlutha-, ingxaki- okanye umlingisi ozibandakanye ekuhlaziyweni okungekho sikweni. Kwimodeli ehlengahlengisiweyo, ukunxulumana nokuba ngumlutha wobugwenxa akuzange kuhlale kubalulekile.

Imodeli epheleleyo enazo zonke iingqikelelo (uhlengahlengiso oluhlengahlengisiweyo) yayibalulekileχ² = 358.24, df = 45, p <.01). Ngapha koko, imodeli iyonke icacisiwe phakathi kwe-10.6% (Cox kunye ne-Snell R isikwere) kunye ne-17.3% (i-Nagelkerke R ephindwe kabini) yomahluko kumlutha womdlalo wevidiyo kwaye yahlelwa ngokuchanekileyo i-88.3% yawo onke amatyala.

ingxoxo

Sebenzisa isampulu iphela, kunye nokufaka amanqaku e-GASA yoqobo, ukubakho kwabadlali abakhobokisayo (i-0.33%) kunye nokuxhaphaka kwabadlali beengxaki (i-3.0%), babephantsi kunophando lwangaphambili lwaseNorway (iziyobisi zabadlali: 0.6%, ingxaki kubadlala umdlalo : 4.1%; bona iMentzoni et al. 2011). Ngaphaya koko, ukuxhaphaka kwabadlala iziyobisi kwakusezantsi kunoko kufunyenwe kwihlabathi liphela (6.0%, UFerguson et al. 2011). Oku kunokubonisa ukuba ukwanda kweziyobisi zevidiyo kungaphantsi eNorway kunelizwe liphela, okanye kunokubonisa ukuba uphononongo loncwadi nguFerguson et al. (2011) kubandakanya kuphela izifundo kunye nolutsha kunye nabantu abadala.

Xa uthelekisa, xa kusetyenziswa isampulu yabadlali bevidiyo abasebenzayo kunye nendlela yokungenelela, amanani okuxhaphaka ayephezulu kuwo onke amaqela eabadlali: umlutha (1.41%), ingxaki (7.3%) kunye nokubandakanya (3.9%). Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhaphaka kwabadlali abayimilutha kwakusezantsi kunoko kufunyenwe kwihlabathi liphela (Ferguson et al. 2011). Ngaphaya koko, xa uthelekisa ezi ziphumo kunye noBrunborg et al. (2013), obesebenzisa inani labakwishumi elivisayo, amanani okuxhaphaza axelwe apha asezantsi kuzo zonke iindidi zabadlali. Ke, oku kugqibela kufumana ukuxhasa ukutolika ukuba ukwanda kwamanani kuxelwe nguFerguson et al. (2011) zaziphezulu kuba ziquka izifundo nolutsha kunye nabantu abadala abancinci kuphela.

Iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku zihambelana nophando lwangaphambili oluchaza ukuba amadoda abika iingxaki ezininzi zokudlala kunabasetyhini (Brunborg et al. 2013; UFerguson et al. 2011; Mentzoni et al. 2011). Amadoda ayekwisifundo sangoku amaxesha angama-2.9 kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunababhinqileyo ukuba babe kwinqanaba lesidlali somdlalo. Ngapha koko, akukho zinguqu zibalulekileyo xa kubandakanya ubuntu kunye nempilo yengqondo kuhlaziyo. Oku kucacisa ukuba isini esizimeleyo kwezi zinto zihlukeneyo. Iziphumo ziyaqhubeka nokuxhasa uphando lubonisa ukuba ukungatshati kuyahambelana nokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo ogqithileyo (Wenzel et al. 2009), kunye noncwadi olucacisa ukuba ubudala abancinci bunxulunyaniswa neengxaki zokusetyenziswa komdlalo wevidiyo (Mentzoni et al. 2011). Abaphenduli kwiqela elincinci labantwana babenethuba lokuba kwiqela elikhohlisayo kunobudala obuphakathi (amaxesha e-2.9 kunokwenzeka) kunye neqela labudala obudala (amaxesha e-4 kunokwenzeka kakhulu). Ngaphaya koko, abaphenduli kwiqela elincinci labantwana babenethuba lokuba kwiqela labadlali beengxaki kunakwiminyaka yexesha elidala (amaxesha e-4.2 ngaphezulu). Nangona kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba umdlalo wokudlala yinto entsha eqhubayo ngenxa yoko iziphumo zomdlalo wecohort zinokudlala. Njengoko isizukulwana esincinci somdlalo wokudlala sikhula, imidlalo yokudlala iya kusasazwa ngokulinganayo kumaqela eminyaka yobudala.

Abaphenduli abazalelwe e-Afrika, e-Asiya, eMzantsi Melika okanye kuMbindi Merika maxa- lixesha lama-4.9 baba lilungu leqela labadlali abagwenxa, kwaye amaxesha e-3.1 maninzi amathuba okuba yinxalenye yeqela labadlali abanengxaki yokuthelekisa, xa kuthelekiswa nabaphenduleyo abazalelwa eNorway. Ababhali abakhoyo abakhange babenakho ukukhangela uphando lwangaphambili lophando lweziyobisi zevidiyo phakathi kwabafuduki. Iziphumo zangaphambili zixubene nokuba ngabafuduki abakwiqela lomngcipheko weengxaki zempilo yengqondo ngokubanzi (umzekelo, uBhugra noJones 2001; I-Algeria et al. 2008). Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwangaphambili lufumanise ukuba kukho ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwengxaki yemidlalo yevidiyo kubemi baseMpuma Asia, xa kuthelekiswa nabemi baseNtshona Yurophu, North America nase-Australia (King et al. 2012), enokuthi ixhase umbono wokuba abafuduki abavela kulo mmandla banokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokukhulisa ikhoboka lomdlalo wevidiyo, ngenxa yomdla wabo ngokubanzi ekudlaleni, hayi ngenxa yokufuduka. Nangona kunjalo, inokuba yimeko yokuba umdlalo ubonelela ngendawo yokuhlala kunye / okanye abantu abangahlanganiyo kwaye banokusebenzisa imithombo yeendaba kwi-intanethi njengendlela yokwakha ubuhlobo nabanye abantu abanjongo (Cole noGriffiths) 2007).

Umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo wawuzimele kwinqanaba lemfundo, kwaye uhambelana nophando lwangaphambili (Rehbein et al. 2010). Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku zibonisa ukuba ingxaki- kunye nabadlali ababandakanyekayo baneqondo eliphantsi lemfundo. Umntu unokuqikelela ukuba abadlali beqonga abanamazinga aphezulu emfundo baya kubeka ixesha elininzi kunye nomzamo kwizifundo zabo kunabadlali bemidlalo ephantsi, kwaye ke uchithe ixesha elincinci lokudlala. Umahluko odidayo ngokunxibelelene nalo mbutho unokuba usemncinci, kuba eli qela labaphenduli nelona nqanaba lisezantsi lemfundo liza kuba nabantu abadala abagqibileyo isidanga sabo semfundo kunye nabo bafikisayo abasafundayo. Utoliko olunjalo luxhaswa ziziphumo, apho ulungelelwaniso oluphakathi phakathi kweminyaka nenqanaba lemfundo lwafunyanwa.

Izifundo zangaphambili zifumene umanyano phakathi kokungasebenzi kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo onengxaki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi (Elliot et al. 2012; UKim et al. 2008), kodwa le nhlangano ayifumanekanga kwisifundo esikhoyo ngokunxulumene nomlutha wevidiyo. Iziphumo ezikhoyo zikwaxhasa iziphumo zangaphambili malunga nobuntu kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo malunga ne-neuroticism, isazela kunye nengqondo / ingcinga (uPeter noMalesky 2008; UAndreassen et al. 2013). Njengabantu abaphakamileyo kwi-neuroticism banokufumana uxinzelelo ngakumbi kunye nokudakumba (Costa kunye neMcCrae 1992), banokusebenzisa umdlalo wevidiyo bedlala njengendlela yokubaleka kwiingxaki zabo. Ngaphaya koko, ukuphakama kwi-neuroticism kubonisiwe ukuba kuhambelana nokuqhubela phambili (Costa kunye neMcCrae) 1992), enokwenza kube lula ukulahla ezinye izinto xa ukhetha umdlalo wevidiyo. Iziphumo zophononongo olukhoyo zibonise ukuba abaphendulileyo abaye bafumana amanqaku aphezulu ngenxa yesazela, amathuba okuba baphindwe kathathu ukuba babe kwiqela labadlali abasebenzisa iziyobisi, kwaye nokuba nesazela kunxulunyaniswa ngokuchasene nomlutha-, ingxaki, okanye abadlali ababandakanyekayo. Isizathu esinokubakho koku kukuba abantu abafumana amanqaku aphezulu kwisazela esiqhelekileyo banesidima kwaye banokuziqeqesha (uCosta noMcCrae 1992), imikhwa ekunokuthiwa ayihambelani nomdlalo wevidiyo onzima odlalwayo.

Ngokwahlukileyo kuPeter noMalesky (2008), akukho luhlobo lubalulekileyo olufunyenweyo phakathi kokuxhaphaka kakhulu okanye ukuvumeleka kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo. Kungenxa yokuba uPeter noMalesky (2008) usebenzise isampulu yabadlali abavela kumdlalo othile we-Intanethi (okt. iHlabathi leMfazwe), unxibelelwano phakathi komdlalo wevidiyo kunye notshintsho olongezelelweyo okanye ukuvumelana kunokuba yinyani kubantu abadlala lo mdlalo, okanye iintlobo ezifanayo zemidlalo.

Ngokungafaniyo nezifundo zangaphambili (Rehbein et al. 2010; UBrunborg et al. 2013Iziphumo zesifundo sangoku zibonisa ukungabikho komanyano phakathi komdlalo wevidiyo kunye nempilo ye-psychosomatic. Nangona kunjalo, umanyano phakathi kokufumana amanqaku aphantsi kwimpilo yengqondo kunye nokuba kwiqela labadlali beengxaki okanye kwiqela labadlali ababandakanyekayo wafunyanwa. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iqela elinamanqaku aphezulu kwiimpawu zepsychomatic liphindwe kathathu ukuba libekho kwiqela labadlali beengxaki kunokuba liqela eliphantsi. Isizathu sokuba iziphumo zesifundo sangoku sahluke kwiziphumo zangaphambili zingangafani kuvavanyo lwempilo yengqondo. Umzekelo, uBrunborg et al. (2013) ijonge iimeko ezithile zempilo yengqondo, ezinje ngo "ziva uphantsi "," ukulala ubunzima "kunye" nokudinwa ", ngelixa isifundo sangoku sinezinto ezininzi kunye. Ukongeza, isibakala sokuba isifundo esikhoyo silawulwa ngokuguquguquka kweendawo zokuhlala zabantu kunye nezinto zobuntu zinokucacisa ngakumbi ukuba kutheni iziphumo ezahlukileyo zifunyenwe. Iziphumo zixhasa umahluko phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo ebadlali njengoko iimpawu zobuntu eziphandiweyo zibonisa unxibelelwano olwahlukileyo phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo yabadlali. Umzekelo, uphawu lwe-neuroticism lubaluleke kakhulu kubadanisi abaziyobisi kunye nabadlali beengxaki, kodwa hayi kubadlali ababandakanyekayo.

Ngokusebenzisa isampula ekhethwe ngokungacwangciswanga kwirejista yabemi belizwe, iziphumo zinokubhengezwa ngokuthe gabalala kwinani levidiyo lokudlala. Kukho isidingo sokuqhubeka nokufunda okusekwe kubemi kunikezwe ukunqongophala kwezi zifundo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (Wenzel et al. 2009). Ngaphaya koko, uninzi lophando lwangaphambili lwenziwe kulutsha nakwishumi elivisayo (Williams et al. 2009). Isifundo esikhoyo ngoku sithe safumana amaqondo okuxhaphakisa ahlukeneyo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana amanqaku. Ngale ndlela, uphononongo lubonelela ngamathuba okuthelekisa amanani avela ngobuninzi kwizifundo zangaphambili.

Ukushokoxeka kwesifundo esikhoyo kukuba akuhlukanga phakathi kweendidi zemidlalo. Izifundo zibonakalise ukuba iimpawu zemidlalo zingabaluleka ekuphuhlisweni komdlalo wevidiyo (King et al. 2011). Izifundo ezininzi zisebenzisa imidlalo ethile enjenge Kuze kubekho (U-Williams et al. 2008; U-Griffiths et al. 2004) banike ingxelo ngeziphumo ezahlukileyo kunesifundo esikhoyo, kwaye iiMMORPG ziye zafunyanwa zikumlutha ngakumbi kuneminye imidlalo (Rehbein et al. 2010). Uphando olungaphezulu luyafuneka ukucacisa ukuba ukudlala iintlobo ezithile zemidlalo kuyinto eqhelekileyo kubadlali bamaqela emidlalo eyahlukeneyo. Iziphumo ngokubhekisele kwindawo yokuzalwa zinokuba zahlukile ukuba ezinye iindlela zempendulo ezichanekileyo kunezezizwekazi zisetyenzisiwe. Olu phononongo lukwanqongophele umlinganiso wokuba bangakanani abantu abaphendulayo abadlalayo. Ngenxa yoyilo lwecandelo eliqingqiweyo uphononongo lwangoku luthe kratya, kwaye sithintelwe ekutsaleni ukunxaxha kulwalamano lobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ze-longitudinal ziyafuneka ukwenzela ukugqiba malunga nokuhamba phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Isifundo sikwanaso nasiphi na isicalulo esaziwayo esisebenzisa idatha yengxelo (umzekelo, khumbula ucalucalulo, ucalulo lwezinto ezinokwenzeka, njl.njl.).

izigqibo

Uphononongo lwangoku lubonisa ukwanda kwabagetsi be-GNUMX%, ii-gamers zeengxaki ziyi-1.4% kunye nabadlali ababandakanyekayo babe yi-7.3%. Iziphumo zachonga ezi zinto zilandelayo zinxulunyaniswa nomdlalo wevidiyo: ukuba ngowesini sendoda, ukuba mncinci ngeminyaka, ukuhlala wedwa, ukuzalwa e-Afrika, e-Asiya, eMzantsi Melika okanye kuMbindi Merika, ufumana amanqaku aphantsi kwisazela, ufumane amanqaku aphezulu kwi-neuroticism nokuba nempilo enkenenkene engqondweni. Ezi zinto zibonelela ngengqondo kwicandelo lokuluthwa ngumdlalo wevidiyo, kwaye zinokunceda ukubonelela ngesikhokelo sendlela umntu angabachonga ngayo abantu abasemngciphekweni wokuba ngabakhwetha.

Imihlathi

UCharlotte Thoresen Wittek noTuri Reiten Finserås bangabokuqala ukubhala

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