Indlela yokuziphatha ngokwezesondo ngokunyanisekileyo njengengxaki yokuziphatha: Impembelelo ye-Intanethi kunye nezinye iingxaki. UMark Griffiths PhD., (2016)

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IMIBUZO: Le ngcaciso kaMark Griffith "Ngaba ukuziphatha koSondo okunyanzelekileyo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingxaki? (2016)”NguKraus, Voon kunye nePotenza. Amanqaku aphambili nguGriffiths abandakanya:

  1. Ukugxininiswa ngakumbi kufuneka kufakwe kwi-Intanethi kwi-CSB. (II-YBOP ikholelwa ngamandla ukuba ikhoboka le-Intanethi elikwi-Intanethi kufuneka lahlulwe "kwikhoboka lesini.")
  2. I-intanethi iququzelela iimpawu zokuziphatha zesini ukuba umntu akanakuze acinge ukuba ungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi. (Abantu abahlakulela ukulaliswa kwe-cyber today namhlanje bebengasoloko bexhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngaphambi kwe-intanethi ephezulu.)
  3. Ubungqina bokuba ulwaphulo ngokwesondo / uxhatshazo lwe-hypersexual luhambisana ne-Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), kodwa i-IGD ifakwe kwi-DSM-5 (icandelo le-3) ngelixa ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini. (II-YBOP ibona oku njengesigqibo sezopolitiko, kungekho enye esekelwe kwisayensi.)
  4. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kuye kwagcinwa ngaphandle kwe-DSM kuba uluntu lulinganisa nabasemagunyeni abaphezulu abasebenzisa ilebula ukuba baqikelele ukuziphatha kwabo. (IKwakhona, lixesha lokuhlukanisa umlutha wezesondo kwi-addiction.)
  5. UGriffiths ukholelwa, njengokuba i-YBOP isitsho, ukuba, "ubungqina bezonyango obuvela kwabo banceda kwaye babanyange abantu abanjalo kufuneka banikwe ukuthembeka okukhulu ngabahlali bezifo zengqondo" [okt, yi-DSM kunye ne-WHO].

UMarko D. Griffiths

  • I-Psychology Division, i-Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
  • I-imeyili: uMark D. Griffiths ([imeyile ikhuselwe])

Inqaku lokuqala lipapashwe kwi-intanethi: 2 MAR 2016 DOI: 10.1111 / yongeza.13315

© 2016 Society for the Study of Addiction

Internet: Umlutha wokuziphatha; yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; ngokwesini; yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini

Umbandela wokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo njengengxaki yokuziphatha ixutyushwa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina obuncinane bokubambisana nokuziphatha okubi, kunye kunye Ukugxininiswa ngakumbi kuyadingeka kwiimpawu ze-intanethi njengoko ezi zinto zinokubangela ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesini.

Ukuhlaziywa nguKraus kunye noogxa [1] ukuphonononga ubungqina obunzulu bokufaka isenzo sokuziphatha ngokwezesondo (CSB) njengendlela yokuziphatha (oko kungenjalo kweziyobisi) iphakamisa imiba emininzi ebalulekileyo kwaye iphakamisa ezininzi iingxaki kule ndawo, kubandakanywa iingxaki ekuchazeni i-CSB, kunye nokungabikho kolwazi olunamandla kwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo (epidemiological, longitudinal, neuropsychological, neurobiological, genetic, njl). Ndenze uphando olusesikweni kwiindlela ezininzi zokuzilahla ngokuziphatha (ukugembula, ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, ukuzivocavoca, ubulili, umsebenzi, njl.) Kwaye uye wathi iingxaki ezithile zengxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo zingabalwa njengezidakamizwa zesondo, kuxhomekeka inkcazelo yomlutha osetyenziswayo [2-5].

Nangona kunjalo, kukho indawo eKraus okqhubekayoiphepha elikhankanywe ngokufutshane ngaphandle kokuvavanya. Ngokomzekelo, kwinqanaba le-psychopathology kunye ne-CSB, kubhekiselwa kwizifundo zokuthi i-4-20% yabantu abane-CSB nayo ibonisa ukuziphatha kokungcakaza. Uhlolo olubanzi [5] Ukuvavanya i-11 yokuziphatha eyahlukileyo enokubakho kumakhoboka okwagxininisa kwizifundo ezibanga ukuba ukulutha ngokwesondo kunokubakho ngokubakho kweziyobisi (i-8-12%), umlutha womsebenzi (28-34%) kunye neziyobisi (5-31%). Ngelixa kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu abe likhoboka lomzekelo (umzekelo) wecocaine kunye nokwabelana ngesondo ngaxeshanye (kuba zombini iindlela zokuziphatha zinokwenziwa ngaxeshanye), akukho bungqina buncinci bobunyani bokuba umntu abe nezinto ezibini okanye nangaphezulu ezenzeka ngokuziphatha ngenxa yokwenyani Ukuziphatha gwenxa kudla ixesha elininzi yonke imihla. Olwam uluvo kukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba umntu abe likhoboka lokwenene (umzekelo) kokubini ukusebenza kunye nokwabelana ngesondo (ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzi womntu wawunjengomdlali weqonga / umdlali weqonga kumzi mveliso weefilimu ezibonisa amanyala).

Iphepha le Kraus okqhubekayo. Kwakhona kubangela iinombolo ezibhekiselele kwiindlela zokuziphatha ngokugqithiseleyo / iingxaki zesondo kwaye zibonakala zenza ukuba kucinge ukuba 'ukuziphatha ngokweqile' kukubi (okt ingxaki). Nangona i-CSB idla ngokugqithiseleyo, ubulili obugqithisileyo ngokwazo abuyiyo ingxaki. Ukukhathalela nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kumlutha kuyadingeka ukuba ingqalelo imeko yokuziphatha, kuba oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni ukuziphatha komlingo kunomlinganiselo womsebenzi owenziweyo. Njengoko ndiye ndiphikisana, ulwahlulo oluphambili phakathi kwezinto ezithandekayo kunye nokunyanzeliswa komzimba kukuba ukunyaniseka okunokwenene kunokongeza ebomini, kanti izilingo ziyazisusa [6]. Eli phepha libonakala lineengcamango ezicetywayo ukuba uphando olusisiseko oluvela kumbono we-neurobiological / ufuzo lufanele luphathwe ngokungathí sina ngakumbi kunokuba lusekelwe kwingqondo yengqondo. Ukuba ingxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesini ichazwa njenge-CSB, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunye / okanye ukuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual, kukho amawaka eengcali zeengqondo emhlabeni jikelele abaphatha iingxaki ezinjalo [7]. Ngenxa yoko, ubungqina beklinikhi kubantu abancedisa nokuphatha abantu abanjalo kufuneka banikezwe ngokukhulu ngakumbi kwiinkonzo zengqondo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo uphuhliso olubaluleke kakhulu kwintsimi ye-CSB kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kukuba i-intanethi ishintsha njani kwaye iququzelela i-CSB [2, 8, 9]. Oku akuzange kukhankanywe kude kube ngumhlathi wokugqibela, kodwa uphando kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi (ngelixa iqukethe isiseko esincinci) sele ikhona ukususela ekupheleni kwe-1990s, kubandakanywa nobukhulu beesampula ukuya kuma-10 000 abantu [10-17]. Enyanisweni, kukho ukuhlaziywa kwangoku kwidatha yenkcazelo ngokubhekiselele kwi-intanethi yonyango kunye nokunyango [4, 5]. Ezi zichazwe iinkalo ezininzi ze-intanethi ezingakhokelela kunye nokuvuselela ukunyameka kwezilingo ngokuphathelele ekuziphatheni ngokwesondo (ukufikeleleka, ukufikeleleka, ukungaziwa, ukulungelelanisa, ukuphunyuka, ukukhubaza, njl njl). I-intanethi ingakhokelela ekuziphatheni ukuba umntu akanakuze acinge ngokubandakanyeka ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwi-intanethi (umz. [2, 18].

Ekugqibeleni, kukho imbambano yokuba kutheni i-Intanethi yeMidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD) ifakwe kwi-DSM-5 (iCandelo 3) kodwa ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo / ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu ngokobuhlanga kwakungekho, nangona isiseko sobungqina besilingo socansi sinokungqinelana kunye ne-IGD. Esinye sezizathu kunokuthi ukuba igama elithi 'umlutha wesondo' lisetyenziselwa (kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi) ngabantu abahloniphekileyo beeprofayili njengesizathu sokubangela ukungathembeki kwaye akukho ' [19]. Ngokomzekelo, abanye abadumileyo baye bathi banomdla wokulala ngokwesondo emva kokuba abafazi babo befumene ukuba baninzi ubudlelwane bezesondo ngexesha lomtshato. Ukuba abafazi babo babengafumananga, ndithandabuze ukuba ngaba abantu abanjalo babeza kuthiwa baxhatshazwa ngesondo. Ndiya kuthetha ukuba abantu abaninzi abadumileyo basesikweni apho baqhutyelwa khona ukuqhubela phambili ngokwesondo kunye nabantu kwaye baye banqotshwa; kodwa bangaphi abantu abangenakukwenza into efanayo ukuba bafumana ithuba? Ukwabelana ngesondo kuphela luba yingxaki (kwaye luphethwe ngumzimba) xa umntu efunyaniswa ukuba wayengathembekanga. Imizekelo enjalo inika umlutha wobulili 'igama elibi', kwaye inikezela isizathu esihle sokuba abo bangathandi ukubandakanya ukuziphatha okunjalo kwiimvavanyo zengqondo zonyango.

Isibhengezo somdla

Umbhali akazange athole inkxaso ngenkxaso-mali yalo msebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, umbhali ufumene inkxaso-mali yeqela leeprojekthi zophando
kwimimandla yoluntu yokugembula yolutsha, uxanduva loxanduva loluntu ekungcakazelweni kunye nongcakazo lokungcakaza kwiNkxalabo yokuGambling Trust, umzimba onobubele oxhasa imali yenkqubo yophando ngokusekelwe kwiminikelo yoshishino lokugembula. Umlobi wenza kwakhona intsebenziswano kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo zokudlala kummandla woxanduva loluntu ekungcakazelweni.

Ucaphulo

1 - iKraus S., Voon V., Potenza M. Ngaba ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kunokuthathwa njengomlutha? likhoboka 2016; DOI: 10.1111 / yongeza.13297.

2 - Griffiths MD Ukwabelana ngesondo kwi-Intanethi: ukubonwa kunye nempembelelo yokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo. J Sex Res 2001; 38: 333-42.

3 - Griffiths MD Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini: Ukuhlaziywa kophando. Isalathisi Res Resolution 2012; 20: 111-24.

4 - Dhuffar M., Griffiths MD Ukuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo kokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunye nokunyanga kweekliniki usebenzisa uvavanyo lokuQHUBA. I-Curr Addict Rep 2015; 2: 163-74.

5 - Sussman S., Lisha N., Griffiths M. D. Ukunyameka kwezidakamizwa: ingxaki yesininzi okanye incinci? INgcaciso yeMpilo ye-Eval 2011; 34: 3-56.

6 - Griffiths MD Imodeli 'yecandelo lomlutha ngaphakathi kwesikhokelo se-biopsychosocial. J Subst Usetyenziso 2005; 10: 191-7.

7 - Griffiths MD, Dhuffar M. Ukunyangwa koxhatshazo ngokwesondo kwiNkonzo yeSizwe yezeMpilo yaseBrithani. Int J Ment Health Addict 2014; 12: 561-71.

8 - Griffiths MD Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ngokweqile: impembelelo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Cyberpsychol Behav 2000; 3: 537-52.

9 - Orzack MH, Ross CJ Ngaba isini esinobuqhetseba kufuneka siphathwe njengezinye izilwanyana zesini? Ulwaphulo lwezesondo Ukunyanzelisa 2000; 7: 113-25.

10 - Cooper A., Delmonico DL, Burg R. Abasebenzisi be-Cybersex, abahlukumezi, kunye nabaqhoqhoqho: iziphumo ezintsha kunye neziphumo. Ulwaphulo lwezesondo Ukunyanzelisa 2000; 6: 79-104.

11 - Cooper A., Delmonico DL, Griffin-Shelley E., Mathy RM Umsebenzi wezesondo kwi-intanethi: uviwo lweendlela zokuziphatha ezinengxaki. Ulwaphulo lwezesondo Ukunyanzelisa 2004; 11: 129-43.

12 - Cooper A., Galbreath N., Becker MA Ubundlobongela kwi-intanethi: ukuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu abantu abaneengxaki zesondo ze-intanethi. I-Psychol Addict Behav 2004; 18: 223-30.

13 - Cooper A., Griffin-Shelley E., Delmonico DL, Mathy RM Iingxaki zezesondo ze-Intanethi: ukuhlolwa kunye nokuguquguquka kwangaphambili. Ulwaphulo lwezesondo Ukunyanzelisa 2001; 8: 267-85.

14 - Stein DJ, Black DW, Shapira NA, Spitzer RL Ingxaki yoxhatshazo kunye nokukhathazeka nge-intanethi. IJ Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1590-4.

15 - Schneider JP Imiphumo yokulutha kwe-inthanethi kwintsapho: iziphumo zophando. Ulwaphulo lwezesondo Ukunyanzelisa 2000; 7: 31-58.

16 - Schneider JP Uphononongo olulinganisiweyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba be-intanethi: ukungafani ngokwesini, imiba yokubuyisela, kunye neempembelelo kubagqirha. Ulwaphulo lwezesondo Ukunyanzelisa 2000; 7: 249-78.

17 - Schneider JP Igalelo leendlela zokunyanzelisa i-cybersex kwiindlu. Ulwalamano lwezesondo ngoTher 2001; 18: 329-54.

Ishumi elinesibhozo - Bocij P., Griffiths MD, McFarlane L. I-Cyberstalking: umceli omtsha kumthetho wobugebengu. Ummeli weNkundla 2002; 122: 3-5.

19 - Davies JB Inkolelo Yomlutha. Kufunda: AbaHashi beeNcwadi zabaHarwood; 1992.