Tattaunawa game da "Canjin jigilar mawuyacin hali ta hanyar hotunan jima'i a cikin masu amfani da matsala da kuma jituwa marasa jituwa da jaraba na batsa" (Aiki da al., 2015)

Gabatarwa

Saboda wannan nazarin EEG ya ruwaito mafi girma game da batsa da ya shafi Kadan kwakwalwa kunnawa zuwa vanilla batsa an jera a matsayin goyon bayan da tsammanin cewa batsa ta yau da kullum yana amfani da shi yana sarrafa tsarin jima'i. A sauƙaƙe, yawancin masu amfani da batsa sun damu da hotunan hotuna na ho-hum (bincikensa a layi daya Kuhn & Gallinat., 2014). Wadannan binciken sun dace da haƙuri, alamar buri. Haƙuri an bayyana shi azaman amsawar da mutum ya yi don maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi ko abin da ya haifar da sakamakon da aka yi amfani dashi.

Takardun goma da aka bita yarda da kimar YBOP na Yi amfani da al al., 2015 (hanyoyi ne don magancewa Yi amfani da al al.)

Saboda masu amfani da batsa masu yawa suna da ƙididdigar EEG fiye da sarrafawa, marubucin jagorar Nicole Farko ta yi iƙirarin cewa karatun da ba ta dace ba ya lalata samfurin batsa. Yi aiki ya yi shelar cewa karatun EEG nata ya tantance "sake-amsawa" (sanarwa), maimakon al'ada. Ko da kuwa Prause tayi daidai sai tayi dace da watsi da raunin da ke cikin ikirarin ta "gurbata": ko Yi amfani da al al. 2015 ya sami raguwa mai yawa a yawan masu amfani da batsa, 27 wasu binciken nazarin binciken neuro ya ruwaito -ewaitawa ko ƙwarewa (sanarwa) a cikin masu amfani da batsa masu karfi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Ilimin kimiyya ba ya tafiya tare da binciken da ba shi da kyau wanda zai haifar da mummunan lahani; kimiyya tana tafiya tare da fifikon shaidar (sai dai idan kana Gudun da aka tsara).

ta karshe: A cikin wannan gabatarwar 2018 Gary Wilson ya bayyana gaskiyar a bayan binciken 5 mai rikicewa da rikice-rikice, ciki har da biyu na nazarin EEG na Nicole Prause (Steele et al., 2013 da Yi amfani da al al., 2015): Bincike na Yanar-gizo: Gaskiya ko Fiction?

ABIN ABUBUWAR

Hyperbole & Daidai Da'awar

Kamar yadda aka buga Yuli 2015, zamu juya zuwa wannan takarda a matsayin Yi amfani da al al., 2015. Bari mu fara da magana mai mahimmanci game da marubucin. Nicole Farko da ƙarfin gwiwa ta yi iƙirarin a kan gidan yanar gizon ta na SPAN cewa wannan binciken da ke kansa "ƙaddamar da jarabar batsa":

Abin da mai bincike ya cancanta za su yi ikirarin sun yi musayar ra'ayi duk filin bincike da kuma jurewa duk binciken da aka rigaya tare da nazarin EEG guda?

Bugu da ƙari, Nicole Prause ta yi iƙirarin cewa karatun nata ya ƙunshi batutuwa 122 (N). A zahiri, binciken yana da batutuwa 55 ne kawai waɗanda ke "fuskantar matsalolin da ke tsara yadda suke kallon hotunan jima'i". An tattara batutuwa daga Pocatello Idaho, wanda ya wuce 50% Mormon. Sauran mahalarta 67 sun kasance masu sarrafawa.

A karo na biyu da'awar, Yi amfani da al al., 2015 ya bayyana a cikin litattafai da kuma a jikin binciken:

"Wadannan su ne farkon aikin nazarin ilimin lissafi na mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton matsalolin kulawar Kayayyakin Tafiya na Kayayyaki".

Wannan ba a fili bane ba, kamar yadda Nazarin Cambridge fMRI An wallafa kusan shekara guda a baya.

A karo na uku da'awar Nicole Prause ta tabbatar da cewa Yi amfani da al al., 2015 ita ce "mafi girman binciken bincike game da jarabar batsa". Ya kamata a lura cewa idan aka kwatanta da nazarin binciken kwakwalwa, karatun EEG ba su da tsada sosai a kowane fanni. Abu ne mai sauki a tattaro babban rukuni na batutuwa "lalatattun batsa" idan baku bincika batutuwa don jarabar batsa ko kowane yanayi na keɓewa ba (matsalolin tunani, shaye-shaye, amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauransu). Fewan matsaloli tare da da'awar Prause:

Ba bincike bane game da jarabar batsa idan bashi da batsa. Wannan binciken, da 2 a baya sun yi karatu (Yi amfani da al al., 2013 & Steele et al., 2013), ba su tantance ko wani daga cikin batutuwa sun kasance bace ko a'a. An yi jima'i a cikin hira da cewa yawancin batutuwa basu da matsala wajen yin amfani da amfani: ba su da tsari. Dukkanin batutuwa sun kasance an tabbatar da cewa abin da ya dace ya sa 'yan ta'addanci su ba da izinin daidaitaccen tsarin tare da rukuni na bautar gumaka. Bugu da} ari, Nazarin Harkokin Kiyaye ba masanan batutuwa ba don rashin tunanin mutum, halin halayyar, ko wasu ƙari. Hudu daga cikin tuhumce-tuhumce iri na goma da ke nuni da wannan rashin daidaituwa: 2, 3, 4, 8.
"HPA dysregulation axis a cikin maza tare da rikicewar rikicewar jima'i" (2015) ana iya ɗauka a matsayin mafi yawan binciken da ke tattare da ilimin neuroscience har zuwa yau akan "maza masu luwadi" (tare da batutuwa 67 na jiyya game da jarabar jima'i, idan aka kwatanta da batutuwa 55 na Prause waɗanda suka damu game da amfani da batsa). Binciken ya tantance martanin kwakwalwa ga damuwa ta hanyar tantance wani sinadarin da kwakwalwa ke fitarwa (ACTH), da kuma wani sinadarin da kwakwalwa ke sarrafawa (cortisol). Duk da yake an buga wannan binciken ne 'yan watanni bayan haka Yi amfani da al al., 2015, Nicole Prause ta ci gaba da rike karatun EEG a matsayin mafi girma.
Ƙungiyar Brain da Haɗin Haɗin Haɗakarwa Tare da Kuskuren Ciniki: Brain on Porn (2014) - Za a iya ɗauka ya fi girma Yi amfani da al al., 2015, saboda yana da batutuwa 64, kuma duk an bincika su a hankali don abubuwan keɓancewa kamar ƙari, amfani da abu, rikicewar hankali, da rashin lafiya & ƙoshin lafiya. Nazarin Nazarin 3 bai yi haka ba.

Yi amfani da al al., 2015 Bincike Brave Wave Activity

Yi amfani da al al., 2015 wani abu ne Electroencephalography ko nazarin EEG. EEG ya auna aikin lantarki, ko raƙuman kwakwalwa, a kan fatar kan mutum. Kodayake fasahar EEG ta kasance tsawon shekaru 100, muhawara na ci gaba game da ainihin abin da ke haifar da raƙuman ƙwaƙwalwa, ko abin da takamaiman karatun EEG ke nunawa da gaske. Sakamakon haka, ana iya fassara sakamakon gwaji ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Spikes a cikin aikin lantarki ana kiran su amplitudes (a ƙasa).

Masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa wasu amplitudes EEG (LPP, P3) may Yi nazari da hankali da aka ba da wani abu na musamman, kamar hoto. A sauƙaƙe, mafi yawan ƙararraki sun nuna cewa batun yana mai da hankali sosai ga motsa jiki na gani wanda aka gabatar a gwajin. A cikin Jarabawar nazarin wannan motsa jiki shine wani abu na biyu da aka nuna a hoto na jima'i. Bayanan muhimman abubuwa:

Ƙari mafi girma, da kuma EEG mai dacewa daidai, ba zai iya gaya mana idan mutumin ya taso ba, ko kuma idan an kori su. Ƙaƙƙarrar mai girma zai iya zama kamar yadda sauƙi ya faru mummunan motsin zuciyarmu, kamar ƙyama ko damuwa.
Hakanan EEG ba zai iya gaya mana idan an kunna ladan ladabi ba ko a'a. Ya bambanta, sauran nazarin kwanan nan akan masu amfani da batsa ta Voon et al., 2014. da kuma Kuhn & Gallinat 2014 An yi amfani da fMRI don duba yanayin gyare-gyare da kuma aikin zagaye na kyauta.

A wannan binciken, Yi amfani da al al., 2015 ya kwatanta aikin EEG wanda ake kira "masu lalata batsa" (matsakaici na 3.8 na batsa / mako) zuwa sarrafawa (matsakaici na 0.6 na batsa / mako). Kamar yadda ake tsammani, duka "masu lalata batsa" da sarrafawa suna da ayyukan EEG mafi girma (LPP amplitude) lokacin kallon hotunan jima'i. Koyaya, the amplitude ya karami ga "batsa addicts."

Yi amfani da al al., 2015 a halin yanzu yana goyon bayan Porn tsundar

Ana tsammanin mafi girma amplitude ga "batsa addicts", marubutan sun ce,

"Wannan alamu ya bambanta da tsari na jarabaccen abu. "

Amma wannan yana da hankali? Kamar yadda abokin bincike ya ce, a kowane binciken akwai sakamako… kuma akwai fassarar mai binciken. Sakamakon ya bayyana sarai: Batsa na batsa ba a mai da hankali sosai ba kan hotunan batsa na vanilla da aka haska akan allo na dakika daya. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane ga duk wanda ya mamaye batsa na yau.

Binciken da aka samu na ƙananan LPP amplitudes don "masu yin lalata da batsa" idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa yayi daidai da tsarin jaraba, ba tare da fassarar ta ba cewa ta "lalata jita-jitar batsa." Binciken ta yana nuna duka biyun lalatawa (ko al'ada) da kuma haɗin kai, wanda shine buƙatar girma. Dukansu suna da yawa a cikin addicts, kuma, da ɗan ban tsoro, an kuma rubuta a cikin masu nauyi batsa masu amfani da suke ba addicts (fiye da ƙasa).

Mahimmin bayani: Idan ana amfani da batsa babu tasiri akan batutuwan Prause, zamuyi tsammanin sarrafawa da “masu yin lalata da batsa” don su sami wannan LPP amplitude a cikin amsa tambayoyin jima'i. Madadin haka, abin da ake kira "batsa addicts" na Prause yana da ƙarancin kunna kwakwalwa (ƙananan LPP) zuwa hotuna na batsa na vanilla. Ina amfani da alamun ambato saboda Fuskanci ba shi da amfani da kayan aikin nunawa don batsa batsa na intanet, don haka ba mu da masaniya ko wasu, ko wani, daga cikin batutuwa sun kasance masu lalata batsa. Don da'awar Prause game da gurbata da kuma haifar da dubun kanun labarai ya zama halal, dukan na batutuwan 55 na Prause dole ne su zama ainihin jarabar batsa. Ba wasu ba, amma ba kowane batu. Duk alamun suna nuna adadi mai yawa na 55 Yi amfani da batutuwan kasancewa masu ba da jaraba ba

Abubuwan da aka samo daga Pocatello Idaho ta hanyar tallan kan layi suna neman mutanen da suke “fuskantar matsalolin da suke tsara yadda suke kallon hotunan jima'i". Ana amfani da Idaho na Pocatello a kan 50% Mormon, yawancin batutuwa na iya jin cewa duk wani amfani da batsa shine babban matsala. A cikin wani mummunar hanya mai kyau, babu wani abu daga cikin batutuwa da aka kula da su don cin zarafin batsa. A cikin wata hanya mai ma'ana, ad da aka ƙayyade ƙwaƙwalwa ga mahalarta waɗanda ke da matsala tare da kawai "Hotunan jima'i". Tunda yawancin masu yin amfani da batsa suna kallon shirye-shiryen bidiyo masu gudana, shin wannan ya karkatar da mahalarta ne?

Kada ku kuskure, ba Steele et al., 2013 kuma ba Yi amfani da al al., 2015 ya bayyana waɗannan batutuwa na 55 a matsayin masu lalata batsa ko masu amfani da batsa. Batutuwa kawai sun yarda da jin "damuwa" ta amfani da batsa. Tabbatar da yanayin ɗabi'arta na ɗalibanta, An shigar da Prause a ciki 2013 hira cewa wasu daga cikin batutuwa na 55 sun fuskanci matsalolin ƙananan matsaloli (wanda ke nufin sun kasance ba batsa)

“Wannan binciken kawai ya hada da mutanen da suka bayar da rahoton matsaloli, daga ingancin ƙananan ga matsalolin da yawa, sarrafa yadda suke kallon abubuwan lalata na gani. ”

Ta yaya zaku iya lalata tsarin jarabar batsa idan yawancin "masu lalata da batsa" ba 'yan batsa bane da gaske? Ba za ku iya ba.

The Prause et al. gano aligns daidai da Kühn & Gallinat (2014), wanda ya gano cewa mafi yawan batsa yana amfani dashi tare da raguwar ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa a cikin masu amfani masu amfani (wadanda suke ba addicts ba) lokacin da aka nuna su zuwa hotuna (.530 seconds). Masu binciken sun ce:

“Wannan ya yi daidai da tunanin da ke nuna cewa tsananin kamuwa da batutuwan batsa yana haifar da takaitaccen bayani game da dabi’ar jijiyoyin jiki. "

Kühn & Gallinat sun kuma ba da rahoton ƙarin yin amfani da batsa ta hanyar haɓaka tare da ƙarancin lada mai laushi da rikicewar layukan da ke tattare da tasirin motsi. A cikin wannan labarin mai bincike Simone Kühn, ya ce:

"Wannan na iya nufin cewa yin amfani da batsa na yau da kullum ko fiye ko žasa ya fitar da tsarin aikin ku."

Kühn ya ce a halin da ake ciki a hankali, wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sun nuna masu amfani da batsa suna neman abu da littafi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo mafi tsanani.

"Wannan zai dace daidai da tsammanin tsarin haɗin su na bukatar ƙarfafawa."

Wani nazarin EEG gano cewa yin amfani da batsa mafi girma a tsakanin mata da haɗin ƙwallon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa batsa. A sauƙaƙe, waɗanda suke amfani da batsa mafi yawa suna iya buƙatar ɗaukar matakan da za a iya gani game da masu amfani da wuta, kuma hotuna na vanilla batsa ba su iya yin rajista kamar yadda duk abin sha'awa ba. Ƙananan sha'awa, ya zama marasa kula, da ƙananan karatu na EEG. Ƙarshen labarin.

Yi amfani da al al., 2015 ya yarda da haka Kühn & Gallinat 2014 iya zama daidai

A cikin ɓangaren tattaunawa, Yi amfani da al al, da aka ambata Kühn & Gallinat kuma sun miƙa shi azaman bayani mai yiwuwa ga ƙananan tsarin LPP. Tana kan hanya madaidaiciya, kuma yana da kyau fassarar ta sannan ta ɗauki juyawa daga bayanan ta. Wataƙila ƙaƙƙarfan son nuna bambanci game da jarabar batsa ya tsara fassarorinta. Ta tsohon Shafin yanar gizo ya nuna cewa ta iya rashin rashin daidaituwa da ake buƙata don binciken kimiyya:

“Yin nazarin abin da ya sa mutane suka zaɓi shiga cikin halayen jima'i ba tare da kiran maganganun jaraba ba ”

Ba zato ba tsammani, hotunan tsayayyun da Kühn da Prause suka yi amfani da su sun bambanta sosai daga shirye-shiryen bidiyo na 9-na biyu "bayyane" waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin 2014 Nazarin Cambridge fMRI, wanda ya sami kamanceceniya tsakanin kwakwalwar 'yan batsa da ta masu shan kwayoyi. Waɗannan masu binciken sun sami aikin cibiyar sakamako mafi girma a cikin batutuwa na batsa don mayar da martani ga shirye-shiryen bidiyo, wanda shine halin ɗabi'ar.

Hotunan yanar-gizon Intanet da fassarorinsu suna da rikitarwa ta hanyar gaskiyar hotuna (har yanzu ko bidiyo) is halin haɗari, maimakon ƙyalle kawai. Ta hanyar kwatanta, kallon hotunan kwalabe na vodka is alama ga mai shan giya. Duk da cewa wannan alamar na iya haskaka kwakwalwarta fiye da kwakwalwar mai sarrafawa, mai shaye-shaye yana buƙatar giya mai yawa don samun damuwa. Masu amfani da batsa masu nauyi a cikin Kühn da Karatun karatu a fili suna buƙatar haɓakawa mafi girma (bidiyo?) Don nuna ƙararrakin su. Ba su mai da martani ba ga al'ada har yanzu. Wannan hujja ce ta haƙuri (da canjin canjin da ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwa).

Sabuntawa akan taken twitter na Nicole Prause:

UCLA ba ta sabunta kwangilar Prause ba. Ba ta da wata alaƙa da kowace jami'a tun farkon 2015.
A watan Oktoba, 2015 An dakatar da asusun ajiyar bankin Twitter na Prause na asali har abada saboda tursasawa

A cikin Her 2013 EEG Nazarin kuma a blog Post Yi amfani da Ƙasar da za a yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar Brain zai nuna Habituation ko Addin

Prause ta yi iƙirarin cewa nazarinta na 2013 EEG shi ne karo na farko da aka fara karanta karatun EEG don abin da ake kira "maza da mata." Tun da wannan ya kasance “na farko” Fuskanci ya yarda da jita-jita ne mai raɗaɗi game da ko “masu yin luwadi da madigo” kamata suna da mafi girma ko ƙananan karatu na EEG fiye da kulawar lafiya:

"Ganin cewa wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka rubuta ERPs a cikin maza da mata, kuma wallafe-wallafe game da jaraba (mafi girma P300) da impulsivity (ƙananan P300) suna ba da shawarar kishiyar tsinkaya, an nuna takamaiman tasirin yin luwadi tsakanin maza da mata a mafi yawan ka'idoji." [Wato, ba tare da tushe mai yawa ba.]

As bayyana a nan Nazarin 2013 EEG na Prause ba shi da rukunin kulawa, don haka ba zai iya kwatanta “masu yin lalata da batsa” ”Karatun EEG ga“ waɗanda ba sa shan magani. ” A sakamakon haka, karatunta na 2013 bai gaya mana komai ba game da karatun EEG ga mutane masu koshin lafiya ko "masu yin luwadi da madigo." Bari mu ci gaba da ra'ayoyin Prause daga 2013:

“Saboda haka, mutanen da ke da babban sha'awar jima'i na iya nuna babban bambancin amplitude na P300 tsakanin matsalolin jima'i da na tsaka-tsaki saboda jin dadi da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin motsin rai. A madadin, kadan ko a'a P300 amplitude bambanci za a iya auna saboda habituation zuwa VSS."

A 2013, Prause ya ce adadin batsa, idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, zai iya nunawa:

mafi girma Siffofin EEG saboda cue-reactivity zuwa hotuna, ko
m Lissafin EEG saboda halaye zuwa batsa (VSS).

Shekaru biyar kafin nazarin nazarin nazarin EEG na 2013 ya buga, tare da David Ley ya yi aiki tare don rubuta wannan Psychology Yau blog post game da karatunta mai zuwa. A ciki sun ce "rage amsawar wutar lantarki”Zai nuna halayya ko lalatawa:

Amma, lokacin da aka yi amfani da EEG ga waɗannan mutane, yayin da suke kallon matsalolin haɓaka, sakamakon yana da mamaki, kuma ba daidai ba ne da ka'idar jima'i. Idan kallon hotunan batsa yana kasancewa (ko ɓoyewa), kamar kwayoyi ne, to, kallon hotunan zai haifar da ragowar wutar lantarki cikin kwakwalwa. A zahiri, a cikin waɗannan sakamakon, babu irin wannan martani. Maimakon haka, gaba daya mahalarta sun nuna karuwar karfin kwakwalwar wutar lantarki game da hotunan batsa da aka nuna su, kamar kwakwalwar “mutanen yau da kullun”…

Don haka, muna da 2013 Prause suna cewa "Rage wutar lantarki" zai nuna matukar matsayi ko ɓoyewa. Yanzu, duk da haka, a cikin 2015, a lokacin da Kunafi samo hujja na cin hanciwa (na kowa a cikin addicts), tana gaya mana "Rage wutar lantarki" debunks batsa buri. Huh?

A cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce ya ɗauki Kalmomi don kwatanta ainihin matakan da ya gaji tare da ƙungiyar kulawa ta ainihi, ta yi cikakkiyar fashewa. Yanzu, ta yi iƙirarin shaidar cin hanci da rashawa da ta samo lokacin da ta kara da kungiyar ba shaidar jaraba (wanda ta yi iƙirari a cikin 2013 zai kasance). Maimakon haka, ta sake nacewa cewa “ba ta da hujja game da jarabar.” Wannan bai dace ba kuma ba ilimin kimiyya ba ne, kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa ba tare da la'akari da binciken da aka samu ba, za ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da “ƙyamar jita-jita.” A hakikanin gaskiya, sai dai idan 2015 Prause ta ƙi nazarin Nazarin 2013 da rubutun gidan yanar gizo za a tilasta mata ta "kira jita-jita ba'a. "

Af, abubuwan da ke sama -“Gaba daya mahalarta sun nuna karuwar karfin kwakwalwar wutar lantarki game da hoton batsa” - yana da rikice. Tabbas abu ne na al'ada don samun babban martani ga hotunan jima'i fiye da hotuna masu tsaka-tsaki. Koyaya, Nazarin 2013 na Prause bashi da rukunin kulawa, kuma bai kamanta karatun EEG na masu lalata batsa zuwa ga waɗanda basu kamu ba. Da zarar ta ƙara ƙungiyar sarrafawa, ya tabbata cewa motsawa don mayar da martani ga hotunan batsa na al'ada ne kuma tasirin ya ɓace. Madadin haka, talakawanta suka zama suna wahala lalatawa, tsarin jaraba. A takaice, Sakamakon 2013 na ba shi da ma'ana (duba ƙasa), yayin da taken ta na 2015 ya saba wa duk abin da ta fada a baya. Tana da'awar karyata jaraba yayin gano shaidar hakan.

Matsalar rashin lafiya Har yanzu

1) Kamar yadda tare da Yi nazarin nazarin 2013 EEG (Steele et al.), Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan binciken sun kasance maza, mata kuma mai yiwuwa "waɗanda ba maza ba ne". Dukkanin shaidu suna nuna cewa amfani yayi amfani da batutuwa iri ɗaya don karatun ta na yanzu da kuma karatun ta na 2013: yawan mata iri ɗaya ne (13) kuma adadin da ke kusa (52 vs. 55). Idan haka ne, wannan karatun na yanzu shima sun hada da 7 "ba-maza da mata". Wannan batu, saboda ya saba wa hanya ta hanyar nazarin jaraba, inda masu bincike suka zaɓa kama batutuwa dangane da shekaru, jinsi, fuskantarwa, ko da makamancin IQ ne (da ƙungiya mai kula da kamfani) don kaucewa hargitsi da irin wannan bambance-bambance. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga nazarin kamar wannan, wanda ya zaku da sha'awar jima'i, kamar yadda bincike ya tabbatar da cewa maza da mata suna da mahimmancin ra'ayoyin kwakwalwa ga jima'i ko fina-finai (Nazarin: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14). Wannan kuskuren kawai ya kira tambayoyin karatun Prause.

2) Ba a yi nazarin batutuwa ba. Kwarewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana nuna mutane da yanayin da suka kasance (baƙin ciki, OCD, wasu ƙari, da sauransu). Wannan ita ce kawai hanyar da masu bincike masu alhakin ke iya yanke hukunci game da jaraba. Duba Nazarin Jami'ar Cambridge Univeristy misali misali na kyakkyawan bincike & hanya.

3) Tambayoyin nan guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken EEG guda biyu don tantance “jarabar batsa” ba a inganta su don yin amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo / jaraba. An ƙirƙira sikelin Sarfafa Jima'i (SCS) a cikin 1995 don auna halayen jima'i don taimakawa tare da ƙididdigar haɗarin kanjamau, kuma musamman ba An tabbatar da ita ga mata. A SCS ta ce:

"Yakamata ya kamata a nuna sikelin a matsayin hangen nesa na halayen jima'i, lambobi na masu yin jima'i, yin aiki da dama na halin jima'i, da kuma tarihin cututtukan cututtuka da ake jima'i."

Bugu da ƙari, mai gabatarwa na SCS yayi kashedin cewa wannan kayan aiki ba zai nuna ilimin kwakwalwa a cikin mata ba,

"Ƙungiyoyi tsakanin jima'i da kuma sauran alamomi na ilimin lissafi sun nuna alamu daban-daban ga maza da mata; halayen jima'i an hade da alamun ilimin kimiyya a maza amma ba cikin mata ba. "

Kamar SCS, tambaya na biyu (CBSOB) bashi da tambayoyi game da amfani da batsa ta Intanet. An tsara shi don yin allo don batutuwa "masu luwadi da madigo", da kuma halin-da-iko-ba-da-iko - ba tsananin amfani da kayan aikin batsa a cikin intanet ba.

Ingantaccen jaraba "nazarin kwakwalwa" dole ne:

suna da batutuwa da halayen homogenous,
nuna wasu ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da sauran ƙyamar, kuma
amfani da tambayoyin tambayoyi masu kyau da kuma tambayoyi don tabbatar da batutuwan su ne ainihin abin kunya batsa.

Yin amfani da nazarin EEG guda biyu akan masu amfani da batsa baiyi ɗayan waɗannan ba, duk da haka ta kusantar da matsayi mai yawa kuma an buga su a yadu.

Dole ne a bada goyon baya ga Bayanan da ake bukata

Yi amfani da ita, ta hanyar kanta, ta ƙin yarda da jita-jitar batsa, kuma ta yi imanin cewa yin amfani da batsa bazai iya haifar da matsalolin ba. Alal misali mai karɓa daga wannan kwanan nan Martin Daubney labarin game da jima'i / batsa kariya:

Dokta Nicole Prause, babban masanin binciken a Labaran Harkokin Jima'i da Cibiyar Neuroscience (Span) a Birnin Los Angeles, ta kira kanta "mai labartawa" na jima'i.

Irin waɗannan abubuwan da ke tattare da hanyoyi na iya haifar da da'awar da dama ta hanyar Prause, wanda bai dace da bayanan gwaji ba.

Misali na farko shine karatun ta na shekara ta 2013 “Jima'in jima'i, ba jima'i ba, yana da nasaba da amsawar neurophysiological wanda aka samo ta ta hanyar jima'i. ” Watanni biyar kafin a buga wannan binciken, Prause ya sake shi (kawai) ga masanin halayyar ɗan adam David Ley, wanda ya zamana game da shi a hankali Psychology A yau, da'awar cewa ya tabbatar da jarabar batsa ba ta kasance ba. Irin waɗannan iƙirarin ba, a zahiri, ba su da goyan bayan binciken lokacin da aka buga su. An ɗauki yanki mai zuwa daga wannan Binciken ɗan jarrabawa na binciken:

'Mahimmancin binciken da aka gano na ƙididdiga ba shi da wani abu game da jaraba. Bugu da ƙari, wannan gagarumin bincike shine mai korau dangantaka tsakanin P300 da kuma son yin jima'i da abokin tarayya (r = -0.33), yana nuna cewa P300 amplitude yana da dangantaka da m sha'awar jima'i; wannan ya saba da fassarar P300 kamar haka high sha'awar. Babu kwatanci da sauran kungiyoyi masu shan magani. Babu kwatanci ga ƙungiyoyi masu kulawa. Maganar da masu bincike suka tattara sune samfuri ne daga bayanan, wanda ba ya faxi game da ko mutanen da suka bayar da rahoto game da rikice-rikice suna kallon yadda suke kallon hotunan jima'i ko kuma ba su da maganin kwakwalwa irin su cocaine ko wani nau'i na addicts.

Kamar dai yadda yake a cikin binciken EEG na yanzu, Prause ta yi iƙirarin cewa batutuwa 'kwakwalwarta ba ta amsa kamar sauran masu shan tabar ba. A hakikanin gaskiya, batutuwa suna da mafi girma a cikin karatun EEG (P300) yayin kallon hotunan jima'i - wanda shine ainihin abin da ke faruwa yayin da masu shan sigari ke kallon hotunan da suka danganci jarabar su. Yin tsokaci a karkashin Psychology yau hira tare da da'awar Prause, Farfesa Farfesa, John A. Johnson, ya ce::

“Tunanina har ilayau yake a cikin Prause na da'awar cewa kwakwalwar batutuwanta ba su amsa hotunan jima'i kamar kwakwalwar masu shan kwayoyi ba da amsa ga miyagun ƙwayoyi, tunda ta ba da rahoton karatuttukan P300 na hotunan jima'i. Kamar dai masu shan kwayoyi waɗanda ke nuna kwayar P300 idan aka gabatar da maganin zaɓin su. Ta yaya zata iya yanke hukuncin da ya kasance akasin ainihin sakamakon? Ina tsammanin wannan zai faru ne saboda irin tunanin da take yi — abin da ta zata samu. ”

wannan 2015 nazari akan wallafe-wallafen baƙar fata a kan batsa batsa ya ci gaba:

An tsara binciken ne don bincika dangantaka tsakanin amfanonin ERP lokacin kallon hotunan tunanin rai da jima'i da matakan tambayoyi game da jima'i da jima'i. Mawallafa sun yanke shawarar cewa babu kuskuren tsakanin jigaba akan tambayoyin jima'i da ma'anar P300 amplitudes lokacin da kallon hotunan jima'i "kasa samar da tallafi ga samfurori na 'yanci"303] (shafi 10). Duk da haka, rashin daidaituwa na iya zama mafi mahimmancin bayani ta hanyar kuskuren hanya a cikin hanya. Alal misali, wannan binciken ya yi amfani da magunguna masu yawa (maza da mata, ciki har da 7 wadanda basu da namiji). Cue-reactivity karatu kwatanta da kwakwalwa mayar da martani ga addicts zuwa controls lafiya suna buƙatar bukatun homogenous (guda jima'i, shekaru masu kama) don samun sakamako mai kyau. Dangane da ilimin jita-jitar batsa, an tabbatar da cewa maza da mata sun bambanta da hankali a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma karfin kai ga irin abubuwan da ake gani na jima'i [304, 305, 306]. Bugu da ƙari, biyu daga cikin tambayoyin da aka nuna ba a tabbatar da su ga masu amfani da IP ba, kuma ba a kula da batutuwa ba don sauran bayyanuwar jaraba ko rashin lafiya.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddarar da aka ƙayyade a cikin abubuwar, "Abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimtar fahimtar jima'i kamar sha'awar sha'awa, maimakon rikici, an tattauna" [303] (shafi na 1) ba alama ba ne wajen la'akari da binciken binciken cewa P300 amplitude an haɗu da mummunar dangantaka da sha'awar jima'i da abokin tarayya. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a Hilton (2014), wannan binciken "ya saba daidai da fassarar P300 a matsayin babban sha'awa" [307]. Har ila yau, binciken na Hilton ya nuna cewa babu wata ƙungiya mai kula da rashin amfani da fasahar EEG don nuna bambanci tsakanin "jima'i da jima'i" da "jima'i" ya sa Steele et al. binciken da ba a iya fassara ba [307].

A ƙarshe, binciken da aka gano na takarda (mafi girman P300 amplitude zuwa hotuna jima'i, dangane da hotuna masu tsaka tsaki) an ba da hankali kadan a cikin sashin tattaunawa. Wannan ba zato ba tsammani, a matsayin bincike na yau da kullum tare da abu da kuma addinan yanar gizo an kara yawan karuwar P300 dangane da matsaloli masu tsaka-tsakin lokacin da aka nuna su ga abubuwan da ke gani da haɗarsu [308]. A gaskiya, Voon, et al. [262] sunyi wani ɓangare na zayyana su akan nazarin binciken binciken P300 na gaba kafin wannan binciken. Voon et al. ya ba da bayani game da muhimmancin P300 ba a cikin takardar Steele ba, musamman a gaisuwa ga samfurin jaraba,
"Ta haka ne, duka ayyukan dACC a cikin binciken CSB na yanzu da kuma ayyukan P300 sun ruwaito a cikin binciken CSB na baya [303] na iya yin la'akari da irin wannan matakan da ake amfani dasu. Hakazalika, dukkanin nazarin suna nuna daidaito tsakanin waɗannan matakan tare da sha'awar inganta. A nan mun bada shawara cewa aiki na DACC ya dace da sha'awar, wanda zai iya nuna alamar sha'awar, amma ba ya haɓaka da ƙaunar shawara game da samfurin haɓaka-haɓaka. [262] ”(Shafi na 7)
Saboda haka, yayin da waɗannan marubuta [303] sun yi iƙirarin cewa binciken su ya ƙi yin amfani da samfurin jaraba ga CSB, Voon et al. sun nuna cewa wadannan marubuta sun bayar da shaidar da ta dace da wannan samfurin.

Kasa line: Kwamfuta takwas da aka bincikar da takwarorinsu sun yarda tare da nazarin mu Steele et al., 2013 (Binciken da aka yi wa matasa Steele et al., 2013) A 2013 EEG nazarin ainihin rahoton mafi girma na Lissafin EEG (P300) lokacin da aka nuna hotuna ga hotuna. Babban P300 mafi girma yana faruwa a yayin da ake nuna addicts ga alamun (irin su hotuna) da suka danganci buri. Duk da haka, binciken ba shi da wata ƙungiyar da za a kwatanta, wanda ya sa binciken da ba a iya gane shi ba (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama da wannan nazarin na yanzu ya samu ƙungiya mai kula da nazarin 2013). Bugu da kari, binciken ya ba da rahoton mafi girma-rikodin ga batsa yana haɓaka zuwa Kadan sha'awar yin jima'i. A sauƙaƙe: binciken ya sami karfin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa saboda batsa da rashin sha'awar jima'i (amma ba da sha'awar taba ba). Ba daidai ba abin da labarai ke nuna game da batsa kara sha'awar jima'i ko jima'i addicts kawai da ciwon mafi girma libidos.

Hakazalika da karatun Prause na yanzu, binciken ta na biyu daga 2013 ya sami manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin sarrafawa da “masu yin lalata da batsa” - “Babu Shaidawar Ra'ayin Motsawa a cikin "Ma'aurata" Suna Bayyana Ra'idodinsu zuwa Taimakon Jima'i (2013). ” Kamar yadda bayani ya bayyana a cikin wannan sharhi, taken yana ɓoye ainihin binciken. A gaskiya ma, "masu lalata batsa" suna da Kadan Amsa na tunanin idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa. Ba abin mamaki bane kamar yadda mutane da yawa Sakon ƙarar da aka yi wa batsa ya ba da labari da motsin rai. Yi amfani da shi ya ba da hujja ta hanyar faɗin cewa tana tsammanin "mafi girman amsawar motsin rai", amma ba ta ba da ambaton "duban tsammani" na ta ba. Sunan da yafi dacewa shine:Wadanda ke fama da wahalar yin amfani da batsa suna nuna nuna rashin jin dadi ga fina-finai na jima'i, watakila saboda halin da ake ciki, alamar jaraba“. Wannan binciken yayi daidai da binciken EEG na yanzu kuma Kühn & Gallinat (2014), kuma yana nuna cin hanciwa.

A cikin littafin Prause na 2015, “Dubi abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i da ke haɗuwa da karuwar jima'i, ba mai lalacewa ba“, Babu ɗayan da’awar takarda da ke tallafawa da bayanan da aka bayar a cikin binciken. Zargi biyu, daya ta hanyar wani mutum, da kuma wani daga likitan likita (sake dubawa tsakanin takwarorinsu), suna bayyana takardu da yawa sabanin ra'ayi da da'awar shakku:

Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin nazarin da ke sama, Gwadawa bai auna karuwar jima'i ba, tsage, ko kunna kwakwalwa. Madadin haka, masu amfani da batsa suka ba da lamba a kan wata tambaya kai tsaye game da "sha'awar sha'awa" bayan kallon abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i. Wadanda ke cikin awanni 2 + a kowane mako amfani da batsa suna da matsayi mafi girma bayan kallon batsa. Wannan shine abin da mutum zai yi tsammani. Wannan bai gaya mana komai ba game da sha'awar jima'i ba tare da batsa ko sha'awar jima'i tare da abokin tarayya ba. Kuma babu abin da ya faɗi game da aikin erectile. Yana da wuya a faɗi abin da taken ya zama kamar yadda Prause bai saki bayanan da suka dace ba, amma ya bayyana cewa cikakken taken na iya zama "Usearin amfani da batsa yana sa maza su zama abin tsoro."

Ko da mafi ban mamaki, ƙididdigar samari (matsakaiciyar shekaru 23) a cikin takarta tana nuna lalacewar kafa. Ba wai kawai ba a ba mu wani dalili da ya sa waɗannan samari ke da ED ba, an yi mana ƙarya da maza "ya ruwaito ingantaccen aiki mara kyau ”. Za mu iya ci gaba a kan wannan takarda.

A cikin 2014, Yi amfani da bayyane tare da David Ley - marubucin Labarin na Jima'i Jima'i, wanda ba shi da asali a cikin ilimin jaraba ko bincike - don samar da duban bita kan batun jarabar batsa: “Sarkin sarakuna ba shi da kaya: Binciken da ake yi na "Bidiyo Hotuna". ” Wannan binciken ne da marubutan suka ambata don shawara mai ban mamaki cewa, "Intanet ba ta ƙara yawan kallon abubuwan da ke haifar da jima'i ba." Har yanzu, kusan babu wani abu a cikin Ley & Prause "review" da ke riƙe da bincike, kamar yadda wannan cikakken bayani mai zafi ya bayyana: “Sarkin sarakuna ba shi da tufafinsa: wani Fairytale Fractured Tsayawa a matsayin Bincike."

A ƙarshe, yana buƙatar bayyana cewa tsohon malami Nicole Prause yana da dogon tarihi na masu wallafawa, masu bincike, masu tursasawa, manema labaru da sauran wadanda ba su iya bayar da shaida game da tashe-tashen hankulan yanar gizo ba. Ta bayyana ya kasance jin dadi sosai tare da kamfanonin batsa, kamar yadda za a iya gani daga wannan Hoton ta (nesa dama) a kan karar launi na Ƙungiyar Masu Rauni na XRCO (X-Rated Critics Organization). (A cewar Wikipedia da XRCO Awards an ba da Amurka Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar X-Rated a kowace shekara ga mutanen da ke aiki a nishaɗi na yara da kuma kawai ita ce kyaututtukan albashi na matasa wanda ke nunawa kawai ga 'yan kasuwa.^[1]). Har ila yau yana nuna cewa Fuskantarwa na iya samun samu masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin batutuwa ta hanyar wani kamfanonin kamfanonin kamfanoni na kamfanoni, da Jagorar Magana Ta Musamman. An yi zargin anyi amfani da abubuwan FSC da aka samu a cikin ta karatu-bindiga a kan dauke da ƙafa da kuma kasuwanci ne mai “Orgasmic tunani” makirci (yanzu kasancewa FBI ta bincika ta) .Prause ya kuma sanya ba da sanarwa ba game da sakamakon bincikenta da ita nazarin hanyoyin. Domin yawancin takardun, duba: Shin Nicole Farko ya shawo kan masana'antar Porn?

A cikin taƙaitaccen binciken, Nazarin Hidima na Ɗaukakawa guda uku akan Masu Zaman Lantarki Sanya tare da Nazarin Cambridge da kuma Kühn & Gallinat (2014).

1) Jima'i Jima'i, ba da jima'i ba, yana da alaka da Amsoshin Neurophysiological Abubuwan Hunawa ta Hotuna (2013)

Haɗa tare da 23 sauran nazarin binciken neuro a kan masu yin amfani da batsa da kuma jima'i wadanda suka sami karfin jima'i zuwa batsa ko ƙwarewa (hangen nesa). Bugu da ƙari, binciken da aka yi da Jima'i ya ruwaito Kadan sha'awar jima'i don abokin hulɗa tare da babbar-cue-reactivity. A cikin binciken da aka saba da shi, binciken farko na Cambridge ya ruwaito cewa 60% na batutuwa sun sami wahalar samun haɓaka / haɓaka tare da abokan hulɗa, duk da haka zasu iya cimma burbushin da batsa.

2) Babu Shaidawar Ra'ayin Motsawa a cikin "Ma'aurata" Suna Bayyana Ra'idodinsu zuwa Taimakon Jima'i (2013)

Daidaita tare da Kühn & Gallinat (2014) a cikin karin amfani da batsa da aka haɓaka zuwa ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa a mayar da martani ga hotuna. Har ila yau daidaitawa da nazarin tunani a kan masu amfani da batsa.

3) Canjin Canji na Parshen bywarewar byarshe ta Hotunan Jima'i a cikin Masu Amfani da Matsala da Sarrafawa bai dace da "Batsa na Yara" (2015)

Daidaita tare da Kühn & Gallinat (2014) a cikin karin amfani da batsa da aka haɓaka zuwa ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa a mayar da martani ga hotuna.
Daidaita daidai da 2013 Jima'i wanda ya ce ƙananan ƙa'idodin EEG (idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa) zai nuna haɓakawa ko ɓarna.

Shin ba zai zama da kyau ba idan 'yan jarida da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo suna karanta karatun gaske, kuma suna tattaunawa da likitocin ƙwararrun likitoci, kafin rubabben bayanan' yan jarida masu ilimin jima'i ko cizon sauti? Linearin layi: Duk kwakwalwa da kuma binciken neuropsychological bugawa zuwa yau suna tallafawa wanzuwar jarabar batsa, gami da Prause's.

KASALIN KASA KUMA

Analysis of Yi amfani da al al. an cire daga "Abubuwan da ke cikin yanar-gizon Intanit Hotuna: A Review da Update", 2015:

Wani binciken nazarin EEG wanda ya shafi uku daga mawallafin guda daya an buga shi kwanan nan [309]. Abin takaici, wannan sabon binciken ya sha wahala daga yawancin batutuwan da suka shafi ka'idoji kamar yadda ya kamata [303]. Alal misali, ya yi amfani da tafkin shafe-shafe iri daban-daban, masu bincike sun yi amfani da tambayoyin tambayoyin da ba a tabbatar da su ba don masu amfani da batsa na intanet, kuma ba a kula da batutuwa ba don wasu bayyanuwar jaraba ko rashin lafiya.
A cikin sabon binciken, Prause et al. idan aka kwatanta da ayyukan EEG na masu kallo na batsa na Intanit tare da magunguna yayin da suke kallon hotunan mata da jima'i [309]. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, yawancin LPP da ya shafi hotuna masu tsaka-tsaki ya karu ga ƙungiyoyi biyu, kodayake karuwar amplitude ya karami don batutuwa na IPA. Da yake tsammanin yawan haske ga masu kallo na batsa na Intanit, marubuta sun ce, "Wannan tsari ya bambanta da tsarin jarabawar abu".
Duk da yake mafi girma daga cikin ƙididdigewa na ERP don amsawa game da jaraba game da jimillar hotuna an gani a cikin nazarin jarabaccen abu, binciken da ake ciki yanzu bai zama bace, kuma yayi daidai da binciken Kühn da Gallinat [263], wanda ya samo ƙarin amfani da dangantaka da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa saboda amsawa ga hotunan jima'i. A cikin tattaunawar, marubuta sun ambaci Kühn da Gallinat kuma sun ba da halayyar aiki kamar bayani mai mahimmanci ga tsarin LPP mafi ƙanƙanci. Ƙarin bayani da Kühn da Gallinat ya bayar, duk da haka, wannan ƙin zafin zai iya haifar da canje-canjen neuroplastic. Musamman, mafi yawan batsalolin da ake amfani da ita suna haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin launin toka a cikin dorsal striatum, wani yanki da ke haɗuwa da jima'i da motsa jiki [265].
Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa binciken Prause et al. kasance a cikin kishiyar shugabanci na abin da suke sa ran [309]. Mutum na iya sa ran masu kallo na batsa na Intanit da kuma iko suyi amfani da irin wannan labaran LPP don amsawa ga bayyanar ɗan lokaci zuwa hotuna masu jima'i idan amfani da batsa na Intanet ba shi da tasiri. Maimakon haka, binciken da ba'a gani na Prause et al. [309] yana nuna cewa masu kallo na bidiyo na Intanet sun sabawa al'amuransu har zuwa siffofi. Ɗaya yana iya daidaitawa daidai da wannan ga haƙuri. A cikin duniyar yau duniyar Intanet mai sauri, mai yiwuwa masu amfani da fina-finai na Intanit suna duban fina-finai da bidiyon jima'i a matsayin tsayayyar bidiyo. Jima'i na fina-finai na samar da karin ilimin lissafin jiki da na tunani fiye da jima'i [310] da kuma kallon fina-finai na fina-finan jima'i ya haifar da rashin amfani da jima'i ga jima'i [311]. Ɗauki tare, nazarin littattafai na Prause et al., Da kuma Kühn da Gallinat sun kai ga ƙaddara cewa masu sauraron batsa na intanet suna buƙatar karin haske na gani don yada kwakwalwar kwakwalwa kamar kamfanonin lafiya ko masu amfani da batsa.
Bugu da kari, sanarwa na Prause et al. [309] cewa, "Waɗannan su ne farkon aikin nazarin lissafi na mutanen da ke bayar da rahoton ka'idodin tsari na VSS" yana da matsala saboda yana shukawa bincike da aka buga a baya [262,263]. Bugu da ƙari, yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa ɗayan manyan matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen magance ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa a cikin labarun batsa ta Intanet shine cewa yin la'akari da halayen jima'i shine halin haɗari. Sabanin haka, nazarin haɗuwa da jigilar hawan gwiwar da ake amfani da su a cikin hawan cocaine suna amfani da hotuna game da amfani da hawan cocaine (launi tsararren a madubi), maimakon samun abubuwan da ke cikin cocaine. Tun da kallon hotunan jima'i da bidiyon shine yanayin haɗari, kwakwalwa ta gaba da ke gabatarwa a kan masu amfani da batsa ta Intanet dole ne su yi taka tsantsan a duka gwaji da fassarar sakamakon. Alal misali, da bambanci da zane na biyu zuwa har yanzu hotuna da amfani da Prause et al. [309], Voon et al. ya zaɓi zancen bidiyo na 9-bidiyo na biyu a cikin abin da suke nunawa na sake farfadowa ta hanyar yin amfani da layi na yanar-gizon intanet [262]. Sabanin bayyanar da na biyu da har yanzu hotunan (Yin amfani da al. [309]), daukan hotuna zuwa bidiyo na 9-na biyu sun haifar da ƙarawar kwakwalwa a cikin masu kallon batsa masu tsada fiye da yadda ba a nuna su ba na biyu a har yanzu hotuna. Har ila yau, game da cewa marubutan sun rubuta binciken Kühn da Gallinat, wanda aka saki a lokaci guda kamar yadda binciken [Voon]262], duk da haka basu fahimci Voon et al. nazarin ko'ina a cikin takarda duk da muhimmancin da ya dace.

Wani mai amfani da batsa mai maimaita ya ambaci halin da ake ciki a nan: