Ukwakhiwa kobuBungqina kunye nokuQhagamshelana okuSebenzayo Ukudibanisa kunye noonografi Ukusetyenziswa: Ubuninzi kwi-Porn (2014)

ukubaluleka  Ekubeni i-pornography ibonakala kwi-intanethi, ukufikeleleka, ukukwazi ukufikelela, kunye nokungaziwayo kokusebenzisa isisombululo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwandisiwe kwaye kwandula izigidi zabasebenzisi. Ngokusekelwe ekucingeni ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kubonakala kufana nokuziphatha okufuna umvuzo, ukuziphatha okufunayo, kunye nokuziphatha komlutha, senze iingxaki zokuguqula inethiwekhi ye-frontostriatal kubasebenzisi abaninzi.

I-Object.sci-hub.orgive  Ukuchonga ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala eentlobano eziqhelekileyo kuhambelana nenethiwekhi ye-frontostriatal.

Ukuyila, Ukubeka, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba  Abantu abangamashumi anesithandathu abane abaneempilweni ezinobuninzi beentlobo zoononografi ekusebenziseni i-Max Planck Institute for Development Human eBerlin, eJamani, baxelele iiyure zokusetyenziswa kweentlobano zesono ngeveki. Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwakunxulumene nesakhiwo se-neural, i-activation ehlobene nomsebenzi, kunye nokuxhunywa komsebenzi wokuphumla.

IziPhumo eziPhambili kunye neMilinganiselo  Ubuninzi obukhulu bobuchopho bukulinganiswa nge-voxel-based based morphometry kunye nokuphumla kokusebenza kombuso kwalinganiswa kwi-3-T i-scontic scontic scontic scans scans.

iziphumo  Sifumane ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kweeyure zoonografi ezichazwe ngeveki kunye nemeko ebomvu ivolumu kwi-caudate efanelekileyo (P  <.001, ilungisiwe kuthelekiso oluninzi) kunye nomsebenzi osebenzayo ngexesha lesini- ukuphinda usebenze kwakhona kwiparadigm kwi-putamen yasekhohlo (P <.001). Umsebenzi wokunxibelelana kwe-caudate yasekunene kwi-cororsx yangaphambili ye-dorsolateral yayihambelana kakubi neeyure zokusebenzisa iphonografi.

Izigqibo kunye nokuBheka Ukubambisana kakubi kokusetyenziswa koonografi okuzenzekelayo kunye nomqulu ofanelekileyo we-striatum (i-caudate), u-activaten (leftamen) ekusebenziseni ngexesha lokwenza usebenziso, kwaye ukuhlanganiswa okusemgangathweni kwe-caudate efanelekileyo kwi-cororx ye-colors yekhohlo ekhohlo kunokubonakalisa utshintsho kwi-plastic wall ngenxa yokuvuselela okukhulu kwenkqubo yokufumana umvuzo, kunye ne-modulation ephezulu-down moding ye-prefrontal cortical areas. Ngaphandle koko, kungaba yinto engqongeyo eyenza ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe zoonografi kuvuze ngakumbi.

Amanani kweli nqaku

Ukubonakaliswa komxholo wesondo kwiifilimu, iividiyo zomculo kunye ne-Intanethi kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yamuva.¹ Ngenxa yokuba i-intanethi ayixhomekeke kwimimiselo, kuye kwavela njengesithuthi sokusabalalisa imifanekiso engamanyala. Imifanekiso engamanyala ayifumaneka ekusebenziseni ngasese kwikhaya lakho nge-Intanethi kunokuba iincwadi zincwadi zokuthengisa ezindala zikarhulumente okanye ii-movie zemahala. Ngoko ke, ukufikeleleka, ukufikeleleka, nokungaziwa² baye bakhanga abantu ababanzi. Uphando e-United States lubonise ukuba i-66% yamadoda kunye ne-41% yabasetyhini badla i-pornography rhoqo ngenyanga.³ Uqikelelo lwe-50% ye-intanethi yonke inxulumene nesondo.⁴ Ezi zepesenti zibonisa ukuba uonografi awusayi kuba ngumcimbi wabantu abancinci kodwa ubunzima obunzima obuchaphazela uluntu lwethu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba le nto ayinakuphela kubantu; uphando olutshanje lufumene ukuba iinkwenkwezi zamadoda aseMacaque zanikezela umvuzo wamanzi ukuze zibuke imifanekiso yeebhokhwe zamabhinqa.⁵

Ukuphindaphindiweyo kokusetyenziswa koonografi kuye kwaboniswa ukuba kuqikelelwe iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuphumelela kubantu. Ummeli waseSweden ufundisisa ngamakhwenkwe asetsheni ubonise ukuba abafana abasebenzisa imihla ngemihla babenomdla ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezingekho mthethweni ezingekho mthethweni zoonografi kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo babika ukuba banqwenela ukwenza izinto ezibonakalayo ebomini bokwenene.^1,6- 8 Ngokubambisana, ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo kunye nokunyamekela ukufumana izikripthi ze-pornography ziye zadibaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala.⁹ Uvavanyo olude emva kwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi lifumene ukuba ukufikelela kwimibala engamanyala kwi-intanethi kwakuyinto eqikelelweyo yokusetyenziswa kwekhompyutheni ngokunyanzelisa emva kwe-1 ngonyaka.¹⁰ Ukuthatyathwa ndawonye, ​​iziphumo ezikhankanywe ngasentla zixhasa ukucinga ukuba i-pornography inefuthe ekuziphatheni nasekuqondeni kweentlalo zabathengi bayo. Ngoko ke, sicinga ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweentlophu zoonografi, kwinqanaba elingagqithwanga, linokuba nefuthe kwisakhiwo sobuchopho kunye nomsebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, kolwazi lwethu, ingqondo ehambelana neentlobo zoononophelo eziqhelekileyo ayizange iphandwe kwangoku.

Ngokufanayo neengcamango ezithathwe ekuphandweni komlingo, kuye kwacatshulwa kwincwadi yenzululwazi ebonisa ukuba i-pornography ibonisa ukuba i-prefired, ivuseleleke ngokwenene kwaye amazinga aphakamileyo ekukhuseleni kubangelwa ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuhlala kwindlela yokuphendulwa kwe-neural kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo. Oku kucingelwa ukuba kubenze iinkqubo zokuguquguquka apho ubuchopho buye banjelwa khona, bengaphenduli kangangoko kwimifanekiso engamanyala.¹¹ Kukho isivumelwano esivamile ukuba i-neural substrates ye-addiction iquka indawo zengqondo eyingxenye yomnatha wenethiwekhi njengengxube ye-dopamine neurons, i-striatum kunye ne-prefrontal cortex.^12,13 I-striatum icingelwa ukuba ibandakanyeke ekuqulunqweni kwemikhuba xa ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuqhubela phambili ekuqhubeni ukunyanzelisa.¹⁴ I-striral striatum ngokukhethekileyo iboniswe ukuba ibandakanyeke ekusebenziseni ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kakubi¹⁵ kodwa kwakhona ekuqhutyweni kwesoveli.¹⁶ Umsebenzi olungelelaniswayo we-cortex umsebenzi phakathi kwezinto eziphambili zokuguqulwa kwe-neurobiological ezixutyushwa kuphando malunga neengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eziqhelekileyo kubantu kunye nasezilwaneni.¹⁷ Kwizifundo malunga nomlingo we-pharmacological kubantu, ukuguqulwa kwamanzi kuye kwaboniswa kwi-striatum kunye ne-prefrontal cortex.^18- 20

Esi sifundo saloo nto, sizimisele ukuphanda i-coralates ye-neural ehamba rhoqo-kungekhona imilutha-ukusetyenziswa koonografi kusetyenziswa abantu abanempilo ukuhlola ukuba ngaba ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kuhambelana nesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi weengingqi ezithile zeengqondo.

nxaxheba

Abathathi-nxaxheba abangamashumi amathandathu anesine enempilo (ukuthatha iminyaka yobudala [SD] ubudala, i-28.9 [6.62] iminyaka, i-21-45 iminyaka). Kwizaziso, ukugxilwa kwethu ekusebenziseni imifanekiso engamanyala akuchazwanga; Kunoko, siye sabhekisana nabathathi-nxaxheba abanomdla abanomdla ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwisifundo sezesayensi kuquka ukulinganisa kwemifanekiso ye-magnetic resonance (MRI). Sithintela isampuli kubafana kuba abantu bavelele kwi-pornography ebuncinci, badla ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo,²¹ kwaye banako ukuhlangabezana neengxaki xa kuthelekiswa nabasetyhini.²² Ngokwe-intanethi yodliwano-ndlebe (i-Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interviews²³) abathathi-nxaxheba babengenayo nayiphi na ingxaki yezifo zengqondo. Ezinye izifo zonyango kunye neengqondo zazingekho. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kwacatshulwa ngenyameko. Iimpawu zokungabikho kuzo zonke abantu zazingekho phantsi kweMRI. Olu pho nonongo luvunyiwe yikomiti yokuziphatha yasekhaya eChristian University Clinic eBerlin, eJamani. Emva kwengcaciso epheleleyo yesifundo, safumana imvume ebhaliweyo evela kubathathi-nxaxheba.

Inkqubo yo kuHlola

Imifanekiso yesakhiwo yaqokelelwa kwi-scanner ye-3-T (Siemens) kunye ne-12-umzila wekhoyili yentloko usebenzisa i-T1-imilinganiselo ye-gradient-echo elandelelweyo ye-T2500 (ixesha lokuphindaphinda = i-4.77 millisecond; i-echo time = i-1100 millisecond; i-inversion time = i-256 i-millisecond , ukufumana matrix = 256 × 176 × 7; flip angle = 1 °; 1 × 1 × XNUMX mm³ ubungakanani bevoxel).

Imifanekiso yokuphumla yomsebenzi iqokelelwe ngokulandelelana kweengcamango ze-T2 * ezinokulinganisela. (Ixesha lokuphindaphinda = i-2000 milliseconds, ixesha le-echo = i-30 millisecond, imifanekiso ye-matrix = 64 × 64, indawo yokujonga = 216 mm, flip angle = 80 ° = 3.0 mm, ibanga = = 20%, ubukhulu be-voxel ye3 × 3 × 3 mm³, I-36 axial, i-5 imizuzu). Abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwe ukuba bavale amehlo abo baze baphumule. Ulandelelwano olufanayo lusetyenziselwa ukufumana imifanekiso enxulumene nomsebenzi.

Umbuzo

Sasiqhuba le mibuzo elandelayo ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala: "Zingaphi iiyure ozichithayo ukubukela izinto eziphathekayo zoononophelo ngeliveki? " kwaye "Zingaphi iiyure ozichithayo ngokubukela izinto eziphathekayo zoononophelo ngexesha leveki?" Ukususela kule nto, sasibala iiyure ngokuqhelekileyo esetyenziswe ngezinto eziphathekayo zoononophelo ngeliveki (iiyure zoonografi [ii-PH]). Kungenxa yokuba ukuhanjiswa kweeFS ezibiweyo kwaxhaswa kwaye kwakungaqhelekanga kusasazwa (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 1.54; P <.05), siguqule okwahlukileyo kusetyenziswa ingcambu yesikwere (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 0.77; P = .59). Ukongezelela kokusetyenziswa kwabo kwangoku, sacela nabadlali ukuba baninzi kangakanani iminyaka ababeyidle imifanekiso engamanyala.

Ngaphezu koko, sasisebenzisa Ukuhlola ngezesondo nge-Intanethi Iingqinot²⁴ (kwinguqulelo yesiJamani), isixhobo sokulinganisela esilungelelweyo se-25 esenzelwe ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwezesondo nge-intanethi, kwaye Uhlobo olutshanje lwe-Sexual Screening Screening uvavanyo²⁵ (kwiinguqulelo zesiJalimane) eyenzelwe ukuvavanya iimpawu zesilonda socansi. Ukulawula imiphumo yokulutha kwe-Intanethi, sasebenzisa Ukuxhatshazwa kweInternet uvavanyo²⁶ (kwisiNgesi saseJamani; funda kwakhona isifundo nguBarke et al²⁷) equka izinto ze-20. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvavanya iimpawu zezifo zengqondo, oko kukuthi ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokunyaniseka, sasiqhuba Utywala lweNkunkuma yoTywala uvavanyo²⁸ kwaye I-Beck Depression Inventory.²⁹

Umsebenzi weCue-Reactivity

Sasisebenzisa I-60 imifanekiso yezocalulo ezicacileyo kwiiwebhusayithi zoononografi kunye ne-60 imifanekiso yamadoda, ehambelana nombolo kunye nesondo ngabantu ngabanye kwimifanekiso yesondo, ngexesha lobudlelwane bobudlelwane obubandakanyekayo, okubandakanya ukuzivocavoca umzimba. Imifanekiso yafakwa kwiibhloko ze-6 kunye neemifanekiso ze-10 nganye kwiimeko zesini kunye noxhatshazo. Umfanekiso ngamnye uboniswe kwi-530 millisecond ukuphepha ukuhlola okupheleleyo kwimixholo yomfanekiso. Izikhathi zangaphakathi zihlukeneyo kumanyathelo e-500 millisecond phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-6.5 imizuzwana. Iibhloko zazingena kwiiyure ezisibhozo zokulungiswa kwe-60.

Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha

I-Voxel-Based Based Morphometry

Iinkcukacha zesakhiwo zacutshungulwa nge-voxel-based based morphometry (VBM8, http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de.sci-hub.org/vbm.htmlImephu yezibalo yeparametric (SPM8, kusetyenziswa iiparameter ezingagqibekanga. Ukulungiswa kwe-Bias, ukuhlelwa kwethishu, kunye nokubhaliswa kwe-affine kuyabandakanyeka kwi-VBM8. I-affine-ebhaliswe ngombala ongwevu (GM) kunye nomba omhlophe (WM) amacandelo asetyenziselwa ukwakha i-anatomical ye-diffeomorphic anatomical Ubhaliso lwetemplate ye-algebra exonentiated. I-Warped GM kunye ne-WM yenziwa amacandelo. Ukumodareyitha kunye nokumiselwa kweJacobian kwasetyenziswa ukugcina umthamo weethishu ezithile ngaphakathi kwe-voxel ekhokelela kumlinganiso wevolumu ye-GM. Imifanekiso yatyibilika ngobubanzi obugcweleyo isiqingatha se-kernel ephezulu ye-8 mm.Ulungelelwaniso olupheleleyo lobuchopho be-GM kunye ne-WM yevolumu kunye ne-PHs ezixeliweyo zabalwa.Ubudala kunye nomthamo wobuchopho obupheleleyo bangeniswa njengee-covariates ezingenamdla.Iimephu eziphumo zavalwa P <.001 kunye nomyinge wobungakanani bamanani wasetyenziselwa ukulungisa uthelekiso oluninzi oludityaniswe nokulungiswa okungagungqiyo okungahambelaniyo nokusekwa kwimvume.³⁰

I-Cue-Reactivity I-MRI Analysis

Ukuphunyezwa kwangaphambili kwemisebenzi ye-MRI yenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-SPM8 kwaye iqulethwe ukulungiswa kwexesha, ukulungiswa kwendawo kwindawo yokuqala, kunye nokungabikho komnxeba we-Montreal Neurological Institute. Iifoto zatshatyathwa nge-kernel ye-Gaussian ye-8 mm epheleleyo ububanzi kwisiqingatha esiphezulu. Nganye ibhloko (ngokwesini, ngokwesini, kunye nokulungiswa) yahlanjululwa kwaye yagqitywa ngomsebenzi wempendulo ye-hemodynamic. Iimpawu zeempawu zifakwe kwi-matrix yoyilo. Sasinomdla kwimeko eyahlukileyo ekuthelekisweni kwezesondo ngokuchasene nokulungiswa kunye nesimo solawulo lwabantu abasini. Senze uhlalutyo lwamanqanaba e-sibini ngokuhambelanisa ii-PH kunye nokwahlukana kwezesondo kunye nokulungiswa. Umda wokuphakama P <.001 isetyenzisiwe kunye nokulungiswa kobungakanani beqela ngokulingiswa kweMonte Carlo. Iziphumo zeemephu zithintelwe njengoko kuchaziwe nje (iqela landisa umqobo = 24).

Uhlalutyo lokuBala

Ukuphanda ubudlelwane phakathi kokufunyaniswa kwesakhiwo kunye nesisebenzayo, izibonakaliso ezivela kwiibhloko eziphambili ekuhlalutyweni oluphambili zifakwe kuhlalutyo lokuxolelana lokuqinisekisa, ukuvavanya ukuba i-covariance phakathi kweenguqu ze-2 (X kwaye Y) ingachazwa yintlukwano yesithathu yomlambo (M). Umlamli obalulekileyo ngumntu onokubandakanywa kwakhe kuchaphazela kakhulu umbutho phakathi X kwaye Y. Sivavanyelwe ukuba ngaba umphumo wevolumu yomthamo oguquguqukayo ovela kumthombo we-GM kwi-right striatum ekusebenziseni i-pornography ukusetshenziswa, i-variable variable, yaxhaswa ngumsebenzi osebenzayo we-striatum ekhohlo ngexesha lokunikezelwa kwezesondo. Uhlalutyo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa ikhowudi ye-MATLAB https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042221/http://wagerlab.colorado.edu.sci-hub.org/ esekwe kwimodeli yendlela eyahlukileyo e-3 enesantya Bias-ulungiso lwe-bootstrap kuvavanyo lokubaluleka. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zavavanywa: indlela ethe ngqo a (umlamli womthombo); indlela engathanga ngqo b (isiphumo somlamli); kunye nempikiswano ab, imveliso ye a kwaye b, ichazwa njengokunciphisa ubudlelwane phakathi komthombo kunye nesiphumo (ubudlelwane obupheleleyo, c) ngokubandakanya umlamli kumzekelo (indlela ngqo, c ').

Uhlalutyo lokuSebenzayo

Imiqulu yokuqala ye-5 yalahlwa. Iinkcukacha zangaphambili, okubandakanya ukukhawuleza ixesha, ukulungiswa kwesikhokelo sokuhamba, kunye nokusekwa kwendawo kwi-template yeMontreal Neurological Institute yenziwa nge-SPM8 kunye ne-Assistant Processing Data-MRI esebenzayo.³¹ Uluhlu lwezithuba ze-4 mm ububanzi obupheleleyo kwisiqingatha esiphezulu sisetyenzisiweyo. Izindlela eziqhelekileyo zisuswe emva kokuqulunqa kwangaphambili kunye nefayili yepal-pass-pass (0.01-0.08 Hz) isetyenzisiwe.³² Ngaphezu koko, sisuse imiphumo yee-covariates eziphazamisayo kubandakanya uphawu lwelizwe lonke, iimpawu ze-motion ze-6, uphawu oluvela kwi-cerebrospinal fluid kunye ne-WM.³³ Senza uhlalutyo lokuhlalutya iikhomputha zokusebenza ngokusebenza komshishini kunye nommandla wembewu oqukethe iqoqo ekuhlaleni. Ukuphucula imephu yamagosa osebenzayo kwakunxulumene ne-PH ukufumana iziganeko zobuchopho ezazisenziwa ngokubambisana kunye ne-caudate efanelekileyo ngokulinganiswa kokusetyenziswa kwamanyala. Iimephu zazingqinelwe njengoko zichazwe ngaphambili (iqela landisa umda = 39).

Ngokomyinge, abathathi-nxaxheba babika ii-4.09 PHs (SD, i-3.9; uluhlu, 0-19.5; ayikho imgca eqingqiweyo). Ngokwendlela yokuhlola i-Intanethi yokuHlola ngesondo, i-21 abathathi-nxaxheba bahlelwa njengengozini yokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kodwa kungekhona njengomlutha. TI-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yokuHlola i-Testing score yamanqaku afanelekileyo ahambelana nama-PHs abiziweyo (r₆₄ = 0.389, P  <.01). Kuvavanyo lweSchools Testing Test, abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana i-1.35 ngokwe-avareji (SD, 2.03). Ulungelelwano olulungileyo lwalugcinwe phakathi kwe-PHs kunye noPhulo lokuSetyenziswa koLwazi lweNgcaciso loLwaphulo lweNkunkuma (r₆₄ = 0.250, P <.05) kunye ne-Beck Depressory score (r₆₄ = 0.295, P <.05).

Xa kulungelelaniswa ii-PHs (ingcambu yesikwele) kunye ne-GM segmentation, sithole ubudlelwane obubi kakhulu kwi-striatum efanelekileyo, okuyi-nucleus ye-caudate (esekelwe kwi-atlas yokubhala i-atom³⁴; i-voxel enkulu x = 11, y = 5, z = 3; P <.001; ilungisiwe kuthelekiso oluninzi) (Umzobo 1A). Xa sisebenzise umqobo osezantsi we P <.005, iqela elongeziweyo kwicala lasekhohlo lafikelela kubaluleka (x = -6, y = 0, z  = 6), ebonisa ukuba isiphumo asicaciswanga ngokucacileyo. Sibhekisa kwiklasta njenge striatum; Nangona kunjalo, kwingxoxo elandelayo, kuyaphawuleka ukuba iklasta iyagqobhoza kunye nomvuzo wokulungiswa koncwadi olusekwe kwingingqi enomdla kwi-ventral striatum, eyenziweyo kusetyenziswa isoftware yangaphakathi endlwini.³⁵ (ngokubaluleke kakhulu ukukhuthaza ukubambezeleka kwemali, jonga iAppendix shicilelo iinkcukacha).

Iimpawu zeGM ezikhishwe kwiqela kwi-caudate efanelekileyo zidibaniswa kakubi kunye nokusetyenziswa koonopopasho okongeziweyo, okubalwa ngokusekelwe kwii-PHs ezikhoyo ngoku kunye nokuqikelelwa kweminyaka ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwakukho (r₆₄ = -0.329, P  <.01); twayeqinisekisile ukuba ukusetyenziswa okunamandla kunye nemali eqokelelwayo ngexesha lokuphila kwakudibaniswe nexabiso elincinane leGM kwi-striatum. Akukho mmandla ubonakalise ukulungelelanisa okubonakalayo phakathi kwevolumu ye-GM kunye nee-PH kwaye akukho mibutho ebalulekileyo efunyenwe kwi-WM.

Ngenxa yokuba ii-PH zazihambelaniswe kakuhle kunye ne-intanethi kunye nezikolo zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini (I-Intanethi yoHlelo lwe-Intanethi r₆₄ = 0.489, P <.001; Uvavanyo lweSchools Testing, r₆₄ = 0.352, P  <.01) sibale unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-PHs (ingcambu yesikwere) kunye neMG kwi-caudate elungileyo ngelixa Ukulawula izilingo ze-Intanethi Uvavanyo lweSondo kunye noTywala lweSondo Uvavanyo lokubala ukukhupha ngaphandle kwefuthe lezinto eziphazamisayo zokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Nangona ukulawula ukukhwabanisa kwe-Intanethi, sithole ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kwe-PH kunye ne-right caudate GM volume (r₆₁ = -0.336, P <.01); Ngokufanayo, umbutho wawubalulekile xa ulawula ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo (r₆₁ = -0.364, P <.01).

Ikunye ne-cue-reactivity paradigm apho sichaza ngokucacileyo imifanekiso yesondo eqokelelwe kwiiwebhusayithi zoononografi, sithole ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kwe-left-blood putamen ye-oxygenation level-dependant (BOLD) signal (i-voxel enkulu x = -24, y = 2, z = 4; ukubeka)inani 1B) ngokuhlukelelana ngesondo kunye nokulungiswa kunye ne-PHs. Xa usebenzisa umyinge ophantsi P <.005, iklasta eyongezelelweyo kwi-putamen yasekunene yafikelela kubaluleka (x = 25, y = -2, z  = 10).

Awekho iqoqo elibalulekileyo eliye labonwa xa kulungelelaniswa ii-PH kunye nesalathisi sokuqhathaniswa kwesoxual vs cation using the same threshold. Xa kukhishwa iinguqu zepesenti zenguqu kwiqoqo le-putamen ekhohlo ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo kunye neebhloko zokuxhatshazwa, sithole umsebenzi ophezulu kakhulu ngexesha lolwabelana ngesondo xa kuthelekiswa neengxoxo zesini (t₆₃ = 2.82, P <.01), ucebisa ukuba i-putamen yasekhohlo yenziwe ngokukodwa ngumxholo wesini. Ngaphezu koko, safumana umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezesondo kunye nokulungisan (t₆₃ = 4.07, P <.001) kwaye akukho ntlukwano phakathi kwamagama kunye nokulungiswa (t₆₃ = 1.30, P = .20).

Ukuphazamisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokufunyanwa kwe-BOLD ehlobene nomsebenzi kunye nokufumanisa ngokwakhiwa kwe-statum, senze uhlolo lohlalutyo lolwalamano nokuba ukufunyanwa komsebenzi kubambisana nombono wokubambisana phakathi kokufunyanwa kwezakhiwo kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Umbutho phakathi kweGM kwi-caudate eyiyo (X) kunye neeFS (Y) kubaluleke ukuba ngaba umlamli oququzelele ukusebenza kwe-BOLD ngokusetyenzwa kwi-leftamen yasekhohlo (M) ifakiwe (c ' = -11.97, P <.001) kuhlalutyo okanye hayi (c = -14.40, P <.001). Umlinganiso wendlela phakathi X kwaye M (a = 4.78, P <.05) kunye naphakathi M kwaye Y (b = -0.50, P <.05) zibalulekile (Umzobo 2).

Ukuphanda iingingqi zengqondo ezihambelana nommandla kwi-caudate efanelekileyo ye-striatum enxulumene ne-PH, saqulunqa ukuxhumeka kokusebenza kwesi siqendu. Iimaphu zokudibanisa ezibangelwayo zihambelaniswe ne-PHs (ingcambu yesikwele). Sifumene ukuba ummandla kwi-cortex ye-quartersolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (x = -36, y = 33, z = 48) (Umzobo 1C) yayinxulumene kakubi kunye nee-PH, nto ibandakanyekayo ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzisa izinto eziphathekayo zoonografi babebanxibelelwano encinane phakathi kwe-caudate efanelekileyo kunye ne-DLPFC. Iziphumo azizange zitshintshe xa isalathisi sentsingiselo yehlabathi sasingagqitywanga.³⁶

Ngaphakathi kweso sifundo sophononongo, siphucule i-correlates ye-structural and functional neural correlates enxulumene ne-PH ezizichazayo kumadoda. Iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba umthamo we-GM we-caudate efanelekileyo ye-striatum incinci kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi okuphezulu. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi ohambelana nomsebenzi we-leftamen yasekhohlo ye-striatum kwafunyanwa ukuba wezantsi kunye nee-PH eziphezulu xa izinto ezichazwe ngokwesini. Ukutshintshwa kwemiqondiso ngexesha loonografi laliphezulu ngaphezu kwexesha elilinganayo kunye neengqungquthela, ezibonisa ukuba i-leftamen ekhohlo ibandakanyeka ekusebenzisaneni ngokwesondot.

Senze uhlalutyo lolwalamano ukuphazamisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-PH kunye nokufumanisa okwakhiwa komthamo we-GM kuhla kwe-striatum eyiyo (i-caudate) kunye ne-BOLD yehla kwi-striatum ekhohlo (i-putamen) kunye ne-PH eziphezulu ngelixa zijonga izinto eziphathekayo zesini. Ngenxa yempembelelo yokunciphisa kakhulu, sibheka iimpembelelo zokusebenza kunye nezakhiwo njengezinto ezicacileyo ezichaseneyo zokusetyenziswa kwamanyala. Ekugqibeleni, sihlolisise ukuxhumeka komsebenzi ukusuka kwisiqendu sesakhiwo kwi-caudate eyiyo kwaye sifike ukuba ukudibanisa kwi-DLPFC iyancipha nge-PH ngaphezulu.

Uluhlu oluninzi lophando lubandakanya ukubaluleka kwe-striatum ekusebenziseni umvuzo.^{37, 38} I-Neurons kwi-non-human stamp striatum iboniswe ukuba iphendule ukuhanjiswa³⁹ kunye nokulindela⁴⁰ yomvuzo. I-striatal ikhodi ye-neurons yomvuzo ubukhulu kunye nomoya wokukhuthaza, kunye nomlilo ngakumbi ngamandla kwimiphumo ekhethiweyo.⁴¹ I-cluster yeGG ebonwe kwi-striatum esiyifumeneyo phakathi kweendawo eziye zaboniswa ekusebenziseni umvuzo.

Iziphumo zethu ze-sexual-reactivity paradigm zibonisa ukungqinelana okungahambiyo phakathi kwe-PH kunye nokusetyenzwa kwe-leftamen ngexesha lezesondo xa kuthelekiswa nokulungiswa. Oku kuyahambelana neengcamango yokuba ukunyanzeliswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwimihlambululo yoononophelo kubangela ukuthotywa kwempendulo yendalo ye-neural kwi-stimuli.¹¹ Ukubandakanyeka kwe-striatum ekuvukeleni ngokwesondo sele kuboniswe kwincwadi. Uphando oluthile oluhlolisisa ukukhwabanisa kwindlela ekuphenduleni isenzo sezesondo kunye nokuvuswa kwezesondo kuye kwaxela umsebenzi ophuculweyo kwi-striatum xa kuthelekiswa nomyalelo wokulawula.^42- 46 Ezi zimbini ezihlalutyo-meta-ziphumo ezibandakanya uphando olwenza isistim sezesondo lubonise ukubandakanyeka okuqhubekayo kwe-striatum.^{47, 48}

Iziphumo eziphawuliweyo zokuhlalutya ukusebenza-nxu lumene nombutho we-anatomical wengqondo. I-nucleus ye-caudate, ngokubhekiselele kwimpumelelo yayo, ifumana uxhumano oluvela kwi-DLPFC.^{49, 50} I-correction ye-prefrontal iye yenziwa ngokubanzi ekulawuleni ukuqonda⁵¹ kunye nokuphendulwa kwempendulo, ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha, ingqwalasela kunye nokucwangciswa kwangaphambili. I-DLPFC, ngokukodwa, ixhamene kakuhle kunye nezinye iindawo ze-correx ye-prefrontal kwaye ibonisa ezininzi iintlobo zolwazi, ukufikelela kwiinkcukacha zenkcazelo kwimpendulo kunye nemiphumo yeziphumo kwakunye neendlela zokusebenza.⁵¹ Ngoko ke, i-DLPFC ithathwa njengengundoqo yendawo yokudibanisa ulwazi lwenkohliso kunye neenjongo zokuziphatha, imithetho kunye nemivuzo. Oku kuhlanganiswa kwengcaciso kubangelwa ukuququzelelwa kwezenzo ezifanelekileyo ngokusebenzisa ukulawulwa kwengqondo ngokuziphatha kweemoto.⁵² Kuye kucetyiswa ukuba inethwekhi ye-frontostriatal ibandakanyeke kule mpawu. Ukudibanisa okuxhamlayo ukusuka kwi-basal ganglia idlulisa ulwazi malunga ne-valence kunye ne-saliency kwi-correx ye-prefrontal enezindlu zokubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi kweenjongo kunye nezindlela zokuzifezekisa.^{51, 53} Ukungasebenzi kwesi siphaluka kuye kwahlobene nokukhetha okungafanelekanga, njengokufuna iziyobisi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni isiphumo esibi.⁵⁴

Iingingqi zengqondo ezifunyenweyo kulo uphando lukhoyo zidibaniswa rhoqo, kodwa kungengencazelo, ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezingcolileyo. I-striatum kunye ne-DLPFC ihambelana neengingqi zengqondo ezibandakanyeka kwi-intanethi yokuphenywa ngophando oludlulileyo. Izifundo ezidlulileyo kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ziye zabika ukuhla kwe-prefrontal cortical thickness;⁵⁵ kunciphisa ukusebenza,⁵⁶ kunye nesakhiwo, Uqhagamshelo⁵⁷ inethiwekhi yefrontostriatal; kunye nokunciphisa amazinga okuthutha i-dopamine kwi-striatum ekulinganiswa kunye nokushiywa kwe-photon enye-i-tomography ekhompyutheni. Oku kuhambelana kakuhle neziphumo ezikhoyo zokungqinelana okungalunganga kwe-GM kwi-caudate efanelekileyo, ngokukodwa ukuxhumeka okuphantsi kokusebenza phakathi kwe-coraudate ye-caudate kunye ne-latal prefrontal cortex, kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi we-BOLD ochaphazelekayo osebenzayo kwi-leftamen ekhohlo. Iziphumo ezikhoyo zibonise ngokucacileyo ukuba i-correlates ehleliweyo ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kweefosayimu ngokulinganiselayo ayikho nje into eyenziwa yi-addiction ye-intanethi ehamba phambili ngenxa yokuba ulungelelaniso oluthile lwe-GM volume kwi-caudate efanelekileyo ne-PHs, ngelixa ukulawula ukuguqulwa kwe-intanethi, kubalulekile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulwahlulo oluthile kwi-striatum sele lidibaniswe nokuxhatshazwa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeziyobisi ze-pharmacological ezifana ne-cocaine,⁵⁸ metamphetamine, kunye notywala.⁵⁹ Nangona kunjalo, ulwalathiso lweempembelelo ezichazwe kumachiza e-pharmacological alukho nto; ezinye iingxelo zichaze ukwanda kwe-addict while others have reported the reduction of volume striater that can be due to the effects of drug abuse.⁵⁹ Ukuba iimiphumo eziza kubonakala kwimeko yangoku zifunyenwe ngokusetyenziswa kweentlophu zoononophelo, isifundo sayo singabonisa ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuphonononga utshintsho olusesikweni kwi-addiction ngokungabikho kwezinto ezingenayo i-neurotoxic for future studies, ezifana nokugembula ukuziphatha⁶⁰ okanye imidlalo yokudlala.^{61, 62} Uphando lwexesha elizayo luyadingeka ukuphazamisa ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kweempembelelo ezibonakalayo kunye nezicwangciso kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi.

Sakhetha ukuphepha kwiinkalo zokuxilonga okanye ukucinga okuqhelekileyo kwaye kunoko uphando ngemiphumo egciniweyo yee-PHs kwisampuli esempilweni. Kwimeko ekhoyo yophando, izitatimende eziqhelekileyo aziqinisekanga kuba inkcazo yekliniki yokuxhatshazwa koonografi ayifumanwanga ngokuvisisanayo ngoku. Ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwe-PH kunye nokunyaniseka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kotywala, kubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweentlophu zoonografi kufuneka kuhlolisiswe ngakumbi kwimeko yokuphanda ngengqondo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo lufanele luqhathanise amaqela abantu abafunyaniswa ukuba banomdla wokugqithisa i-pornography kunye nabantu abangenalo umlutha wokuchonga ukuba ngaba iindawo zengqondo ezifanayo zibandakanyeka. Silindele ukuba lo mgca wophando uza kunika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kumbuzo wokuba umlutha woonografi uqhubeka kunye noonografi oluqhelekileyo usebenzisa okanye kufuneka uphathwe njengesigaba esicacileyo.

Ukunciphisa ukufundwa kweso sifundo kwakufuneka sizithembele kwii-PHs ezizimeleyo kwaye ukuba isihloko sinokuvalela abanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha ludliwano-intanethi ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba, abantu ngabanye baxelelwa ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba bekubandakanya ukuzaliswa kwimibuzo ephathelene nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwaye sasingenayo i-dropouts kule nqanaba. Njengoko kuqaphele ukuchasana nokungaxelwanga phantsi, sinobathathi-nxaxheba bazalisa i-questionnaire kwikhompyutheni ukukhusela ukuxhalabisa ukuba umntu ozama ukudibanisa iimpendulo kumntu ngamnye. Ukongezelela, abazama ukuphindaphinda baphinda bagxininisa imfihlo kunye neenkqubo zokubonisa ingcaciso. Iingcamango zexesha elizayo zingacinga ukusebenzisa iinjongo ezijoliswe kuyo kwi-intanethi yecandelo lokukhangela kwi-Intanethi.

Iqoqo elibikayo libikiwe aliququzeleli kuphela i-GM kodwa lifikelela kwi-WM ecaleni phakathi kwe-caudate kunye ne-putamen. Ingaba oku kuthethwa ngentsingiselo okanye ingxaki yokumisela ayinakuyisombulula kwisigaba samanje. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba lunomdla ukuhlolisisa imibutho phakathi kokusasazwa kwemifanekiso kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi.

Ukuthathwa kunye, umntu unokuhendeka ukuba acinge ukuba ukuqhutyelwa kwengqondo rhoqo kubangelwa ukugqithiswa koonografi kunokukhokelela ekubeni ugqoke kunye nokunciphisa umgangatho wengqondo, kunye nomsebenzi, kunye nesidingo esiphezulu sokwenziwa kwangaphandle kwenkqubo yokuvuza kunye nokunyamekela Ukukhangela iveli kunye nezinto ezininzi zocansi. Le nkqubo inokuthi iguqulelwe ngokweenkcazo ngokubhekiselele kwiindlela ezicetywayo zokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi apho abantu abanokufumana i-dopamine receptor esezantsi baphathwe ukuba baphathwe ngamachiza kunye namachiza.⁶³ Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane be-volumetric kunye ne-PH kwi-striatum, ngokunjalo, kungaba yinto eqhelekileyo kunokuba kulandelwe ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala. Abantu abanomqulu ongaphantsi we-statum bangadinga ukuvuselelwa kwangaphandle ukuze bafumane uvuyo kwaye banako ukufumana ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala eonografi njengenzuzo ephezulu, enokuthi iholele kuma-PH aphezulu. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka ziphande iziphumo zoononografi ngexesha elide okanye zibonise ababandakanyekayo kwi-pornography kwaye baphando ngemiphumo ye-causal ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze banikele ubungqina obongezelelweyo kwindlela ephakanyisiweyo yokutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kwezinto eziphathekayo zoononophala, okubangele ukunciphisa umvuzo.