Amazwana: Lesi yisifundo sesibili seCambridge University emilutha yezocansi ye-inthanethi ("CSB" esifundweni). Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukucubungula-ukucubungula ngokuziqhenya. Ngokungafani nalokhu Ucwaningo lwe-2013 EEG lapho lezi zihloko kwakungabesilisa, abesifazane nabangewona abesilisa nabesifazane, futhi bengazange bahlolwe izimo zengqondo noma ezinye izidakamizwa, lolu cwaningo lulandele ngokucophelela imigomo ye-neuroscience. Lezi zihloko zonke zazingabesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane (isilinganiso seminyaka engu-24). Izihloko zihlolwe ngebhethri lezivivinyo nemibuzo yemibuzo ukugwema izingxabano. Amaqembu amabili wokulawula ayenabesilisa abaphilile abesilisa nabesifazane abalinganayo, ubudala, ubulili, kanye ne-IQ. Imiphumela isibuko imiphumela ebonwe kubahlukumezi bezidakamizwa, futhi ihlangana ne ukutadisha kobuchopho ngaphambilini on izidakamizwa porn. Kusukela kulolu cwaningo:
Ukutholakala kwethu kokuziqhenya okwedlulele kwizifundo ze-CSB kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukugqokwa okungenakuqhathaniswa nokuqapha okubonakalayo kuphazamiso lwezidakamizwa ezibhekene nezidakamizwa. Lokhu kutholakala kuguqulwa ngokutholakala kwamuva kwe-neural reactivity ezichazweni zobulili ku-CSB enenethiwekhi efanayo neyinkimbinkimbi yezifundo zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa futhi inikeza ukusekelwa kokugqugquzela izintshisekelo zokulutha umlutha ngaphansi kwempendulo engavamile kumazwi ezocansi e-CSB.
- Futhi bona indatshana kaRob Weiss Esinye Isifundo Sokuxhumana Isimo Sokuziphatha Ngokweqile Ngokwezinye Izindlela Zokulutha Umlutha
I-PLoS One. 2014 Aug 25;9(8):e105476. i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0105476. eCollection 2014.
Mechelmans DJ1, Irvine M1, I-Banca P1, Porter L1, UMitchell S2, Isifo se-TB2, Lapa TR1, Harrison NA3, Potenza MN4, I-voon V5.
abstract
Ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokocansi (CSB) kuvamile futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka okukhulu nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. I-CSB iye yacatshangelwa njengengcindezi yokulawula umfutho noma ukulutha kokuziphatha okungenayo imithi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwezinto ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhathazeka ngokweqile kumakhomikhali okudakamizwa okukholelwa ukuthi kubonakala izinqubo zokubangela ukukhuthaza.
Lapha sihlola izihloko ze-CSB zesilisa uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa kwempilo enesilisa ehambisana neminyaka besebenzisa umsebenzi we-probe we-dot ukuhlola ukukhathazeka okubhekiswe kulokho okushiwo ucansi. Sibonisa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo, izihloko ze-CSB zithuthukise ukugxila ekuqapheliseni ukukhuluma okucacile kodwa hhayi emaceleni angathathi hlangothi ikakhulukazi ekuhambeni kwesikhathi kokuqala kwe-stimuli. Izinto esizifunayo ziphakamisa ukukhushulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezichazwe ngokucacile eziphathelene nokuphendula okusheshayo kokuqondisa.
Lokhu kutholwa kubhekisela ekubonweni kwethu kwamuva ukuthi amavidiyo acacile ngocansi ahlotshaniswa nomsebenzi omkhulu kwinethiwekhi ye-neural efana nalokho okwenziwe kwizifundo zemithi-reactivity. Isifiso esikhulu noma ukufuna kunokuba ukuthanda sasihlotshaniswa nokusebenza kule nethiwekhi ye-neural. Lezi zifundo ndawonye zinikeza ukusekelwa kwenkolelo yokugqugquzela ukukhwabanisa okugxila ekuphenduleni okungahambi kahle kwezocansi kwi-CSB.
Amanani
Isikhombo: UMechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, et al. (2014) Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimpawu Zokukhangisa Ngokuqondene Nezocansi Ezizimele Ngaphandle Nezinkinga Zokuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi. PLoS ONE 9 (8): e105476. i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0105476
Umhleli: ULeonardo Chelazzi, iYunivesithi yaseVerona, e-Italy
Utholiwe: March 12, 2014; Kuvunyelwe: Julayi 20, i-2014; Kushicilelwe: August 25, 2014
I-copyright: © 2014 Mechelmans et al. Lokhu kuyisihloko sokufinyelela okuvulekile esasakazwa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye- Ilayisense ye-Creative Commons Attribution, evumela ukusetshenziswa okungavimbeki, ukusatshalaliswa, nokukhiqiza kunoma yimuphi umthombo, unikeze umlobi nomthombo wangempela abakwa.
Ukutholakala kwedatha: Abalobi baqinisekisa ukuthi yonke idatha esekelwe ekutholeni iyatholakala ngokugcwele ngaphandle kwemingcele. Yonke idatha efanelekile ngaphakathi kwephepha.
Imali: Ucwaningo lwaluxhaswe ngemali yesibonelelo esivela ku-Grantcome Trust yesibonelelo sokubambisana (093705 / Z / 10 / Z). UDkt. Potenza usekelwa ingxenye yezinsiza ze-P20 DA027844 no-R01 DA018647 ezivela eNational Institutes of Health; uMnyango WezeMpilo WaseConnecticut Wempilo Yengqondo Nezinsizakalo Zomlutha; Isikhungo sezempilo se-Connecticut; kanye neSikhungo Esivelele Esikhathini Sokugembula Sokugembula esivela kuNational Center for Gaming Respponsible. Abaxhasayo babengenalo indima ekuklanyweni kocwaningo, ukuqoqwa kwedatha nokuhlaziywa kwedatha, isinqumo sokushicilela, noma ukulungiselela umbhalo wesandla.
Izithakazelo zokuncintisana: Abalobi baye bathi akukho zintandokazi ezikhona.
Isingeniso
Ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile (CSB), okubizwa ngokuthi ukuxilongwa kwe-hypersexual noma ukulutha ngokocansi, kuvamile futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka okukhulu nokukhubazeka kwengqondo [1]. Ukuvama kwe-CSB kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuyahluka kusuka ku-2% kuya kwe-4% emphakathini omusha nabasekolishi, okulinganiselwa okufanayo ezigulini ezingelapheki zengqondo [2]-[4]. I-CSB iye yacatshangelwa njengesiyaluyalu sokulawula ukucindezeleka noma ukulutha okungeyona imithi noma "ukuziphatha" [5]. Ngokusekelwe kwedatha ekhona, ukugembula okufuywayo (noma ukugembula kwegeyimu) kwakamuva kufakwe kabusha ku-DSM-5 njengokulutha kokuziphatha [6]. Kodwa-ke, nakuba izixazululo ze-hypersexual disorder nezinye izimo ezidlulayo zenzelwe i-DSM-5 [7], ukuphazamiseka okuphathelene nokubandakanya ngokweqile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-intanethi, ukudlala ividiyo noma ubulili akufakiwe kwisigaba esiyinhloko se-DSM-5, ngenxenye ngenxa yedatha elinganiselwe ezimweni [8]. Ngakho-ke, izifundo eziqhubekayo ze-CSB nokuthi zingabonisa kanjani ukufana noma ukungafani nokuhlukunyezwa kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zingasiza ngemizamo yokuhlukanisa nokuthuthukiswa kokuvimbela nokwelapha. Lapha sibheka ukukhathalela okubhekiswe kubantu abathintekayo ngokocansi nabantu abangenawo ngaphandle kwe-CSB, bebeka lokho okukufunayo kumongo wokutadisha okucabangayo kubantu abanezinkinga zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa.
Ukuphazamiseka kokulutha umlutha kubonakala ngokuzikhethela ngokubheka ngokucophelela ekubhekeni kwezidakamizwa [9]-[15]. Izihloko ezinenkinga yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zibonisa ukulahlekelwa kwemininingwane yokucubungula lapho kukhona khona izinto ezihlobene nezidakamizwa [16]. Ukukhathazeka okungacacile kungachazwa ngokuthi ukuthambekela kwemibono kungathonywa okuthile okushiwo kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle. Enye yezindlela ezikhona zokugxila ekubhekiseni izidakamizwa eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ziye zahlelwa ukuze zibonise inkolelo yokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza. Ngendlela yokwenza isimo se-classical, ngokubambisana ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezidakamizwa kanye nezidakamizwa, lezi zinhlawulo zezidakamizwa zakha inani lokukhuthaza futhi zithole izakhiwo zokugqugquzela. I-stimulus ekhuthaza ukuthi izidakamizwa zibe zikhangayo, ngaleyo ndlela zibheke ukunakekelwa, zifune ukuziphatha okujwayelekile futhi zibe 'zifunwa' [16]-[18]. Ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka okubhekiswe ekusebenziseni izinto ezihlobene nezidakamizwa kuboniswe ukuphazamiseka kwezidakamizwa utshwala, i-nicotine, i-cannabis, i-opiates ne-cocaine (kubuyekezwe ku [19], [20]-[22]). Kuneziphakamiso eziningana eziye zahlonywa ukuze zilinganise ukulahlekelwa kokunakekelwa okubandakanya imisebenzi yokunyakaza kwamehlo, umsebenzi we-Posner, ukuhluka okuhlobene nezidakamizwa komsebenzi we-Stroop kanye nomsebenzi we-probe we-dot. Ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza kwamehlo ekubhekiseni izidakamizwa kuye kwaboniswa kwabokubhema [23] kanye nabantu abanezidakamizwa ze-cocaine [24]. Ukuguqulwa komsebenzi we-Stroop, umlutha we-Stroop [19], ihlola ukunakwa kwezimpikiswano eziphathelene nokuphazamiseka ngokufaka igama lamagama embala ngamagama avuselelayo [25]. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi umsebenzi wokulutha u-Stroop ungase udideke ngemizamo yokunciphisa ukukhathazeka noma ukunciphisa izinqubo zokuzicabangela ngenxa yokufisa esikhundleni sokuziqhenya ngokucophelela [26], [27]. Imishanguzo Stroop imisebenzi ihlola imizamo yokunciphisa noma yokuvimbela ukukhathazeka okucatshangelwe noma izimpendulo zangaphambili ezibhekene nezidakamizwa ezifanelekile futhi azihlolisi izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukukhathazeka, njengokunakekelwa okulula noma ubunzima bokungabikho [28], [29]. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umsebenzi we-probe we-dot [30], [31] lapho isikhundla se-probe yamachashazi noma okuhloswe ngayo kusetshenziselwa ukuhambisana nesimo sokuboniswa kwezidakamizwa ezibukwayo noma izithombe ezingathathi hlangothi, kuvumela ukuhlolwa kokuhleleka nokukhipha izinqubo [29], [32]. Izinyathelo zokuqapha eziqaphelwe yiStroop ne-dot probe umsebenzi futhi azihambisani [28], [33] ngokuhambisana nezinyathelo ezibhekene nezinqubo ezahlukene ezifana nokuvimbela ukuphendula kanye nokwabiwa kokubheka ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, nakuba imisebenzi ehlukene ihlola izimpendulo ezibhekiswe emaceleni, izinqubo zilinganiswa.
Sasiqhathanisa izihloko ze-CSB futhi sifanelana nezivolontiya ezinempilo esebenzisa umsebenzi wephrojekthi wezintambo ukuze uhlole ukukhathazeka okubhekiswe kulokho okukhulunywa ngakho ngokocansi ngokuhambisana nokulawulwa kwezici kanye nokungahambisani nalokho okuhambisana nokulawulwa kokulawula. Njengoba ukubonakaliswa kwe-stimulus kuboniswe ukuthi kudlala indima ukuthi ngabe izifundo zihlanganyela ekuphenduleni kokuqala kokuqondisa ukuqondisa noma impendulo engafinyeleleki kamuva [34], [35], izimpendulo zahlukaniswa zibe yi-latul stimulus latencies. Sifakazela ukuthi okufana nokukhathazeka okubhekene nezidakamizwa kubantu ababhekene nezidakamizwa, abantu abane-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo beyokwenza ngcono izikhathi zokuziqhenya noma izikhathi zokusabela ngokusheshisa ezichazweni zobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo sokungathathi hlangothi kodwa hhayi kumuntu ongekho hlangothi uma kuqhathaniswa ukugqugquzela ukungathathi hlangothi kwezindlela zokuqala zokuvuselela.
izindlela
Ukuqashwa nokuhlolwa
Izihloko ze-CSB zaqashwa ngezikhangiso ezisekelwe ku-intanethi kanye nokudluliselwa kwezimbangi. Izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezempilo zaqashwa ezikhangisweni zomphakathi e-East Anglia. Ukuhlolwa kwamaqembu e-CSB kwenziwa ngokuhlola i-Internet yokuhlola ucansi (ISST) [36] kanye ne-questionnaire eyenzelwe umphenyi. Izihloko ze-CSB zacutshungulwa yi-psychiatrist ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zigcwalisekile izindlela zokuxilonga ze-CSB (indlela ehlongozwayo yokuhlonza i-hypersexual disorder, inqubo yokulutha ngokocansi [7], [37], [38]), egxile ekusetshenzisweni okuphoqelekile kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobulili ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi.
Zonke izifundo ze-CSB kanye nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinempilo ezilingana nobudala zazingamadoda futhi abantu abesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane babesinikeza uhlobo lwama-cues. Amavolontiya anempilo afanelwe ku-2: isilinganiso se-1 nezihloko ze-CSB. I-criteria yokuxoshwa kufaka phakathi ukuba ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala, umlando wokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, umsebenzisi ojwayelekile wezinto ezingekho emthethweni (kufaka phakathi i-cannabis), nokuba nesifo sengqondo esibi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukucindezeleka okukhulu okumanje okunamandla (Beck Depression Inventory> 20) noma ukucindezela ngokweqile ukuphazamiseka, noma umlando wesifo se-bipolar noma i-schizophrenia (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) [39]. Ezinye izidakamizwa ezingenangqondo / ukucindezela noma ukuziphatha ngokweqile (kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okubucayi kokudlala kwe-intanethi noma imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukugembula ngokwemvelo noma ukuthenga ngokweqile, ubuntwana noma umuntu omdala ukukhathazeka kokugula nokucindezeleka) njengoba kuhlolwe isazi sengqondo bekungavunyelwe.
Izihloko ziqedile i-UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [40], Beck Ukucindezeleka Inventory [41] kanye ne-State Trait Anxiety Inventory [42] ukuhlola ukungabi nesisindo, ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka, ngokulandelana. I-Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-R ihlolwe izici eziphoqeleka-zokucindezela kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) [43] kuhlolwe izindlela zokuphuza ezinobungozi. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwe-Intanethi kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa iYoung's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) [44] kanye ne-Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [45]. Isivivinyo Sokufunda Abafundi Kazwelonke [46] yayisetshenziselwa ukuthola inkomba ye-IQ. Kwafunyanwa imvume enolwazi, futhi isifundo samukelwa yiKomiti Yezokuziphatha YokuCwaninga ye-University of Cambridge. Izihloko zikhokhwe ngokuhlanganyela kwabo.
Dot umsebenzi probe
Izihloko zibukwe kwesikrini sekhompuyutha ngenkathi zibeka iminwe yabo yenkomba yesobunxele neyenene yombhalo 's' no 'l' wekhibhodi. Izihloko zatshelwa ukuthi zizobona izithombe ezimbili (kufaka phakathi izithombe ezicacile) zilandelwa idethi eluhlaza (Umfanekiso we-1). Umgomo womsebenzi kwakuwukukhombisa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka uhlangothi lapho kuthiwa idayi elihlaza lenzeke khona. Izihloko zikhonjiswe esiphambanweni sokulinda esiphakathi (ubude be-500-1000 msec), kulandelwa izithombe ezimbili ezingahle zenziwe ngokuqondile noma kwesokunxele kwesiphambano sokulungisa (ubude 150 msec). Izithombe zanyamalala ngemva kwesinye isikhungo sokulinda esiphakathi (ubude be-100-300 msec), kanye nelitshe oluhlaza (150 msec). I-target eluhlaza ibonakala ngakwesobunxele noma kwesokudla kwesikrini phakathi nendawo lapho izithombe zikhonjisiwe ngaphambilini. Lokhu kwalandelwa esinye isiphambano esiphakanyisiwe se-1750 msec ukuze sivumele impendulo yenkinobho. Lezi zithombe ezimbili zazihlanganisa ukucubungula kanye nesithombe sokulawula ukungathathi hlangothi. Kwakukhona izimo ze-3: i-cue ecacile (izithombe ezicacile zokusebenzisana ngokocansi phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane), isiqephu se-Erotic (owesifazane ongenamahloni) nomuntu ongathandeki (owesifazane ogqoke izingubo). Kuzo zonke izimo lezi zihloko zazihanjiswa ngezithombe ezithintwayo zokulawula ifenisha ezihlanganisa izithombe zezihlalo ezingashadile. Lo msebenzi wawuhamba ngebhayisikili ngokusebenzisa lezi zimo ezintathu futhi ngokusebenzisa izithombe ze-15 ezahlukahlukene kusukela kuleso simo ngezigaba. Lo msebenzi wawuhamba ngebhayisikili ngezithombe ezingamashumi amathathu ezihlukene zokulawula ezithandwayo zezihlalo. I-target eluhlaza ivele ngokungahleliwe kunhlangothi zonke kwesikrini. Izihloko zatholwe ukuhlolwa kocwaningo lwe-5 olulandelwe izilingo ze-40 ngesimo sezinguquko ezingu-120. Lo msebenzi wawukhokhelwe ngokusebenzisa isofthiwe ye-E-Prime 2.0.
Umfanekiso we-1. Dot umsebenzi probe nokukhathalela ukunakwa.
Dot umsebenzi probe. Lezi zigcawu (A, B) zimelela ukucaciswa kobulili okucacile, okuhlukumezeka noma okungahambisani nendawo okubambisana nekhanda lefenisha elingathathi hlangothi elivezwe nganoma yiluphi uhlangothi. Izihloko zidingeka ukuthi zibonise ohlangothini oluthile olubonakalayo oluhlaza oluvela kusetshenziswa eyodwa yezinkinobho ezimbili eziphambili. I-graph imelela ukukhathalela okukhathazayo (isikhathi sokuphendula (RT) sokulawula - ukuhlolwa kwe-RT ukuhlolwa) / (RT control + ukuhlolwa kwe-RT)) ukuze i-latency ivuselelwe ekuqaleni kokuqhathaniswa phakathi kwezifundo ezinokuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi (CSB) kanye nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinempilo (HV) . Imigoqo yamaphutha imelela iphutha elijwayelekile le-mean.
i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0105476.g001
Imiphumela eyinhloko yayiyingqikithi ngesikhathi sokuphendula (RTdiff) phakathi kwezingcaphuno (umuntu ongekho emthethweni, ocacile, ongathathi hlangothi) kanye namakhodi ephathekayo angathathi hlangothi (RTneutral - RTcue) / (RTneutral + RTcue)) kulezi zimo ezintathu. Njengoba i-latency ye-stimulus ngaphambi kwehlongo (ukuvuselelwa kwe-asynchrony; i-SOA) iboniswe ukuthi idlala indima ukuthi ngabe izihloko zibandakanya impendulo yokuqondisa kuqala noma impendulo engavinjelwe kamuva [34], [35], izimpendulo zahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene ngokusekelwe kokuvuselelwa kwe-stimulus (ekuqaleni kwe-SOA: 150 ms stimulus kanye ne-100-200 ms ukulungiswa kwesikhathi = 250-350 ms; ngasekupheleni kwe-SOA: 150 ms stimulus kanye ne-200-300 ms ukulungiswa kwesikhathi = 350-450 ms).
Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende
Izici zezihloko nezikolo zemibuzo zaqhathaniswa kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ezizimele ze-t noma izivivinyo ze-Chi-square. Imininingwane ye-RTdiff ihlolwe ukukhishwa kwamanani (izikolo> i-3 SD ngenhla kweqembu kusho) nokuhlolwa kokujwayelekile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iShapiro-Wilkes (P> 0.05 ibithathwa njengokujwayelekile isatshalaliswa). Njengoba izikolo ze-RTdiff zezinto ezicacile zazingajwayelekile ukusatshalaliswa (P = 0.007 ye-250-300 msec; P = 0.04 ye-350-450 msec), kwahlolwa izihlolisiso ezingezona ezeparametri. Siqhathanise i-RTdiff phakathi kwamaqembu asebenzisa ukuhlolwa kweKruskal-Wallis egxile kwi-SOA yokuqala. Sigxile ku a priori i-hypothesis yokuthi ukunakekelwa kwe-SOA yakuqala kungaba ngaphezulu kuma-Explicit versus neutral cues kepha hhayi kumuntu ongathathi hlangothi uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa kokungathathi hlangothi kwezihloko ze-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo. I-P <0.05 ithathwa njengebalulekile. Okunye ukuhlaziywa okufana nezinkomba zokulawulwa kokungathathi hlangothi kwe-SOA kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-SOA sekwephuzile kwenziwa ngokwesisekelo sokuhlola. Ukuhlola umthelela we-SOA, siphinde saqhathanisa i-SOA yangaphambi kokuqhathaniswa nekwephuzile yezinkomba zomuntu ocacile besebenzisa amasampula ahlobene eKruskal-Wallis kweqembu ngalinye ngokuhlola.
Imiphumela
Amadoda angamashumi amabili nambili abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa abane-CSB (iminyaka yobudala engu-25.14 (SD 4.68) eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala kanye ne-44 ubudala (iminyaka yobudala eyi-24.16 (SD 5.14) ubudala abavolontiya abesilisa abangenayo i-CSB bahlolwe. Izihloko ezimbili ze-22 CSB zithatha izidakamizwa zokucindezeleka noma zine-disorbid generalized disorder disorder kanye ne-phobia social (N = 2) noma i-phobia yenhlalo (N = 1) noma umlando wobuntwana we-ADHD (N = 1). Izici zezindaba ze-CSB zibikiwe Ithebula 1. Esivivinyweni esizimele se-Kruskal-Wallis sigxile ku- a priori i-hypothesis, izihloko ze-CSB zinezinkanuko ezinkulu ezicacile ku-Explicit stimuli (P = 0.022) kodwa hhayi kumazwi womuntu ongathathi hlangothi (p = 0.495) ekuqaleni kwe-SOA (Umfanekiso we-1). Ekuhlaziyeni okucubungulayo, kwakungenalo ukungafani kokukhathalela okungahle kwenzeke kwi-SOA (p = 0.529) ku-SOA yokuqala noma ku-Explained, Erotic or Neutral persontions cues ngasekupheleni kwe-SOA (p = 0.529, p = 0.382, p = 0.649) (Umfanekiso we-2).
Umfanekiso we-2. Ukuvuthwa kwe-stimulus nama-reaction time eluhlaza.
I-Stimulus latency. Amaphuzu okuqaphela okubonakalayo aboniswa ngezihloko ezinokuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokobulili (CSB) kanye nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinempilo (HV) njengomsebenzi wokuvuselela i-stimulus latency (Ekuqaleni: 250-350 msec; Late 350-450 msec). B. Isikhathi esiningi sokuphendula isikhathi sokubamba iqhaza nokulawulwa kwezihloko ze-CSB ne-HV. Imigoqo yamaphutha imelela iphutha elijwayelekile le-mean.
i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0105476.g002
Ithebula 1. Izici zezihloko.
i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0105476.t001
Ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlola, amavolontiya anempilo ayekhetha ukunaka kakhulu ukucacisa okucacile ngasekupheleni uma kuqhathaniswa ne-SOA yokuqala (p = 0.013) kepha bekungekho mehluko phakathi kwama-latency ezifundweni ze-CSB (p = 0.601). Ngokufanayo bekungekho mehluko phakathi kwama-SOAs wokuqokwa okungathathi hlangothi ngokuqhathanisa ama-SOA okuqala uma kuqhathaniswa nasekupheleni kwesikhathi kwamavolontiya anempilo (p = 0.404) noma izifundo ze-CSB (p = 0.550). Kwakungekho mehluko obonakalayo phakathi kwamaqembu kuwo wonke ama-RTs aluhlaza kuya kwizinkomba noma kokungathathi hlangothi kwesikhuthazi kuzo zonke izimo nama-SOAs okukhuthazayo (konke p> 0.05) (Umfanekiso we-2).
Izihloko ze-CSB (umklamo wokuheha: 8.16, i-SD 1.39) inezilinganiso ezifanayo zokukhangisa kwabantu abangathathi hlangothi ngokuphathelene nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinempilo (7.97, SD 1.31; p = 0.63). Zonke izihloko zibike ukuthi azizange zibuke ngaphambilini i-Explicit or Erotic stimuli.
Ingxoxo
Ukusebenzisa umsebenzi we-probe wamachashazi, okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukukhathazeka kokukhathazeka kwezidakamizwa, sibonisa ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB zithuthukise ukukhathalela okubhekiswe ekuziphatheni okucacile ngokocansi kodwa hhayi ekuhambeni kwe-cues.in kwe-SOAs yangaphambili. Lokhu kutholakala kusikisela indima yokuphendula okusheshayo kokuqondisa okugxila ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kwe-CSB kanye neziqephu ezicacile zocansi.
Izindlela zokucubungula nokucabangela okubonakalayo zingase zibonise isimo sengqondo esingazange sibe nesimo esingathí sina (isisusa esimisiwe) siphambene ngokuphindaphindiwe ngesisusa esivuzayo (isimiso esingavumelekile noma umvuzo wezocansi), njengokuthi isisusa esimisiwe siphelela ekuphenduleni isimo esifana nesimo sokuzivocavoca noma ukuthanda. Isimo esilandelayo, lezi zici ezinomthetho noma izidakamizwa zithola izakhiwo zokukhuthaza-ke ezithokozelayo, zithokozisa futhi ziba 'zifunwa' [16], [17]. Izifundo ezengeziwe ezigxile ekubambeni isimo esimweni se-CSB ziboniswa.
Lokhu kukhishwa kwesimo sokubikezela kubhekwa ukuthi kudala ukuphendula okusheshayo kokuqondisa. Umsebenzi wethu wenza umzamo othile wokubhekana nalokhu okuzenzakalelayo kokushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kokunakwa. Iziphakamiso ezibukwayo ezinikezwa ngaphansi kwe-200 msec cishe zibonisa ukucacisa kokuqala kokubheka. Izihloko zidinga okungenani i-50 msec ukuze ishintshe ukunakwa [47] futhi okungenani i-150 msec ukuze ixoshe ekuqapheleni okulula komunye okwenziwe endaweni ehlukile [48]. Ngokuphambene, isikhathi eside se-500 kuya ku-1000 msec singabonisa ukushintsha okuningi kokunakwa [49], kubonisa ukungahambisani nokugcinwa kokunaka, nakuba kungenjalo zonke izifundo zibonise lokhu [50]. Esifundweni sethu, ukukhishwa kwenzelwe i-150 msec elandelwa iphuzu lokulungiswa kwe-250 yesikhashana esiphezulu kuya ku-350 msec kokuqala kwe-SOA no-350 ku-450 msec nge-SOA ekupheleni kwesikhathi. Sibonisa ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB zinezici ezijulile ekuqapheleni okucacile kodwa hhayi ekutholeni okungahambisani nalokho okuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo ekuqaleni kwe-SOA kodwa akukho ukuhlukana kweqembu okwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwe-SOA. Siphinde sibonise ngesisekelo sokuhlola ukuthi izisebenzi zokuvolontiya ezinempilo zikhuphuka ekukhathaleleni okushiwo yi-SOA ekuqaleni. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu ekuqaleni kwe-SOA kungenzeka uhlotshaniswe nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokuqala zokuqala eziqenjini le-CSB. Ukuntula umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-stimulus sekwephuzile kuhlobene nokuziqhenya okuthuthukisiwe kumavolontiya anempilo angase aphuze okwesikhashana futhi angabonisi impendulo yokuqala. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe olwenzelwe ukubhekana nama-latency angaphambilini we-100 kuya ku-200 msec kubonisiwe. Indima yokuzidla ingase ibe nomthelela esikhathini sokubona okubonakalayo. Isibonelo, abantu abathile ekwelapheni ukuphuza utshwala baboniswa ukuthi banomqondo wokubheka isikhathi esifushane sokuphuza utshwala (100 msec) kodwa ukugwema ukunakekelwa ngokuphendula isikhathi eside isikhathi eside (utshwala lwe-500 msec) [34], [35]. Ukuhunyushwa kokutholakele kokulutha umlutha Imisebenzi ye-Stroop ingahle ibe nzima ngemizamo yabantu ukucindezela noma ukuvimbela ukwenzelela kokunaka noma ukunciphisa izinqubo zokuqonda njengomphumela wokulangazelela [26], [27]. Lezi zici ezingase ziphazamise ingase ibe yinkinga enkulu nomsebenzi we-dot probe, ikakhulukazi nge-SOAs emifushane, nakuba kuzo zonke izihloko ezithintekile zithintekayo ezithintekayo ezingabangela ukuvusa noma ukufisa. I-SOA inikeza inkomba yomthelela wokubheka ekubonweni okubukwayo nokukhathazeka kokunakwa. Ucwaningo lwethu lokuqala luveza ukuthi izinqubo ezivimbelayo zingase zingabaluleki kwizifundo ze-CSB okungenani nge-latency ye-450 msec. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo olufaka isikhathi eside isikhathi eside se-500 msec kuboniswa ukuze kuhlolwe izinyathelo ezingase zibe khona zokukhishwa nokugcinwa kokunakekelwa nezinqubo zokuvimbela.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, imiphumela ingaba nemiphumela yokujwayela isigaba se-stimuli ecacile kwizihloko ze-CSB. Kunesimo esingahle sisebenze ngokuzimela ngokuzimela okuye kwaphakanyiswa ngenxa yokuntula umehluko phakathi kokukhathazeka ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi we-Stroop ezigulini kanye neqembu lokulawula labasebenzi endaweni yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa [51]. Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwaphakamisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokungacabangi ekuqaphelweni kwesigaba sokugcinwa kwesodigm yokubuka ebonakalayo ehambisana nokuchayeka okuzimele [52]. Kodwa-ke, isifundo esisebenzisana nomsebenzi we-probe wamachashazi owazama ukungazihlukanisi nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ukutadisha ezithandwayo ezemidlalo ngokumelene nabantu abangeyona imidlalo abahluleka ukubonisa noma yikuphi umehluko ekuqapheliseni kokuqala kwe-SOA yezinhlawulo zezemidlalo kanti kuboniswa ukukhathazeka okuphawulekayo kwababhemayo abasebenzayo ama-SOA okuqala okubhema ukubhema. Lolu cwaningo olugxile ikakhulukazi ekuxhaseni ukujwayele ukusikisela ukuthi ukuthunjwa kokuqala kokubheka abantu ababhemayo njengoba kulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi we-dot probe akunakwenzeka ukuba kuhlobene nokujwayele [53]. Ngakho-ke, nakuba ukujwayele isigaba sokuvuselela kungase kube nendima, kungase kungabi nakancane ukuba kuhambisane nokuqokwa kokuqala kokunakekelwa emsebenzini.
Ukuthi ukusabela kokuqala kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakunjalo phakathi kwezihloko ze-CSB kanye nezisebenzi zokuvolontiya ezinempilo kwakungalindelekile, kugcizelela ubuqili besenzo esithinta ngokocansi. Amavolontiya angamadoda aphilile abonise ukuthuthukiswa kokuqala kokuqapha nokugcinwa kokunakwa njengoba kulinganiswa nenani lokulungiswa kokuqala kanye nesikhathi sokulungiswa kwezihlobo ngesikhathi sokulandelwa kwamehlo okuya ocansini okuthandana ngokobulili uma kuqhathaniswa nesicoco esingakhethiwe [54]. Ngokufanayo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane abanempilo bagxila kakhulu emzimbeni kunokuba babhekene nesimo esithinta isithunzi [55]. Abesilisa abanempilo nabo baye baboniswa ukuba bagxile ekubonweni kwabesifazane uma kuqhathaniswa namadoda lapho bebukela isenzo esingahle sithintekayo futhi esingenzi lutho [56]. Ngokufanayo, ukusebenzisa umsebenzi we-dot probe nge-SOA ye-500 msec, ukukhathazeka okuthuthukisiwe kokuzibandakanya kwezocansi kumavolontiya anempilo kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kuyahambisana nesifiso sobulili esiphakeme [57]. Ngakho-ke, okutholakele kwethu kusikisela ukuthi ama-stimuli acacile asetshenziswe ngokungafani nakwezinye izihloko ze-CSB namavolontiya anempilo. I-stimuli ecacile ingase isebenze njengamazwi afanelekile afana nalawo okufundiswa izidakamizwa-izimo zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa, ngakho-ke kuphakamisa ukuqondisa okucacile kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo kubantu abane-CSB, kanti kumavolontiya anempilo, lokho okushiwo ngokucacile kungase kungabi njengamaphuzu afanelekile kodwa njengento ehambisana nokuziphatha ngokobulili, okwamanje kususa ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo ekuqapheliseni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukukhwabanisa okungahle kwenzeke kungase kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke zombili amaqembu njengento yokuziphatha ephathelene nobulili.
Izibalo zethu zamanje zihambisana nokuqaphela kwethu kwamuva ukuthi izihloko ze-CSB zithuthukise umsebenzi ozobe ucacisa ngokocansi emgodini we-ventral, i-amygdala kanye ne-dorsal anterior umsebenzi we-cingulate, inethiwekhi efanayo esebenze ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa ekuhluphekeni kokulutha [58]. Ukuthi le nethiwekhi yenethiwekhi ye-neural iqondana nezihloko ze-CSB ngesifiso esithuthukisiwe noma ukufuna nokungafani nayo inikeza ukusekelwa kwemibono yokugqugquzela okusebenzayo ku-CSB. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta-analysis of study in cue reactivity kuwo wonke izinto zokusebenzisa kabi kabi kuhlanganise utshwala, i-nicotine kanye ne-cocaine kubonise umsebenzi obangelwayo emithonjeni yezidakamizwa ku-ventral striatum, i-dorsal anterior cingulate (i-DACC) kanye ne-amygdala, ngomsebenzi obangelwayo ekubikeleni okubikiwe ukufisa ku-DACC, i-pallidum ne-ventral striatum [59]. Ukusebenzisa umsebenzi we-probe wamachashazi aguquliwe ukuhlola ukukhathazeka, izihloko ezithwala izidakamizwa zikhonjiswe ukuthi zinezinhloso zokubheka izidakamizwa kanye nomsebenzi othuthukisiwe ku-cortex ye-orbitofrontal, i-ventral ne-dorsal striatum ne-amygdala [60]. Abalobi bacabanga ukuthi izinga lokubheka izinto ezihlobene nezidakamizwa ezihlobene nomsebenzi ezindaweni ezihlobene nomvuzo njenge-ACC kanye ne-striatum, ngenxa yokusebenza okukwenziwe ngokukhipha kulezi zifunda. Ukutholakala kwethu kwamanje okwenziwe ngcono kokuziqhenya kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo ekukhulumeni ngokobulili kwezihloko ze-CSB kwenza ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo ekusetshenzisweni kobuchule obugqugquzelayo obusebenza ku-CSB.
Ucwaningo lunokulinganiselwa okuningi. Izifundo zesilisa kuphela ezithandwayo, futhi izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlolisise abantu abathintekayo kwezocansi kanye nabesifazane [61]. Nakuba lezi zihloko zigcwalisekile izinqubo zokuxilonga okwesikhashana futhi zibonakele ukukhubazeka okusebenzayo okuphathelene nobulili besebenzisa izikali eziningi eziqinisekisiwe, okwamanje azikho izimo zokuhlonza ezisemthethweni ze-CSB, ngaleyo ndlela zikhawulela ukutholakala okuvamile kokutholakele. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlolisise ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zingase zihlobene yini nesimo noma isimo. Ububanzi beminyaka yobudala bungalinganiselwe futhi bunganciphisa amandla okudala. Njengoba izithombe ezimbalwa ezihlukile zokulawula ezithintekayo ziboniswa ngezikhathi ezihlobene nezithombe ezihlukile zokuqaphela, inani lokufundisa lezithombe ezingavumelani neNkundla ngeke libe ngaphansi kwezithombe zokuqamba njengoba zanikezwa kancane kancane. Ukuklanywa kufana nokuhleleka kwezithombe zokuqaphela ezinikezwa ukuthi lezi zihloko zifana nabantu abaqhathaniswa nezinto. Imiklamo yesikhathi esizayo kufanele ihambisane nemvamisa yesethulo sesithombe sokuqapha nokulawula ukuphazamiseka nokufanisa izigaba zabantu kunezinto (isb., Abantu ababili basebenzisane njengomdlalo wesimo esicacile).
Ukukhathalela lokho kuyisici esitholakala kuzo zonke izidakamizwa nemikhiqizo yemvelo kusikisela indima engase ibe yinto yokukhathalela njengokwakhiwa okubalulekile ngendlela ejwayelekile yokubhekana nokukhathazeka [62]. Ukutholakala kwethu kokuziqhenya okwedlulele kwizifundo ze-CSB kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukugqokwa okungenakuqhathaniswa nokuqapha okubonakalayo kuphazamiso lwezidakamizwa ezibhekene nezidakamizwa. Lokhu kutholakala kuguqulwa ngokutholakala kwamuva kwe-neural reactivity ezichazweni zobulili ku-CSB enenethiwekhi efanayo neyinkimbinkimbi yezifundo zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa futhi inikeza ukusekelwa kokugqugquzela izintshisekelo zokulutha umlutha ngaphansi kwempendulo engavamile kumazwi ezocansi e-CSB.
Ukuvuma
Sithanda ukubonga bonke abahlanganyeli abahlanganyele ekutadisheni kanye nabasebenzi e-Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre. Isiteshi se-4 sasihilelekile ekusizeni ngokuqasha ngokubeka izikhangisi ezisekelwe ku-intanethi zesifundo.
Isitatimende Sezimali
Ucwaningo lwaluxhaswe ngemali yesibonelelo esivela ku-Grantcome Trust yesibonelelo sokubambisana (093705 / Z / 10 / Z). UDkt. Potenza usekelwa ingxenye yezinsiza ze-P20 DA027844 no-R01 DA018647 ezivela eNational Institutes of Health; uMnyango WezeMpilo WaseConnecticut Wempilo Yengqondo Nezinsizakalo Zomlutha; Isikhungo sezempilo se-Connecticut; kanye neSikhungo Esivelele Esikhathini Sokugembula Sokugembula esivela kuNational Center for Gaming Respponsible. Abaxhasayo babengenalo indima ekuklanyweni kocwaningo, ukuqoqwa kwedatha nokuhlaziywa kwedatha, isinqumo sokushicilela, noma ukulungiselela umbhalo wesandla.
Okubhekwayo
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