AbaThuthi be-Dopamine eStriam eyancitshiswa kubantu abane-Disorder Addiction Disorder (2012)

Iimpendulo: Uhlolisiso oluhlolisisiweyo lomvuzo wokujikeleza kwe-dopamine ye-dopamine kwizidibanisi ze-Intanethi (IAD). Amanqanaba athelekiswa neqela lolawulo elinamalungu asebenzisa i-Intanethi. Amanqanaba othutho dopamine kwizifundo ezinomlutha we-Intanethi ayethelekiswa nalawo aneziyobisi. Ukwehla kwezothutho lwe-dopamine luphawu olubonisa iziyobisi. Ibonisa ukulahleka kokupheliswa kwe-nerve ekhupha i-dopamine.

Into enomdla kukuba, esi sifundo saseTshayina sithi iphonografi yayisesinye sezicelo eziphambili ze-3 ezazisetyenziswa zizifundo ezine-IAD.

Umbhalo we-Biomedicine kunye ne-Biotechnology

Umthamo i-2012 (2012), i-ID ye-854524 yeNqaku, iphepha le-5

i-Doi: 10.1155 / 2012 / 854524

IHaifeng Hou, i-1,2,3,4 uShaowe Jia, i-5 uShu Hu, i-5 Rong fan, i-5 Wen iLanga, i-5 yeTaotao iLanga, i-5 kunye ne-Hong Zhang1,2,3,4

I-1Indawo yokuNyanga kwiNyango yeNyukliya, isiBhedlele esiDibeneyo seSibini seZiko leYunivesithi i-Zhejiang, i-Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China

IZiko le-PET le-2Zhejiang kwi-PET yeYunivesithi, i-Hangzhou 310009, China

I-3Institute yeNyukliya yeZonyango kunye nokuFanisa iMoleky, iYunivesithi yaseZhejiang, i-Hangzhou 310009, China

I-4Key Laboratory yoNyango lweMolekyuli yePhondo leZhejiang, Hangzhou 310009, China

I-5Icandelo leNyango yeNyukliya, Isibhedlele i-Peking University Shenzhen, Shenzhen 310009, China

Ifunyenwe i-5 ngoJanuwari 2012; Yamkelwe i-31 ngoJanuwari 2012

Umhleli Wezemfundo: UMeyi Tian

Ilungelo lokushicilela © 2012 Haifeng Hou et al. Eli linqaku lokufikelela elivulekileyo elihanjiswe phantsi kwelayisensi yeCreative Commons Attribution, elivumela ukusetyenziswa okungagunyaziswanga, ukuhanjiswa, kunye nokuphinda kuveliswe nangaluphi na uhlobo, ukuba umsebenzi wokuqala ubonisiwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Abstract

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukukhubazeka kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi (IAD) sele ixhaphake kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ukuqonda kwefuthe layo elichaphazelayo kubasebenzisi kunye noluntu landa ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, indlela ye-IAD ye-neurobiological ye-IAD ayikazivezi ngokupheleleyo. Isifundo esikhoyo senzelwe ukumisela ukuba ngaba amanqanaba e-striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) alinganiswe yi-99mTc-TRODAT-1 iskena esine-photon emission compute tomography (SPECT) isikali sobuchopho satshintshwa kubantu abathile abane-IAD. Isikali sobuchopho se-SPECT safunyanwa kwizifundo ze-5 zesilisa ze-IAD kunye nolawulo lwe-9 esemgangathweni. Umthamo (V) kunye nobunzima (W) be-bilatal corpus striatum kunye ne99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake ratio ye-corpus striatum / ingqondo yonke (Ra) ibalwe kusetyenziswa iimodeli zemathematics. It yaboniswa ukuba inqanaba lokubonisa le-DAT le-striatum lancitshiswa kakhulu kwaye i-V, W, kunye ne-Ra zincitshiswe kakhulu kubantu abane-IAD ngokuthelekiswa nolawulo. Ithathiwe kunye, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-IAD inokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwingqondo kwaye iziphumo ze-neuroimaging zibonisa ngakumbi ukuba i-IAD idityaniswa nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwiinkqubo zobuchopho ze-dopaminergic. Iziphumo zethu zikwaxhasa ibango lokuba i-IAD inokwabelana ngesisu esinye se-arhente yobuthathaka kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka.

1. intshayelelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kuye kwanda ngokumangalisayo kwihlabathi liphela kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. I-intanethi ibonelela ngokufikelela okukude kwabanye kunye nolwazi oluninzi kuzo zonke iindawo ezinomdla. HNangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi kukhokelele ekuphazamisekeni kwempilo-ntle yomntu ngamnye, ukusilela kwezemfundo, kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza komsebenzi kwaye, ngakumbi kukhokelela kwisifo sokulutha kwi-intanethi. (IAD) [1-4]. I-IAD yaphakanyiswa okokuqala kwii-1990s [5] kwaye ngokwenkcazo yeBeard ye-IAD, “umntu uba likhoboka xa imeko yomntu ngokwasengqondweni, ebandakanya zombini imeko yengqondo kunye neemvakalelo, kunye nokufunda kwabo, umsebenzi, kunye nokunxibelelana kwezentlalo, kuphazamiseka kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwesi sixhobo. ” [6]

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, IAD iye yande kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela; ukwamkelwa kwempembelelo eyonakalisayo kubasebenzisi nakuluntu lukhule ngokukhawuleza [7]. Ngokubalulekileyo, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lufumene ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-IAD kuyafana nezinye iintlobo zokuphazamiseka, njengomntu onengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nongcakazo lwe-pathological [7-10]. Pabantu abaninzi abahlangabezana ne-IAD babonisa iimpawu zekliniki ezinjengokunqwenela, ukurhoxa nokunyamezelana [7, 8], ukwanda okunganyanzelekanga [9], kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo kwimisebenzi ebandakanya ukwenza izigqibo ngobungozi [10].

Ngokufana nokuchaphazeleka kwinkqubo yenkqubo ye-dopaminergic neural kubantu abasebenzisa iziyobisi [11], Indima yenkqubo ye-dopaminergic neural system kwi-IAD nayo icacisiwe kuphando olwenziweyo oluncinci [12-14]. Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje, abantu abane-IAD bafunyanwa betshintshe imeko-bume yokuphumla kweglucose kwimimandla emininzi yobuchopho kubandakanya iindawo eziphambili zokuqikelela kwe-dopamine njenge-striatum kunye ne-orbitof mbeleal [12]. Moreover, olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba ulutsha olufikisayo olwandayo kwimfuza kwi-genetic coding ye-dopamine D2 receptor kunye ne-dopamine yokuthotywa kwemozulu yasesichengeni sokudlala ngokugqithileyo kwiintanethi xa kuthelekiswa nobudala beminyaka yolawulo [14]. Kwisifundo se-positron emission tomography (PET) yokucinga, ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-dopamine D2 receptor kumacandelwana e-striatum kubandakanya i-bilateral dorsal caudate kunye ne-putamen yasekunene yafunyanwa kubantu abane-IAD [13]. Zithathiwe kunye, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba i-IAD inokuba ngenxa yesizathu sokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ye-dopaminergic neural system efanayo nokuchaphazeleka okunxulumene neziyobisi [15].

I-Dopamine transporter (i-DAT) yiproteyini ebekwe kwindawo yokugcina umzimba kunye ne-striatal ye-DAT inoxanduva lokuphinda-phinda ukusebenza kwe-dopamine kwi-neuron ye-presynaptic kwaye idlale indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwamanqanaba e-driometri ye-striatal synaptic [16-18]. Uguquko lwe-DX kwi-striatum emva kolawulo lwezinto ezingapheliyo kuye kwachazwa ngaphambili [19-24]. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ngaba ukungaqhelekanga kwe-DAT kukwakhona kwi-IAD akuzange kuboniswe ngaphambili.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukucingela nge-DAT kuye kwasetyenziswa njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo kwisethingi yeklinikhi ukubonisa utshintsho kubume bengqondo yezigulana ezinomtheto ohambelana neziyobisi [21-24]. Ukongeza, i-radiotracer 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1, i-technetium-99m (99mI-Tc) ifakwe ilebheli ye-tropane evela (technetium, 2 - [[2-[] [3- (4-chlorophenyl) -8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3, 2, 1] oct-2-yl] I-2-mercaptoethyl) amino] ethyl] amino] ethokomolato (3 -)] - oxo- [1R- (exo-exo)] -), ithathwa njenge-arhente yokucinga efanelekileyo nefanelekileyo yokujonga imeko ye-DAT kwizifundo zokucinga zabantu [21, 25, 26]. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sisebenzise i-single photon emission tomography (SPECT) ene-radiotracer 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1 yokuphanda ukuxinanisa kwabantu kwi-striatal ye-Density ukuchonga ubuchwephesha bokuchaphazeleka kwizifundo ze-IAD xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwempilo oluhambelana iminyaka. Olu phononongo lujolise ekuvavanyeni i-hypothesis yokuba ukuguqulwa okuguqulweyo kwe-DAT kunxulunyaniswa ne-pathogenesis ye-IAD.

2. Impahla nenkqubo

2.1. Iikhrayitheriya ezichongiweyo ze-IAD

I-IAD yavavanywa kusetyenziswa iphepha lemibuzo elimalunga ne-Intanethi kwiNtsholongwane kwi-Intanethi (IADDQ) [4] kunye neGoldberg's Internet Addictive Disorder Diagnostic Criteria (IADDC) [27]. Yonke imibuzo ye-IADDQ kunye ne-IADDC yaguqulelwa kwisiTshayina. Ukuze uvumeleke, abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela le-IAD baxelelwa ukuba impendulo ngu-ewe okanye ngaphezulu ka-ewe kwimibuzo esibhozo ye-IADDQ kunye nokwanelisa ezintathu okanye nangaphezulu ze-IADDC (okt, ukuyekelela, ukurhoxisa, ukuthanda izinto kunye nokungacwangciswanga, ukusilela ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa, Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu, ukubingelela ngezinto ezenziwa ngabantu, kunye neengxaki zomzimba nezengqondo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa).

2.2. I zifundo

Amadoda amahlanu (athetha ukuba ± SD, 20.40 ± 2.30 iminyaka ubudala) ene-IAD ayekhethwe ngokungaqhelekanga kwizigulana ezifuna unyango kwisibhedlele sasePeking University Shenzhen. Tizifundo ze-IAD zisebenzisa i-intanethi phantse yonke imihla, kwaye zichithe ngaphezulu kweeyure ze-8 (kuthetha±I-SD, i-10.20 ± I-1.48 iiyure) yonke imihla phambi komgadi, ikakhulu xa uncokola nabahlobo be-cyber, ukudlala imidlalo ye-Intanethi, kunye nokubukela imifanekiso ebonisa amanyala kwi-Intanethi okanye kwiimuvi zabantu abadala. Ezi zifundo ekuqaleni zaziqhelene ne-intanethi ikakhulu kwinqanaba lokufikisa (kuthetha ubudala ± SD, 12.80 ± 1.92 yeminyaka ubudala) kwaye yayineempawu ze-IAD ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-6 (ndithetha ± SD, 7.60 ± 1.52 iminyaka).

Ukulawulwa okuhambelana nokuhambelana kweminyaka yobudala (kuthetha ukuba ± SD, 20.44 ± 1.13 iminyaka ubudala) kuthathe intengiso ethathe inxaxheba kolu phando. Akukho mahluko manani wafunyanwa kubudala babathathi-nxaxheba phakathi kwala maqela mabini (P = 0.96). Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela lolawulo basebenzise i-Intanethi amaxesha ngamaxesha okanye rhoqo kodwa bachitha ixesha elingadluli iiyure ze-5 ngosuku kumgca (nditsho ± SD, iiyure ze-3.81 ± 0.76) kwaye zange banelise iikhrayitheriya ezichongiweyo ze-IAD [4, 27].

Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abagunyazisiweyo yayizizithethi zemveli zaseTshayina, bengaze basebenzise izinto ezingekho mthethweni (ngamanye amaxesha, bambalwa abathathi-nxaxheba batshaye okanye basela isiselo esinxilisayo, kodwa akukho namnye kubo ohlangabezana nemilinganiselo yokuqonda isifo esineziyobisi [28]), babengenayo imbali yezifo ezibalulekileyo zonyango, zemithambo-luvo okanye zengqondo, kwaye babenelungelo. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba banike imvume ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba emva kokuba imeko ichazwe ngokupheleleyo, kubandakanya umngcipheko kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Zonke iinkqubo zolu phononongo zamkelwa yikomiti yokuziphatha ye-Peking University Shenzhen Hospital.

2.3. Ukulinganisa

I-TRODAT-1 ligand (ulwelo) yabonelelwa liSebe leChemistry, iBeijing yesiqhelo iYunivesithi (Beijing, China). I-radiotracer 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1, 740MBq (20mCi) ngobunyulu> iipesenti ezingama-90 zahlanganiswa njengoko bekuchaziwe ngaphambili [25]. Kwaye ufundisisa nge-SPECT 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1 yenziwa kusetyenziswa i-DIACAM / i-ECAM / i-ICON ephindwe kabini yesiphatho esibonisa amandla aphantsi ayo yonke injongo (I-Nokia, Erlangen, Germany). Indlela yokucinga yenziwa njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili [25, 29]. Izihloko zachaphazeleka ngokufakwa ngaphakathi kwi-740MBq (20mCi) ye 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1. Ukuqunjelwa kwenziwa 2.5h emva kolawulo 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1. Iiparamitha zokufumana zibandakanya ukujonga kwe-64 ngaphezulu kwe-18s ngokujonga kunye ne-128 × 128 matrix ngaphezulu kwe-360 ° ngokujikeleza ngo-5.6 ° ukunyuswa. Umsebenzi ongaphaya wokwakha ngokutsha wasetyenziswa kwidatha eluhlaza. Icebo lokucoca ulwelo laseGcuwa emva koko lasetyenziswa nge-odolo ye-15 kunye nokususwa kwe-0.33 Nyquist frequency. Ukulungiswa kokuncitshiswa kwePhoton kwenziwa kusetyenziswa indlela yokuqala yokulungisa i-Chang kusetyenziswa ukungalingani kwe-0.15cm-1 [30]. Ubungqingqwa bomfanekiso otyhidiweyo yi-2.7mm (1 pixel). Yonke imifanekiso yagqitywa kwaye yakhiwa kwakhona kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanayo.

2.4. Uhlalutyo lomfanekiso

Uhlalutyo lwemifanekiso lwenziwe kusetyenziswa isoftware yomlinganiselo we-E-Cam. Imimandla yenzalo (ROIs) yatsalwa kwimifanekiso enqamlezayo ye-12, iipiksels zaye zakhutshwa kwaye ukubalwa kwengqondo iphela kunye ne-bilrial corpus striatum yaqhutywa. Umthamo (Vkunye nobunzima (W) ye-bilasto corpus striatum kunye nomyinge we-corpus striatum / ingqondo yonke (Ra) yabalwa kusetyenziswa iimodeli zemathematics njengoko kuchaziwe kwiphepha elidlulileyo [21, 31].

2.5. Uhlalutyo lwedatha

Idatha kwiphepha elikhoyo liboniswa njengeendlela ± umgangatho (kuthetha ± SD). Inkqubo yeNkcazo yezeNzululwazi ngezeNtlalontle yeWindows, uguqulelo 11 (SPSS 13.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) yayisetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya idatha. Umahluko phakathi kwamaqela wavavanywa ngabafundi t-i. Kuzo zonke iimvavanyo ezenziweyo, ikhrayitheriya yokubaluleka ibekiwe P <0.05.

3. Iziphumo

Imifanekiso ye-DAT ye-bilrial corpus striatum kwiqela lolawulo ibonise ubume be-panda-eye kwaye ii-DAT zisasazwa ngokufanayo kunye ngokulandelanayo kwi-corpus striatum. I-bilatal Corpus striatum ibekwe kwi-8-12 layers, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi Umzobo 1 (b). Nangona kunjalo, imifanekiso ye-DAT yezifundo ze-IAD yabonisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuba yinto engaqhelekanga, apho i-corpus stratums yayincinci kakhulu kwaye yabonisa imilo eyahlukeneyo, i-dumbbell, umtya omncinci, ukwakheka kwenyanga, okanye i-sporadic spot (Umzobo 1 (a)).

Umzobo 1 

(a, b) Ummeli 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1 ISIBONELELO yemifanekiso yesifundo se-IAD xa ithelekiswa nolawulo lwempilo lwe-IAD olwenziwe ngeminyaka. Indawo yasekhohlo ikwicala lasekunene lomfanekiso. Isifundo se-IAD ...

Njengoko kuboniswe kuyo Umzobo 1 kwaye 1 Table, Inqanaba lokubonisa le-DAT le-striatum lancitshiswa kakhulu kwizifundo ze-IAD. Ngokufutshane, xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, bekukho amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu V (i-CM3), W (g) kunye ne-Ra ye-corpus striatum kwiqela le-IAD, iphakamisa ukuba kunciphile 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1 ibotshelelwe kwi-DAT okanye ukonakala kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-corpus striatum yenzekile. Akukho mahluko manani wafunyanwa njengokuthelekisa V or W yomanyano lwangaphandle lwelinye ilizwe (kwicala lasekhohlo nelasekunene) nokuba kukweloqela le-IAD (P = 0.67 kunye P = 0.68 resp.) Okanye kwiqela lolawulo lwezempilo (P = 0.10 kunye P = 0.11 resp.).

1 Table  

Thelekisa i-corpus striatum V(i-CM3), W(g), kunye ne-Ra phakathi kwezifundo ze-IAD kunye nolawulo.

4. Ingxoxo

I-IAD ibangele ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo, ukungaphumeleli kwimfundo, kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza komsebenzi, ngakumbi phakathi kolutsha [1-4]. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku alukho unyango olusemgangathweni olujolise kwi-IAD. Ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zongenelelo kunye nonyango lwe-IAD, kuqala iya kufuna ukumisela ukuqonda okucacileyo kweesistim ze-neurobiological. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sivavanye inqanaba lokubonisa le-DAT kwizifundo ze-IAD kunye nolawulo olusempilweni olusebenzayo 99mI-Tc-TRODAT-1 ISIBONELELO. Sifumene ukuba inqanaba lokubonisa kwe-DAT le-striatum lincitshiswe kakhulu kunye namaxabiso V, W, kunye ne-Ra ye-corpus striatum kwizifundo ze-IAD yancitshiswa kakhulu. Iziphumo zokucinga ziye zibonelela ubungqina bokubuka ngokuthe ngqo kokutshintshwa kokufumaneka kwe-DAT kwingqondo yabantu abane-IAD.

I-DOS idlala indima ebalulekileyo kummiselo wamanqanaba e-dopamine ye-striatal synaptic [16-18] kwaye zisetyenziswe njengophawu kwiziphelo ze-dopamine [32]. Inani elincitshisiweyo le-membrane ye-membrane yeseli inokubonakalisa ukulahleka kwesifo sokuphelisa i-dopamine okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo okufunyenweyo kukulutha okunxulumene nezinto [21-23]. Izifundo zokucinga nge-PET zifumene ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine kwi-striatum ngexesha lomdlalo wevidiyo [33]. Izigulana ezinengxaki yokungcakaza kwe-pathological zikwabonisa inqanaba eliphezulu le-dopamine kwi-stralatum yangaphakathi ngexesha lokungcakaza [34]. Kuba ukwanda kwe-dopamine ye-extracellular kwi-striatum kunxulunyaniswa neenkcazo ezichazayo zomvuzo (ophezulu, euphoria) [11, 35], abantu abane-IAD banokufumana i-euphoria njengoko dopamine ye-extracellular kwi-striatum inyuka. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide kunye nokugxininisa okuphezulu kwe-dopamine kubonisiwe ukubangela isilonda esikhethiweyo se-dopamine terminals [32, 36] kunye nokuhla kobungakanani bemizimba yeeseli zedopaminergic [20]. Ukuthathwa kunye, ii-Ds ezincitshisiweyo ezifunyenwe kwisifundo sethu zingabonakalisa ukulimala kwe-neuropathologic kwinkqubo ye-dopaminergic neural system ebangelwa yi-IAD.

Ngokwazi kwethu, esi sisifundo sokuqala somfanekiso wokuvavanya ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-DAT kwingqondo yezifundo ze-IAD. Ngaphaya koko, iziphumo zokucinga zophando olukhoyo zibonelela ubungqina bobuchwephesha bokuba ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi ixesha elide kunokubangela iingxaki ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, kutoliko olupheleleyo lweziphumo zophononongo lwangoku, ezinye iintsilelo kufuneka ziqatshelwe. Okokuqala, ubungakanani obuncinci besampula yethu yokufunda bunokunciphisa umda ngokubanzi kweziphumo zethu. Olo manyano luthandekayo kwisifundo sethu lusenokuba lubekho ngenxa yengozi okanye isiphumo sokudodobala kuqokelelo lwesampula, kunye nezifundo ezongezelelweyo kwiisampulu ezizimeleyo okanye inani elikhulu labantu liyafuneka. Okwesibini, izifundo ze-IAD kwisifundo esikhoyo zichaze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo efunekayo xa behleli phambi komgadi (kubandakanya ukuncokola nabahlobo be-cyber, ukudlala imidlalo ye-Intanethi, ukubukela imifanekiso yamanyala kwi-intanethi okanye iimuvi zabantu abadala, njl.). Isifundo sethu asinokwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ze-Intanethi zinokubangela utshintsho olwahlukileyo lwe-DAT. Ke ngoko, isifundo esikhoyo sinokuqwalaselwa kuphela njengophononongo kunye nokuphambili, kwaye umsebenzi omninzi wophando kufuneka wenziwe ngaphambi kokuba sifumane esona siphelo.

5. Isiphelo

Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonelela ubungqina bokuba i-IAD inokubangela ilahleko ebalulekileyo ye-DAT kwingqondo kwaye ezi ziphumo zicebisa ukuba i-IAD idityaniswa nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwiinkqubo zobuchopho be-dopaminergic kwaye iyahambelana neengxelo zangaphambili kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezinoburheletyo ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwezinto [21-23, 37]. Iziphumo zethu ziyayixhasa ibango lokuba i-IAD inokwabelana ngesisu esifanayo se-neurobiological kunye nezinye iingxaki zokuphazamiseka [15].

Igalelo lombhali

H. Hou kunye no-S. Jia banegalelo ngokulinganayo kulo msebenzi.

Imibulelo

Lo msebenzi uxhaswe ngemali yezibonelelo ezivela kwiZhejiang yePhondo lezeSayensi yezeNdalo (i-Z2110230), iZiko lezeMpilo lePhondo le-Zhejiang (2010ZA075, 2011ZDA013), National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (no. 81101023, 81170306, 81173468), kunye Icandelo loMphathiswa wezeNzululwazi kunye neTekhnoloji yeTshayina (2011CB504400, 2012BAI13B06).

Ucaphulo

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