Inendima ye-hypothalamus yesikhokelo kunye ne-orexin ekuziphatheni okungenasisindo: umzekelo wokuguqulela amava adlulileyo kunye nokuphulwa kwezinto eziphathekayo ekuziphatheni okukhuthazayo (2014)

I-Front Syst Neurosci. 2014 Nov 13; 8: 216. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00216. I-eCollection ka-2014.

Hurley SW1, Johnson AK2.

Abstract

I-hypothalamus iye yamkelwa ngokubandakanyeka kwayo kuzo zombini ukugcina i-homeostasis kunye nokulamla ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo. Inqaku langoku lixubusha ummandla we-hypothalamus owaziwa ngokuba yi-lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Kucetywa ukuba i-nuclei yobuchopho ngaphakathi kwe-LHA kubandakanywa nommandla we-dorsal we-lateral hypothalamus (LHAd) kunye ne-perifornical area (PeF) ibonelele ngekhonkco phakathi kweenkqubo ze-neural ezilawula i-homeostasis kunye nezo zidibanisa ukuziphatha okunomdla okukhuthazayo. Idatha esebenzayo kunye ne-immunohistochemical ibonisa ukuba i-LHA ikhuthaza iindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha ezikhuthazayo kubandakanya ukutya, ukutya, ukungena kwamanzi, ityuwa, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo.. Uvavanyo lokulandela umkhondo we-anatomical lubonisa ukuba i-LHA ibekwe kwindawo yokufumana amagalelo kwiindawo zobuchopho ezibandakanyekayo ekulawuleni ulwelo lomzimba kunye ne-homeostasis yamandla. Imimandla engaphakathi kwe-LHA ithumela uqikelelo oluxineneyo kwindawo ye-ventral tegmental (VTA), ibonelela ngendlela ye-LHA yokuphembelela iinkqubo ze-dopaminergic ngokubanzi ezivunyiweyo ukuba zibandakanyeka kukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo kunye nokomelezwa kwazo. Ngaphaya koko, i-LHA iqulethe ii-neurons ezenza i-orexin/hypocretin, i-neuropeptide ekhuthaza iindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha ezikhuthazayo. I-LHA ikwafumana amagalelo avela kwiindawo zobuchopho ezibandakanyekayo ekufundeni okunxulumene nomvuzo kunye nokusebenza kwe-orexin neuron kunokubekwa kwimeko yokuvuselela indalo ehambelana nemivuzo. Ke ngoko, kucingelwa ukuba i-LHA idibanisa imiqondiso evela kwiindawo ezilawula ulwelo lomzimba kunye nokulinganisela kwamandla kunye nokufunda okunxulumene nomvuzo. Ngapha koko, olu lwazi "londliwa" kwisekethe ye-mesolimbic ukuphembelela ukusebenza kweendlela zokuziphatha ezikhuthazayo. Le ngcamango inokukhuthaza imifuniselo eya kubangela ukuqonda okuphuculweyo komsebenzi we-LHA. Ukuqonda okuphuculweyo komsebenzi we-LHA kunokunceda ekunyangeni iziphazamiso ezinxulunyaniswa nokugqithiswa okanye ukonakala ekubonakalisweni kokuziphatha kokutya okubandakanya ukutyeba, i-anorexia, ukonakala konxano, ukutyeba kwetyuwa, kunye nokusilela kwetyuwa.

Internet: inkuthazo, i-homeostasis, i-lateral hypothalamus, iplastiki ye-neural, ukuthanda ityuwa, unxano, ukutya, i-orexin

intshayelelo

Ukuze ziphile izilwanyana kufuneka zigcine amandla kunye ne-homeostasis eyilwelo. Iikhalori zihlala zilahleka ngeenkqubo ezigcina imisebenzi esisiseko yobomi kunye nesiphumo sokuziphatha. Ngokufanayo, izilwanyana zasemhlabeni zihlala ziphulukana namanzi kunye nesodium kwindalo esingqongileyo ngenxa yenkqubo eqhelekileyo yendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kubandakanya ukuphefumla, ukuphefumla, ukubila, ukuchama kunye nokudinwa. Ezinye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga zibeka isoyikiso esibalulekileyo kuwo omabini amandla kunye ne-homeostasis yolwelo lomzimba. Umzekelo, izigulo zinokukhupha iimeko ze-hypophagia ezidityaniswa norhudo kunye nokugabha okuphelisa umzimba wamanzi kunye nesodium. Wakuba umzimba unqongophele kwiikhalori, amanzi, okanye isodiyam kubalulekile ukuba isilwanyana sifune kwaye sithathe izinto kwindawo ukubuyisela i-homeostasis.

Inkqubo ye-nervous central ivelisa amazwe akhuthazayo ukukhuthaza ukufuna kunye nokufuywa kwezinto ezingqongileyo. Isimo esikhuthazayo sokulamba, okanye ukufuna kunye nokungenisa ukutya, kuyimfuneko ukuba isilwanyana sibuyisele ukusilela kwi-homeostasis yamandla. Unxano kunye ne-sodium (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-[AKA] ityuwa yetyuwa), okanye ukufumana kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye ne-sodium, kuyimfuneko ukubuyisela ukulinganisela kwamanzi. Ezi zizwe zikhuthazayo zikhatshwa yinkqubo ye-nervous system ekhuthaza ukuziphatha (okt, ukuvelisa imeko yokuvuselela ingqondo kunye nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha kwe-locomotor) kunye nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okujoliswe kuko (Bindra, 1959; Bolles, 1975). Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba amazwe amaninzi akhuthazayo ahamba kunye nokutshintshwa kwe-hedonic apho iimpendulo ezithandekayo okanye eziphikisayo ezikhutshwe yi-stimuli ethile ziphuculwe okanye zithintelwe (uGarcia et al., 1974; Fanselow kunye neBirk, 1982; Berridge et al., 1984; UMehiel kunye noBolles, 1988; Berridge kunye noSchulkin, 1989). Ngokomzekelo, xa iigundane ezigcwele isodium zifumana i-intra-oral infusions ye-hypertonic saline solutions zibonisa iimpendulo ezichanekileyo zokuziphatha ezibonisa ukuchaswa (Grill kunye noNorgren, 1978; Berridge et al., 1984) kunye neegundane ezigcwele i-sodium ngokuqhelekileyo ziya kukhangela isisombululo se-hypertonic saline (uRobinson noBerridge, 2013). Nangona kunjalo, xa iigundane ziba yintsilelo yesodium zibonisa indlela yokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kwizisombululo ze-saline kwaye ziya kwenza iimpendulo eziluncedo ekufumaneni i-sodium (iimpendulo ze-AKA; Berridge et al., 1984; UClark noBernstein, 2006; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2013). Ngaphantsi kweemeko zokunqongophala kwe-sodium bade babonise iimpendulo zokuziphatha ezibonisa ulonwabo kunokuba bacaphuke xa izisombululo ze-hypertonic saline zifakwe ngaphakathi ngomlomo (uBerridge et al., 1984). Ngokufanayo, abantu balinganisela ukutya okunetyuwa njengento enencasa ngakumbi xa bengenaso isodium (McCance, 1936; Beauchamp et al., 1990).

Iimeko ezikhuthazayo zendlala, ukunxanwa, kunye nomdla wokutya ityuwa ziphenjelelwa ngamandla sisimo sangoku samandla sesilwanyana kunye nokulungelelana kolwelo (okt, i-homeostatic state). Kusengqiqweni ukucinga ngezixhobo ze-neural ezibeka iliso kumandla kunye ne-homeostasis yolwelo njengeenkqubo zoluvo ngokwazo. Ngokubhekiselele kwibhalansi yamandla, i-nucleus ye-arcuate ye-hypothalamus (ARH) ifumene ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo kwindima yayo ekuboneni iimpawu ze-peripheral ezinxulumene nendlala kunye nokuhlutha (Schwartz et al., 2000). I-ensemble ye forebrain nuclei elele ecaleni kwe-lamina terminalis (LT) ibalulekile ekuboneni imiqondiso enxulumene nesimo solwelo lomzimba (Denton et al., 1996; Johnson kunye noThunhorst, 1997). Izakhiwo ezithile kunye ne-LT yi-subfornical organ (SFO), indawo ephakathi kwe-preoptic (MnPO), kunye ne-organum vasculosum ye-lamina terminalis (OVLT). Ukuququzelela ingcaciso ezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokudibeneyo njenge-LT. I-SFO kunye ne-OVLT zizitho ze-sensory circumventricular, okanye iindawo zobuchopho ezingenayo umqobo wegazi-ingqondo (uJohnson kunye neGross, 1993) ebavumela ukuba bajonge izinto ezisegazini ezisebenza njengezalathi zesimo solwelo lomzimba (uJohnson noThunhorst, 1997, 2007). Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele apha ukuba kukho ingxoxo ngoku malunga nokuba i-ARH ayinayo umqobo wegazi-ingqondo kwaye lilungu lokwenyani le-circumventricular (Mimee et al., 2013). Ngaloo ndlela, kucetywayo ukuba i-LT inokusebenza kwakhona ukuze ibone iimpawu ezinxulumene nokulinganisela kwamandla (Mimee et al., 2013; Smith kunye noFerguson, 2014).

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukutya, amanzi, kunye nesodium kufuna umsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo phakathi kweesekethe ze-neural ezibona amandla kunye nemeko yolwelo kunye ne-neural circuitry ebandakanyekayo ekuhlanganiseni indlela yokuziphatha ekhuthazayo (uGarcia et al., 1974; Roitman et al., 1997; IKelley kunye neBerridge, 2002; Liedtke et al., 2011). Ke ngoko, iindawo zobuchopho ezibeka iliso kwimeko yolwelo kunye namandla kufuneka zikwazi ukwenza iprojekthi kwiindawo ezilawula inkuthazo kunye nomvuzo. Enye indlela yokugqibela eqhelekileyo ebandakanyekayo kwisizukulwana sazo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha ezikhuthazayo eziphandwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukujongwa kwe-dopaminergic ukusuka kwindawo ye-ventral tegmental (VTA) ukuya kwi-nucleus accumbens (AKA inkqubo ye-mesolimbic dopamine kunye neqela leseli ye-A10 dopaminergic; UMogenson et al. ., 1980; iBhozarth, 1994). I-ARH kunye ne-LT, ezibandakanyekayo ekuboneni amandla kunye nebhalansi yolwelo, azibonakali zingena ngaphakathi kwi-VTA (Phillipson, 1979; UGeisler kunye noZahm, 2005; nangona kunjalo i-ARH yenza iprojekthi ngokuthe ngqo kwi-nucleus accumbens; Yi et al., 2006; van den Heuvel et al., 2014). Njengoko kungekho luqikelelo oluthe ngqo kwi-VTA kunokwenzeka ukuba iindawo ezikwi-hypothalamus zinokunceda “ekuvaleni umsantsa” phakathi kwe-homeostasis kunye nenkqubo yenkuthazo kunye nemivuzo (Mogenson et al., 1980; Swanson kunye noMogenson, 1981; USwanson kunye noLind, 1986). Ngokomzekelo, izifundo zokulandela umkhondo zibonise ukuba ummandla omkhulu we-hypothalamus uqulethe i-neurons eyenza i-VTA (iGeisler kunye ne-Zahm, 2005). Lo mmandla usuka kwi-dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) ukuya kwindawo ye-dorsal ye-lateral hypothalamus (LHAd) kwaye ibonakala ikhona kuwo wonke umlinganiselo wangaphambili-ngasemva we-hypothalamus.

Ubungqina obuxhasa indima ye-LHA ekudibaniseni i-homeostatic state kunye neenkqubo zokukhuthaza kunye nemivuzo

Kwiphepha lakudala, iStellar (1954) wenze isindululo sethiyori egxile kwi-hypothalamus yenkuthazo. I-Stellar ithi i-hypothalamus iqulethe "amaziko" ane-anatomically dissociable kwaye iziko ngalinye lidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuziphatha okuthile okukhuthazwayo. Ngokomzekelo, wabeka ukuba i-hypothalamus iqulethe amaziko alawula ngokukodwa isondo, ukuhlutha, indlala kunye nokulala. Isiphakamiso sikaStellar safumana uhlolisiso olucokisekileyo lovavanyo kwaye safunyanwa singanelanga ukuchaza idatha evelayo (uMiller et al., 1964; Miller, 1965; eHoebel naseTeitelbaum, 1966; Booth et al., 1969). Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ithiyori kaStellar yasilela ekucaciseni indima ye-hypothalamus kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezikhuthazayo, ubungqina obuninzi ngoku bubonisa ukuba iindawo ezingaphakathi kwe-hypothalamus, enyanisweni, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo ngokubanzi.

Imifuniselo yakudala esebenzise ukuqhuma okufutshane kokuvuselela umbane ojolise kwindawo esecaleni ye-hypothalamic (LHA) ibonise ukuba i-LHA ibandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zenkuthazo kunye nemivuzo. Abantu abadala kunye noMilner (1954) ekuqaleni kwafumanisa ukuba iigundane ziya kwenza umsebenzi wokuvula umbane obukhali we-LHA, iparadigm yovavanyo ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yi-self-stimulation okanye umvuzo wokuvuselela ubuchopho. Batolika ukufumanisa kwabo ukuba kuthetha ukuba ukuvuselela kombane kwe-LHA kunomvuzo (oko kukuthi, ukuvuselela i-LHA kukhuphe imeko yolonwabo). Ukuba olu vavanyo luchanekile, lunokucebisa ukuba ezinye ii-neuron ngaphakathi kwe-LHA zibalulekile ngokusebenzayo kwikhowudi yolonwabo ekusetyenzisweni kwemivuzo. Nangona kunjalo, abanye bacebise ukuba uvuselelo lwe-LHA lunokuthi luvelise imeko yokunqwenela endaweni yolonwabo ngomntu ngamnye (eBerridge naseValenstein, 1991). Ukuba oku kutolikwa kuyinyani kungacebisa ukuba i-subset ye-neurons ebekwe kwi-LHAd ibandakanyeka kumnqweno oqhuba izilwanyana ukuba zifune umvuzo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iipropathi ezikhuthazayo kunye nezivuzayo zovuselelo lwe-LHA zisisiphumo sokusebenza kwee-neurons kwi-LHA loo projekthi kwinkqubo ye-mesolimbic dopamine (Phillipson, 1979; UGeisler kunye noZahm, 2005). Uvavanyo lwakutsha nje olusebenzisa imephu ye-anatomical "yeendawo ze-hedonic", okanye iindawo zobuchopho ezibonakala zinolonwabo lwekhowudi (iPeciña kunye neBerridge, 2000), bonisa ukuba i-neurons ekhoyo kwiprojekthi ye-LHA yangaphambili kwi-hedonic hotspot kwi-dorsomedial nucleus accumbens shell (Thompson kunye ne-Swanson, 2010), kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuvuselela kwe-LHA kunokusebenzisa ezi neurons zokubonisa ukuvuselela imvakalelo yolonwabo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukuba i-LHA ivuselelwe ixesha elaneleyo (~ 10-30 s) iigundane ziya kwenza ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo kubandakanya ukusela, ukutya, kunye nokuziphatha kokubambisana (Isilumko, 1968). Ngapha koko, izilonda ze-LHA ziphelisa ukutya kunye nokutyiwa kwamanzi, ukukopa, kunye nokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukutya kwesodium (uAnand noBrobeck, 1951; Montemurro kunye noStevenson, 1957; eTeitelbaum kunye ne-Epstein, 1962; Ingcuka, 1964; Wolf kunye neQuartermain, 1967; UCagguila et al., 1973; Grossman et al., 1978; Hansen et al., 1982).

Ukuphazamiseka kwamandla okanye ukulinganisela kwamanzi kuguqula ukuphendula ngokuzivuselela (Olds, 1958; UMorris et al., 2006, 2010). Abantu abadala (1958) ekuqaleni kwafumanisa ukuba iigundane ezithintela ukutya kunye nokubangela imeko ekhuthazayo yendlala yanda ukuphendula ngokuzivuselela. Ngapha koko, ukwanda kokuphendula ngokuzivuselela ngexesha lokuncitshiswa kokutya kunokuthintelwa ngokulawulwa kwe-leptin, ihomoni ekhuthaza ukuhlutha (Fulton et al., 2000). Ngokuchasene nokunqongophala kokutya, ukuncipha kwesodium kunciphisa ukuphendula ngokuzivuselela (Morris et al., 2010). Ukunciphisa ukuphendula ngokuzivuselela kubonwa naxa iimpuku zenziwa ityuwa zilambile ngolawulo lwehomoni yangaphandle ekhuthaza umdla wetyuwa; Nangona iigundane zigcina ibhalansi yesodium ngexesha lonyango (uMorris et al., 2006). Akukacaci ukuba kutheni iimeko ezikhuthazayo zendlala kunye netyuwa zivelisa iziphumo ezichaseneyo ekuzivuseleleni. Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba indlala kunye netyuwa iyayitshintsha impendulo yokuzivuselela kwaye esi siphumo sibonakala sizimeleyo kukuphazamiseka kokwenyani kumandla okanye kwi-homeostasis yolwelo. Umzekelo, i-leptin iyenza iqheleke ukuphendula ngokuzivuselela ngaphandle kokulungisa iikhalori ezilahlekileyo (uFulton et al., 2000) kunye nokuphendula okuzivuselelayo kunokuncitshiswa ngobuchule obuvusa indlala yetyuwa ngaphandle kokwenza intsilelo yesodium (Morris et al., 2006). Okubalulekileyo, olu vavanyo luxhasa uqikelelo lwangoku ngokubonisa ukuba i-LHA inovakalelo kwimeko yenkuthazo yesilwanyana.

Obunye ubungqina obunamandla obuxhasa indima ye-hypothalamus ekukhuthazeni ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo buvela kwizifundo ezivavanya i-orexin (AKA hypocretin). I-Orexin yi-neuropeptide ebonakaliswa ngokuyinhloko kwisiqingatha se-caudal ye-hypothalamus apho isasazwa kwi-arc esuka kwi-DMH ukuya kwi-LHAd (Umfanekiso. (Figure1) .1). I-Orexin ibonakala ikuphela kwenkqubo eyaziwayo ye-peptide neurotransmitter njengoko i-orexin neurons esuka kwindawo elukiweyo ithumela uqikelelo olukude kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho (Peyron et al., 1998). Ngokusebenzayo, i-orexin neurons iye yabandakanyeka kakhulu kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ezikhuthazayo (uHarris et al., 2005; Borgland et al., 2009). I-Orexin ifumene ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo kumthamo wayo wokufumana ukutya okuqinileyo (kungoko igama elithi orexin; Sakurai et al., 1998; Choi et al., 2010) kodwa ikwabandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni unxano, ukuthanda ukutya kwetyuwa (Kunii et al., 1999; Hurley et al., 2013a), kunye nokuziphatha kokuzala (uMuschamp et al., 2007; Di Sebastiano et al., 2010). I-Orexin neurons inokulungelelaniswa ngokufanelekileyo ibe ngamaqela amathathu eeseli kwi-hypothalamus: iqela kwi-DMH, indawo yeperifornical (PeF), kunye ne-LHAd (Figure). (Figure1) .1). Zombini i-PeF kunye ne-LHAd yimimandla ebekwe kwi-LHA ngelixa i-DMH ilele phakathi apho idlula i-ventricle yesithathu. Iqela ngalinye leseli ye-orexin iqulethe iseti ye-orexin neurons eprojekthi kwi-VTA (Umfanekiso (Umfanekiso 1; 1; UFadel kunye noDeutch, 2002), kunye ne-orexin iyakwazi ukukhupha i-neurons kwi-VTA (Korotkova et al., 2003). Ke ngoko, i-orexin neurons ibonelela ngendlela yeendawo ezingaphakathi kwe-LHA ukuba zingene kwiinkqubo ngokwesiko ezicingelwa ukuba zibandakanyeka kwinkuthazo kunye nomvuzo. Ubungqina bukwabonisa ukuba i-orexin neurons inoqikelelo oluthe ngqo kwi-nucleus accumbens shell (Peyron et al., 1998; Kampe et al., 2009) apho banokwenza khona ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo (uThorpe noKotz, 2005).

Umzobo 1 

Idatha engapapashwanga kubabhali. Ukulebula ngokubambisana phakathi kwe-orexin kunye ne-VTA projection neurons kwi-hypothalamus. I-tracer ye-retrograde i-Fluoro-Gold (i-Fluorochrome, i-Denver CO) yayifakwe i-microinjected (2% kwi-250 nl) kwi-VTA, iingqondo zaqokelelwa kwaye zasikwa kwi-40µm, ...

Eminye imisebenzi emikhulu ye-orexin ibandakanya ukukhuthaza ukuvuswa (uHagan et al., 1999) kunye neempendulo zenkqubo ye-nervous enovelwano kubandakanya ukuphakama koxinzelelo lwegazi (uSamson et al., 1999; uFerguson noSamson, 2003; Kayaba et al., 2003) kunye nokukhululwa kwehomoni zoxinzelelo (Kuru et al., 2000; Spinazzi et al., 2006). Kungenzeka ukuba i-orexin neurons ivuliwe ngelixa isilwanyana sifumana i-caloric, i-hydrational, okanye i-sodium enqongopheleyo okanye ikwimo yokuvuswa ngokwesondo. Ukukhululwa okulandelayo kwe-orexin kuyo yonke i-neuraxis kukhuthaza ukusebenza kokuziphatha okujoliswe kuko ngokuvula iinkqubo zobuchopho ezibandakanyekayo ekukhuthazeni ukuvusa, ingqalelo, umsebenzi onovelwano, kunye nokuziphatha okukhuthazwayo. Ukusebenza kovelwano kuxhasa ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla (umzekelo, ukunyuka kwengcinezelo yegazi kunye namanqanaba e-glucose akhoyo, kunye nokukhululwa kwehomoni yoxinzelelo) kunye nokusasazwa kwakhona kwegazi eliyimfuneko ukuxhasa umsebenzi owandisiweyo we-locomotor. Ngokudibeneyo ezi mpendulo zisembindini kunye neeperipheral zisebenza ekwandiseni amathuba okuba isilwanyana sifune ngempumelelo kwaye sitye iziqinisekiso zokusingqongileyo ezibuyisela amandla kunye ne-hydrational homeostasis.

Izifundo ze-anatomical kunye ne-immunohistochemical zixhasa uluvo lokuba i-LHA inceda ekudibaniseni imiqondiso evela kwi-orexigenic peptides kunye neurocircuitry ebandakanyekayo kwinkuthazo kunye nomvuzo. I-Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ibonakaliswe kwi-ARH neurons (Hahn et al., 1998) kwaye le neuropeptide ibangela ukondla (Schwartz et al., 2000). Okubangela umdla kukuba, ii-neurons ze-NPY zithumela uqikelelo oluxineneyo olukwi-apposition kunye ne-orexin neurons ekwi-LHA (Broberger et al., 1998). Unyango oludala indlala olufana ne-hypoglycemia okanye ulawulo lweepeptides ze-orexigenic kuquka i-ghrelin kunye ne-NPY induce c-iifos ukubonakaliswa kwi-orexin-equlethe i-neurons (Moriguchi et al., 1999; Niimi et al., 2001; Toshinai et al., 2003). Ukongeza, ukubeka esichengeni i-orexin neurotransmission kunciphisa ukondla okubangelwa kulawulo lwe-NPY okanye i-ghrelin. I-Neurons kwi-dorsomedial ARH, ummandla we-ARH equlethe uninzi lwe-NPY neurons, iphinda iprojekthi kwi-PeF kwaye mhlawumbi ne-LHAd (Umfanekiso. (Umfanekiso 2; 2; UHahn kunye noSwanson, 2010).

Umzobo 2 

Idatha engapapashwanga kubabhali. Ukubuyisela kwakhona ilebula ukusuka kwi-LHAd kunye ne-PeF ukuya kwi-LT kunye ne-nucleus ye-arcuate ye-hypothalamus. I-2% ye-Fluoro-Gold kwi-saline ye-physiological iontophoresed kwi-PeF kunye ne-LHAd (A). Ukuleyibhelishwa kweRetrograde kuye kwajongwa kulo lonke ...

Ngokuchaseneyo nezifundo malunga nokutya, umsebenzi omncinci owenziweyo uchaza indlela iLT enokuthi ibe nefuthe ngayo kwinkuthazo kunye nomvuzo wokujikeleza kwe-neural. I-LT ayibonakali iprojekthi ngqo nokuba yi-VTA (Phillipson, 1979; UGeisler kunye noZahm, 2005) okanye i-nucleus accumbens (Brog et al., 1993), kodwa ngandlel’ ithile iindawo ezivayo kunye nokusetyenzwa kolwazi olunxulumene ne-homeostasis yolwelo lomzimba kufuneka ingene kwinkuthazo kwaye ivuze i-neurocircuitry. I-SFO ibonakaliswe ukuthumela uqikelelo kwi-DMH, PeF, kunye ne-LHAd (i-Swanson kunye ne-Lind, 1986; Hurley et al., 2013a). Ngaphaya koko, imifuniselo yamva nje kwilabhoratri yethu ibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-iontophoretic ye-retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold ukuya kwi-posterior part ye-DMH, PeF, kunye ne-LHAd ityhila ukuleyibhile yokubuyisela umva kuyo yonke i-LT (umzekelo wokuleyibhile ukubuyisela umva ukusuka kwinaliti ethi ukusasazeka ukusuka kwi-PeF ukuya kwi-LH kuboniswe kuMzobo Umfanekiso2) .2). Abanye babonise ukuba iPeF ifumana uqikelelo oluvela kuyo yonke iLT (Hahn kunye neSwanson, 2010). Ukongezelela, kutshanje siye safumanisa ukuba i-orexin neurons iyasebenza xa iigundane ziphelelwe ngamanzi kunye ne-sodium zivumelekile ukuba zifake amanzi kunye ne-hypertonic saline kunye nokuba i-microinjection ye-orexin receptor antagonist kwi-VTA edibeneyo yamanzi kunye ne-sodium intake kwiigundane eziphelile (Hurley et al. ., 2013a). Ke ngoko, kusenokwenzeka ukuba iiprojekthi ze-LT kwi-DMH, PeF kunye ne-LHAd ezithi, zithumele uqikelelo lwe-orexinergic kwi-VTA. Ukukhululwa kwe-Orexin kwi-VTA kukhuthaza ukungeniswa kwamanzi kunye ne-sodium. Olu vavanyo lubonelela ngenkxaso ye-anatomical kunye nokusebenza kwingcinga yokuba i-LHA idibanisa ulwazi malunga nemeko ye-homeostatic kunye neenkqubo zenkuthazo kunye nemivuzo.

Ubungqina obuxhasa indima ye-LHA ekufundeni okunxulumene nomvuzo

Iimvavanyo ezivavanye umphumo wokuvuselela i-LHA kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezikhuthazayo zibonelele ngobungqina bokuqala bokuba i-LHA inokubandakanyeka ekufundeni okunxulumene nomvuzo. Xa iimpuku zomntu ngamnye zifumana uvuselelo lwe-LHA, ekuqaleni zibonisa indlela enye ekhuthazayo (uValenstein et al., 1970). Ezinye iimpuku ziya kudla, ngelixa ezinye ziya kusela okanye zibandakanyeke ekuziphatheni kokubambisana. Indlela yokuziphatha ekhuthazwa yimpuku nganye ebandakanyeka kuyo kubhekiswa kuyo njengokuziphatha okunamandla. Okubalulekileyo, ukuziphatha okunamandla okwenziwa ngexesha lokuvuselela i-LHA kunokuguqulwa ngamava (uValenstein et al., 1970). Ukuba injongo yenjongo ekhethiweyo isusiwe ngexesha lokuvuselela i-LHA, iigundane ziya kuqondisa ukuziphatha kwazo okukhuthazwayo kwenye into ekujoliswe kuyo ekhoyo kwindawo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-rat idla ngexesha lokuvuselela i-LHA, ukutya kunokususwa ngelixa i-spout yokusela ihlala. Kule meko impuku evuselelweyo ngoku iya kusela kwi-spout. Okubalulekileyo, xa i-LHA ivuselelwe kulingo lwexesha elizayo xa kukho ukutya kunye namanzi kukho, impuku iyakwahlula ixesha layo phakathi kokutya nokusela. Ke ngoko, ukubhanqa uvuselelo lwe-LHA kunye nobukho benjongo yenjongo ebingakhethwa kuqala kubangela ukuba impuku yalathise enye indlela yokuziphatha kwayo kwinjongo ebingahoywanga ngaphambili. Kubonakala ngathi ukuvuselela i-LHA kunye nokusetyenziswa okulandelayo kwenjongo yenjongo kubangela uhlobo lokufunda oluhlangeneyo olubonakaliswa ngokutshintshwa kokuziphatha kwangaphambili.

I-Orexin neuron activation inokuphinda ibekwe kwimeko yokuvuselela okusingqongileyo. Kwiiparadigms zokukhethwa kwendawo inoveli yemeko yendawo inxulunyaniswa nomvuzo. Emva kokudityaniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimeko yokusingqongileyo kunye nomvuzo, iimpuku ziya kubonisa ukhetho lomxholo odityaniswe nomvuzo. Ukhetho oluphuhlayo kwindawo ekhethiweyo yeeparadigms lubonakala lunxulunyaniswa ne-orexin neuron activation. Orexin neurons express c-iifos ekuphenduleni iimeko zokusingqongileyo eziye zanxulunyaniswa neziyobisi zokuxhatshazwa kunye nesondo (uHarris et al., 2005; Di Sebastiano et al., 2011). Ngaphaya koko, i-lesioning orexin neurons ene-orexin conjugated-saporin ikhusela iimpuku zamadoda ekuboniseni indawo ekhethwayo kwimeko yendawo enxulumene nokukopana (Di Sebastiano et al., 2011).

Obunye ubungqina obuxhasa ukubandakanyeka kwe-LHA kwiindlela ezidibeneyo zokufunda ngomvuzo buvela kwinto yokondla okubangelwa yi-cue-induced. Kwi-paradigm ye-cue-induced feeding, iigundane ezinqatshelwe ukutya zivumelekile ukuba zidle phambi kwendawo yokusingqongileyo. Olu phawu luba sisivuseleli esinemeko (CS+) esikwaziyo ukuphembelela ukutya. Xa i-CS + inikezelwa kwiigundane, nangona xa ikwimeko ehluthiweyo, iya kuqala ukutya (Petrovich et al., 2007). Kuyathakazelisa ukuba iigundane ziya kudla kuphela ubungakanani obubalulekileyo bokutya okudityaniswe ne-CS +, kodwa hayi inoveli okanye ukutya okuqhelekileyo (Petrovich noGallagher, 2007). Ngoko ke, kubonakala ngathi umboniso we-CS + uvuselela umnqweno othile wokutya okudityaniswe ne-CS +, kunokuba ulambile. ngomntu ngamnye. I-LHA yenye indawo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwe-cue-induced feed (Petrovich kunye neGallagher, 2007; Petrovich et al., 2005). I-LHA ifumana amagalelo avela kwiindawo ezibandakanyekayo kwiindlela ezidibeneyo zokufunda umvuzo obandakanya i-amygdala (Krettek kunye neXabiso, 1978; Everitt et al., 1999) kunye ne-prefrontal cortex (uGallagher et al., 1999). IiNeurons ezi projekthi kwi-LHA ukusuka kwi-basolateral / basomedial amygdala kunye ne-orbitomedial prefrontal cortex zenziwe zisebenze ekuphenduleni ukunikezelwa kwe-CS + (Petrovich et al., 2005). Ukongezelela, izilonda ze-asymmetrical ze-basolateral amygdala kunye ne-LHA zithintela ukutya okubangelwa yi-cue (Petrovich et al., 2005). I-Orexin nayo ibonakala idlala indima ekutyiseni okubangelwa yi-cue-induced njengoko iimpuku ezivezwe kwi-CS+ zivakalisa ngokuphawulekayo ngakumbi c-iifos I-orexin neurons emihle kwi-PeF (Petrovich et al., 2012).

Okokugqibela, i-LHA iye yabandakanyeka kwiindlela ezingabandakanyiyo zokufunda ezinxulumene nomvuzo. Xa iigundane zichithwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwi-sodium zibonisa ukunyuka kwe-sodium intake (Falk, 1965; U-Sakai et al., 1987, 1989), into ebizwa ngokuba yi-sensitization ye-sodium appetite (Hurley et al., 2013b). Ukuqonda ukuthanda ukutya kwesodium kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibe luhlobo lokufunda olunganxulumanisiyo (Falk, 1966; UFrankmann et al., 1986) exhomekeke kwi-glutamatergic NMDA receptor-dependent neural plasticity (Hurley noJohnson, 2013). Ubungqina bucebisa ukuba ukuvuselela umdla wesodium kubandakanya iplastiki ye-neural kwiisekethe ezimbini ze-neural: enye isekethe elawula i-homeostasis yomzimba kunye nenye isekethe yokulamla yokukhuthaza kunye nomvuzo (Roitman et al., 2002; Na et al., 2007). c-iifos Ukubonakaliswa okubangelwa kukuncipha kwesodium kunyuswa kwiimpuku ezinembali yokuncipha kwesodium kwi-SFO, i-basolateral amygdala, i-medial prefrontal cortex, kunye ne-nucleus accumbens xa kuthelekiswa neempuku ezingenambali yokuncipha kwesodium (Na et al., 2007). Ngaphaya koko, iigundane ezinembali yokuncipha kwesodium zibonisa i-dendritic arborization kunye nobude kwi-nucleus accumbens (Roitman et al., 2002). Uninzi lweendawo ezibonakala zifumana i-sensitization ngexesha lokuchithwa kwe-sodium ziphinde zithumele iiprojekthi kwi-LHA, kuquka i-SFO, i-prefrontal cortex, kunye ne-basolateral amygdala. I-LHA ithumela iingqikelelo kwi-VTA, leyo yona iyakwazi ukubangela i-neural plasticity kwi-nucleus accumbens neurons (Mameli et al., 2009). Okokugqibela, ubungqina obongezelelweyo buxhasa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba i-orexin neurons ingene kwi-neural plasticity ukusuka kwi-sodium depletion (Liedtke et al., 2011). Iprotheni ehambelana nomsebenzi we-cytoskeleton, edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-neural plasticity (Tzingounis kunye noNicoll, 2006; Umalusi neBhere, 2011), ilawulwa kwi-PeF orexin neurons ngexesha lokuchithwa kwe-sodium (Liedtke et al., 2011).

Ukudibanisa kunye nezigqibo

Uvavanyo oluhlaziyiweyo luxhasa i-hypothesis yokuba i-LHA inegalelo ekudityanisweni kolwazi olunxulumene nemeko ye-homeostatic kunye namava adlulileyo kunye neenkqubo zokukhuthaza kunye nomvuzo. Isishwankathelo sedatha ye-anatomical kunye nokusebenza kunikezelwa kuMzobo Umfanekiso3.3. I-Nuclei ngaphakathi kwe-LHA, kubandakanywa i-PeF kunye ne-LHAd, ifumana uqikelelo oluvela kwiindawo zengqondo ezilawula amandla kunye ne-homeostasis ye-fluid yomzimba ukongeza kwiindawo ezibandakanyekayo ekufundeni ngokubambisana (Broberger et al., 1998; Petrovich et al., 2005; Hurley et al., 2013a). Ngokulandelayo, ezi ndawo ze-LHA zithumela uqikelelo kwi-VTA apho zikhuthaza ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo, ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye ngokukhululwa kwe-orexin kwi-VTA (Phillipson, 1979; UFadel kunye noDeutch, 2002; UGeisler kunye noZahm, 2005). Nangona uMzobo Umfanekiso33 ibonisa imodeli ye-hierarchical yokusebenza kwe-LHA elawulwa luqhagamshelo olusebenzayo kwiindawo zobuchopho ezisezantsi, inokuba yimeko yokuba le sekethe ngokwenene inethiwekhi ye-neural equlethe igalelo eliphindwe kabini phakathi kweendawo ezibandakanyekayo ekufundeni, kwi-homeostasis, kunye nenkuthazo kunye nomvuzo. Ngokubhekiselele koku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-anterograde kunye ne-retrograde co-injection ye-tracer kuya kunika uncedo ekuchongeni ukuba ezi ndawo zenza inethiwekhi ye-neuronal (umzekelo bona i-Thompson kunye ne-Swanson, 2010).

Umzobo 3 

Isishwankathelo esicwangcisiweyo semifuniselo ehlaziyiweyo. Iinkalo ezibandakanyekayo ekufundeni ngokubambisana (luhlaza) kunye nokugcinwa kweprojekthi ye-homeostasis (eblue) kwi-LHA. I-LHA ithumela iingqikelelo kwiindawo ezikhuthazayo kunye nokuvuza (obomvu) ukuqalisa ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo. I ...

Njengoko i-orexin ingabandakanyekanga kuphela ekulawulweni kokuziphatha okukhuthazwayo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba i-orexin isebenze ukomeleza iimpendulo ezijoliswe kwiinjongo ezinxulumene neendawo ezininzi ezikhuthazayo (Borgland et al., 2009). Iimpawu ezinxulumene nenkcazo yomvuzo kunye nokusetyenziswa zisenokubangela ukuba kusebenze i-orexin neurons (uHarris et al., 2005; Di Sebastiano et al., 2011; Petrovich et al., 2012), ebonisa ukuba amava adlulileyo achaphazela umsebenzi we-orexin neuron. Ke ngoko, kukho ubuncinci iimeko ezimbini ezibangela umsebenzi we-orexin neuron: (1) eyona nto ifunwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemivuzo; kunye (2) nokufunda unxulumano nemivuzo. Ngokumalunga nenqaku lesibini kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba i-orexin inokubangela i-neural plasticity kwi-VTA ngokwayo (Borgland et al., 2006). Akunakwenzeka ukuba i-orexin ilamle zonke iziphumo kukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo okujongwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-LHA, njengoko uqikelelo oluninzi olusuka kwi-hypothalamus ukuya kwi-VTA lungezo-orexinergic.

Umsebenzi wexesha elizayo ojolise ekuphandeni ngononophelo indima ye-nuclei ebekwe ngaphakathi kwe-LHA iya kuba neziqhamo. I-LHA eneneni iqulethe ingqokelela yeendawo zobuchopho ezingafaniyo ezinonxibelelwano olulodwa lwe-neuroanatomical kunye ne-cytoarchitecture (i-Swanson et al., 2005; UHahn kunye noSwanson, 2010). Ngaphaya koko, kubonakala ngathi amaqela ahlukeneyo e-orexin neuron ayenziwa asebenze phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo (uHarris et al., 2005; UHarris kunye noAston-Jones, 2006; Petrovich et al., 2012). I-Optogenetic manipulations ibonelela ngendlela yokuvavanya ukuba la maqela eeseli ze-orexin anentelekelelo esebenzayo esebenzayo kwi-VTA okanye kwi-nucleus accumbens. Ukongeza, ukungasebenzi kwamaqela eeseli ze-orexin kufuneka kuchaphazele umsebenzi we-VTA kunye ne-nucleus accumbens neurons. Ekugqibeleni, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezininzi iimvavanyo ezixoxiwe azizange zidibanise kwaye zichaze iindima ze-nuclei yengqondo ngaphakathi kwe-LHA kwaye ayizange ixoxe ngendima ye-DMH ekuziphatheni okukhuthazwayo. I-DMH ikwafumana uqikelelo oluvela kwiindawo ze-homeostasis zolwelo lomzimba (iSwanson kunye neLind, 1986), ithumela uqikelelo kwi-VTA (Geisler kunye neZahm, 2005), kwaye iqulethe i-orexin neurons (iFadel kunye neDeutch, 2002), zonke ezinokuthi zibandakanyeke kwiindlela zokuziphatha ze-homeostatic.

Impembelelo kwimpilo

Ukusuka kumbono wokuziphatha, ezinye iziphazamiso zinokuthathwa njengeengxaki zokungeniswa. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abane<em>anorexia bayasilela ekutyini isixa esaneleyo sokutya ngoxa abo batyebe ngokugqithiseleyo beginya ukutya okuninzi kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, abanye abantu baginya i-sodium eninzi kakhulu; into eyenzeka ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba kukutyeba kwetyuwa (Schulkin, 1986), ngelixa abanye beginya i-sodium encinci kwaye ngenxa yoko banqongophele isodiyam ebangela ukuba bafumane ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-autonomic kunye ne-cardiovascular dysfunction (Bou-Holaigah et al., 1995). Ukongeza, abantu abadala banokubonisa ukuncipha konxano kunye nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni (iRolls kunye nePhillips, 1990; Warren et al., 1994). Enye indlela yokuqonda ezi zifo ziphawulwa yi-surplus okanye i-surfeit ekuziphatheni kokutya kukuzithatha njengeengxaki zenkqubo ye-nervous central esebenza ngokunxulumene nokugcina i-homeostasis kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokufanelekileyo kwindlela yokuziphatha ekhuthazayo. Njengoko i-LHA ibandakanyeka ngokubalulekileyo ekugcineni i-homeostasis kunye nokulamla ukuziphatha okukhuthazwayo, ukuqonda okuphuculweyo kwe-LHA kunokunceda ekuxilongeni nasekuphatheni ukuphazamiseka kokutya.

Ukungquzulana kwintetho yomdla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

Imibulelo

Ababhali babulela u-Young In Kim ngoncedo lwakhe lobugcisa kunye noMarilyn Dennis ngamagqabantshintshi ngombhalo wesandla. Olu phando luxhaswe ngamaZiko ezeMpilo eSizwe izibonelelo ze-HL14388, HL098207, kunye ne-MH08241. Ababhali abanazibhengezo zokuxela.

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