Iimpendulo: Oku kubonelela ngobungqina bethu ithiyori yomjikelo wokutya kakhulu njengoko kuchaziwe kwiividiyo kunye namanqaku ethu. Kubonakala ngathi iindlela ezininzi zinokuqalisa ukungqinelana nokutya, kwaye mhlawumbi ngesondo, kodwa ukungxoka okugqithisileyo kukhokelela ekuqokeleleni kweDeltaFosB kunye notshintsho oluhambelana nobuchopho.
Isifundo sokuNxibelelanisa i-Insulin isenzo kwiBrains Umvuzo weSekethe nge-Fetesity (2011)
Abaphandi abaxelayo kwinkupho kaJuni yeCell Metabolism, ushicilelo lweCell Press, banento abayithethayo zezinye zazo ubungqina bokuqala obuqinisekileyo bokuba i-insulin inefuthe ngqo kumjikelo wobuchopho. Iimpuku ezinamaziko emivuzo engasenako ukuphendula i-insulin zidla ngaphezulu kwaye zityebe, zibonisa.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukunganyangeki nge-insulin kunokunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni abo batyebe kakhulu benokukufumanisa kunzima kangaka ukuxhathisa isilingo sokutya kunye nokubuyisela ubunzima.
“Emva kokuba utyebe kakhulu okanye utyibilika kumlinganiselo olinganiselweyo wamandla, ukunganyangeki kwe-insulin [kwiziko lomvuzo] kuya kuqhuba umjikelo ombi,” utshilo uJens Brüning weMax Planck weZiko loPhando lweNeurological. "Akukho bungqina bokuba esi sisiqalo sendlela yokutyeba, kodwa inokuba negalelo elibalulekileyo ekutyebeni kakhulu nakubunzima esinabo ekulweni nayo."
Izifundo zangaphambili bezijolise ikakhulu kwimpembelelo ye-insulin kwingqondo yehypothalamus, ingingqi elawula indlela yokondla into uBrüning ayichaza njengesiqalo sokuma kunye nokuqala "ukubuyela umva." Kodwa, utshilo, sonke siyazi ukuba abantu batya kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu ezinento yokwenza ne-neuropsychology kunokuba besenza yindlala. Sitya ngokusekelwe kwinkampani esiyigcinayo, ivumba lokutya kunye nemood yethu. "Singaziva sihluthi kodwa siqhubeka nokutya," utshilo uBrüning.
Iqela lakhe lalifuna ukuqonda ngcono izinto ezinomvuzo zokutya kwaye ngakumbi indlela i-insulin enefuthe ngayo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo ephezulu. Bajolise kwii-neurons eziphambili ze-midbrain ezikhupha i-dopamine, isithunywa samachiza kwingqondo ebandakanyeka kwisishukumiso, ukohlwaya kunye nomvuzo, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Xa i-insulin signaling ingasebenzi kwi-neurons, iigundane zazikhula ngokutya kwaye zinzima njengoko zazisitya kakhulu.
Bafumanise ukuba i-insulin ihlala ibangela ukuba ezo neurons zitshise rhoqo, impendulo ebilahlekile kwizilwanyana ezingenayo i-insulin receptors. Iigundane zikwabonisa impendulo eguqulweyo kwi-cocaine kunye neswekile xa ukutya bekukufuphi, ubungqina obongezelelekileyo bokuba amaziko omvuzo wengqondo axhomekeke kwi-insulin ukuze isebenze ngendlela eqhelekileyo.
Ukuba iziphumo zifunyenwe ebantwini, banokuba neempembelelo zokwenyani zekliniki.
"Ngokudibeneyo, isifundo sethu sibonisa indima ebalulekileyo kwi-insulin isenzo kwii-catecholaminergic neurons kulawulo lwexesha elide lokondla," Abaphengululi babhala. ” Ukucaciswa ngakumbi kokuchazwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-neuronal subpopulation (s) kunye neendlela zeeselfowuni ezinoxanduva loku kungachaza iinjongo ezinokubakho kunyango lokutyeba kakhulu. ”
Njengenyathelo elilandelayo, uBrüning uthe baceba ukuqhuba izifundo ezikwenza ukuba usebenze (i-fMRI) esebenzayo kubantu abanikwe i-insulin ngobuchule ukuze babone ukuba ingawuchaphazela njani umsebenzi kwiziko lemivuzo.
Isenzo se-insulin engqondweni singakhokelela ekugqithiseni (2011)
Juni 6th, 2011 kwi-Neuroscience
Ukutya okutyebileyo kukutyebisile. Emva kwale nxaki ilala ngendlela entsonkothileyo yokuhambisa umqondiso, apho ii-neurotransmitters kwingqondo zilawula amandla omzimba. Izazinzulu kwiziko le-Cologne elizinze kwi-Cologne iMax Planck yoPhando lwe-Neurological kunye neQela lokuGqwesa kwi-Cellular Stresses kwiZifo eziNxulumana nesi sifo (i-CECAD) kwiYunivesithi yaseCologne licacisile inyathelo elibalulekileyo kule setyhula yolawulo inzima.
Baye baphumelela ukubonisa indlela iihormon I-insulin isebenza kwinxalenye yengqondo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ventromedial hypothalamus. Ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kubangela ukuba i-insulin eninzi ikhutshwe ngamanyala. Oku kubangela umqondiso we-Cascade kwiiseli ze-nerve ezikhethekileyo kwingqondo, ii-SF-1 neurons, apho i-enzyme P13-kinase idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokuhamba kwamanyathelo aliqela ogqatso, i-insulin ithintela ukuhanjiswa kweempembelelo zenzala ngendlela yokuba imvakalelo yokuqaqadeka icinezelwe kunye nenkcitho yamandla incitshisiwe. Oku kukhuthaza ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nokukhuluphala.
Ihypothalamus idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-homeostasis yamandla: ukumiselwa komgangatho wamandla omzimba. I-neurons ekhethekileyo kule nxalenye yengqondo, eyaziwa ngokuba ziiseli zePOMC, iphendula kwii-neurotransmitters kwaye ke ilawula indlela yokuziphatha yokutya kunye nenkcitho yamandla. I-insulin yehomoni yinto ebalulekileyo yesithunywa. I-insulin ibangela ukuba i-carbohydrate edliwe kukutya ihanjiswe ijolise kwiiseli (umzekelo izihlunu) kwaye ke ifumaneke kwezi seli njengomthombo wamandla. Xa ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kutyiwa, i-insulin eninzi iveliswa kwi-pancreas, kwaye uxinzelelo lwayo kwingqondo luyanda. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-insulin kunye neeseli ekujolise kuzo kwingqondo ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lomthamo wamandla emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezichanekileyo zeemolekyuli ezilala emva kolawulo olwenziwe yi-insulin zihlala zingacacanga.
Iqela lophando elikhokelwa nguJens Brüning, Umlawuli weMax Planck Institute for Neurological Research kunye nomnxibelelanisi wesayensi weECCAD (Cellular Stresses in Aging-Associated Diseases) iqela eliphambili kwiYunivesithi yaseCologne lifumene inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkcazo le nkqubo yolawulo oluntsonkothileyo.
Njengoko isazinzulu zibonisile, i-insulin kwi-SF-1 neurons - elinye iqela le-neurons kwi-hypothalamus - ibangela umqondiso we-Cascade. Okubangela umdla, nangona kunjalo, ezi seli zibonakala zilawulwa kuphela nge-insulin xa ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kusiliwa nakwiimeko zokutyeba kakhulu. I-enzyme P13-kinase idlala indima ephambili kule cascade yezinto zesithunywa. Ekuhambeni kwamanyathelo okuphakathi kwinkqubo, i-enzyme isebenze kwiindlela ze-ion kwaye ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukuhanjiswa kwempembelelo ye-nerve. Abaphandi bakrokrela ukuba iiseli ze-SF-1 zinxibelelana ngale ndlela kunye neeseli ze-POMC.
IiKinases zii-enzymes ezisebenzisa ezinye iimolekyuli nge-phosphorylation- ukongezwa kweqela le-phosphate kwiproteni okanye enye imolekyuli ye-organic. "Ukuba i-insulin ibophelela kwi-receptor yayo kumphezulu weeseli ze-SF-1, ibangela ukwenziwa kwe-PI3-kinase," ucacisa uTim Klöckener, umbhali wokuqala wesifundo. “I-PI3-kinase, yona, ilawula ukuyilwa kwe-PIP3, enye into ebonakalisa imolekyuli, ngokusebenzisa iphosphorylation. I-PIP3 yenza amajelo ahambelanayo eludongeni lweseli afumaneke kwi-ion ye-potassium. ” Ukungena kwabo kubangela ukuba i-neuron 'itshe' kancinci kwaye ukuhanjiswa kweempembelelo zombane kuyacinezelwa.
"Ke ngoko, kubantu abatyebe ngokugqithisileyo, i-insulin mhlawumbi ngokungathanga ngqo inqanda ii-POMC neurons, ezinoxanduva lokuziva satiety, ngesitishi esiphakathi se-SF-1 neurons," ucinga usosayensi. "Kwangelo xesha, kukho ukwanda ngakumbi ekusebenziseni ukutya. ” Ubungqina ngokuthe ngqo bokuba ezi ntlobo zimbini zee-neurons zinxibelelana kunye ngale ndlela zisasafumaneka, nangona kunjalo.
Ukuze ufumanise ukuba i-insulin isebenza njani kwingqondo, izazinzulu ezisekwe kwi-Cologne zathelekisa iimpuku ezazingenalo i-insulin receptor kwi-SF-1 neurons ngeempuku ezazine-insulin receptors. Ngokutya okuqhelekileyo, abaphandi abafumananga umahluko phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Oku kuya kubonisa ukuba i-insulin ayinalo ithonya eliphambili kumsebenzi wale seteli kubantu abancinci. Nangona kunjalo, xa iindundane zondla ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi, abo bafumana i-insulin receptor ephosakeleyo bahlala besincinci, ngelixa abahlobo babo beemisebenzi zokufumana i-receptor zanda ngokukhawuleza. Inzuzo yesisindo yenziwa ngenxa yokunyuka kwesondlo kunye nenkcitho yenkcitho yekhalori. Le mpembelelo ye-insulin ingabangela ukulungelelaniswa komzimba kunye nokutya okungaqhelekiyo kunye nexesha elidlulileyo lokulamba: ukuba ukubonelelwa ngokugqithiseleyo kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kusekho okwethutyana, umzimba ungakwazi ukubeka amandla okugcina amanzi ngamandla ngokusetyenziswa kwe-insulin .
Okwangoku akunakwenzeka ukutsho ukuba iziphumo zolu phando ziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zincede ekuququzeleleni ungenelelo ekujoliswe kulo kumlinganiso wamandla emzimbeni. UJens Brüning uthi: "Okwangoku sisekude kakhulu kwisicelo esisebenzayo." “Injongo yethu kukufumanisa ukuba ivela njani indlala kunye nemvakalelo yokuhlutha. Kuphela kuxa siyiqonda yonke le nkqubo isebenza apha, apho siya kuba nakho ukuqala ukwenza unyango. ”
Ulwazi oluthe kratya: UTim Klöckener, uSimon Hess, uBannt F. Belgardt, uLars Paeger, uLinda AW Verhagen, u-Andreas Husch, uJong-Woo Sohn, uBrigitte Hampel, uHarveen Dhillon, uJeffrey M. Zigman, uBradford B. Lowell, uKevin W. Williams, UJoel K. Elmquist, Tamas L. Horvath, Peter Kloppenburg, Jens C. Brüning, Ukunyusa amanqanaba aphezulu okunika amandla nge-Insulin Receptor / P13k-Dependent Inhibition ye-SF-1 VMH Neurons, Neuroscience yendalo, nge-5th 2011
Inikwe nguMax-Planck-Gesellschaft
I-Binge Mechanism iqhutywa yi-Fat Ngaphakathi kwe-Intestines ye-Endocannabinoids (2011)
Isifundo sifumanisa ukuba kutheni sinqwenela iiChips kunye neeFry
UStephanie Pappas, Umbhali oMkhulu weScience
Umhla: 04 Julayi 2011
Kunzima ukutya i-chip enye yeetapile, kwaye isifundo esitsha sinokuchaza ukuba kutheni.
Ukutya okunamafutha afana neetshiphusi kunye neefry kubangela ukuba umzimba uvelise imichiza efana naleyo ifunyanwa nentsangu, abaphandi baxela namhlanje kwijenali yeProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Ezi khemikhali, zibizwa ngokuba yi "endocannabinoids," ziyinxalenye yomjikelo okugcina ukubuyela emva kokuluma nje enye iitshizi zeshizi, isifundo sifumene.
"Lo ngumboniso wokuqala wokuba i-endocannabinoid signaling emathunjini idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lokutya okunamafutha," utshilo umphandi uDaniele Piomelli, unjingalwazi wezamayeza kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eIrvine, esitatimendeni.
Imichiza yasekhaya yentsangu
Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba amanqatha emathunjini abangela ukukhutshwa kwe-endocannabinoids kwingqondo, kodwa izinto ezingwevu phakathi kweendlebe zakho ayisiyiyo kuphela ilungu elenza imichiza yendalo efana ne-marijuana. Ulusu lomntu nalo luyazenza izinto. Ulusu lwe-cannabinoids lunokudlala indima efanayo kuthi njengoko lusenza kwizityalo zembiza: Ukhuseleko lweoyile emoyeni naselangeni.
I-Endocannabinoids ziyaziwa ukuba nefuthe lokutya kunye nengqondo yokuthanda, ngokutsho kophando lwe2009 kwi-PNAS, echaza i-munchies abantu abayifumanayo xa betshaya intsangu.
Kwisifundo esitsha, uPiomelli kunye noogxa bakhe bagcwala iigundane ezazinokuthoba imixholo yesisu sabo xa besitya okanye besela. Ezi sishubhu zesisu zavumela abaphandi ukuba baxelele ukuba amanqatha enza into ngolwimi, kwimeko apho baya kubona
ukukhutshwa kwe-endocannabinoid nokuba kufakwe iityhubhu, okanye emathunjini, kwimeko apho bengazukubona siphumo.
Iigundane kufuneka zithathe ishukunyiso yezempilo (i-vanilla Ensure), isisombululo seswekile, ulwelo oluneprotein eninzi ebizwa ngokuba yipeptone, okanye isiselo esinamafutha aphezulu esenziwe ngeoyile yombona. Ke abaphengululi baye bafaka iigundwane ngaphandle kokukhulula amalungu abo ngokukhawuleza.
Uthando lwamanqatha
Ukungcamla iswekile kunye neeproteni akuchaphazelanga ukukhutshwa kweekhemikhali zendalo zomzimba, abaphandi bafumanise. Kodwa ukuxhasa amafutha kwenzekile. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba amanqatha elwimi abangela umqondiso kwingqondo, oya kuthi emva koko uthumele umyalezo ezantsi emathunjini kusetyenziswa inyanda ebizwa ngokuba yi-vagus nerve. Lo myalezo uyalela ukuveliswa kwee-endocannabinoids emathunjini, eziya kuthi emva koko ziqhube yonke eminye imiqondiso yokutyhala umyalezo ofanayo: Yitya, yitya, yitya!
Lo myalezo ungaba luncedo kwimbali yokuvela kwezinto ezincancisayo, utshilo uPiomelli. Amafutha abalulekile ukuze aphile, kwaye ebekudala kunzima ukuza kukutya okumbilikayo. Kodwa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, apho ivenkile elula egcwele ukutya okungenampilo ihleli kwikona nganye, uthando lwethu ngendaleko lwamafutha lubuyela umva ngokulula.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ngokuthintela ukwamkelwa kweempawu ze-endocannabinoid, abaphandi bezonyango banokuthi bakwazi ukuwuyeka umjikelo oqhuba abantu ukuba batye ukutya okunamafutha kakhulu. Ukuthintela i-receptors ze-endocannabinoid kwingqondo kunokubangela ixhala noxinzelelo, utshilo uPiomelli, kodwa ichiza elenzelwe ukujolisa esiswini lisenokungazibangeli ezo ziphumo zibi.
Ukutya okungenamsoco kunika njani indlela yokuziphatha kwengqondo yokufuna ukutya (2015)
NgoFebruwari 23, 2016 nguChristopher Packham
(Medical Xpress) —Ubhubhane okhoyo wokutyeba kumazwe aphucukileyo kufanele ukuba ibe sisilumkiso kumagosa ezempilo kumazwe asaphuhlayo aneemarike ezisandula ukuvulwa. Abavelisi bokutya, iinkampani ezenza amashishini okutyela, iindawo zokutya kunye nabathengisi bayasebenzisana ukwenza indawo apho ukutya kunencasa kakhulu, ukutya okuxineneyo kunye neendlela ezinxulumene noko zifumaneka ngokulula; Nangona kunjalo, abantu basenolwakhiwo lwe-neural olulungele imeko-bume yokunqongophala kokutya. Ngamanye amagama, inkqubo yobuchopho inokwenza kube nzima ukuphatha indawo yokutya yendalo ngendlela esempilweni.
Abantu, njengazo zonke izilwanyana, baneenkqubo zamandulo zemfuzo ezihlengahlengiswe ngokukodwa ukuqinisekisa ukutya kunye nokuziphatha okufuna ukutya. Iimpawu zokusingqongileyo zinefuthe elibi kwezi ndlela zokuziphatha ngokutshintsha uyilo lwe-neural, kwaye iinkampani ziyiphucule inzululwazi yokusebenzisa amandla olonwabo kwaye mhlawumbi ngokungazenzisiyo baphinde baphinde benze ubuchopho babantu ukuze bafune iikhalori ezingaphezulu. Kwimeko etyebileyo kukutya okumnandi kakhulu, ukutya okuxinene ngamandla, ukuxhaphaka kweendlela ezinxulumene nokutya kunokukhokelela ekufuneni ukutya nasekutyeni kakhulu ngaphandle kokuhlutha, umqhubi onokubakho wokutyeba kakhulu.
Iqela labaphandi baseCanada eYunivesithi yaseCalgary naseYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia lisandul 'ukupapasha iziphumo zesifundo se mouse Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences apho bahlolisise iindlela ze-neural ezibangelwa ezi tshintsho ekuzifuneni kokutya.
Ukuziphatha kwenkqubo yokutya yexesha elizayo
Baxela ukuba ukusela okwethutyana ukutya okunencasa kakhulu-ngakumbi ukutya okunencasa enamafutha aphezulu-okunene kukuziphatha kwindlela yokutya yexesha elizayo. Bafumanise ukuba isiphumo siyalungelelaniswa ngokuqiniswa kofuduko losasazo lwe-synaptic kwi dopamine i-neurons, kwaye ihlala iintsuku emva kokuboniswa okukuqala kweeyure ze-24 kukutya okunamafutha atyetyisiweyo amaninzi.
Olu tshintsho lwenzeka kwingqondo yangaphakathi yecandelo lengingqi (VTA) kunye nokuqikelelwa kwayo kwe-mesolimbic, indawo echaphazelekayo ekuziqhelaniseni nayo iindlela zokusingqongileyo isetyenziselwe ukuqikelela iziphumo ezixhasayo ezifanelekileyo-ngamanye amagama, i-VTA inoxanduva lokudala iminqweno yenkuthazo efunyenwe inomvuzo ngandlela ithile.
Abaphandi babhala, "Ngenxa yokuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-synaptic yokunyusa amandla kwi-dopamine neurons kucingelwa ukuba kuguqula ukungathathi hlangothi kulwazi oluyimfuneko, olu tshintsho kusasazo lokudluliselwa kwe-synaptic kunokubangela ukwanda kokuziphatha kwindlela yokutya egcinwe kwiintsuku emva kokuvezwa kukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kwaye kunokuba yinto ephambili ukwanda kokutya. ”
Iindlela ezinokwenzeka zonyango lokukhuluphala
Amandla e-synaptic aphuculweyo ahlala iintsuku emva kokuvezwa kukutya okune-high-energy-density, kwaye ayamkelwa ngokwanda koxinano lwe-synaptic. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukwazisa i-insulin ngqo kwiVTA kuyachukumisa ukudluliselwa kwe-synaptic kwi-dopamine neurons kwaye icinezela ngokupheleleyo indlela yokuziphatha efuna ukutya ebonwe emva kokufikelela kwehora le-24-ekutyeni okunamafutha atyebileyo.
Ngeli xesha lokufikelela kokutya, inani leendawo zokukhutshwa kwe-glutamate kwii-dopamine neurons ziyanda. I-insulin isebenza ukuvimba ezo ndawo, zikhuphisana ne-glutamate. Ukuphawula ukuba oku kuphakamisa indlela enokubakho yokunyanga ekutyebeni kakhulu, ababhali babhala, "Yiyo loo nto, umsebenzi wexesha elizayo kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba i-insulin ye-intranasal inganciphisa ukutya kakhulu ngenxa yokutya okutya okubangelwa kukutya okuthandekayo okanye ukutya-iimpawu ezinxulumene noko. ”
Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe: Ukusetyenziswa kwesiqhelo sokutya okuthandekayo kwindlela yokuziphatha yokutya ngendlela ekhula ngokukhawuleza uxinano lwe-synaptic kwiVTA. PNAS 2016; papashwe ngaphambi kokushicilela ngoFebruwari 16, 2016, INGXELO: 10.1073 / pnas.1515724113
Abstract
Kwimeko enofikelelo olulula lokutya okumnandi kakhulu kunye namandla, iindlela ezinxulumene nokutya ziqhuba ukufuna ukutya nokuba ungoneliseki, sisiphumo esinokukhokelela ekutyebeni kakhulu. Indawo yecandelo le-ventral tegmental (VTA) kunye nokuqikelelwa kwayo kwe-mesolimbic zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazelekayo ekufundeni iindlela zokusingqongileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Iziphumo zokuqala zentengiso enxulumene nokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kokutya okunencasa kunokuqhuba ukutya. Nangona kunjalo, indlela esenzeka ngayo esi siphumo, kwaye nokuba ngaba ezi ziphumo zokuqala ziintsuku zokugqibela emva kokusetyenziswa, akwaziwa. Apha, sibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane lokutya okunencasa kunokubonisa indlela yokuziphatha kokutya kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye nokutya. Esi siphumo siphakathi ngokuqiniswa kokudluliselwa kwe-synaptic ye-excitatory kwi-dopamine neurons eqala ukucinywa kukunyuka okwethutyana kwitoni ye-endocannabinoid, kodwa ihlala iintsuku emva kokuvezwa kokuqala kwe-24-h kukutya okunamafutha aphezulu (SHF). Amandla okomeleza amandla e-synaptic adityaniswa kukonyuka okuhlala ixesha elide koxinzelelo lwe-synaptic density kwi-VTA dopamine neurons. Ulawulo lwe-insulin kwi-VTA, ethintela ukuhanjiswa kwe-synaptic kwi-dopamine neurons, inokuphelisa indlela yokuziphatha kokutya kunye nokutya okubonwayo kwiintsuku emva kokufikelela kwe-24-h kwi-SHF. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba nokuba ukubonakaliswa kwexesha elifutshane kukutya okunencasa kunokuqhuba isimilo sokondla ngokuzayo "ngokujika" i-mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
Abaphandi bavula iindlela engqondweni ezahlula ukusetyenziswa kokutya ngokunqwenela (2016)
Matshi 8, 2016
Abaphandi abaphanda iingxaki zokutya bahlala befunda ngemichiza kunye nemithambozo ebuchotsheni ukuze bafumanise imikhondo yokutya kakhulu. Ukuqonda ukutya okungekho sekhaya-okanye ukutya okuqhutywa kukuzonwabisa okungapheliyo, imikhwa kunye nokutya okukhoyo-nendlela esebenza ngayo kwingqondo kunokunceda iingcali zengqondo ukuba zikwazi ukulawula inkanuko, ukugcina ubunzima obunempilo kunye nokukhuthaza indlela yokuphila esempilweni. Izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseMissouri kutshanje ziye zafumanisa imijikelezo yemichiza kunye neendlela ezisengqondweni ezahlula ukusetyenziswa kokutya kwiminqweno. Ukwazi ngakumbi ngezi ndlela kunokunceda abaphandi ukuba bakhulise amachiza anciphisa ukutyisa.
"Ukutya okungaginyisi mathe kungacingwa njengokutya i-dessert emva kokuba utye isidlo sonke," utshilo uKyle Parker, owayesakuba ngumfundi wegrad nomphenyi kwiZiko lezeNzululwazi nge-MU Bond. “Inokuba ndiyazi ukuba andilambanga, kodwa le dessert iyamnandi ngoko ke ndiza kuyitya. Sijonge ukuba yeyiphi na imijikelezo ye-neural echaphazelekayo ekuqhubeni isimilo. "
UMateyu J. Ngaba, unjingalwazi onxulumene nesayensi yezengqondo kwiKholeji ye-MU yezoBugcisa kunye nezeNzululwazi, umphandi wophando kwiziko leBond Life Sciences Centre kunye nomcebisi kaParker, uthi kwizenzululwazi zokuziphatha, ukutya kuchazwa njengenkqubo enamanyathelo amabini ebizwa ngokuba kukutya kunye nezigaba zokugqiba.
"Ndicinga ngophawu lwe-neon kwivenkile yedonathi-ilogo kunye nevumba elimnandi lamagwinya ayizinto zemo engqongileyo eziqala umnqweno, okanye umdla, isigaba," utshilo uWill. "Inqanaba lokugqiba lilapha emva kokuba unedonut ngesandla uyitye."
UParker wafunda iipatheni zokuziphatha kweempuku zaselabhoratri ngokwenza ukuba iziko lobuchopho libe yindawo yolonwabo, indawo ebushushu ebuchotsheni eqhuba kwaye yomeleza imiyalezo enxulumene nomvuzo kunye nolonwabo. Emva koko wondla iigundane ukutya okufana ne-cookie-intlama yokuzibaxa indlela abaziphethe ngayo kwaye wafumanisa ukuba iigundane zitya kabini kunesiqhelo. Xa kwangaxeshanye engasebenzi enye indawo yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuba yi-basolateral amygdala, iigundane ziyekile ukutya kakhulu. Baqhubeka bebuyela kwiibhaskithi zabo zokutya befuna enye, kodwa batya kuphela isixa esiqhelekileyo.
"Kwakubonakala ngathi iigundane zisayinqwenela intlama," utshilo uWill. Bahlala besiya kufuna ukutya kodwa babengatyi. Sifumanise ukuba siye saphazamisa inxenye yengqondo ethe ngqo ekondleni- isekethe encanyathiselwe kukutya okwenyani-kodwa hayi umnqweno. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba, sasishiya loo mnqweno uhleli. ”
Ukufumanisa ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwingqondo ngexesha lokukhanuka, uParker wamisela uvavanyo olujikelezayo. Njengangaphambili, watshintsha kwingqondo enxulumene nomvuzo kunye nolonwabo kwaye wafaka i-amygdala ye-basolateral kwiqela elinye lamagundwane kodwa hayi elinye. Ngeli xesha, nangona kunjalo, anciphise inani lokutya okunamafutha aphezulu iigundane ezazinakho ukufikelela kuzo ukuze amaqela omabini atye ngokulinganayo.
Ngaphandle, omabini amaqela eerhasi abonisa indlela efanayo yokutya. Badle isahlulo sokutya, kodwa baqhubeka benyuka bebuyela kwiibhasikithi zabo zokutya. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwengqondo, uParker wabona umahluko ocacileyo. Amagundane ane-activus ye-nucleus esebenze ibonise ukwanda komsebenzi we-dopamine neuron, onxulunyaniswa nendlela yokuziphatha eshukumayo.
Iqela likwafumanise ukuba imeko ye-amygdala ye-basolatal ayinaziphumo kumanqanaba okusayina kwe-dopamine. Nangona kunjalo, kwingingqi yengqondo ebizwa ngokuba yi-hypothalamus, uParker wabona amanqanaba aphezulu e-orexin-A, imolekyuli edibene nokutya, kuphela kumagundane ane-basolateral amygdala.
"Sibonakalisile ukuba yintoni enokuthi ithintele indlela osetyenziswa ngayo yile ibhloko yokuziphatha kwe-orexin," utshilo uParker.
"Iziphumo zaqinisa umbono wokuba i-dopamine iyabandakanyeka kule ndlela-okanye isigaba sokulangazelela-kunye ne-orexin-A ekusebenziseni," utshilo uWill.
Iqela likholelwa ukuba ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zingakhokelela ekuqondeni okungcono kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zokuzondla kakhulu nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Ngokutyhila i-circry ezimeleyo yokulangazelela vs okona ukusetyenziswa okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi, oku kunokukhokelela kunyango lwamachiza olunokubakhona ngakumbi kwaye lube neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezingafunekiyo.
Isifundo sikaParker noWill, "Iipateni zokuqalisa kwe-Neural ezingaphantsi kwe-basolateral amygdala impembelelo ye-intra-eqokelele i-opioid eqhutywa kukungqinelana nokutya kokuziphatha kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kumgangatho, ”Kutshanje ipapashwe ngo I-Neuroscience. Uphando luxhaswe yinxalenye yeZiko leSizwe lokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (DA024829).
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