Front Psychol. I-2016 Mar 30; 7: 455. I-Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00455. eCollection 2016.
Abstract
UMGQUBO:
Abantu abadala ababonisa iimpawu ze-ADHD banomngcipheko owandileyo weengozi zezithuthi. Enye iakhawunti engathathelwa ingqalelo yalo mbutho kukuba abantu abaneempawu ze-ADHD basebenzise itekhnoloji enomvuzo njengeziza zonxibelelwano (SNS) ngelixa uqhuba, ngaphezulu kwabanye. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuqonda ukuba kwaye njani na iimpawu ze-ADHD ezikukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kwaye ngqo nokuqonda kunye nokuvavanya iindlela ezinokuthi zibangele lo mbutho. Ukwenza njalo, i-ADHD ijongwa kolu phononngo njenge-syndrome engaphantsi kwesiseko esikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba ngendlela efanayo nendlela ii-syndromes ezichasayo ezikhuthaza ngayo ukufuna okunyanzelekileyo kwemivuzo yeziyobisi.
IINDLELA:
Idatha yophando esekwe ixesha malunga ne-ADHD, uxinzelelo, ukuzithemba, amava we-SNS wokunqwenela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, kunye nokulawulwa kokuguquguquka kuqokelelwe kwisampulu yabathathi-nxaxheba be-457 abasebenzisa i-SNS (i-Facebook) kunye nokuqhuba, emva koviwo lokuqinisekisa ubuso iphaneli yabasebenzisi abahlanu kunye neesampulu ze47. Ezi datha zafakwa kumzekelo wokulinganiswa kwesakhelo (SEM) uhlalutyo kusetyenziswa umfutho weempawu ze-ADHD ezilinganiswe nge-ASRS v1.1 Icandelo A njengothungelwano oluqhubekayo, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-multivariate lokwahluka kusetyenziso lwe-ADHD kwisikhokelo sokufumana isikhombisi se-ASRS v1.1.
IINKCUKACHA:
Iimpawu ze-ADHD zikhuthaze ukwanda koxinzelelo kunye nokunciphisa ukuzithemba, okuthi kuthi, kunye neempawu ze-ADHD, kwandise iminqweno kabani yokusebenzisa i-SNS. Le minqweno ekugqibeleni iguqulelwe kulwandiso lokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba. Sebenzisa i-ASRS v1.1 yokuhlelwa, abantu abaneempawu ezingqinelanayo ne-ADHD babonisa amanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo, umnqweno wokusebenzisa i-SNS, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, kunye namanqanaba okwehla okuzithemba. Iminqweno yokusebenzisa i-SNS phakathi kwamadoda yayinamandla ngakumbi kunabafazi.
UKUQINISWA:
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kunokuba yinto egqithileyo kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili kwaye inokunxulumana ngokungangqalanga neempawu ze-ADHD. Luhlobo olutsha lokuziphatha okungafunekiyo kunye nobungozi obuxhaphake kakhulu kubantu abaneempawu ezihambelana ne-ADHD kunaphakathi kwabanye. Ihambelana nokulutha kunye nemodeli yokwenza izigqibo, ukusetyenziswa kweSNS ngelixa uqhuba kunokujongwa njengendlela yokuziqhelanisa nembuyekezo yokufuna indlela yokuziphatha. Ngenxa yoko, ukuthintela kunye nongenelelo olujolise kwizimo eziqondayo kunye namazwe kufuneka kuqulunqwe.
IINKCUKACHA: I-ADHD; Ukuziphatha kakubi Iminqweno; Ukusetyenziswa kwe-facebook; ubuwena; indawo zenethiwekhi
"Ukuba i-24% yabaqhubi abaneminyaka yobudala be-17-24 bebeqhuba bexakekile, kuya kubakho isikhalo esikhulu kuluntu. Oku [ukusebenzisa ii-smartphones nge-imeyile kunye nenethiwekhi yokuncokola xa uqhuba] kubi kakhulu, kodwa samkela le nto kungqubana kobuchwephesha obulala amawaka abantu ”(IHanlon, 2012).
intshayelelo
Ukuchaphazeleka kwengqondo / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo (Hyperactivity disorder) kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwengqondo okuhlala kukhula ngaphambi kobudala beminyaka ye-7; Ibonakalalisa kwiimpawu ezibandakanya ukungathathi cala, ukungagxili kokungakhathalelwa, kunye nokungafikeleki okukhuluJensen et al., 1997). I-etiology kunye ne-pathogenesis yesi siphazamiso sibanzi, kwaye sibandakanya ukusebenza okungaqhelekanga kwizakhiwo zobuchopho ezihambelana nokwenza izigqibo. Oku kunokubandakanya izakhiwo ezinje nge-striatum kunye ne-dotamine yayo ye-neurotransmitter, edityaniswa nokunyuka kokunyanzeliswa (Lou, 1996), kunye ne-cortex yangaphambili, ethi xa iphazamisekile, ikhokelele kubuchule obuncitshisiweyo bokuthintela (UZametkin kunye neLiotta, 1998). Oku kusilela kwendlela yokuziphatha ye-neuro kunokuthi kunxulunyaniswe ikakhulu ne-genetics, kodwa kunye "nokukhulisa" izinto ezifana nokukhuliswa kunye nesimo sentlalo-soqoqosho (ICortese, 2012).
Izifundo zamva nje ziye zatshintshela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba i-ADHD inokuqhubeka okanye ibonwe xa sele ikhulile (UDavidson, 2008), nokuba abantu abadala nabo banokubonakalisa uluhlu lweempawu ze-ADHD (UFayyad et al., 2007). Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-4.4% (UKessler et al., 2006) ukuya kwi-5.2% (UFayyad et al., 2007) yabemi base-US bahlangabezana neekhrayitheriya zokuhlelwa kwe-ADHD, kwaye abanye abaninzi banesifo seempawu ezinxulumene ne-ADHD kwaye abaxilongwa. Iimpawu ze-ADHD kubantu abadala zidibene neengxaki zeemvakalelo kunye noxinzelelo, isimilo esinobungozi njengokusebenzisa iziyobisi (UKessler et al., 2006), ukutya kakhulu kunye nokukhuluphalaDavis et al., 2006), ukunciphisa ukuqonda, kunye neengxaki zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo (UFayyad et al., 2007). Olu luhlu lweziphumo lubeka umthwalo onzima kubantu abaneempawu ezihambelana ne-ADHD, ethi iqhubele phambili ukuthoba umgangatho wokulala, ukunyuka kokutyelelwa kwesibhedlele nokuhlala, kunye nokunciphisa impilo ye-subjential kunye nokuphila phakathi kwabo (UKirino et al., 2015).
Abantu abadala abane-ADHD banokuba phakathi kwe1.5 (Chang et al., 2014phantse ukuya kwezine (UBarkley et al., 1993) amaxesha amaninzi kunokuba abanye babandakanyeke kwiingozi zeemoto. Oku kungenzeka ngenxa yokuba, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, ukunganikezeli kwendlela (IBarkley kunye neCox, 2007; I-Cox et al., 2011). Enye inkcazo enokubekelwa ecaleni kunye nengcaciso yeli xesha lomanyano, nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu abaneempawu ze-ADHD bazibandakanye ekusebenziseni itekhnoloji yexesha elinje njengeeSayithi zokuNxibelelana ngeNtanethi (SNS) kwizixhobo zabo eziselwayo xa uqhuba, ngaphezulu kwabanye, nangona lo msebenzi inobungozi kwaye ubukhulu becala ayikho mthethweni kwaye iyathintelwa, ubuncinci eUnited States yaseMelika. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubuchwephesha bale mihla bunike abantu abaneempawu ze-ADHD umvuzo wokukhuthaza osebenzisa i-SNS, nokuba kwiimeko ezinobungozi njengaxa uqhuba (Winstanley et al., 2006). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS kunokuba nembuyekezo kakhulu kwaye kuvelise umvuzo onamandla wokukhuthaza (Oo kunye Syn, 2015), ngakumbi kubantu abanobuntu, ukuzithemba kunye nokusilela kwentlalo (USheldon et al., 2011), kwaye ngakumbi nangakumbi phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo (Abahambi, i-2002; Aston-Jones noHarris, i-2004). Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukufumana i-comorbidities phakathi kwengxaki yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwetekhnoloji, amazwe angalunganga noxinzelelo, kunye ne-ADHD (Yoo et al., 2004; Yen et al., 2007). Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane obunokwenzeka phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kusafuneka kuhlolwe.
Ukugxila ekusetyenzisweni kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kufanelekile kunikwe ubukhulu kunye nobukho bezinto ezinokubangela ingozi kwindlela yokuziphatha. Umzekelo, ubuncinci i-23% yeengozi zemoto zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweselula; kunye nokubhaliweyo (kubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-SNS) ngelixa uqhuba kwenza iingozi ze23 amaxesha amaninzi kunokwenzeka (UkubhaliweyoThumbBands.com, 2015). Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba sisiphazamiso esikhulu esidinga ingqalelo enkulu; Ixesha lokuphendula kwabaqhubi ngelixa besebenzisa i-SNS enje nge-Facebook icothisiwe malunga ne-38% kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kuyingozi kakhulu kunokusela, ukuthumela imiyalezo okanye ukuqhuba uphantsi kwentsangu (IHanlon, 2012). Abaqhubi abaninzi (malunga ne-27% e-US (Ubushushu, 2015)), noxa kunjalo, zihoya ezo ngozi kunye nezomthetho kwaye usebenzise i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba (I-RAC, i-2011). Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba iimpawu ze-ADHD zibe ngumsulwa?
Injongo yolu phononongo kukuqonda ukuba kwaye njani na iimpawu ze-ADHD ezikukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, kunye nokuqonda kunye nokuvavanya iindlela ezinokuthi zibangele lo mbutho. Ukwenza njalo, sixhomekeke kwimiba emibini ebolekwe kumlutha nakwisigqibo sophando: ukuqhuba kwehlisa umgqumo wenkuthazo kunye nokulutha (I-Wolpe, 1950; IBrown, i-1955), kunye nenkuthazo yenkuthazo kunye yengqondo yokusebenza (UNoel et al., 2013), zozibini ezichaza ukuba kutheni abantu bezibandakanya rhoqo kwiindlela zokuziphatha eziyingxaki. Ukuboleka kumlutha nakwimodeli yokwenza izigqibo ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha phantsi kweemeko ze-ADHD kufanelekile (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007), kuba ukusilela kwengqondo engaphantsi kwe-ADHD kunye nokulutha kuyafana kwaye kudityaniswa nephutha lokukhuthaza umvuzo kunye neenkqubo zokuthintela (UDurston et al., 2003; Icasey et al., 2007) ngakumbi ukusebenza kwe-hypo-function yeesistim zobuchopho ezichaphazelekayo kuthintelo (UZametkin kunye neLiotta, 1998) kunye noxinzelelo lwezinto ezibonakalayo ezibandakanya into eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yengqondo enganyanzelekanga (Lou, 1996).
Ukusuka kumbono weqondo lokunciphisa ukuqhuba, ukuqhuba imoto kunokuba yinto edinisayo, ukuthintela abantu ekufumaneni imbuyekezo yangaphakathi ngokusebenzisa ii-SNS, kwaye kwandise inkxalabo yabo malunga nento ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ibaphosile ngonxibelelwano lwabo lwasentlalweni (UGil et al., 2015). Phantsi kwezi meko, abantu banokuhlakulela umnqweno onamandla kunye nothandekayo wokusebenzisa i-SNS, engathandekiyo, kwaye enokuqhubeka ngakumbi xa uqhuba (I-Collins kunye ne-Lapp, 1992). Le minqweno ikhuthaza isenzo, umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, ukuphelisa iinkanuko ezingathandekiyo. Iminqweno inokuba namandla, ithambekele ngakumbi kwaye ibandakanye imifanekiso ecacileyo phakathi kwabantu abaphethwe liqela elikhulu leempawu ze-ADHD, kuba ezi mpawu zinciphisa amandla abantu okuphambukisa ingqalelo yabo kwiingcinga zangaphakathi (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS kunokuba nembuyekezo kakhulu kubantu abanjalo; abantwana kunye nabakwishumi elivisayo abaneempawu ze-ADHD babonisa ukujongana kwehyper kumabhaso entlalontle (I-Kohls et al., 2009) ezihlala zibonelelwa yi-SNS. Oku kungenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS kunganceda abantu abanjalo ukuba bazivele ekukhanyeni okuqinisekileyo (UGil-Or et al., 2015, zibaleke iintlungu zazo zemihla ngemihla (IMasur et al., 2014), ukwandisa ukuzithemba kwabo kunye nentlalo ntle (I-Zywica kunye neDanowski, i-2008), kwaye unciphise ubuzwilakhe (Ukufunyanwa kunye neMehl, 2013). Ukusukela ubukho beempawu ze-ADHD zihlala zibangela uxinzelelo (URandazzo et al., 2008; IHirvikoski et al., 2009kunye nokunciphisa ukuzithemba kwabantu (Ukuxambulisana et al., 2000; URichman et al., 2010), kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ubukhulu benkanuko yokusebenzisa i-SNS ubuncinci kubunxalenye bephenjelelwa yimeko yezengqondo engalunganga enesiphumo, ubuncinci kwinxalenye, ukusuka kwiimpawu ze-ADHD.
Ukusuka kumbono wokukhuthaza kunye nowokusebenza ngokwasempilweni, i-ADHD inxulunyaniswa nolindelo olucothisiweyo lwemivuzo ekhuthaza amanqanaba aphezulu okuziphatha okufuna umvuzo (I-Scheres et al., 2007), ngamanye amaxesha ngonciphiso lwangaphakathi lwe-inhibition yangaphambili (I-Nigg, i-2005), kunye neengxaki zokulibazisa ukuzonwabisa (I-Luman et al., 2005). Zonke ezi zinokunxulunyaniswa neminqweno eyandisiweyo yokusebenzisa i-SNS (Ko et al., 2009, 2013), nokuba uqhuba, kwaye ekugqibeleni ubandakanyeka ekusebenziseni ingozi ye-SNS (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007). Ngokusekwe kolu luvo, amava eminqweno aqhubayo ekuziphatheni okungxamisekileyo (I-Verdejo-Garcia kunye neBechara, 2009), enokuthi yonyuswe yimisebenzi ye-insular-cortex ekhuthaza ukuqonda okungaphakathi kokunqwenela okunjalo, ikonyusa ukuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo ze-mesolimbic dopamine (okt, ikhuthaza isimilo esinganyanzelekanga), kwaye inciphise amandla omntu okulawula iminqweno enjalo (okt, hypo-activation ye-preortal iinkqubo zecortex; Naqvi et al., 2007; UNaqvi noBechara, 2010; UNoel et al., 2013). Ukusebenza okwandayo kokungena ngaphakathi kunganxulunyaniswa nolwazi lokuqonda kwemithwalo eqhutywa ziimpawu ze-ADHD, ezifana nokunyuka koxinzelelo (UFlynn et al., 1999; I-Wright et al., 2003) kunye neentlungu zentlalontle ngendlela yokunciphisa ukuzithemba (I-Eisenberger et al., 2011; I-Eisenberger, 2012; I-Hughes kunye neBhiya, i-2013). Yiyo loo nto, ukusukela kolu luvo, iimpawu ze-ADHD kunye nemithwalo enxulumene nayo (ukunciphisa ukuzithemba kunye nokunyusa uxinzelelo) kunokukhuthaza isimilo sokufuna umvuzo kunye nokunciphisa ukubanakho ukubathintela (UNoel et al., 2013).
Sihambile kunye, sicebisa ukuvavanya ezi hypotheses zilandelayo:
H1a: Inqanaba leempawu ze-ADHD ziya kudityaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo noxinzelelo.
H1b: Inqanaba leempawu ze-ADHD liza kudityaniswa kakubi nokuzithemba.
H2a: Uxinzelelo luya kudityaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo nokunqwenela ukusebenzisa indawo yenethiwekhi yoluntu.
H2b: Ukuzithemba kuya kunxulunyaniswa ngokungafanelekanga nokunqwenela ukusebenzisa iSayithi yeNtanethi yoNxibelelwano.
H2c: Inqanaba leempawu ze-ADHD ziya kunxulunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo nokunqwenela ukusebenzisa iSayithi yokuNxibelelana kweNtlalo.
H3: Ukunqwenela ukusebenzisa iSayithi yokuNxibelelana ngeNtlalo kuya kunxulumana ngokuqinisekileyo nokusetyenziswa kweSayithi yeNtanethi ye-Intanethi ngelixa uqhuba.
tindlela
Abathathi-nxaxheba boFundo kunye neNkqubo
Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babengabafundi kwiyunivesithi enkulu yaseMntla Melika abasebenzise i-SNS eyaziwayo, eyile, i-Facebook, ngexesha lesifundo, bebeqhuba isikolo okanye umsebenzi, kwaye bebengathathi zifundo kubaphandi. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba batyikitye iifom zokuvuma ezinolwazi (ezivunyiweyo yi-IRB yeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia State, eFullerton) ngaphambi kokugqiba uphando lwe-Intanethi, kwaye banikwa amanqaku ebhonasi kwizifundo zabo zokutshintshisa ixesha labo. Siqale ngepaneli yabasebenzisi abahlanu be-SNS yovavanyo lobuchwephesha ebusweni, kwalandelwa luvavanyo lokulingwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba be-47 (ngaphandle kwe-60, inqanaba lokuphendula le-78%) yokuvavanywa kwangaphambili kunye nokuqinisekiswa. Uvavanyo olulingwayo lubambe amanyathelo ongezelelweyo anxulumene nomxholo (ukubongoza ukuba kusetyenziswe i-SNS kunye noLingo kunye noThintelo lwempahla esetyenziswe kwi-SNS) njengeendlela zokuseka ubunyani bangaphakathi, kunye neengxelo zakho zobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS njengendlela yokumisela ukuqikelela ukunyaniseka.
Idatha esele ihlawulwe ixesha lokuvavanya imodeli emva koko yaqokelelwa kwisampulu yabathathi-nxaxheba be-457 (ngaphandle kwe-560, izinga lokuphendula le-82%) kwiyunivesithi enye, kusetyenziswa iikhrayitheriya ezifanayo zokubandakanyeka ezisetyenziswa kufundo lomqhubi. Idatha evela kule sampulu yaqokelelwa ngamanqaku amabini ngexesha, iveki enye ngokwahlukeneyo, kusetyenziswa uvavanyo olwenziwe kwi-Intanethi oluthunyelwe kwiwebhusayithi yeklasi. I-ADHD, ukuzithemba kunye nolawulo oluguquguqukayo (ubudala, isini, iminyaka kwi-SNS, inani labahlobo be-SNS, umnqweno wentlalo, kunye nomkhuba wokusebenzisa we-SNS) balinganiswa ngeveki ye-1. Uxinzelelo, umnqweno kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba unamava emva kokuqokelelwa kwedatha yokuqala ("kwiveki ephelileyo") kubanjwe kumaza wesibini, kwiveki ye-2. Uyilo lwexesha elisetyenzisiweyo lwalusetyenziselwe ukwandisa inkxaso kwiimpikiswano zecususation kunye nokunciphisa indlela eqhelekileyo yokuthanda icala. Iimpawu zesampulu zichaziwe kwiTheyibhile 1. Uvavanyo lokuhamba kwamaxesha okusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kubonakalise ukuba i-59.3% ibike ngokungachani, okanye kunqabile, kwenze kwiveki ephelileyo. Kancinci ngaphezulu kwe-40% yesampulu ebikwe kwinqanaba elithile lokusetyenziswa kwithagethi ye-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kwiveki ephelileyo, kwaye i-5.5% yaxela ngaphezulu "kokuhlala" ukubandakanyeka kule ndlela yokuziphatha.
Itheyibhile 1. Iimpawu Zesampulu.
Izixhobo
Isifundo somqhubi wenqwelomoya (n = 47) ulinganise inkanuko yokusebenzisa i-SNS ekujoliswe kuyo, kuFacebook, kusetyenziswa isikali seFacebook Craving yamava (i-FaCE) elungelelanisa iphepha lemibuzo leNotywala (i-ACE)Statham et al., 2011) kumxholo weSNS ojolise ngokukodwa kwi-SNS enye, kuFacebook. Isikali siqhube kakuhle kwisifundo somqhubi wenqwelomoya kunye neenkxaso ezibonisa ii-alphas zeCronbach phakathi kwe-0.85 kunye ne-0.94. Amanqaku e-FaCE abalwa ngokuphindaphinda umndilili wezinto ezintathu (imifanekiso, ubungqongqo kunye nokungenelela) kwamatyeli (i-FaCE-F) kunye namandla (i-FaCE-S) amanqaku eengcinga ezinxulumene nomnqweno we-Facebook kwiveki ephelileyo, ngokwenkqubo echazwe Statham et al. (2011). Ukuqinisekiswa komxholo kwasungulwa ngakumbi ngokudibanisa le nqaku kunye nomlinganiselo wokubongoza ukusebenzisa i-Facebook (α = 0.90, r = 0.54, p <0.001) itshintshwe ukusuka ku- URaylu no-Oei (2004) kunye noLuhlu lweZilingo kunye noThintelo loLuhlu (I-Collins kunye ne-Lapp, 1992) izinto ezimbini zoku-odola esetyenziswe kwimeko yangoku, eyilekukugxininisa ngokwasemoyeni kunye ne-Facebook (α = 0.86, r = 0.60, p <0.01) kunye nokuzama ukulawula indlela yokuziphatha malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-Facebook (α = 0.86, r = 0.42, p <0.01). Ukunyaniseka kokuqikelela kwasungulwa ngokudibana nenqanaba lokuzixela lokusetyenziswa kwe-Facebook (r = 0.38, p <0.01) itshintshwe ukusuka ku- I-Turel (2015). Amanqanaba anikezelwa kwiSihlomelo A kwizixhobo ezongezelelweyo.
Uvavanyo oluphambili lokuqala lophando lubandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo ezinto ezininzi, zonke ezo zibonisa ukuthembeka okuhle: (1) ADHD (UKessler et al., 2005, Icandelo A le-Screener ye-ADHD-ASRS v1.1, α = 0.72), (2) ukuzithemba (IRosenberg, 1965, α = 0.87), (3) umnqweno wentlalo (UReynolds, 1982, Ifomu elifutshane kwinqanaba lokuncipha kwenqanaba leMarlowe-Crowne. I-α ayixeliwanga kuba kuye kwabalwa inqaku lesalathiso), kunye (4).I-Verplanken kunye ne-Orbell, 2003, Isalathiso seNgxelo ye-self-Report yamandla omkhwa asetyenzisiweyo kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwe-Facebook, α = 0.94). Qaphela ukuba i-ASRS v1.1 ihambisa imibuzo ebonisa imilinganiselo ye-DSM-IV-TR (Umbutho we-Psychiatric Association, i-2000). Icandelo A libandakanya imibuzo emithandathu ehambelana kakuhle neempawu ze-ADHD, kwaye ke imele inguqulelo esemthethweni yesikali esipheleleyo se-ASRS v1.1 kwaye enokusetyenziselwa uhlolo lokuqala lwe-ADHD (Ngubani, 2003). Isaveyi yokuqala yophando kwakhona ithathe iminyaka, isondo (Indoda = 0, Female = 1), iminyaka yamava kwithagethi ye-SNS kunye nenombolo yabahlobo be-SNS ekujoliswe kuyo, ngeenjongo ezichazayo kunye nolawulo.
Uphononongo lwesibini olwenziweyo lokuphanda lubandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo ezinto ezininzi, zonke ezo zibonisa ukuthembeka okuhle: (1) uxinzelelo (UCohen et al., 1983, Umngcipheko woXinzelelo oluFunyanisiweyo, ngokufutshane, i-PSS-4, kunye ne (0.90) ezinqwenelayo ukusebenzisa i-SNS ekujoliswe kuyo ngokusisiseko kwi-Elabored Intrusion (EI) theory ofifiso (Ngamana et al., 2004) usebenzisa iphepha lemibuzo le-FaCE (ngokusekwe ku Statham et al., 2011). Amanqanaba asezantsi ayethembekile nge-Cronbach's α amanqaku e-0.93, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.90, kunye no-0.90 we-FaCE-S-imagery, i-FaCE-S-intensity, i-FaCE-S-intrusion, i-FaCE-F-imifanekiso, i-FaCE- Ukuqina kwe-F, kunye ne-FaCE-F-intrusion, ngokwahlukeneyo. Uphononongo lwesibini lokuhambisa kwakhona lubambe ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ekujolise kuyo ngelixa uqhuba, usebenzisa into enye esekwe kumyinge wokusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo ngu I-Turel (2015). La manyathelo kunye nezinto zinikezelwa kwisiHlomelo A Izixhobo zokuxhasa.
Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha
Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo kunye nokunxibelelana kwabalwa nge-SPSS 23. Imodeli yokuhlalutya umba wokuvavanywa kunye nemodeli yolwakhiwo yayiqikelelwa ngoko kulwakhiwo lweSystemicalationation Modelling (SEM) ye-AMOS 23 emva kwendlela yamanyathelo amabini (UAnderson noGerzing, 1988) kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zokusika ii-indices ezifanelekileyo (U-Hu kunye no-Bentler, 1999). Post-hoc iimvavanyo zokulamla zenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-bootstrapping Umshumayeli et al. (2007) usebenzisa i-AMOS 23. Inkqubo ye-bootstrapping iluncedo kuvavanyo lokulamla, kuba imveliso yee-coefficients ezimbini ayihambelaniI-Cheung kunye neLau, 2008). Okokugqibela, ukuthelekiswa kweqela (elineempawu ezihambelana kakhulu ne-ADHD okanye hayi) kwenziwa ngohlalutyo lwe-multivariate yeendlela zokwahluka (MANOVA) nge-SPSS 23. Le ndlela yolwandiso yemodeli ye-ANOVA kwiimeko apho ukuthelekiswa okuninzi kuya kwenziwa, okt, kukho ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekekileyo (I-Pedhazur kunye nePedhazur Schmelkin, 1991). Kwiimeko ezinjalo i-MANOVA iluncedo, kuba ukuvavanya imodeli ezininzi ze-ANOVA zohlobo lwe-I kwaye kunokukhokelela ekungahambekini ngendlela engeyiyo (I-Tabachnick kunye neFidell, 2012). Ukwengeza, i-post-hoc ukumodareyitha ngesondo kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa ukuthelekiswa kweparblewise kwi-AMOS 23, ngokuthelekisa umendo ngokwendlela phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi.
iziphumo
Uqikelelo lweModeli
Kuqala, amanani achazayo okwakhiwa kwemodeli (kubandakanya nolawulo olwahlukileyo) kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwabo kwabalwa. Ezi zinikwe kwiTheyibhile 2 (lawula eziguquguqukayo ezantsi). Itheyibhile ityhila ukuba unxibelelwano lukwisalathiso esilindelweyo. Iphinda ibonise abasetyhini abakwisampulu yethu (enekhowudi njenge-1) babeziva benamaxinzelelo aphezulu kwaye bezithemba eliphantsi; kwaye mhlawumbi ngenxa yoko siye saziva sinqwenela ngakumbi ukusebenzisa ijolise kwi-SNS xa kuthelekiswa namadoda. Abantu abancinci babenonxibelelwano oluninzi kwithagethi ye-SNS kunye nomkhwa onamandla wokusebenzisa i-SNS xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala kwisampula yethu. Ukunqwenela intlalontle, njengoko kulindelwe, kudityaniswa neengxelo zokuncitshiswa kwezinto ezimbi, ezinje nge-ADHD, uxinzelelo, umnqweno, kunye nokujolisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba. Yonyuse iingxelo zokuzithemba zezinto ezintle ezinjengokuzithemba. Ke, kwagqitywa kwelokuba kubalulekile ukuyilawula.
Itheyibhile 2. Iinkcukacha-manani eziCacisa kunye neeMvumelwano.
Okwesibini, imodeli yokuqinisekisa yokuhlalutya (CFA) imodeli yayiqikelelwa kwizinto ezininzi ezakhiweyo: i-ADHD, ukuzithemba, kunye noxinzelelo kunye nezixhobo zesikali seFaCE. Inike into elungileyo: χ2/ df = 2.40, CFI = 0.95, IFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.056, and SRMR = 0.066. Ke ngoko, imodeli yolwakhiwo yayiqikelelwa. Kule modeli, i-ADHD, uxinzelelo kunye nokuzithemba kwamodareyitha njengezinto zangoko kunye nokulangazelela kwamodareyithwa ngesalathiso esibalwa ngokusekwe kwinkqubo echazwe ku Statham et al. (2011). Imodeli ikwanika ingxelo ngeziphumo ezinokubakho zokungafani kolawulo ezintandathu: ubudala, isini, iminqweno yentlalo, umkhwa, iminyaka kwithagethi ye-SNS, kunye nabafowunelwa kwithagethi ye-SNS. Imodeli iboniswe ilungile: χ2/ df = 2.13, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, GFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.050, and SRMR = 0.061. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezimbini eziguquguqukayo zazingenaziphumo zibalulekileyo kwaye ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yezizathu zesahluko, zasuswa. Imodeli yayiqikelelwa kwaye, kwaye iboniswa ilungile: χ2/ df = 2.19, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, GFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.051, and SRMR = 0.063. Ii-coefficients zomgangatho ofanisiweyo, amanqanaba abo okubaluleka, kunye nomda womahluko ocacisiweyo kwizigqibo zokwenziwa komthetho zinikezelwe kuMzobo. 1.
Umzobo 1. Imodeli yoLwakhiwo.
Post-hoc Uhlalutya
Okokuqala, imodeli ecetywayo ibonakalisa ukuchasana kwamanqanaba amabini esiphumo se-ADHD ekusebenziseni i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, ngoxinzelelo, ukuzithemba nokuzithemba. Ukuze sivavanye ezi ziphumo ezingathanga ngqo, sisebenzise inkqubo yenkqubo ye-bootstrapping echazwe apha Umshumayeli et al. (2007) kunye neesampulu ze-200. Sebenzisa obu buchule, i-bias emiselweyo elungisiweyo engalunganga kwimiphumo engalunganga ye-ADHD ekunqwenelweni nasekusebenziseni i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba yayiyi-0.25 (p <0.01) kunye ne-0.07 (p <0.01), ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa isiphumo samanyathelo amabini esingathanga ngqo sokusebenza kwe-ADHD kusetyenziso lwe-Facebook ngelixa uqhuba.
Okwesibini, ukusebenzisa izikhokelo ze-ASRS v1.1 zokufumana amanqaku A (UKessler et al., 2005), umntu ngamnye wachongwa njengeempawu ezibonakalayo ezihambelana kakhulu ne-ADHD (ubuncinci iimpawu ezine ngaphezulu kwemikhombandlela echaziweyo; n = I-110, i-24%) okanye hayi (ngaphantsi kweempawu ezine ngaphaya komda ochaziweyo, n = 347, 76%). Oluguquko lwebhinari lubonisa uvavanyo lokuqala lwekliniki olunokubakho lwe-ADHD (Ngubani, 2003) ekufuneka iphononongwe ngakumbi. Olu luhlu lokuqala emva koko lwasetyenziswa njengento emiselweyo kuhlalutyo oluninzi lwemodeli yokwahluka ngoxinzelelo, ukuzithemba, ukuthanda, kunye nokujolisa ekusebenziseni kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba njengezinto ezixhomekekileyo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kukho umahluko kwi-omnibus phakathi kwamaqela (iPilai's Trace ye0.08, F(4, 452) = 9.2, p <0.000). Umahluko phakathi kwamaqela ngokwahluka ngalunye nawo wawubalulekile (Jonga iindlela zeqela kunye namanqanaba okubaluleka kweyantlukwano phakathi kweqela kuMzobo 2).
Umzobo 2. Umahluko phakathi kweqela.
Okwesithathu, ngelixa imodeli ecetywayo ilawulwa kwiziphumo zesondo, ayikhange ithathele ingqalelo into yokuba iinkqubo apho i-ADHD ichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba ingahluka phakathi kwezesondo. Umahluko unokuba yinto efanelekileyo xa ucinga ukuba iziphumo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha kwi-ADHD zahlukile phakathi kwezesondo phakathi kwabantwana (UGaub noCarlson, 1997) nabantu abadala (URamos-Quiroga et al., 2013). Ukongeza, isini sinokuhluka kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo phantsi koxinzelelo (Ilightall et al., 2012). Ukuze ukhanyise ukukhanya kule mahluko, iipatile ezimbini zetrafiki zenziwe kwi-AMOS 23. I-coefficients engaqondakaliyo apho kukho umohluko obalulekileyo, amanqaku ez-umahluko, kunye p-Iimpawu zinikwe kwiTheyibhile 3. Iminqweno yokusebenzisa umkhwa wokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS kunye ne-SNS yayinefuthe elomeleleyo ekusebenziseni kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhubela amadoda kunabafazi. Iziphumo zokuziphatha zibonakala zingathandekiyo ekuhlaleni kuphela kubafazi.
Itheyibhile 3. Umahluko kwiPati Coefficients phakathi kwesondo.
ingxoxo
Ngaba iimpawu ze-ADHD ziyinto engathanga ngqo enegalelo ekusebenziseni kweSNS ngelixa uqhuba? Kwaye ukuba kunjalo, ngaba i-ADHD inokujongwa njengesifo esingaphantsi kwesifo esikhuthaza oku kuziphatha, mhlawumbi ngendlela efanayo nendlela i-drug addictive ekhuthaza ngayo ukufuna okunyanzelekileyo kwemivuzo yamachiza? Olu phononongo luzame ukujongana nale mibuzo kunye neziphumo zegalelo elithile.
Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zisekwe kuvavanyo lwabasebenzisi babini be-SNS abadumileyo abahamba ngemoto bexhasa / bexhasa isikolo kule mibono. Babonisa ukuba ubukhulu beempawu ze-ADHD zinxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba. Kukho umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS okuzenzekelayo ngelixa uqhuba ngokuziphatha kwabo baneempawu ezihambelana kakhulu ne-ADHD kunye nabo bangenayo. I i-post-hoc Uhlalutyo oluqhubela phambili oluxhasa olu luvo kwaye abonise ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bobuchwephesha kunye neendlela ze-SEM ezilungelelaniswe ngokungalunganga ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpembelelo ze-ADHD ekusebenziseni i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba wawubalulekile. Iziphumo ezingangqinelaniyo zahlanganiswa ngokuthe xhaxhe ngokunyusa uxinzelelo kunye nokunciphisa ukuzithemba kweempawu ze-ADHD zazikhuthaziwe (H1a kwaye b zaxhaswa), ezathi kunye neempawu ze-ADHD zandisa iminqweno yokusebenzisa i-SNS (H2a, b kunye c yayixhaswa). Amanqanaba aphakamileyo enkanuko aqhuba ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, ubolekayo inkxaso kwi-H3.
Igalelo lokuqala lolu phononongo lukhomba kwindlela yokuziphatha eyingozi kodwa engafakwanga eyingozi ehambelana neempawu ze-ADHD, ezizezi ukusetyenziswa kweSNS ngelixa uqhuba. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uphando lujolise ikakhulu kusapho lwezinto ezinobungozi ezinxulumana ne-ADHD, kubandakanya umsebenzi ophambeneyo kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu, ukugembula nokuziphatha kweziyobisi (IGroen et al., 2013; UFusukawa et al., 2014; UKirino et al., 2015). Ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zinokuba yingxaki kwaye zibonise ukukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi ezahlukeneyo kubantu abadala (Umfazi et al., 2001; Kulungile, 2006; UDavidson, 2008), kubandakanya umngcipheko owandileyo weengozi zendlela ((UBarkley et al., 1993). Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba akukhona nje kuphela kubasebenzisi ngokubanzi (ngaphezu kwe-40% yabaphenduli kwisampulu yethu abaziphatha ngayo kule ndlela phakathi kweveki, kunye neepesenti enye yokuzibandakanyeka kuyo rhoqo) ukuba le ndlela yokuziphatha ixhaphake kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abaneempawu ezihambelana kakhulu ne-ADHD nokuba le ndlela yokuziphatha inxulumene, ngokungathanga ngqo, kunye nenqanaba leempawu ze-ADHD.
Ezi ziphumo kuqala zicebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kunokuba yinto enkulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili (ingxelo ye-RAC evela kwi-2011 ibango lokuba e-UK 24% ye-17-24 iminyaka yobudala kunye ne-12% ye-25-44 iminyaka yobudala yayisebenzisa i-SNS, i-imeyile okanye enye I-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, I-RAC, i-2011). Ke, imeko yokusebenzisa i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kubantu abanokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, ezinjenge-ADHD, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngakumbi kwaye kwenziwe nophando ngakumbi.
Le mfuneko iyanda ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS eyaziwayo kunokuba nokuhendi kwaye kunomvuzo, kuba inakho ukuphelisa imvakalelo ezimbi, ukusilela kwentlalo, kunye neminye imithwalo yengqondo (URyan noXenos, 2011; USheldon et al., 2011). Ingxaki ngeendawo ezinjalo kukuba, ngokuchasene nezinye iindlela (umzekelo, utywala, i-cannabis) engasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa imithwalo enxulumene ne-ADHD, ifikeleleka ngokubanzi (ubuncinci kwizicwangciso zedatha engenazingcingo zase-United States ziphantse, ukuba hayi ngokupheleleyo, kungenamda), ngexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye elibi kakhulu- ingasetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo ngelixa uqhuba, ngaphandle kokucwangciswa kakhulu. Ewe, abantu abaninzi baphendula ngokukhawuleza kwii-SNS cues kuneempawu zasesitratweni (UTurel et al., 2014), kwaye abanye abaninzi basebenzisa i-SNS ngelixa beqhuba (Ubushushu, 2015). Ke, abasebenzisi beselfowni abanezicwangciso zedatha bajikeleza nge "gun egcweleyo", enokuthi ibangelwe lula yi-SNS sebenzisa cues (UTurel et al., 2014). Ukuba siqhubeka sithathela ingqalelo ukwanda kweempawu ze-ADHD kubantu abadala (UKessler et al., 2006; UFayyad et al., 2007; Simon et al., 2009), Olu phononongo lukhomba kwimfuno enkulu yokufunda indlela i-ADHD kunye ne-SNS yokusebenzisa ngelixa ziqhuba, zinxulumana njani, kwaye nendlela le nhlangano inokuba buthathaka okanye ithintelwe.
Igalelo lesibini kolu phononongo kukulinganisa i-ADHD ngokweemodeli ezinesimo sokuziphatha njengendlela yokuchaza ngokuyinxenye isimilo esinganyanzelekangayo nesinobungozi phakathi kwabanengxaki ye-ADHD. Iingcamango zexesha elizayo zokulutha zicebise ukuba ukuxhatshazwa ubuncinci kwiinkqubo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ze-neural kungenza ukuqhuba okunyanzelekileyo komvuzo weziyobisi: Inye inkqubo yangaphambili engasebenziyo ethatha izigqibo kunye nolawulo lwempembelelo; Okwesibini yinkqubo yokusebenza gwenxa ye-mesolimbic dopamine / inkqubo ye-striatal ebandakanyekayo ekufuneni umvuzo kunye nokunyanzeliswa; Isithathu yinkqubo yokusebenza gwenxa yokuphambanisa ibandakanya ukufakwa. Le nkqubo ibandakanyeka kwimfuno yomzimba kunye nokungalingani kwekhaya, ezinje ngokwenzeka ngexesha lokurhoxa, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye ekugqibeleni okukhokelela ekuthandeni nasekunyanzeliseni umnqweno wokufuna ukukhululeka okanye ukunciphisa imeko yoloyisi (UNoel et al., 2013). Kuba i-ADHD inokuchaphazela ezi nkqubo ze-neural ngendlela efanayo (umzekelo, i-ADHD ihlala ibandakanya iinkqubo zokuthintela ukungasebenzi kunye / okanye iinkqubo zengqondo ezingxamisekileyo), sicebisa ukuba iimpawu ze-ADHD zinokukhuthaza isimilo sokufuna isimilo okanye imeko ephikisayo yokunciphisa isimilo Sebenzisa i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba. Ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kunokuba, ngokuyinxenye, kusetyenziswe njengendlela yokunciphisa umnqweno kabani njengoko uphenjelelwa yimithwalo ebangelwa kukungalula ukujongana neempawu eziphambili ze-ADHDUSousa et al., 2011; I-Silva et al., 2014).
Oku kuziphatha kunokuthathwa njengokuqhutywa ngumvuzo wokukhuthaza ongaphumelelanga ukuthintela xa ukungasebenzi kwiinkqubo eziphambili zobuchopho, njengenkqubo ye-cortex ye-hypoactive preortal cortex yolawulo lwe-inhibitory, kunye / okanye inkqubo ye-amygdala-striatal yenkqubo yokufuna umvuzo kunye nomngcipheko ongxamisekileyo. ukuthatha kukhonaBechara et al., 1999, 2006; UNoel et al., 2013). Ukubandakanyeka kwenkqubo ye-insula yiminqweno eboniswe kwangaphambili yongeza umsebenzi we-hypo wenkqubo yokulawula uqhubekeko kunye noxinzelelo lwenkqubo eqhuba isimilo esingxamisekileyo (Bechara et al., 1999, 2006; UNoel et al., 2013). Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibolekisa inkxaso yokuqala kwezi mbono kwaye zibonisa ukuba iimpawu ze-ADHD ziqhuba amazwe achaseneyo kubandakanya ukunciphisa ukuzithemba kunye nokunyusa uxinzelelo, kwaye ezi zinto zidibeneyo zikhulisa umnqweno wokusebenzisa i-SNS. Le minqweno, emva koko, xa isilele ukuthintelwa, iguqulela kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezingxamisekileyo. Ngenxa yokufana okukhoyo phakathi kwe-ADHD kunye nezinye iisyndromes ezibandakanya ubuthathaka kwizakhono zokwenza izigqibo, ezinje ngengxaki yokulutha (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007), iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kunokubangelwa ziingxaki ezinxulumene nemimandla yobuchopho efanayo. Iindima zezi ndlela zisetyenziswayo ekukhuthazeni le ndlela yokuziphatha, nangona kunjalo, zifuna uphando olongezelelekileyo kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokucingela ubuchopho.
Igalelo lesithathu lolu phononongo kukukhomba kwiinkqubo ezinokuthi zithethelele kwiimpawu ze-ADHD kusetyenziso lwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba. Oku kugxilwe kubalulekile kuba ukujongana nezinto eziguqukayo kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ingxaki (kwaye ubukhulu becala akukho semthethweni kwaye kuthintelwe, ubuncinci e-US) indlela yokuziphatha kwaye ngokuyintloko kuthintela ukuguqulelwa kweempawu ze-ADHD kule ndlela yokuziphatha. Ngokukodwa, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kunokuncitshiswa ngokuncipha komnqweno wokusebenzisa i-SNS ekujoliswe kuyo kunye noxinzelelo lwayo, ngelixa usonyusa ukuzithemba kwakhe. Ngelixa singakhange sivavanye ubuchule bokufezekisa olu tshintsho, uphando lwangaphambili luchaza ukuba olo tshintsho lunokufumaneka ngongenelelo lonyango lokuziphatha (I-Knapen et al., 2005), utshintsho lwendlela yokuphila (I-Sundin et al., 2003), kunye nokusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka kwe-pharmacology kunye nezinye iindlela ezingezizo ezifana nokuvuselela amandla kazibuthe (Khohlwa et al., 2010) kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu. Ukusebenza kweendlela ezinje zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuvavanywe kuphando lwamva.
Igalelo lesine kolu phando kukwanda komzimba wolwazi ngokubhekisele kwabakwaSini ngokwahluka kwi-AdHD kunye nokusetyenziswa kweSNS ngelixa uqhuba. Ngelixa uphando lwangaphambili lukhankanye umahluko onxulumene nokuziphatha okuyingozi njengokusebenzisa iziyobisi, ukuphendula uxinzelelo kunye nokwenza izigqibo (UGaub noCarlson, 1997; Ilightall et al., 2012; UWillis noNaidoo, 2014), indlela umntu abelana ngayo ngesondo anokuba nefuthe kwindlela i-SNS esebenzisa ngayo ngelixa iindlela zokuziphatha zisenziwa ayaziwa. Iziphumo zethu (jonga kwiTheyibhile 3) bonisa ukuba iminqweno yokusebenzisa i-SNS inamandla ngakumbi phakathi kwamadoda. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela zokungenelela zinokujolisa kuqala kumadoda. Zikwabonisa ukuba kumadoda, ukusebenzisa i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba akuhambelani kakubi okanye kunxulunyaniswa nokunqwenela intlalo kwaye kubafazi, amanqanaba asezantsi ayinqweneleka kakhulu ekuhlaleni. Oku kwakhona, kunokufuna ulungiso kumadoda. Okokugqibela, indawo yokuhlala esetyenziswa kwe-SNS ibonakala ngathi ngumqhubi onamandla okusebenzisa i-SNS ngelixa uqhuba amadoda kunabafazi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ungenelelo lokulungisa umkhuba lunokuwanceda ngakumbi amadoda njengeendlela ezingathanga ngqo zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba. Iindlela zongenelelo ezenzelwe isondo, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka zivavanywe kuphando lwamva.
Umda kunye nezikhokelo zophando ezizayo kufuneka zivunywe. Kuqala, olu phononongo lusebenze kuphela inxenye ye-ASRS kwaye ngenxa yoko uvavanyo lwe-ADHD alunakufunyanwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba neempawu ezingahambelani ne-ADHD kwakwanele ukubonisa ukungafani phakathi kwabantu ngokweSNS yokusebenzisa ngelixa uqhuba. Okwesibini, uphononongo lugxile kuphela kwizinto eziguquguqukayo ezimbalwa eziphakathi kokunxibelelana phakathi kweempawu ze-ADHD kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba. Ngelixa sithathe ngokuchanekileyo ukuba aba blamli banokusebenziseka, kunokwenzeka ukuba baninzi abanye; kwaye ezi kufuneka ziphononongwe kuphando lwamva. Ukongeza, umngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba unokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi (ukukhangela ukuvuselelwa) kunye neemeko zendlela. Ezo zinto zixabisekileyo zinokuchazwa kuphando lwamva. Okwesithathu, ngelixa sithetha ukunxulumana kweenkqubo zokuvavanya kwiinkqubo zobuchopho ezichaphazelekayo ekunyanzelisweni, iminqweno kunye nokuthintela, ezi azivavanywa. Kungoko sifuna ukuba uphando lwamva lusebenzise ubuchwephesha obongezelelekileyo, njengefMRI, ukulungisa iziphumo zethu, kwaye nokongeza umqolo wokusebenza kwengqondo ekuqondeni kwethu ubudlelwane phakathi kwezixhobo ezihloliweyo. Okokugqibela, olu phononongo lujolise kumzekelo omnye weSNS, kuFacebook. Ngelixa i-Facebook mhlawumbi yeyona SNS idume kakhulu, zininzi ezinye ii-SNS ezinokusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekekayo ngelixa uqhuba. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luphonononge imodeli yethu kunye nezinye ii-SNS kunye / okanye indlela enomngcipheko kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezinomdla ukuze wandise ukubonakala kwazo ngokubanzi.
isiphelo
I-ADHD kunye nee-syndromes eziluqilima zendele kwiintsilelo kwiinkqubo ezifanayo zobuchopho ezichaphazelekayo kwisizukulwana sokuphembelela kunye nolawulo. Kolu phando siye sabonisa ukuba ngenxa yoko, indlela yokuziphatha enobungozi phakathi kwabantu abaneempawu ezingqinelanayo ne-ADHD inokuchazwa kusetyenziswa uphawu lweempawu ezibonakalayo. Sibonise nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SNS ngelixa uqhuba kuyingxaki ekhulayo kuluntu, kwaye ukuba yinto exhaphakileyo ebantwini abaneempawu ezingqinelanayo ne-ADHD. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luqhubeke nokufunda ezi zinto kwaye ziphonononge iindlela zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji enomngcipheko ngelixa uqhuba.
Umbhali Wemivuzo
Umbhali wokuqala (OT) wayebandakanyeke kuyilo lokufunda, ukumiliselwa, ukuphunyezwa, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kunye nokubhala. Umbhali wesibini (AB) wayebandakanyekile kuyilo lokufunda, ukubhala kunye nokubhala.
Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala
Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.
Izinto ezongezelelweyo
Ingcaciso eyongezelelweyo kule nqaku ingafumaneka kwi-Intanethi kwi: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00455
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Amagama aphambili: Ukusetyenziswa kwe-facebook, i-ADHD, iziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo, inkanuko, ukuzithemba, iisayithi zenethiwekhi yoluntu
Isilumkiso: UTurel O no-Bechara A (2016) Ukusetyenziswa kweSayithi yeNtanethi yoThungelwano ngelixa uqhuba: I-ADHD kunye neNdima yokuPhakathi yoXinzelelo, ukuZithemba kunye nokunqwenela. Umphambili. Psychol. I-7: 455. I-Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00455
Ifunyenwe: 05 ngoFebruwari 2016; Wamkelwe: 14 ngo-Matshi 2016;
Ipapashwe: 30 ngo-Matshi 2016.
U lungiswe ngu:
Uphawu lweMatthias, IYunivesithi yaseDuisburg-Essen, eJamani
Ajongwe kwakhona ngu:
UBert Theodor Te Wildt, Isibhedlele seYunivesithi yaseLuL-Yunivesithi iRuhr-University Bochum, eJamani
Ursula Oberst, KwiYunivesithi yaseRamon Llull, eSpain
I-Copyright © 2016 Turel kunye neBechara. Eli linqaku lokufikelela ngokuvulekileyo elihanjiswe phantsi kwemiqathango ye Ilayisenisi ye-Creative Commons License (CC BY). Ukusetyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa okanye ukuveliswa kwamanye amaqonga kuvumelekile, ngaphandle kokuba umlobi (original) okanye umnikezeli welayisenisi anikezelwe ukuba umshicilelo wokuqala wolu phephancwadi ukhankanywe, ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi owamkelekileyo wemfundo. Akukho tyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa okanye ukuveliswa kuvunyelwe okungahambisani nale migomo.
Imbalelwano: Ngu-Ofir Turel, [imeyile ikhuselwe]
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