Izibukezo ezibuyekezwa kontanga zikaSteele et al., 2013

Ingemuva: Steele et al., 2013 noDavid Ley “Ubuchopho bakho ku-Porn - AWUKHAYELI".

Ngomhlaka 6 Mashi 2013 UDavid Ley nokhulumela ucwaningo Nicole Prause bahlanganyele ukubhala a Psychology Today okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi mayelana Steele et al., I-2013 ebizwa ngokuthi "Ubuchopho bakho ku-Porn - AWUKHAYELI". Isihloko sayo se-oh-so-catchy sidukisa njengoba singenalo lutho Ubuchopho bakho ku-Porn noma i-neuroscience evezwe lapho. Esikhundleni salokho, iposi lebhulogi likaDavid Ley likaMashi, 2013 libeka umkhawulo kwi-akhawunti eqanjiwe yocwaningo olulodwa lwe-EEG olunamaphutha - Steele et al., 2013.

Ukuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kaLey kuvele 5 izinyanga ngaphambi USteele et al. yashicilelwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngemva kwenyanga (ngo-Ephreli 10th) Psychology Today Abahleli bashicilelwe ukuthunyelwa kwebhulogi kaLey ngenxa yezingxabano ezizungezile izimangalo zayo ezingazange ziqinisekiswe kanye nokwenqaba kukaPrause ukunikeza isifundo sakhe esingashicilelwe kunoma ubani omunye. Usuku Steele et al., futhi nemithombo yabezindaba ebanzi ehambisana nayo iye esidlangalaleni, uLey ushicilele kabusha iposi lakhe le-blog. U-Ley ushintshe usuku lokubhalwa kwakhe kwe-blog lwaba nguJulayi 25 2013, ekugcineni wavala amazwana (Ukuvuselela, i-2019: UDavid Ley manje usenxephezelwa imboni enkulu ye-porn xHamster ukukhuthaza amawebhusayithi ayo futhi iqinisekise abasebenzisi ukuthi umlutha we-porn kanye nokulutha ngobulili yizinganekwane!).

Umkhankaso we-PR okhishwe ngokucophelela we-PR wabangele ukusabalaliswa kwezindaba emhlabeni jikelele nazo zonke izihloko ezithi ukulutha kobulili kwakunqatshelwe (!). Ngaphakathi Izingxoxo ze-TV futhi in the Ukukhishwa kwe-UCLA UNicole Prause wenza izicelo ezimbili ezingasese mayelana nesifundo sakhe se-EEG:

  1. Ubuchopho bezinhloko abuzange buphendule njengamanye amlutha.
  2. Ukuxilonga ngokocansi (ukulutha kocansi) kuqondwa kangcono ngokuthi "isifiso esiphakeme."

Ayikho yalezi zinto ezitholakalayo empeleni Steele et al. 2013. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo lubike okuphambene ngqo nalokho okushiwo nguNicole Prause noDavid Ley:

Ini Steele et al., 2013 empeleni yathi "ukutholwa kwezinzwa":

“I-P300 isho ukuphakama kwesimo esimnandi – sezocansi okungcono kakhulu kunezimo ezingathandeki, nezimnandi – ezingezona ezocansi ”

Ukuhumusha: Abasebenzisi be-porn abavamile wayene-cac-reactivity enkulu (ukufundwa kwe-EEG ephakeme) ukucacisa izithombe zobulili ezicacile zihlobene nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kufana nalokho okwenzekayo lapho izidakamizwa ezidakamizwa zivezwa ezihlobene nezici zabo umlutha.

Ini Steele et al., 2013 empeleni ishiwo njengokutholakele "kwesifiso sobulili":

"Ukuhlukana okukhulu kwe-P300 ukulinganisa kumuntu owenza ucansi olujabulisayo, ngokuphathelene nokungahambisani nalokho, kwakungenjalo kabi ehlobene nezindlela zesifiso sobulili, kodwa akuhlobene nokulingana kobulili obufanayo. "

Ukuhumusha: Kusho kabi isifiso esincane. Abantu abanokuqaphela okukhulu-ukubuyiselwa kwe-porn babenakho aphansi ufisa ukuya ocansini nomlingani wakho (kodwa hhayi isifiso esincane sokushaya indlwabu). Ukubeka enye indlela - abantu abane-activation yobuchopho kanye nezintshisekelo ze-porn ezithandwa ukushaya indlwabu kunecansi kunokuba abe nobulili nomuntu wangempela.

Konke lokhu kokubili Steele et al. okutholakele kukhombisa umsebenzi omkhulu wobuchopho kwizinkomba (izithombe zobulili ezingcolile), nokho kungenziwa okungatheni emvuzweni wemvelo (ubulili nomuntu). Zombili ziyizimpawu zokulutha, okubonisa sobabili ukuzwela kanye nokweyisa.

Ngenkathi amaphepha ayisishiyagalombili ebuyekezwa ontanga abese embula iqiniso (ngezansi), uchwepheshe wokuqala ukumemeza uPrause ngezinkulumo zakhe ezingezinhle uprofesa omkhulu wezengqondo (psychology) ophakeme uJohn A. Johnson {https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-sexual-continuum/201307/new-brain-study-questions-existence-sexual-addiction/comments#comment-556448}. Ephawula ngaphansi kwe Psychology Today interview kaPrause, uJohn A. Johnson wembula iqiniso:

"Umqondo wami usathukile kumaPrause athi ubuchopho babafundi bakhe abuzange baphendule ezithombeni zocansi njengobuchopho bemilutha yezidakamizwa baphendula isidakamizwa sabo, inqobo yokuthi ubika ukufundwa okuphezulu kweP300 kwezithombe zocansi. Njengomilutha okhombisa izikhala ze-P300 uma wethulwa ngomuthi wawo wokuzikhethela. Angasithola kanjani isiphetho esiphambene nemiphumela yangempela? Ngicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka kungenxa yokuqonda kwakhe lokho abebekulindele. ”

UJohn Johnson kwelinye futhi ukuphawula:

I-Mustanski iyabuza, "Iyini injongo yocwaningo?" Futhi uPrause uyaphendula, "Ucwaningo lwethu luvivinywe ukuthi ngabe abantu ababika izinkinga ezinjalo [izinkinga zokulawula ukubuka kwabo kwe-eerotic online] kubonakala sengathi bangamanye amilutha ezimpendulo zabo zobuchopho ezithombeni zobulili."

Kodwa isifundo asizange siqhathanise ukuqoshwa kobuchopho kubantu abanenkinga eqondisa ukubuka kwabo kwe-eerotic inthanethi ekuqopheni kobuchopho ezilutha izidakamizwa kanye nokuqoshwa kobuchopho kusuka eqenjini lokulawulwa elingelona umlutha, okungaba yindlela ecacile yokubona ukuthi ubuchopho buphendula kanjani kulabo abakhathazekile iqembu libukeka njengezimpendulo zobuchopho zezidakamizwa noma ezingekho izilingo.

Esikhundleni salokho, u-Prause uthi ukuklanywa ngaphakathi kwesifundo kwakuyindlela engcono, lapho izifundo zocwaningo zikhonza njengeqembu labo lokulawula. Ngalesi sakhiwo, bathole ukuthi impendulo ye-EEG yezihloko zabo (njengeqembu) ezithombeni ezithandayo zomelele kunezimpendulo zabo ze-EEG kwezinye izinhlobo zezithombe. Lokhu kuboniswa kwisigcawu se-waveform se-inline (nakuba ngesinye isizathu igrafu ihluke kakhulu kusuka kugrafu langempela esihlokweni esishicilelwe).

Ngakho leli qembu elibika ukuthi kunenkathazo elawula ukubuka kwabo kwe-eerotic e-intanethi kunempendulo e-EEG enamandla kunezithombe ezibucayi kunezinye izinhlobo zezithombe. Ingabe imilutha ikhombisa impendulo eqinile efanayo ye-EEG lapho yethulwa ngomuthi wawo wokuzikhethela? Asazi. Ngabe okwejwayelekile, okungewona umlutha kukhombisa impendulo enamandla njengeqembu elinenkathazo ku-erotica? Futhi, asazi. Asazi ukuthi leli phethini le-EEG lifana kakhulu namaphethini obuchopho bemilutha noma abayimilutha.

Iqembu lokucwaninga le-Prause lithi liyakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi impendulo ephakeme ye-EEG yezifundo zabo kwi-erotica iyimpendulo yokusebenzisa ubuchopho noma impendulo nje yobuchopho be-high-libido ngokuxhumanisa isethi yamaphuzu emibuzo ngokuhlukahluka kwempendulo ye-EEG. Kodwa ukuchaza umehluko kwimpendulo ye-EEG kungumbuzo ohlukile kusuka ekuhloleni ukuthi impendulo yeqembu lilonke ibukeka iyimilutha yini noma cha.

Ngaphandle kwezicelo eziningi ezingasekelwa kumaphephandaba, kuphazamisa lokho Steele et al. kudluliselwe ukubuyekezwa kontanga, njengoba kwahlushwa amaphutha amancane okusebenza: i-1) ayingqayizivele (abesilisa, abesifazane, abangewona abesilisa nabesifazane); Izihloko ze-2) zikhona hhayi ukuhlolwa kwezifo zengqondo noma izidakamizwa; I-3) isifundo akukho iqembu lokulawula lokuqhathanisa; Imibuzo ye-4) akuqinisekisiwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn noma ukulutha kocansi (Futhi bona lokhu I-YBOP eningi ihlaziya ukuqedwa okuphelele kwezicelo ezizungezile Steele et al., 2013).

Ngaphambi kokuthi sifinyelele kufayela le- eziyisishiyagalombili ukuhlaziywa okubuyekezwa kontanga kwe- Steele et al., 2013 ngihlinzeka nge- isimo socwaningo ku-2020:

Ukuhlaziya okubukeziwe kontanga okungu-8 Steele et al., 2013

Phakathi neminyaka edlulayo izifundo eziningi ezisekelwe ku-neuroscience kushicilelwe (i-MRI, i-fMRI, i-EEG, i-neuropsychological, i-hormonal). Zonke zinikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwemodeli yokulutha njengoba okutholakele kwabo kukhombisa ukutholakala kwemizwa okubikwe kwizifundo zokulutha izidakamizwa. Imibono yochwepheshe bangempela yokulutha kocansi / ucansi iyabonakala kulolu hlu lwe Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ezingama-30 zakamuva nezincazelo (konke kusekela imodeli yokulutha).

Amaphepha ayisikhombisa abuyekezwe ngontanga akhethe ukuhlaziya ini Steele et al. U-2013 ubike empeleni - hhayi lokho uPrause akubeke emkhankasweni wakhe we-PR. Konke kuchaza ukuthi Steele et al. okutholakele kuholela ekusikeleni imodeli yokulutha izidakamizwa. Amaphepha ahambisana nokuhlungwa kwe-YBOP. Amaphepha amatsatfu abuye achaze izindlela eziphuthayo zokutadisha kanye neziphetho ezingenakuqhathaniswa. Iphepha # 1 lizinikezelwe kuphela Steele et al., I-2013. Amaphepha 2-8 aqukethe izigaba zokuhlaziya Steele et al., I-2013. Zibhalwe ngosuku lokushicilelwa:

1) 'Isifiso Esiphezulu', noma 'Ngokusobala' Isiyaluyalu? A Response to Steele et al. nguDonald L. Hilton, Jr., MD. (I-2014)

Ukufaneleka kwempikiswano kuxhomeke ekuzweni umsindo kwezakhiwo zayo. Emaphepheni amasha kaSteele et al., Iziphetho zisekelwe ekuqalisweni kokuqala kwezincazelo eziphathelene 'nesifiso' kanye 'nomlutha'. Lezi zincazelo zisekelwe ochungechungeni lwezindinganiso nezitifiketi, okulinganiselwe ukuthi abalobi bawunqamule ekuqaleni, kodwa bekunganakwa ngokucacile ekufinyeleleni iziphetho eziqinile abalobi abazenzayo. Noma kunjalo, ukuqina kwalezi ziphetho akufanelekile, hhayi nje ngenxa yendlela yokucabanga eyinkinga yokuqala kodwa futhi ngenxa yendlela yokhathazeka.

Cabanga, isibonelo, umqondo 'wesifiso socansi'. Isigaba sokuqala sivuma ukuthi 'izifiso zobulili kufanele zilawulwe njalo ukuphatha ukuziphatha ngokocansi', futhi kumele zilawulwe uma zingekho emthethweni (ukuziphatha ngokweqile) noma okungalungile (ukungathembeki). Lesi sigaba siphelela ngokuthi inkulumo ethi 'umlutha wezocansi' ayihlongoli inkampani eyinkinga ngayinye, kodwa ukuthi ichaza nje i-subset yabantu abanamazinga aphezulu esifiso.

Isigaba esilandelayo sikhomba iphepha likaWinters et al., Eliphakamisa ukuthi 'ucansi olungamukeleki… lungamane lube uphawu lwesifiso sobulili esiphakeme kanye nosizi oluhambisana nokuphatha imicabango, imizwa nezidingo zobulili ezisezingeni eliphakeme' (Winters, Christoff , NaseGorzalka, ). Isekelwe kulezi zindinganiso uSteele et al. bese uqala ukubuza umbuzo wesifo salokhu 'ukucindezeleka' okuhlobene nokulawula isifiso sobulili 'isifiso'. Ukuze uqhathanise izifanekiso ezihlukahlukene 'zesifiso', ukubheka ithelevishini ezinganeni kusetshenziswa njengesibonelo. Imisho emibili yokugcina kule ndima ichaza ukuthi zonke ezinye zephepha zizama ukufakazela:

Ukwelashwa kugxile ekwehliseni inani lamahora wokubuka ithelevishini ngokuziphatha ngaphandle kwesifo esimbozwe njenge-'dlame lomabonakude 'futhi kuyasebenza. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi indlela efanayo ingahle ifanele isifiso sobulili esiphakeme uma imodeli yesifo ehlongozwayo ingangezi amandla okuchaza ngaphandle kwesifiso sobulili obuphezulu. (USteele, uStaley, uFong, noPrause, )

Ngokusekelwe kulesi siqhathaniso, leso sifiso sokubuka i-TV ezinganeni kanye nesifiso sobulili kubantu abadala, abalobi baqala ukungena enkulumweni yezinto ezihlobene nomcimbi (ERPs) kanye nencazelo elandelayo yocwaningo lwabo lokutadisha, olulandelwe imiphumela kanye nengxoxo, futhi kufike ekufinyeleleni okulandelayo:

Ekuphetheni, izinyathelo zokuqala ze-neural reactivity ezithombeni ezibonakalayo zobulili nezingazocansi ezinkingeni zokubika zesampula ezilawula ukubuka kwabo okufanayo okuhlulekayo ukuhluleka ukuhlinzeka ukwesekwa kwama-hypersexual, okulinganiselwe ngemibuzo. Ngokucacile, umehluko ewindwangu le-P300 phakathi kwezenzo zobulili nokungathathi hlangothi kwabikezelwa yisifiso socansi, kodwa hhayi nganoma yikuphi (okuthathu) izinyathelo zokuziphatha ngokocansi. (Steele et al., )

Ngalesi sitatimende abalobi bafakazela ukuthi isifiso esiphakeme, ngisho noma sinenkinga kulabo abakuzwayo, akusiyo i-pathologic, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani.

Abanye baye bachaza ukulinganiselwa okuphawulekayo kwalolu cwaningo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhali uNicole Prause wathi ku-interview, 'Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa, njenge-cocaine, kubonise indlela eqhubekayo yokuphendula ubuchopho emifanekisweni yezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, ngakho sabikezela ukuthi kufanele sibone iphethini efanayo kubantu kubika izinkinga ngocansi uma eqinisweni, umlutha '. UJohn Johnson ubhekisele ezinkingeni eziningana ezibalulekile ngalokhu kusetshenziswa kwaDunning et al. () iphepha libiza njengesizathu sokuqhathanisa noSteele et al. iphepha. Okokuqala, i-Dunning et al. iphepha lisetshenziswe izilawuli ezintathu: abasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-cocaine abasebenzisi, abasebenzisi bamanje, kanye nokulawula izidakamizwa zezidakamizwa. The Steele et al. iphepha alikho iqembu lokulawula lanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Okwesibili, i-Dunning et al. iphepha lilinganisa ama-ERP amaningana ebuchosheni, kufaka phakathi ukungabi nhlobo kokungabi nalutho (EPN), okucatshangelwe ukubonisa ukunakekelwa kokuqala, kanye nokuhleleka kwesikhathi eside (LPP), okucatshangelwe ukukhombisa ukuqhutshelwa kokubaluleka kokuqukethwe okubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifundo se-Dunning sahlukanisa izingxenye zokuqala nezokugcina ze-LPP, ecatshangwa ukuthi zizocubungula ngokuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Dunning et al. iphepha elivelele phakathi kwale ERP ehlukene ngokuziqhenya, okwamanje esebenzisa, kanye namaqembu okulawula okunempilo. The Steele et al. Kodwa-ke, iphepha libukeka kuphela ku-ERP eyodwa, i-p300, okuyinto i-Dunning eqhathaniswa nefasitela lokuqala le-LLP. The Steele et al. abalobi bavuma ngisho nalokhu iphutha elibucayi ekwakheni: 'Okunye kungenzeka ukuthi i-p300 ayiyona indawo engcono kakhulu yokukhomba ubudlelwane nokugqugquzela ngokocansi. I-LPP kancane kancane ibonakala kakhulu ixhunyaniswe nesisusa '. Steel et al. vuma ukuthi empeleni abakwazi ukuqhathanisa imiphumela yabo ku-Dunning et al. ukutadisha, kodwa iziphetho zabo zenza kahle lokho. Mayelana noSteele et al. ukutadisha, uJohnson wasifingqa, 'Ukuthola okukodwa okubalulekile akusho lutho mayelana nokulutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu okutholakele okuphawulekayo yi kubi ukulungiswa phakathi kwe-P300 nesifiso sobulili nomlingani (r = -0.33), okubonisa ukuthi ubukhulu be-P300 buhlobene aphansi isifiso socansi; lokhu ngokuphikisana ngqo nokuchazwa kwe-P300 njengo high isifiso. Akunakuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu okulutha. Akukho ukuqhathaniswa nokulawula amaqembu. Iziphetho ezithathwe abacwaningi yi-quummage ephuma emininingwaneni, engasho lutho ngokuthi abantu ababika inkathazo eqondisa ukubuka kwabo kwezithombe zocansi noma abanakho ukuphendulwa kobuchopho okufana ne-cocaine noma ezinye izinhlobo zokulutha (ukuxhumana komuntu siqu, John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).

Nakuba ezinye iziphutha ezinkulu kulolu cwaningo zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kweqembu elanele lokulawula, ukungafani kwesifundo sesampula, nokuhluleka ukuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwekhono le-P300 ukuze kube nekhwalithi nokulinganisela phakathi kokubandlulula nokuhlukanisa phakathi 'kwesifiso sobulili obuphezulu' kanye ne-pathologically ukuphoqeleka kobulili okungafuneki, mhlawumbe iphutha eliyisisekelo elihlobene nokusetshenziswa nokuqonda igama elithi 'isifiso'. Kuyacaca ukuthi ekwakheni le platform yesikhashana, abalobi banciphise umqondo wesifiso ngegama elithi 'nje'. Isifiso, njengoba sihlobene nezinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo eziphathelene nokuziphatha ngokocansi, umkhiqizo oyinkimbinkimbi we-mesencephalic drive ye-dopaminergic ne-telencephalic cognitive and affective mediation and expression. Njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokuzibandakanya kwezocansi, i-dopamine iyaziwa njengengxenye ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ngokocansi, okuye kwagcinwa kabanzi emthini wokuziphendukela kwemvelo (Pfaus, ). Izakhi zofuzo eziphathelene nokwakhiwa nokubonakaliswa kwesisusa sobulili kubonakala kuyo yonke i-phyla futhi kubuye kube nobunzima be-intra-phyla. Yize kunokuhluka okusobala phakathi kocansi, ukufuna ukudla, nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha, ezibalulekile ekuziphatheni kahle kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, manje sesiyazi ukuthi kukhona ukufana emishinini yamangqamuzana lapho kuvela khona 'isifiso' senzuzo. Manje sesiyazi ukuthi lezi zindlela zenzelwe 'ukufunda', ngendlela yokuxhuma nokuguqula indlela. Njengoba umthetho ka-Hebb usho, 'Ama-Neurons avutha ndawonye, ​​axhumane ngocingo ndawonye'. Sazile ngekhono lobuchopho lokushintsha ukuhlangana kwalo nokwakheka kokufunda ngomvuzo ezifundweni zokuqala eziphathelene nokulutha kwezidakamizwa, kepha manje sesibonile ukufunda okusekelwe emvuzweni we-neuronal ngezifiso zemvelo ezibonakala zihlukahlukene ezihlobene nokulangazelela ucansi nosawoti.

Izincazelo eziphathelene nesifiso zibalulekile lapha; into ephilayo, noma 'ukufuna', into eyodwa, kuyilapho sibheka 'ukufisa' ukuba nomthelela owengeziwe njengoba kusetshenziswa ezincwadini eziphathelene nokulutha izidakamizwa nokuphindaphinda. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi amazwe afisa ukufisa izidingo zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile ezifana nosawoti kanye nocansi ukucela - ngokuhlushwa kulandelwa satiation - inqubo ye-neuroplastic ehilela ukulungiswa nokuphikisana kwezixhumanisi ze-neuronal (Pitchers et al., ; Roitman et al., ). Ngokuphawulekayo, isifiso esibucayi senziwa ngokuzifunela okusho ukuthi kuhlobene nezimo ezibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukufa kwezinto ezinjengokuntula usawoti, okwenza isilwane siphume futhi sigweme ukufa. Ukulutha kwezidakamizwa kubantu, ngokuthakazelisayo, kungathinta ukufisa okufana nokuholela ekufisweni okufanayo ukuhlala naphezu kokungcupheni kokufa, ukuguqulwa kwalesi sigaba sokushayela. Isenzakalo esifanayo senzeke ngokulutha kwemvelo, njengomuntu okhuluphele ngokweqile kanye nesifo esibi kakhulu senhliziyo eqhubeka nokudla okunamafutha aphezulu, noma omunye onomlutha wezocansi oqhubeka enza izenzo zobulili ezingahleliwe nabantu abangabazi naphezu kwamathuba aphezulu okuthola izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezifana ne-HIV nesifo sofuba. Lelo gciwane libeka ukushayela kokushayela okubalulekile kule conundrum yokulangazelela okufanayo kokubili ukulutha izidakamizwa kanye nezifiso eziyisisekelo zemvelo, usawoti, isekela ukudubula, indima yokudakwa (Liedtke et al., ). Siphinde siqonde kangcono ukuthi izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlotshaniswa futhi zenza lezi zinguquko zibandakanya ukushintsha kwe-genetic, imikhiqizo, kanye nezimo zokuhambisa njenge-DeltaFosB, i-orexin, i-Cdk5, i-neural plasticity regulator umsebenzi-iphrotheni ehambisana ne-cytoskeleton (ARC), i-protein ebizwa ngokuthi i-protein tyrosine phosphatase ( STEP), nabanye. Lezi zinhlangano zakha ukusabalalisa okuyinkimbinkimbi, okubalulekile ekufundeni kwe-neural.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu ngokuthi 'ukufisa', noma 'ukufisa okukhulu', kuwumkhiqizo we-mesencephalic kanye ne-hypothalamic impetus, okubandakanyeka kuwo, futhi okuyingxenye yokucubungula ama-cortical okuvela kulokhu kuhlanganiswa kolwazi olwaziyo nolwazi. Njengoba siboniswe ephepheni lethu le-PNAS lwakamuva, lezi zifiso zemvelo zithi 'cishe zibonisa ukuguqulwa kwezinhlelo zasendulo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenani eliphakeme lokusinda ngokuthokozisa izidakamizwa ze-hedonic' (Liedtke et al., , I-PNAS), ngoba sathola ukuthi lezi zakhi zofuzo zosawoti ezifanayo zangaphambili zazihlotshaniswa ne-cocaine ne-opiate umlutha. Ukuboniswa kwengqondo yalokhu 'isifiso', lokhu kugxile ekutholeni umvuzo, 'ukulangazelela' ukuzwa ukuphindaphindiwe kuyisimo sokuqaphela 'cortical' soguquko olujulile oluhlelekile futhi oluthile oluvela emzimbeni we-hypothalamic / mesencephalic. Uma kubangela ukungalawulwa futhi-uma kuboniswa-ukulangazelela okulimazayo komvuzo, sibhekana kanjani izinwele ze-neurobiological futhi sithi 'nje' isifiso esiphakeme kunokuba umlutha?

Olunye udaba luthinta ukungaguquguquki. Akukho ndawo kuSteele et al. iphepha kukhona ingxoxo yokuthi kungani laba bantu 'benesifiso esikhulu'. Ingabe bazalwa benjalo? Iyini indima, uma ikhona, yemvelo kuzo zombili izici zekhwalithi nobungako besifiso esishiwoyo? Ngabe ukufunda kungasithinta isifiso kokunye kwalokhu okutadisha okungafani nabantu? (UHoffman noSafron, ). Umbono wabalobi maqondana nalokhu untula ukuqonda kwenqubo yokushintshashintsha njalo emazingeni womabili amaselula namacroscopic. Siyazi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi lezi zinguquko ezincane ezibonakalayo ezibonwa ngokufunda kwe-neuronal zihambisana nezinguquko ezinkulu futhi. Izifundo eziningi ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwepulasitiki, njengoba abaningi bephikisile: 'Ngokuphikisana nokucabanga ukuthi ushintsho kumanethiwekhi wobuchopho kungenzeka kuphela ngezikhathi ezibucayi zentuthuko, i-neuroscience yanamuhla yamukela umqondo wobuchopho beplastiki obuhlala unomphela' (UDraganski noMeyi, ); 'Ukucabanga kwengqondo yomuntu kukhombe ushintsho olwenzeka ezindabeni ezimpunga nezimhlophe ezenzeka ngokufunda… ukufunda kuhlanganisa ukwakheka kobuchopho' (iZatorre, Field, neJohansen-Berg, ).

Ekugcineni, cabanga futhi ngegama lomlobi 'inkanuko ephezulu kakhulu yezocansi'. IGeorgiadis () muva nje uphakamise iqhaza eliphakathi nendawo le-dopaminergic kubantu kule midbrain to striatum pathway. Kuyo yonke imivuzo yemvelo, i-orgasm yezocansi ifaka i-dopamine spike ephezulu kakhulu ku-striatum, ngamazinga afinyelela ku-200% wesisekelo (i-Fiorino ne-Phillips, ), engaqhathaniswa ne-morphine (Di Chiara & Imperato, ) kumamodeli wokuhlola. Ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa, nokwehlisa i-pathologize ukuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile ukuhluleka ukuqonda indima ebalulekile yezocansi ekugqugquzelweni kwabantu nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kubonisa i-naiveté ngokuqondene nalokho okwamanje ukuqonda okuvunyelwe kwenzalo ye-neuroscience yamanje, ngoba ichaza isifiso socansi njengemvelo, esingenakuguquguquka, kanye nomzimba omzimba ngokukhethekile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ushintsho lube ngekhwalithi noma nge-quantitatively. Nokho, ngokujulile, njengoba kuboniswa nguSteele et al. iphepha, yilokho imfundiso ye-myopic ehluleka ukuqonda iqiniso lokuthi i-neuroscience manje isitshela ukuthi 'isifiso esiphakeme', lapho sibangela ukuziphatha okuphoqelekile, okungafuneki, nokulimazayo, 'kungumlutha' kuphela.

Okubhekwayo

  • I-Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Izidakamizwa ezihlukumezwe ngabantu zikhetha ukwandisa i-synaptic dopamine ekugxilweni kwendlela yokukhanya yama-rally ye-rats. Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences. I-1988;85(14): 5274-5278. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

  • I-Draganski B, Meyi A. Izinguquko ezakhiwe ngokuqeqesha ezakhiweni zobuchopho bomuntu omdala. Ucwaningo lweBrain Behavioral. I-2008;192(1): 137-142. [I-PubMed]

  • Dunning J. P, Parvaz M. A, Hajcak G, Maloney T, Alia-Klein N, Woicik P. A, et al. Ukugqugquzela ukunakwa kwe-cocaine kanye nomzwelo kubasebenzisi abasebenzayo nabasebenzisa i-cocaine yamanje: Isifundo se-ERP. I-European Journal ye-Neuroscience. I-2011;33(9): 1716-1723. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

  • Fiorino D. F, Phillips AG Izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ku-nucleus iqoqa i-dopamine efflux ngenkathi i-Coolidge Impumelelo kumagundane angamadoda. Journal of Neuroscience. I-1997;17(12): 4849-4855. [I-PubMed]

  • UGeorgiadis JR Ingabe uyayifaka? Ngendima ye-cortex ye-cerebral emisebenzini yocansi yabantu. I-Neuroscience Neuroscience ne-Psychology. I-2012;2: 17337. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

  • UHoffman H, Safron A. Umhleli wokuqala ku-'Isayensi Neuroscience Nezimo Zokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Yokufunda Ngocansi ' I-Neuroscience Neuroscience ne-Psychology. I-2012;2: 17415. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

  • Liedtke W. B, McKinley M. J, Walker L. L, Zhang H, uPfenning A. R, Drago J, et al. Uhlobo lokulutha kwezidakamizwa ku-gene hypothalamic lushintsha ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo kanye nokuthokozisa kwesimiso semvelo, isifiso sodium. Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences. I-2011;108(30): 12509-12514. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

  • I-Pfaus JG Dopamine: Ukusiza abesilisa ukulandelela okungenani iminyaka eyi-200 yeminyaka. I-Neuroscience yezenzo. I-2010;124(6): 877-880. [I-PubMed]

  • I-Pitchers K. K, uBalfour M. E, Lehman M. N, Richtand N. M, Yu L, Coolen LM I-neuroplasticity ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic olwenziwe umvuzo wemvelo kanye nokuzibamba umvuzo. I-Psychiatry yezinto eziphilayo. I-2010;67: 872-879. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

  • U-Roitman M. F, Na E, Anderson G, Jones T. A, Berstein IL Ukukhishwa kwesidlo sikasawoti kuguqula i-dopritis morphology kwinucleus accumbens futhi kukhuthaza amakhophu ukuba amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2002;22(11): RC225: 1-5. [I-PubMed]

  • Steele V. R, Staley C, Fong T, Prause N. Isifiso socansi, hhayi ukucwasana ngokobulili, kuhlobene nezimpendulo ze-neurophysiological ezenziwe ngezithombe zocansi. I-Neuroscience Neuroscience ne-Psychology. I-2013;3: 20770. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

  • Winters J, Christoff K, Gorzalka BB Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kanye nesifiso esiphakeme socansi: Ukwakhiwa okuhlukanayo? Izigciniwe zokuziphatha kocansi. I-2010;39(5): 1029-1043. [I-PubMed]

  • I-Zatorre R. J, Field R. D, uJohansen-Berg H. I-Plasticity ngegrey and white: Izinguquko ze-Neuroimaging ekuhlelweni kobuchopho ngesikhathi sokufunda. Imvelo Neuroscience. I-2012;15: 528-536. [Isihloko samahhala se-PMC] [I-PubMed]

2) Ama-Neural Correlates e-Sexual Cue Reactivity kuNobuntu abangenazo ngaphandle kokucindezela ngokocansi (2014)

Ukucacisa okucacile Steele et al., 2013 (Icaphuna 25 ngu-Steele et al.)

Okutholakele kwethu kusikisela ukuthi umsebenzi we-DACC ubonisa indima yesifiso sobulili, okungenzeka kube nokufana nesifundo ku-P300 kwizifundo ze-CSB ezihambisana nesifiso [25]. Sikhombisa ukungafani phakathi kweqembu le-CSB namavolontiya anempilo kanti lesi sifundo sangaphambilini asinaso iqembu lokulawula. Ukuqhathaniswa kwalolu cwaningo lwamanje kanye nezincwadi zangaphambilini kwi-CSB ezibhekene nokusabalalisa i-MRI kanye ne-P300 kunzima kunikezwa ukuhlukahluka kohlelo. Izifundo ze-P300, ikhono elihlobene nomcimbi elisetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukunakekelwa kokukhathazeka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, bonisa izinyathelo eziphakeme mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine [54], utshwala [55], nama-opiates [56], ngezinyathelo ezivame ukuhambisana nama-indices okufunayo. I-P300 nayo ijwayele ukutadisha ngezidakamizwa zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa besebenzisa imisebenzi engavumelekile lapho okuhloswe khona okungenani okungase kube khona okuhlangene namazinga aphezulu angenayo imigomo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kubonise ukuthi izihloko zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa-izidakamizwa kanye namalungu omndeni angathintekile wehlile ukuphakama kwe-P300 uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo [57]. Lokhu okutholakele kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kungabonakala ngokungabi khona kahle kwezinsizakusebenza zokunaka imininingwane efanelekile yokusebenza kwengqondo (imigomo engeyona eyezidakamizwa) ngokuthambekela kokunakwa kokunakwa kwezidakamizwa. Ukwehla kwe-P300 amplitude nakho kungaba uphawu lwe-endophenotypic lokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. Izifundo zamakhono ahlobene nomcimbi agxile ekuhambisaneni nogqozi kwe-cocaine ne-heroin cues kuqhubeka nokubika okungajwayelekile ezingxenyeni zamuva ze-ERP (> 300 milliseconds; [58]-[60]. I-LPP ikholelwa ukuthi iboniswa kokubili ukuthunjwa kokuqala (400 kuya ku-1000 msec) futhi okuqhubekayo kusetshenziselwa ukugqugquzelwa okubalulekile. Izihloko ezinokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-cocaine zaphakamisa izinyathelo zokuqala ze-LPP uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo acacisa indima yokubheka kuqala ukuthunjwa kokugqugquzela kanye nezimpendulo ezithintekayo ezimangalisweni ezingokomzwelo ezimnandi. Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo zeLPP zekwephuzile azifani kakhulu nalabo abasezivolontiya ezinempilo [61]. Ama-generator we-P300 okuhlobene nomcimbi okuhlobene nomcimbi wezimpendulo ezihlobene nokubhekiswe kukholakala ukuthi yi-cortex ye-parietal futhi i-cingulate [62]. Ngakho-ke, kokubili umsebenzi we-DACC ocwaningweni lwamanje we-CSB nomsebenzi we-P300 obikiwe ocwaningweni lwe-CSB wangaphambilini ungabonisa izinqubo ezifanayo zokuqala zokubamba. Ngokufanayo, zombili lezi zifundo zibonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwalezi zinyathelo nesifiso esithuthukisiwe. Lapha siphakamisa ukuthi umsebenzi we-DACC uhambelana nesifiso, okungakhombisa inkomba yokulangazelela, kepha akuhambisani nokuthanda okuphakanyiswayo kwimodeli yokukhuthaza-yokulutha kwemilutha.

3) I-neuroscience ye-Inthanethi ye-Pornography Umlutha: Ukubukeza nokuvuselelwa (2015)

Ukucacisa okucacile Steele et al., 2013 (citation 303):

Ucwaningo lwe-EEG kulabo abakhononda ngezinkinga eziqondisa ukubuka kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kubike ukubuyiswa kwe-neural kwisenzo socansi [303]. Ucwaningo lwenzelwe ukuhlola ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-ERP amplitudes uma ubuka izithombe ezingokomzwelo nezomzimba kanye nezinyathelo zombuzo wobulili obucansi kanye nesifiso socansi. Abalobi baphetha ngokuthi ukungabikho kwemibono ephakathi kwamanani e-questionnaires e-hypersexual futhi kusho ama-amplitudes angu-P300 uma ubuka izithombe zobulili "ukwehluleka ukuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwama-hypersexual pathological" [303] (i-10). Kodwa-ke, ukungabi khona kwemibono kungachazwa kangcono yiziphambeko eziphikisanayo endleleni. Isibonelo, lolu cwaningo lusetshenziselwa izidakamizwa eziphathekayo (abesilisa nabesifazane, kuhlanganise no-7 abangewona abesilisa nabesifazane). Ucwaningo lwe-Cue-reactivity ngokuqhathanisa ukuphendula komqondo kwezidakamizwa ekulawuleni okunempilo kudinga izifundo ezizimele (ubulili obufanayo, ubudala obufanayo) ukuze kube nemiphumela evumelekile. Ngokucacile ekufundiseni izidakamizwa ze-porn, kusungulwe kahle ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane bahluke ngokujulile ebuchosheni nasezimpindeni ezizimele ezifanisayo zobulili ezibukwayo [304, 305, 306]. Ukwengeza, imibuzo emibili yokuhlola ayiqinisekisiwe kubasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-IP abanomlutha, futhi izihloko azange zihlolwe ezinye izibonakaliso zokudakwa noma ukukhathazeka kwemizwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiphetho esichazwe ku-abstract, "Impikiswano yokuqonda ubulili obufanayo njengesifiso esikhulu, kunokukhathazeka, kucatshangelwa" [303] (i-1) kubonakala kungekho lapho kucatshangelwa ukuthi isifundo sithola ukuthi ukuphakama kwe-P300 kwakungavumelani kabi nesifiso sobulili nomlingani. Njengoba kuchaziwe ku-Hilton (2014), lokhu okuthola "ngokuphambene ngokuqondile nokuchazwa kwe-P300 njengesifiso esiphakeme" [307]. Ukuhlaziywa kukaHilton kuveza ukuthi ukungabikho kweqembu lokulawulwa nokuhluleka kobuchwepheshe be-EEG ukubandlulula phakathi "nesifiso sobulili obuphezulu" nokuthi "ukuphoqeleka ngokobulili" kwenza uSteele et al. okutholakele okungenakuqondakala [307].

Okokugcina, ukutholakala okuphawulekayo kwephepha (ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-P300 ezithombeni zobulili, ngokuphathelene nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi) kunikezwa ukunakwa okuncane engxenyeni yengxoxo. Lokhu kungalindelekile, njengoba ukutholakala okuvamile ngezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa ze-intanethi ukuphakama kwe-P300 okuhlobene nokungahambisani nokungathathi hlangothi lapho kuvezwa emibonweni ebonakalayo ehambisana nokulutha kwayo [308]. Eqinisweni, Voon, et al. [262] banikeze ingxenye yengxoxo yabo ehlaziya lokhu okutholwe ukufundwa kwe-P300. Voon et al. uma kunikezwa incazelo yokubaluleka kwe-P300 enganikezwa ephepheni le-Steele, ikakhulukazi ngokuqondene namamodeli wokulutha, okuphetha,

"Ngakho-ke, kokubili umsebenzi we-DACC ocwaningweni lwe-CSB wamanje nomsebenzi we-P300 abike ekutadisheni kwe-CSB yangaphambilini[303] kungabonakalisa izinqubo ezifanayo zokuqala zokubamba. Ngokufanayo, kokubili izifundo zibonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwalezi zinyathelo ngesifiso esithuthukisiwe. Lapha siphakamisa ukuthi umsebenzi we-DACC uqhathaniswa nesifiso, okungase kubonise inkomba yokulangazelela, kodwa akuhambisani nokuthanda okusikisela ekutheni umthamo wokulutha ukhuthaze. "[262] (iphe. 7)

Ngakho ngenkathi laba babhali [303] bathi inhlolovo yabo inqatshelwe ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokulutha ku-CSB, Voon et al. kwafakazela ukuthi laba abalobi banikeze ubufakazi obusekela lo mfanekiso.

5) Izinyathelo Eziqaphelayo Nezingezona Zenhliziyo Yokuzizwa: Ingabe Ziyakhathaza Ngokuvame Ukusetshenziswa Kwezingcolile? (I-2017)

I-YBOP COMMENTS: Lolu cwaningo lwe-2017 ye-EEG kubasebenzisi be-porn lucacisa izifundo ze-3 Nicole Prause EEG. Abalobi bakholelwa ukuthi zonke izifundo ze-3 Prause EEG empeleni zithole ukungafuni noma ukujwayele kubasebenzisi be-porn abajwayele ukuvama (okuyinto evame ukuqhuma). Yilokho kanye okwenziwa yi-YBOP njalo (ichazwe kulokhu kuhlaziywa: I-Critique ye: Incwadi eya kumhleli "Prause et al. (I-2015) i-falsification yakamuva yokubikezela izidakamizwa " 2016).

Ezingcaphuno ezizansi ngezansi izingcaphuno ze-3 zikhombisa izifundo ezilandelayo zikaNicole Prause EEG (#14 Steele et al., 2013):

  • 7 - Ukudumisa, uN .; Steele, VR; I-Staley, iC .; Sabatinelli, D. Ukuhleleka okungcono kokuveza izithombe zobulili ezicacile ezihambisana nenani labalingani bobulili bobulili. I-Soc. Cogn. Thinta. I-Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100.
  • 8 - Ukudumisa, uN .; Steele, VR; I-Staley, iC .; Sabatinelli, D .; I-Hajcak, G. Ukuguquguquka kwamathuba okuphelelwa yisikhathi ngezithombe zocansi kubasebenzisi bezinkinga kanye nokulawula okuhambisani nokulutha kwe-pornography. I-Biol. I-Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
  • 14 - Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Fong, T .; I-Prause, N. Isifiso sobulili, hhayi i-hypersexourse, sihlobene nezimpendulo ze-neurophysiological eziphakanyiswe izithombe zobulili. I-Socioaffect. I-Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770

Izigcawu ezichaza Steele et al., 2013:

Izindinganiso ezihlobene nomcimbi (ERP) zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokomzimba kokuphendula emaqenjini angokomzwelo, isib, [24]. Izifundo ezisebenzisa idatha ye-ERP zivame ukugxila emiphumeleni ye-ERP kamuva njenge-P300 [14] Nokuthi Kungenzeka Okuhle Kungakapheli (LPP) [7, 8] lapho uphenya abantu ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Lezi zici kamuva ze-waveform ye-ERP zithathwe ezinkambisweni zokucabangela njengokunaka nokukhumbula inkumbulo (P300) [25] kanye nokucubungula okuqhubekayo kokuphazamiseka okuphathelene nomzwelo (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [14] wabonisa ukuthi umehluko omkhulu we-P300 obonakele phakathi kokubukwa kwezithombe zobulili ezicacile ezihlobene nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi kwakuhlobene nezezinyathelo zesifiso socansi, futhi awunamthelela kubandlululo lobuhlanganyeli. Abalobi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kuthola okungalungile kwakungenxa ngenxa yezithombe ezikhonjisiwe ezingenalo ukubaluleka kwendabuko echibini labahlanganyeli, njengoba bonke abahlanganyeli babika ukuthi babheka izinto eziphakeme zobulili ezingcolile, okuholela ekuqedeni ingxenye ye-P300. Abalobi baqhubeka babonisa ukuthi mhlawumbe ukubuka okwenzeka kamuva ku-LPP kunganikeza ithuluzi eliwusizo, njengoba likhonjiswe ezinkambisweni zokugqugquzela izinkomba. Ucwaningo lokuphenya ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-LPP libonise ukuphakama kwe-LPP ukuba kube yincinci kubahlanganyeli ababika ukuthi banesifiso sobulili esiphakeme nezinkinga ezilawula ukubukwa kwazo kwezinto eziphathekayo zocansi [7, 8]. Lo mphumela awulindelekile, njengoba ezinye izici eziningi ezihlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa zibonise ukuthi uma zinikezwe umsebenzi wokuzizwa ohlobene nokuzilahla, abantu ababika ukuthi banezinkinga zokuxoxa ngezidakamizwa zabo ngokuvamile baveza amafomu omdlandla we-LPP lapho bevezwa ngezithombe zabo eziphathelene nokulutha izidakamizwa [27]. Prause et al. [7, 8] ukunikeza iziphakamiso zokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabangela kanjani imiphumela encane ye-LPP ngokuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ngenxa yomphumela wokuhlala, njengoba labo ababambe iqhaza ekucwaningeni ukubika ngokweqile izinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolile bahola kakhulu kakhulu emalini amahora asetshenziswe ukubukela izinto ezingcolile .

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Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa njalo ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ekusetshenzisweni kokuqukethwe okuphazamisayo ngenxa yemiphumela yokukhubazeka kubantu abavame ukufuna izinto ezingcolile zobulili [3, 7, 8]. Kuyizingxabano zabalobi ukuthi lo mphumela ungabika imiphumela yemiphumela ebonwe.

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Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungase ludingeke ukuthi lusebenzise olunye ulwazi olusesikhathini esilungisiwe lwe-database ukuze lilandele amasiko ashintshayo. Futhi, mhlawumbe abasebenzisi abakhulu bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bahlukumeza izimpendulo zabo zocansi ngesikhathi sesifundo. Le ncazelo yayisetshenziswa okungenani [7, 8] ukuchaza imiphumela yabo eyabonisa indlela ebuthakathaka isisusa esikhishwe yi-LPP encane (ikhono elihle lokuphumula) ukuphakama kwemifanekiso engabonakali ngabantu ababika ukusetshenziswa okungcolile kobulili ezingcolile. Ama-amplitudes e-LPP aboniswe ukunciphisa ngokunciphisa ngokweqile [62, 63]. Ngakho-ke, i-LPP engavinjelwe emifanekisweni engabonakali ingase ilandele ukungabi nemiphumela ebalulekile etholakala esifundweni samanje kuwo wonke amaqembu "esimweni sokuthi" sinobuciko ".

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6) Izindlela zokuzicabangela izinkinga ekucindezelweni kokuziphatha ngokocansi (2018).

Ukucaphuna okucaphuno Steele et al., 2013 (okuyi-quote 68):

Ukuqhaqha kanye nabasebenza nabo kusanda kuphawula ukuthi abahlanganyeli abane-CSB baqhathaniswa nabahlanganyeli ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kwe-amygdala ngenkathi kusethulwa izigcawu ezifakiwe (izikwele ezinemibala) ukubikezela izithombe ezingezansi (imivuzo) [66]. Lezi ziphumo zifana nalabo abavela kwezinye izicwaningo ezihlola ukusebenza kwe-amygdala phakathi kwabantu abanezinkinga zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa namadoda ane-CSB abukela iziqeshana zevidyo ezicacile zobulili [1, 67]. Uukucula i-EEG, uSteele nozakwabo babone ukuphakama kwe-P300 ephakeme kwezithombe zocansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi) phakathi kwabantu abazibona njengababhekana nezinkinga nge-CSB, ukubonisana nokucwaninga kwangaphambi kokucubungula izidakamizwa ezibonakalayo ezidakamizwa [68, I-69].

Amazwana we-YBOP: Kulesi sici esingenhla abalobi bokubuyekezwa kwamanje bathi lokho Steele et al's okutholakele kubonisa ukucubungula-okusebenzayo kubasebenzisi be-porn abavamile. Lokhu kuvumelana nesimiso sokulutha umlutha kanye nokuqaphela-ukubuyisana kabusha kuyimakalo engokwemvelo yokumlutha. Ngesikhathi Steele et al. Okhulumela amaphoyisa uNicole Prause uthe izimpendulo zengqondo zihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zokulutha (i-cocaine yiyisibonelo esinikezwe i-Prause) - lokhu akulona iqiniso, futhi akubikwa noma kuphi Steele et al., 2013

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Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujwayela kungabonakaliswa ngokunciphisa ukuzwela komvuzo ngokwemvelo okwenzekayo futhi kungathinta izimpendulo zemivuzo kwisenzo socansi kubandakanya ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nobulili obuhlukanisiwe [1, 68]. Ukuzijwayeza kuye kwacatshangelwa ekuziphatheni komzimba kanye nokuziphatha ngokweqile [73-79].

Amazwana we-YBOP: Kule ngcaphuno engenhla abalobi balesi sibuyekezo babhekisela kuwo Steele et al's ukutholwa ukukhishwa okukhulu kwe-porno hlobene ne isifiso esingaphansi kobulili nomlingani (kepha hhayi isifiso esiphansi sokushaya indlwabu ocansini). Ukubeka enye indlela - abantu abanokusebenzisa okuningi kobuchopho kanye nezifiso ezihlobene nezocansi bathanda ukushaya indlwabu ocansini kunokuya ocansini nomuntu wangempela. Lokho kunciphisa ukuzwela komvuzo "ocansini oluhlukanisiwe", okuyi "stimuli evamile". Ndawonye laba ababili Steele et al. okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi obuningi obuchopho obuningi (izithombe ezingcolile), kodwa ukuphindaphinda okuncane kumvuzo wemvelo (ubulili nomuntu). Zombili yizimpawu zokulutha umlutha.

7) Ukubheja Okubhebhetheka Ku-Inthanethi: Okuthi Siyazi Nalokho Esingazikho-Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile (i-2019)

Ukucacisa okucacile Steele et al., 2013 (ukucaphuna 105 is Steele et al.)

Ubufakazi balesi sigameko se-neural esibonakalisa isifiso ikakhulukazi kuvelele kwi-correx ye-prefrontal [101] kanye ne-amygdala [102,103], njengobufakazi bokukhuthaza. Ukusebenza kulezi zifunda zobuchopho kukhumbuza umvuzo wezezimali [104] futhi ingase ithwale umthelela ofanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezifundo eziphakeme ze-EEG kulaba basebenzisi, kanye nesifiso esinciphile sokulala nomlingani, kodwa hhayi ngokushaya indlwabu ezithombeni ezingcolile [105], into eveza futhi umehluko ekukhwalweni kwekhwalithi [8]. Lokhu kungabhekwa njengesibonakaliso sokungabi namthetho. Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha kukaSteele kuqukethe amaphutha amaningana okucatshangelwayo (ngokubhekwa kwesifo se-heterogeneity, ukuntuleka kokuhlola izifo zengqondo noma ukulutha, ukungabikho kweqembu lokulawula, nokusetshenziswa kwamaphepha angagunyaziwe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile) [106]. Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguPrause [107], ngalesi sikhathi neqembu lokulawula, liphinde laphindaphinda lezi zithole. Indima yokuqamba kabusha kanye nokulangazelela ekuthuthukiseni ukubheja kocansi nge-inthanethi kuye kwaqiniswa ngokulingana ngokobulili obuhlukile [108] namasampuli wesilisa ongqingili [109].