Intsingiselo, ukulungiswa kwemeko kunye nokukhathalela ingqalelo kwiintlawulo zesini (2015)

IINKCUKACHA: Isifundo esitsha seYunivesithi yaseCambridge sobuchopho. Izifundo zavavanywa ngononophelo iziyobisi ezingamanyala. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, bahlala ngokukhawuleza kwimifanekiso yesondo. Oko kukuthi, iingqondo zabo ziye zasebenza kancinci ukubona umfanekiso omnye… bakhawuleza bakruquka. Ke, ubutsha be-intanethi buqhuba iziyobisi kuyo, kudala isangqa somoya esifuna ubutsha ngakumbi ukoyisa umkhwa ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa lo mnqweno wobutsha kwizilonda zoononophala wawungekho ngaphambili. Oko kukuthi, 'inkuku' kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwaye 'iqanda' lifuna ukuthandwa.

Upapasho ndaba zekhampani. Novemba 23, 2015

Abantu ababonisa ukuziphatha ngokunyanisekileyo ngokwesini - ukuxhatshazwa ngesondo - baqhutyelwa ukukhangela ezinye iimifanekiso zentlobano zentsha kunontanga yabo, ngokutsho kophando olutsha olukhokelwa yiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Iziphumo zingabandakanyeka ngokukodwa kumxholo we-intanethi ye-intanethi, enokubonelela ngemithombo emitsha engapheliyo.

Kwiphononongo epapashwe kwi Umbhalo woPhando lwezeMpilo, Abaphandi baphinde baxela ukuba abantu abakhobelana ngesondo bayachaphazeleka kwimeko yendawo enxulunyaniswa nemifanekiso yesondo kunaleyo inxulunyaniswa nemifanekiso engathathi cala.

Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo-xa umntu enobunzima bokulawula iingcinga zakhe zesondo, iimvakalelo okanye indlela aziphethe ngayo-kuyinto eqhelekileyo, echaphazela uninzi lwabantu abadala abangama-25. Ibekwe ibala kakhulu kwaye inokukhokelela kwintloni, ichaphazela usapho lomntu kunye nobomi boluntu kunye nomsebenzi wabo. Akukho nkcazo isemthethweni yemeko yokunceda ukuxilongwa.

Kumsebenzi odlulileyo okhokelwa nguDkt Valerie Voon ovela kwiSebe lezeNgqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, izazinzulu zathola ukuba iingingqi ezintathu zengqondo zisebenza ngokugqithisileyo ngokwesondo xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya anempilo. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, le mimandla - i-ventral striatum, igxotha i-cingulate yangaphakathi kunye ne-amygdala-yayimimandla eyasebenza nakwiidakamizwa zeziyobisi xa kuboniswa izidakamizwa.

Kwisifundo esitsha, exhaswa ngemali yiWellcome Trust, uGqr Voon kunye noogxa bakhe bafunda indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abangama-22 abakhobile ngokwesondo kunye namavolontiya angamadoda angama-40 'asempilweni' enza imisebenzi. Kumsebenzi wokuqala, abantu baboniswa uthotho lwemifanekiso ngababini, kubandakanya abafazi abahamba ze, abanxibe abafazi kunye nefenitshala. Baye baboniswa eminye imifanekiso emibini, kubandakanya imifanekiso eyaziwayo kunye nemitsha, kwaye bacelwa ukuba bakhethe umfanekiso ukuze 'baphumelele i- £ 1' - nangona abathathi-nxaxheba bebengayazi le ngxaki, amathuba okuphumelela nokuba yeyiphi na imifanekiso yayiyi-50%.

Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba abantu abanomdla wokulwa ngokwesondo banokukhetha ukhetho lwangaphambili malunga nolwahlulo oluqhelekileyo lwezentlupheko ezinxulumene nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi.

"Sonke sinokunxibelelana ngandlela thile ukukhangela inoveli ekhuthazayo kwi-Intanethi - inokuba kukubhabha kwiwebhusayithi enye ukuya kwenye, okanye ukutsiba ukusuka kuFacebook ukuya kwiAmazon ukuya kwiYouTube nakuqhubeka," ucacisa watsho uGqirha Voon. "Kodwa kubantu ababonisa ukunyanzelwa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo, oku kuye kube yindlela yokuziphatha engaphaya kwamandla abo, ijolise kwimifanekiso engamanyala."

Kumsebenzi wesibini, amavolontiya aboniswa ngababini bemifanekiso- umfazi onganxibanga kunye nebhokisi engwevu engathathi hlangothi - zombini zazigqunywe kwiipatheni ezahlukeneyo. Bafundile ukudibanisa le mifanekiso ingekhoyo kunye nemifanekiso, ngokufanayo nendlela izinja zolingo lukaPavlov oludumileyo ezifunde ngayo ukudibanisa intsimbi yokukhala nokutya. Bacelwa ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwale mifanekiso ingekhoyo kunye nomfanekiso omtsha ongabonakaliyo.

Ngeli xesha, abaphandi babonisa ukuba iziyobisi ezikwabelana ngesondo zazinokukhetha ukhetho (kule meko iipateni ezingaqondakaliyo) ezinxulunyaniswa nembuyekezo yezesondo kunye nemali. Oku kuxhasa umbono wokuba kubonakala ngathi akukho manyala kwimeko yokulutha kunokubangela ukuba bafune imifanekiso yesondo.

"Iimpawu zingalula njengokuvula i-intanethi," ucacisa uGqirha Voon. "Banokubangela uthotho lwezenzo kwaye ngaphambi kokuba bazi, umlutha ukhangela imifanekiso engamanyala. Ukophula unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi zinto kunye nokuziphatha kunokuba ngumceli mngeni omkhulu. ”

Abaphandi benza olunye uphando apho i-20 yoxhatshazo ngokwesini kunye ne-20 ehambelana namavolontiya anempilo atholakala kwisicatshulwa sobuchopho xa eboniswa uluhlu lweemifanekiso eziphindaphindiweyo - ibhinqa elingagqithwanga, i-£ 1 yemali okanye ibhokisi elingenamthetho.

Bafumanise ukuba xa abo babelikhoboka lesini bejonga lo mfanekiso wesondo uphindaphindwayo, xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya asempilweni athe afumana ukwehla okukhulu kwemisebenzi kwingingqi yengqondo eyaziwa njenge-dorsal anterior cingate cortex, eyaziwa ngokuba nenxaxheba kulindelo lwemivuzo kunye nokuphendula imicimbi emitsha. Oku kuyahambelana 'nokuhlala', apho umlutha afumana isikhuthazi esifanayo esingaphantsi nesincinci esinomvuzo- umzekelo, umntu osela ikofu unokufumana i-caffeine 'buzz' kwikomityi yabo yokuqala, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha xa besela ikofu, incinci buzz iba.

Esi siphumo esifanayo senzeke kwindoda enempilo eboniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ividiyo yeefayili efanayo. Kodwa xa bejonga ividiyo entsha, inqanaba lomdla kunye nokuvusa libuyela kwizinga langaphambili. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuthintela ukuziphatha, umlutha wesondo uya kufuna ukufumana rhoqo imifanekiso emitsha. Ngamanye amagama, ukuhlala kunokuqhuba ukukhangela imifanekiso yamanoveli.

"Iziphumo zethu zibaluleke ngokukodwa kumxholo weentengiso zoonografi," wongezela uDkt Voon. "Akucaci oko kukubangela ukuxhatshazwa ngokocansi kwindawo yokuqala kwaye mhlawumbi abanye abantu banokudlulela phambili ukugqithisa kunokuba abanye, kodwa ukubonelela okungapheliyo kweemifanekiso zentlobano zesini ezitholakalayo kwi-intanethi kunceda ukunyusa umlutha wabo, okwenza kube ngakumbi kwaye kunzima ukubaleka. "

Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe: Paula Banca et al. Intsingiselo, ukulungiswa kwemeko kunye nokukhathalela ingqalelo kwimiphumo yesondo, Umbhalo woPhando lwezeMpilo (2016). INGXELO: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

 

ISIFUNDO

Paula Banca, ULaurel S. Morris, Simon MitchellNeil A. Harrison, UMarc N. Potenza, Valerie Voon (Dkt)lelanaemail

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

Abstract

I-intanethi inikeza umthombo omkhulu wenveli kunye nokuvuza okukodwa, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezicacileyo zesini. Ukufuna ukuvelisa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwimeko yokubaluleka kuyinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekukhethiweyo kunye nendlela yokuziphatha echaphazelekayo ekubandakanyekeni kwezidakamizwa. Apha sihlola ezi nkqubo kubantu abaneenkanuko zokuziphatha ngokwesini (CSB), ukuxubusha ukukhetha okukhethekileyo kwintando yesini kunye ne-stimuli ehambelana nemivuzo yesondo ngokumalunga namavolontiya anempilo. Amadoda angamashumi amabini anesibini ama-CSB kunye namavavolontiya angama-40 adibeneyo ahlolwe ngamagosa athile ahlukeneyo asebenza ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezikhethwa kuzo izinto ezintsha kunye nesimo esifanelekileyo. Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini ukusuka kwiqela ngalinye zihlolwe kwakhona kwisithathu sesimo sokumisa kunye nokuphela komsebenzi usebenzisa i-imagination magontic resonance imaging. I-CSB inxulumene nokukhethwa kwintando yesondo, xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula imifanekiso, kunye nokhetho oluqhelekileyo lweziqulatho ezibhekiselele kwiziphumo zesini kunye nezemali ezichasene namavolontiya anempilo. Abantu be-CSB nabo babenomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlambalaza ukuhlaziya imifanekiso yesondo kunye nemali yemali kunye nesantya sohlobo oluhambelanayo kunye nokukhethwa okuphakanyisiweyo kwintando yesondo. Indlela yokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kwimiba yokuziphatha ngokwesini edibanisekayo kwizinto ezikhethiweyo ezihambelana nazo zadibaniswa neengcamango zangaphambili zentengiso. Olu pho nonongo lubonisa ukuba abantu be-CSB banokhetho olusenokungasebenzi ngokubhekiselele kwintando yesondo ehlelwe yinkqubo enkulu yokuxhaswa kunye nokuphuculiswa komgangatho wokuhlaziywa kwemimiselo. Siya kugxininisa indima engakwazi ukuhlawulela i-cue-conditioning kunye nokhetho oluthile kwizinto zokuqala zokuqwalaselwa ngokwesondo. Ezi ziphumo zinokubaluleka ngokubanzi njengoko i-intanethi inikeza uluhlu olubanzi lweveli kunye nemigudu enokuzivuza.

Internet: izinto ezintsha, ukunyameka, umvuzo wesini, ukulahla ukuziphatha, likhoboka, ingqalelo

intshayelelo

Kutheni i-intanethi igxininisa ukuze ixhomekeke kubantu abaninzi? I-intanethi inikeza umthombo omkhulu weveli kunye nemigudu enokuzivuza. Ukufuna ukuveliswa, ukunyamekela kunye nokunyameka ziinkqubo ezisisiseko ezingakhokelela ukukhetha okungaziwayo kunye nezindlela zokwenza izinto kwizinto zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi nkqubo zinokubangela negalelo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kweengxaki zokuxhatshazwa.

Ukufuna inoveli kunokuba sisalathiso kunye nesiphumo sokuphazamiseka kweziyobisi. Olu phawu, oluhlala luvavanywa kusetyenziswa isikali sokufuna u-Zuckerman, siye safunyanwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo sonyuswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kunye neziyobisi. (Belin et al., 2011, Redolat et al., 2009). Ingcaciso ephakanyisiweyo yolu buhlobo oluqinileyo lusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba ukuchasana kwintshukumo kungenza kusebenze, ubuncinci inxalenye, ukusetyenziswa kwemishini efana ne-neural engqinelanayo nemiphumo emivuzo yeziyobisi (Bardo et al., 1996). Kwizifundo zentonga, ukukhetha okutshintshileyo kuqikelela ukutshintsha kwindlela yokunyanzelisa i-cocaine (Belin noDeroche-Gamonet, 2012). Kuphando lwabantu, ukufunwa kwenzondelelo kuxhamla ngokubhekiselele ekuxilweni ngokuxilongo kwabaselula (iConrod et al., 2013).

Izibonakaliso ezimiselweyo okanye iziganeko kwimo esingqongileyo nazo zinokuchaphazela kakhulu ukuziphatha. Ukuvumba kwamagayibha, indawo okanye abahlobo abanxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa, okanye ukujonga imali kungenza njengeziqulatho ezimiselweyo kwaye kunokwenza ngcono ukulungelelanisa nokukhupha izibilini, kukhuthaza kwaye kubuyeke ukuphazamiseka komlutha (ukwenzela ukuhlaziywa ubone (Childress et al., 1993) ). Ezi ziqulatho ziyizinto ezingathathi hlangothi ezingabonakali ngokubaluleka ngokubaluleka kokubaluleka kwenkqubo yokulungiswa kwemimiselo kunye nokubambisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nembuyekezo yezidakamizwa okanye ezinye izibonelelo zemvelo ezifana nokutya (i-Jansen, i-1998) okanye isondo (i-Pfaus et al., I-2001, i-Toates, i-2009 ).

Ukucetywa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nokufunda kuye kucetyiswa ukuba kuquke i-polysynaptic loop esebenzayo ebandakanya i-hippocampus, i-ventral striatum, kunye nommandla we-midbrain we-dopaminergic (uLisman no-Grace, i-2005). Ukufunyanwa kwemveli, ukukhunjulwa kwememori yexesha elide kunye nokufunda kubandakanya umsebenzi we-dopaminergic ophucula i-hippocampal plastic synaptic plasticity, ebizwa ngokuba yi-glutamatergic projection striatum, idlulisela ulwazi kwi-ventral tegmental area (VTA) leyo iphinda iphrojekthi iphinde ibuyele ngqo kwi-hippocampus (Knight, 1996, Lisman noGrace, 2005). Ngokugqithiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, i-hippocampus kunye ne-midbrain i-dopaminergic izimpendulo zinciphisa ngokuqhelekileyo, zinika iindawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo (Bunzeck noDuzel, 2006, Bunzeck et al., 2013). Ukuguqula i-primate kunye nezifundo zoluntu kubonisa ukuba umsebenzi we-phasic we-dopaminergic ufaka iiposa yokubikezela, ukuthelekiswa phakathi kweziphumo ezilindelekileyo kunye nezilindelekileyo ezibonisa umphumo ongalindelekanga, osebenza njengombonakaliso wokufundisa phantsi kweenkqubo zokumisela (Schultz et al., 1997). I-Mesolimbic dopaminergic cell bodies kwiprojekthi ye-midbrain kwintanethi kubandakanya i-striatum, i-corrox yangaphambili ye-cingulate cortex (dACC) kunye ne-hippocampus (Williams kunye ne-Goldman-Rakic, i-1998). I-DACC ibandakanyeke ekuqwalaseleni ingqalelo kwiimveli kunye neziganeko ezingundoqo kunye nokucwangcisa umvuzo wokulindela kunye nephutha lokubikezela (uRanganath noRainer, 2003, uRushworth et al., 2011).

Ukongezelela kwimpembelelo yokufuna izinto ezitshintshileyo, ukutyekela kwiinkqubo ezikhethiweyo ezinxulumene nenjongo yokulutha (ukukhathalela ingqalelo) yinto ebalulekileyo ebonakalisa iziphazamiso zokulutha (Ersche et al., 2010, van Hemel-Ruiter kunye al., 2013, Wiers et al., 2011). Impembelelo yempembelelo yemoya kwiinkqubo ziqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kwiisampuli zempilo kunye neeklinikhi (Yiend, 2010). Ukukhathazeka ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezinxulumene neziyobisi ezifunyenweyo zifumaneke kwiintlobo zokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kotywala, i-nicotine, i-cannabis, i-opiates kunye ne-cocaine (i-Cox et al., I-2006). Ngaphezu koko, ubudlelwane ngqo phakathi kweentlobo zesondo kunye nokuphazamiseka kweengqalelo kuye kwafunyanwa kubantu abaneempilo, okubonakala kubangelwa yindlela yokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nenkanuko yesondo (Kagerer et al., 2014, Prause et al., 2008). Esi sidlulileyo sidlulisele ezi ziphumo kubantu abanobuqhetseba bokuziphatha ngokwesini (CSB) ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi we-dot-probe (uMechelmans et al., 2014).

Ngokufikelela kwandisa kwi-Intanethi, kukho inkxalabo ekhulayo malunga nokusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo. Uphononongo oluvandlakisayo amandla omboniso weentlobo ezininzi zee-intanethi (ukudlala, ukugembula, i-imeyile, njl. Njl.) Ekuphuhliseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngokunyanzelisiweyo kucetyiswa ukuba i-stimuli ecacileyo ye-intanethi ineyona ndlela iphezulu yokusebenzisa umlutha / ukunyanzelisa (Meerkerk et al. , 2006). I-online stimuli ecacileyo inkulu kwaye iyakwandisa, kwaye le nto ingakukhuthaza ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwabanye abantu. Ngokomzekelo, abesilisa abaphilileyo ababukela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ifilimu ecacileyo baye bafunyanwa ukuba bajonge kwi-stimulus kwaye bafumene ukuvuselelwa okucacileyo ngokungaphantsi kwezesondo, kuvuthwa kwaye kuncinci (Koukounas no-Over, 2000). Nangona kunjalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkcazo yefilimu ecacileyo ngokunyuka kwandisa amanqanaba okuvusa isondo kunye nokuxhamla kumanqanaba angaphambili asemandulo ngaphambi kokuhlala, kubonisa ukuba iindima ezibalulekileyo zendalo kunye nokuhlala. Uphando lwezifundo luye lwafumanisa inethwekhi ethile yokuqhutyelwa kwe-neural ye-stimuli kubantu abaphilileyo, kuquka i-hypothalamus, i-nucleus accumbens, i-orbitofrontal, indawo ye-occipital kunye ne-parietal (Wehrum et al., 2013, Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). Le ntanethi ye-neural, eyazimeleyo yokuvuselela imvakalelo, ifunyanwe kumadoda nakwabasetyhini nangona amadoda ebonisa ukusebenza ngokubanzi kunabesifazana, oku kunokubonakalisa ukunyanzeliswa kobulili obuqinileyo kumadoda. Inxibelelwano efanayo ye-neural isebenzela ukuvuselela ngesondo ngesimo esifanelekileyo, kunye nesiphumo sobulili ngendlela efanayo (Klucken et al., 2009).

Esi sifundo sethu, sivavanya izinto ezintle, ukunyamekela kunye nokunyamekela kwizinto eziphathekayo kwi-intanethi ngokucacileyo kubantu abane-CSB. Ezi nkqubo zichaphazeleka kakhulu kwizidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwaye zingabandakanyeka kwi-CSB. I-intanethi ye-2, i-Odlaug ne-Grant, i-4, i-Odlaug i-2005, i-Odlaug kunye ne-2010, i-Odlaug kunye ne-2013, i-Odlaug kunye ne-11, i-Odlaug kunye al., XNUMX). I-CSB idibene nokuxinzezeleka okukhulu, iimvakalelo zokuhlazeka kunye nokungasebenzi kwengqondo. Nangona iqela elisebenzayo leXNUMXth Inkqubo ye-International Classification of Diseases okwangoku iphakamisa ukufaka i-CSB njengengxaki yokulawulwa kwempembelelo (Grant et al., 2014), i-CSB ayifakiwe kwi-DSM-5, nangona ingxabano (i-Toussaint ne-Pitchot, i2013), ngokubanzi ngenxa yeenkcukacha ezincinci. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho iimfuno ezongezelelweyo. Ukuqonda ukufana kunye nokwahlukana phakathi kwe-CSB kunye nezinye iingxaki zengqondo, ngokukodwa ukuphazamiseka kokulawulwa kwempembelelo kunye nezilingo, kunokuncedisa imizamo yokuhlelwa kunye nokuphuhliswa kophuhliso oluphuculweyo kunye nonyango.

Siye safumanisa ukuba abantu abane-CSB babonisa ukusebenziselwa ubuchopho obuninzi beengingqi ekuphenduleni kwiingcamango zesondo ezicacileyo kwi-striatum ye-ventral, ukukhwabanisa i-cortex yangaphakathi (i-dACC) kunye ne-amygdala, iindawo ezibandakanyekayo kwi-cue reactivity kunye nokufuna ukukhathazeka kwezilwanyana (Voon et al ., 2014). Ukuqhagamshelana okusebenzayo kule ntanethi, kwaye ngokukodwa i-DACC, inxulumene nomnqweno omkhulu wesondo okanye ukukhuthazwa kwezinto ezicacileyo. Saphinda saqaphela ukuba abantu abane-CSB, xa kuthelekiswa nabangenalo, babonisa ukunyanzeliswa kokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwisondo (iMechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Olu qwa lasekuqaleni lwacetyiswa ukuba lubonise iindlela zokucebisa eziphantsi kweempembelelo ezikhuthazayo ezijoliswe kwiziphumo zesini. Nantsi, sandisa ingqwalaselo yethu yophando malunga neendlela eziphuhliswayo ekuphuhliseni ukunyanzeliswa kwengqalelo kunye nokukhawuleza ekusebenziseni i-CSB ngokuvavanya kokubili iimpendulo zokuziphatha kunye ne-neural ukuya kwinto enobungqina kunye nokujonga imeko-mpendulo ngokuphendula kwisicatshulwa esicacileyo sesini.

Sasiqhuba imisebenzi emibili ngaphandle kwe-scanner ukuvavanya ukhetho olukhethiweyo lwenveli kunye nolwazi oluqhelekileyo lwezesondo kunye nokukhetha okukhethwa kukho kwiimpawu ezibhekiselele kwiZenzo zoSondo, zeMali kunye nezeNdawo. Sifumanisa ukuba abantu be-CSB ngokumalunga namavolontiya anempilo (i-HVs) banokukhethwa ngokukhethekileyo kwireveli ngokuphathelele kwimifanekiso eqhelekileyo kwisimo socansi kodwa kungekhona kwimeko yokulawula. Sifakazela ukuba izifundo ze-CSB ziza kukhetha ukhetho olukhethekileyo kwiimpawu ezisemgangathweni kwiimeko zesondo kodwa kungekhona kwiimeko zeMali.

Abathathi-nxaxheba nabo benza umsebenzi wokumisa umbane (fMRI) kunye nokuqedwa komsebenzi okubandakanya isimo sengqondo kwiSondo, kwiMali kunye neNtsholongwane. Izinto ezimbini ezingathathi hlangothi zazidibanisa ngeziganeko ezahlukeneyo zesondo eziboniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngexesha lokumisa. Kwinqanaba lesiphumo sesigxina somqathango, ukuhlala kwimizimba yesondo kwiimifanekiso zesondo kuhlolwe ngokuvavanya utshintsho kwimisebenzi ye-neural yomfanekiso ngamnye wesini ngokwahlukileyo ngexesha elijolise ekuvezeni okuphindaphindiweyo ngokuzahlukana nokuhlaziywa kwezigaba zesimo kunye nesiphumo. Sifumanisa ukuba izifundo ze-CSB ezinxulumene ne-HV ziza kubonisa umsebenzi ophuculweyo we-neural kwi-Sexual andus Neutral ekhutshwe ngokukodwa kwi-DACC kunye ne-striatum, imimandla echazwe ngaphambili kwi-sex cue reactivity kwizifundo ze-CSB (i-voon, i-mole, i-2014). Sifakazela ukuba izifundo ze-CSB eziqhathaniswa nee-HV ziza kubonisa ukunyaniseka okukhulu kwe-Sexuality to Sexual compared to a non-stimuli.

indlela yokwenza

yokugaya

Ukuqashwa kuye kwachazwa ngokubanzi kwenye indawo (I-voon, i-mole, i-2014). Izifundo ze-CSB zifunyenwe ngezaziso zise-intanethi kunye nokudluliselwa kweengcali. Ii-HV zifunyenwe kwiimpapasho ezisekelwe kuluntu e-East Anglia. Izifundo ze-CSB zaxoxwa ngumbono wezifo zengqondo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuba zizalisekisa iinkqubo zokuxilonga kwi-CSB (i-criteria ye-diagnostic criteria ye-Hypersexual Disorder; i-criteria for sexual abuse) (iCarnes et al., 2001, Kafka, 2010, Reid et al., 2012), egxininise Ukusetyenziswa ngokunyanisekileyo kwezinto eziphathekayo zobulili kwi-intanethi.

Zonke izifundo ze-CSB kunye nee-HVs ezindala ngokulinganayo zazingamadoda nabesini esahlukileyo banikwe uhlobo lweempawu. Ii-HVs zifaniswe ngomlinganiso we-2: 1 kunye nezifundo ze-CSB ukwandisa amandla eenkcukacha-manani. Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha ukubandakanya ukuba phantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 ubudala, imbali yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, umsebenzisi oqhelekileyo weziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni (kubandakanya i-cannabis), kunye nokuba nesifo sengqondo esinzulu, kubandakanya nokudakumba okukhoyo ngokuqatha (Beck Depression Inventory> 20) okanye Ukuphazamiseka okungafunekiyo, okanye imbali yesifo esiyi-bipolar okanye i-schizophrenia (Mini Mini Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (Sheehan et al., 1998). Ezinye izilingo ezinyanzelekileyo okanye zokuziphatha zazingabandakanywa, ezavavanywa ngugqirha wezifo zengqondo, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi okanye kwimidiya yoluntu, ukungcakaza okungapheliyo okanye ukuthengisa okunyanzelekileyo kunye nokuphazamiseka ekutyeni.

Izifundo zigqityiwe i-UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (i-Whiteside kunye neLynam, i-2001), i-Beck Depression Deposit inventory (i-Beck et al., I-1961), i-State Trait Ukuxhalabisa Inventory (i-Spielberger et al., I-1983) kunye novavanyo lwe-Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test ( I-AUDIT) (Saunders et al., 1993). Uvavanyo lweSizwe lokuFunda abantu abadala (uNelson, 1982) lisetyenziselwa ukufumana i-index ye-IQ.

Izifundo ezimbini ze-CSB zithatha i-anti-depressants kwaye zineengxaki ezixhalabisayo ezixhalabisayo kunye nentlalo yoluntu: i-phobia yentlalo (N = 1) kunye nembali yobuntwana be-ADHD (N = 1).

Kufunyenwe imvume enolwazi kwaye isifundo savunywa yiKomiti yeeNkcazo zoLwazi lweeNyuvesi yaseCambridge. Izifundo zahlawulwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba.

Imisebenzi yokuziphatha

Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini anesibini ze-CSB kunye ne-40 ephakamileyo yokuvolontiya yindoda yavanywa kumsebenzi wokukhetha oqhelekileyo kunye nemimiselo emibini yokukhetha imeko echazwe apha, kunye nomsebenzi wokuqwalasela umsebenzi (umsebenzi we-dot-probe) kwenye indawo (IMechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Imisebenzi yenziwa emva kokuvavanywa kwe-FMRI, kwinqanaba elincinane.

Ukukhethwa kwendalo

Izifundo zazifundela kwiintlobo zintathu zezinto ezixhasayo (imifanekiso yesondo, imifanekiso yabantu engathathi hlangothi kunye nemifanekiso yezinto ezingahambisani nayo) kwaye yenze isigaba sokuvavanya ukukhetha ucalulo, ukukhetha phakathi kwesoveli kunye nolwazi oluqhelekileyo oluhambelana noluhlu ngalunye (Umzobo 1A). Kwisigaba sokufunda, imifanekiso emathandathu iboniswe kumntu othabatha inxaxheba: Imifanekiso ye-2 yabasetyhini abangaxhatshazwayo (imeko yesondo), imifanekiso ye-2 yabesifazane abagqokileyo (Control1) kunye ne-2 imifanekiso yefenitshala (Control2) (i-2 imifanekiso nganye). Imifanekiso ye-6 ibekwe ngokulandelelana ngamabini kubathathi-nxaxheba, kwiimvavanyo ze-48 (izilingo ze-16 nganye imeko). Ubungakanani beetyala ngalinye liyimfihlo ye-5. Ukuqinisekisa ukubandakanyeka nomsebenzi, izifundo ziyalelwe ukuba zifunde ngokucophelela imifanekiso kuba ziza kubuzwa imibuzo ngexesha lesigaba sokufunda. Imibuzo elula malunga nemifanekiso yenziwa ngokungahambi ngexesha lo msebenzi kwixesha eliphakathi kweesilingo (umz., Ukubonisa ukuba yeyiphi ibhinqa eyayineengalo zakhe ezigqithiseleyo usebenzisa utolo oluchanekileyo okanye lwesobunxele: 'Izixhobo ziyawela'). Umbuzo ngamnye wawunxulumene nombini owawubonwa ngawo ngaphambili, ngoko ke ukuqinisekisa ukuba izifundo zigcinwe ingqalelo kwiqela ngalinye leemifanekiso.

Umfanekiso wesithombe se-Figure 1. Ivula umfanekiso omkhulu

Umzobo 1

Amanyathelo amnandi kunye nemimiselo yokuziphatha. A. Ukukhethwa kwendalo: umsebenzi kunye neziphumo. Izifundo zazijongwa ngemifanekiso yesondo kunye nemifanekiso emibili yokuziphatha engeyiyo ngokwesondo elandelwa ngumsebenzi wokukhethela ukhetho oluquka ukukhetha phakathi kokukhethwa kolwazi oluqhelekileyo okanye oluhambelanayo ngokukhethiweyo (p = 0.50) ehambelana nokuwina. Igrafu ibonisa inani lokhetho oluqhelekileyo kwizilingo kwizifundo ezinokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini (CSB) kunye namavolontiya anempilo (HV). B. Isimo: umsebenzi kunye neziphumo. Umsebenzi wobume bezesondo ubonakalisiwe. Ngexesha lokumisa imeko, iipateni ezibonakalayo ezimnyama-mhlophe kunye ne-CS-) zilandelwa yimifanekiso yesondo okanye engathathi hlangothi ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngexesha lokhetho lokukhetha ucalucalulo, izifundo zikhethwe phakathi kwe-CS + yezeSondo kunye ne-CS- ezibhangqwe ngenoveli yokuboniswa kwipateni yokubonisa (A no-B). I-CS + yezeSondo kunye ne-CS- inkuthazo yayanyaniswa namathuba amakhulu okuphumelela. Iigrafu zibonisa inani lezinto ezinokukhethwa ezikhethiweyo kwiimvavanyo ze-CSB kunye ne-HV yeziphumo zesondo (ngasekhohlo) kunye neziphumo zemali (kunene). Ukudibana kweqela-nge-Valence: p <0.05.

Kwinqanaba lokuvavanya, izifundo zijongwa ezintathu zemifanekiso-mifanekiso enomfanekiso oqhelekileyo kunye nomfanekiso wenomxholo ohambelana nesimo ngasinye somvavanyo. Zisetyenziswe imifanekiso emathandathu: I-3 eyaziwayo, ekhethwe kwisigaba sokuqala sokufunda (enye yeemeko ezintathu) kunye nemifanekiso emitsha ye-3 (enye inoveli kwimeko nganye). Umbini womfanekiso uboniswe kumasekhondi e-2.5 alandelwa ingxelo ye-1-wecala (win £ 1 okanye ungaphathi nto). Izilingo ze-60 zilingo (izilingo ze-20 nganye imeko) zenziwe. Ubungakanani bokuphumelela nayiphi na imifanekiso yayingenangqondo kwi-p = 0.50. Esi sifundo safundiswa ukuba sikhethe enye ye-stimuli evela kubini kunye nenjongo yokwenza imali eninzi kunokwenzeka kwaye ixelelwe ukuba iya kufumana inani lemali yabo yokufumana. Baye bafundiswa ukuba ityala lokuqala liza kuba liqikelelo kodwa enye ye-stimuli iya kubandakanywa nomntu omkhulu wokunqoba. Isilinganiselo siphumo esisisiseko sasiyinxalenye yesigqibo somoya kunye nokuvavanywa kwimeko nganye. Ekubeni iimeko zokufunda ezisetyenziselwa apha zazingekho zikarhulumente (p = 0.50), umlinganiselo wesiphumo ubonisa kuphela ukukhetha okukhethiweyo. Emva kokufunda, izifundo zacelwa ukuba zikhangele ukukhawuleka kwezifundo zabesifazane kwisikali se-1 ukuya kwi-10 emva kokuvavanywa. Umyinge wexesha wawungumzuzu we-8 (i-4 min yokuqeqeshwa kunye ne-3.5 min kwisigaba sokuvavanya).

Ukukhethwa kwimeko

Izifundo zavavanywa kwimisebenzi emibini yokukhethwa kwemimiselo kwi-odrally-order order, zombini equkethe isigaba sokumisela kunye nesigaba sokuvavanya (Umzobo 1B). Yomibini imisebenzi yayilungelelaniso olufanayo kodwa enye igxile kwisondo kunye nolunye kwiimeko zemali.

Kwisigaba esinye sokuqeqesha, iipatheni ezimbini ezibonwayo (i-CS + Sex, CS-), ezenzelwe imizuzwana ye-2, zifakwe kumfanekiso wesifazane ongenanto okanye ibhokisi elingenamgugu (umphumo wesibini we-1), ngokulandelanayo. Oku kwalandelwa lixesha eliphakathi lovavanyo lwe-0.5 ukuya kwi-1 yesibini. Izilingo ezingamashumi amathandathu zanikezelwa ngokupheleleyo (30 CS+ kunye ne30 CS-). Ukuqinisekisa ukubandakanyeka komsebenzi, izifundo ziyalelwe ukuba zilandele inani lamaxesha abone i-square ebomvu malunga nomfanekiso wesiphumo, kwaye babika le nombolo ekupheleni kwesigaba soqeqesho.

Isigaba sokuqeqeshwa salandelwa isigaba sokuvavanya apho i-CS + Sex ne-CS- stimuli nganye yayibhanjiswe nge-novel-pattern stimulus (umz. Image A okanye i-Image B ngokulandelanayo). Izifundo zacelwa ukuba zikhethe enye ye-stimuli kwiqela elikhuthazayo (umzekelo: iSc + Sex okanye umfanekiso we-A; CS- okanye umfanekiso weB; imizuzu eyi-2.5 imizuzwana), eyalandelwa yimpendulo yokuphumelela kwi-£ 1 okanye ayizuze nto (ubude be-1 yesibini) . I-CS + Sex kunye ne-CS- inamathuba amakhulu okuwina (p = 0.70 iphumelele i-£ 1 / p = 0.30 ayinanto yokuyithatha) enxulumene neveli ehambelana ne-stimulus (p = 0.70 ukunqoba nto / p = 0.30 win £ 1). Izifundo zavavanywa izilingo ze-40 ngokupheleleyo (izilingo ze-20 nganye imeko) kwaye zaxelelwa ukuba injongo yayikukwenza imali eninzi ngokunokwenzeka kwaye ukuba bayakufumana inxalenye yemvuzo wabo. Baye bafundiswa ukuba ityala lokuqala liza kuba liqikelelo kodwa enye ye-stimuli iya kubandakanywa nomntu omkhulu wokunqoba.

Kulo qeqesho lwesibini kunye novavanyo lokusebenza, ukucwangciswa komsebenzi ofanayo kusetshenzisiweyo kubambene neziphumo zemali: iisethi ezahlukeneyo zokubonakalisa iimeko (i-CS + Imali, i-CS-) kumfanekiso we-£ 1 okanye ibhokisi elingenalo grey. Izifundo zaxelelwa ukuba ziza kuzuza inxalenye yemali ababeyijonga. Isigaba esifanayo sokuvavanywa silandelwa.

Njengoko i-CS + ne-CS-stimuli zahlanganiswa namathuba amaninzi okuphumelela, savavanya ukukhethwa kokukhetha okuqhelekileyo kwilingo lokuqala ukuvavanya indlela yokuziphatha kunye nexesha lama-CS + kunye ne-CS-stimuli akhethwe kuzo zonke izilingo ukuvavanya impembelelo ukhetho olukhethiweyo lwesicatshulwa ekufundeni kwezixhobo. Umsebenzi ngamnye wawuhlala malunga nemizuzu eyi-7 (i-4 min yoqeqesho kunye ne-2.5 min kwiindidi zovavanyo).

Umsebenzi wokucinga

Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini ze-CSB kunye ne-20 ehambelana ne-HVs zachithwa zenza umsebenzi wokumisa imeko kunye nokuphela (Umzobo 3A). Kwimeko yesimo, imifanekiso emithandathu (iipatheni ezinemibala) yayisetyenziswe njenge-stimuli (CS +) enesimo esifanelekileyo (ifom) ye-female + engaphantsi (CS + sex), i-£ 1 (CS + imali) okanye ibhokisi elingenamthetho (CS-). Amabini ama-CS + ayebhanqa ngesiphumo. Imifanekiso emihlanu eyahlukileyo yamabhinqa angatshatyalaliswayo asetyenziswe kwiziphumo zesini kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo kwamaxesha e-8 ngexesha lemiqathango. Ubude be-CS + buyi-2000 msec; kwi-1500 msec, i-US yayifakwe kwi-500 msec kwaye ilandelwa ibloko yokuphendula kunye nenqaku lokumisela eliphakathi, elivela kwi-500 ukuya kwi-2500 msec. Ukugcina ingqwalasela kumsebenzi, izifundo zixineke iqhosha lasekhohlo kwimiphumo yemali, iqhosha elungileyo kumphumo womntu, kunye neqhosha elithile kwisiphumo sokungathathi hlangothi ngexesha lokulungisa. Izifundo zijonge ubuninzi bezilingo ze-120 (i-20 nge-CS + okanye i-40 ngemeko) kwisigaba sesimo. Iimeko zenziwe ngokungahleliwe. Kwinqanaba lokuphela, nganye i-CS + yaboniswa kwi-2000 msec ngaphandle kwe-US ngokulingana kwezilingo ze-90 (15 nge-CS + okanye i-30 ngemeko) ilandelwe yindawo yokulungisa (500 ukuya kwi-2500 msec). Ngaloo ndlela, kwi-1500 msec, izifundo ziya kulindela umphumo, okwakungalindelekanga. Ngaphambi kokufunda, izifundo zaqeqeshwa ngaphandle kwe-scanner kwizilingo ze-20 zendlela efana ngayo ne-CS + kunye nemifanekiso yamabhinqa, imali kunye nezinto ezingathathi hlangothi ukwenza ukuphendula kweemoto ngexesha lebhokisi lokuphendula. Ngethuba lokusebenza, izifundo ezijongwa ngemifanekiso yamabhinqa enxibekileyo kodwa zatshelwa ukuba kwi-scanner, zinokubona i-stimuli ecacileyo. Yonke imisebenzi yayilungiselelwe nge-software ye-E-prime professional v2.0.

Umfanekiso wesithombe se-Figure 2. Ivula umfanekiso omkhulu

Umzobo 2

Ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhethwa kwezinto ezikhethiweyo kunye nokunyamekela kwiqela. Igrafu yasekhohlo ibonisa amanqaku athathelwa ingqalelo kwisini ngokuchaseneyo nokungathathi hlangothi (amanqaku aphezulu abonisa ukuthanda okukhulu kwezesondo ngokuchasene nokungathathi hlangothi) kwizifundo ezikhetha iSondo le-CS + xa kuthelekiswa ne-CS- njengokhetho lokuqala kuwo omabini amaqela. * p <0.05. Igrafu elungileyo ibonisa amanqaku okuqala okhathalelo ngokwesondo ngokuchasene nokungathathi hlangothi kwizifundo ezikhethe inoveli yenkuthazo yesini ngokuthelekisa inkuthazo eqhelekileyo.

Umfanekiso wesithombe se-Figure 3. Ivula umfanekiso omkhulu

Umzobo 3

Ukumisela umsebenzi wokucinga kunye nokuhlala. A. Umsebenzi wokucinga. Ngethuba lemiqathango, izifundo zijongwa iipateni ezinemibala emathandathu ezilandelwa nguMfanekiso wesondo, wezeMali okanye ongathathi hlangothi. Isigaba sokuphela esilandelayo, emva kwexesha apho i-stimulus ehambelanayo yayiboniswa ngaphandle kokuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo. B. Ukuhlala. Ukuqhelanisa ukuqhubela phambili umsebenzi we-cingulate (dACC) kumsebenzi wokunyanzelisa ngokwesondo (CSB) ngokubhekiselele kumavolontiya anempilo (HV) ukuphindaphindiweyo ngokobulili nokungafani nemifanekiso. Umfanekiso ubonisa ukuthelekiswa kwesahlulo sokuqala nesigxina sesilingo. C. Ithambeka kunye nokuthintela ukuhlala kwe-DACC. Iigrafu zibonisa ithambeka okanye isidanga sokuhlala (igrafu yasekhohlo) yexabiso le-beta ye-DACC kwi-CSB kunye ne-HV yabantu kunye nokuthintela okanye ukuqala komsebenzi we-CSB kuthelekiswa ne-HV (igrafu yasekunene) yezeSondo -Ngathathi hlangothi (Ukwabelana ngesondo) kunye neMali-ukungathathi hlangothi ( Imali) imifanekiso. * Iziphumo zeValence kunye neQela-nge-Valence p <0.05; ** Iziphumo zeValence p <0.05.

Jonga umfanekiso omkhulu | Landa iSilayidi ye-PowerPoint

Uhlalutyo lwesatisatisti yedatha yokuziphatha

Iimpawu zesifundo zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo ezizimeleyo ze-t okanye iChi Square. Idatha ihlolwe ukuba ithengise ngaphandle (> 3 SD ukusuka kwiqela kuthetha) kwaye kuvavanywa ukuhanjiswa okuqhelekileyo (uvavanyo lweShapiro Wilks). Ukukhetha ukhetho olulinganisiweyo kuzo zonke izilingo kwimisebenzi enezinto ezintsha kunye nemeko yokuvavanywa kuvavanywa kusetyenziswa amanyathelo axubeneyo e-ANOVA kunye nezifundo eziphakathi kweQela (CSB, HV) kunye nomxholo ongaphakathi kwesihloko seValence (ezesondo, ezokulawula1, ezolawulo2; CS +, CS-) . Ukukhethwa kwetyala lokuqala kwahlalutywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lweChi-Square. P <0.05 yathathelwa ingqalelo ibalulekile.

Neuroimaging

Ukucinga ukufumana idatha

Abathathi-nxaxheba bachithwa kwi-3T Siemens Magnetom TimTrio, i-Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, iYunivesithi yaseCambridge, kunye nekhoyili ye-32. Imifanekiso enemifanekiso yafunyanwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-T1 umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wesakhiwo usebenzisa ukulandelelana kwe-MPRAGE (TR = 2300 ms; TE = 2.98 ms; FOV 240 x 256 x 176 mm, ubungakanani bevoxel 1x1x1 mm). Idatha ye-FMRI yafunyanwa ngokusebenzisa i-oxygenation-dependent level (BOLD) ukuhlukanya ukucatshulwa kwe-brain-planar imaging (EPI) kunye neerameters ezilandelayo: I-39 ephakathi kweexial slices nge volume, TR 2.32, TA 2.26, TE 33 ms, 3mm ubukhulu beetekisi .

Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha luqhutywe ngeStatistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM 8) (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). Ukuqulunqwa kwangaphambili kubandakanywa ukulungiswa kwexesha lokucoca, ukulungiswa kwendawo, ukugxininiswa kwendawo kunye nezifundo ze-T1 ezilinganiselweyo, ukulungelelanisa kunye nokupakisha kwendawo (ububanzi obugcwele kwi-8 mm). Imiqulu yokuqala ye-4 yeseshoni nganye yalahlwa ukuba ivumele imiphumo ye-T1-equilibration.

Ukucinga ukuhlalutya kwedatha

Uhlalutyo lwesitatisti lwenziwe ngokusetyenziswa komzekelo-jikelele-linear (GLM) ukubonisa imimiselo yeemeko kunye nokupheliswa kokubambisana kunye neziphumo ngokwahlukileyo kuzo zonke iindidi ze-3. Iiparamitha zokuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe zifakiwe ukulungiswa kwintsimbi yokuhamba. Isikhathi sokuqala kwesiphumo sokungabikho kwisigaba sokuphela esasetyenziswayo yi-1500 msec emva kokuqala kokuvuselela (okanye ixesha apho umphumo wawuya kulindeleka kwisigaba sokumisela) ngexesha le-500 msec.

Kwimeko nganye, i-stimuli (i-CS + Sex, i-CS + Imali, i-CS-) yahlukelelwa kwiimvavanyo ezahlukileyo ngokwahlukileyo kwimeko yesimo kunye nokuphela, kunye nesiphumo kwisigaba sokuphela. Imigaqo emibili eyahlukileyo yayinomlinganiselo kwiimeko ezifanayo. Kuhlalutyo lwesibini kwinqanaba, sasebenzisa uhlalutyo olwenziwe ngokupheleleyo (amanyathelo aphindaphindiweyo ANOVA) ngokuthelekisa iqela, iValence kunye nokuHlangana kwezilingo ezilinganiselwe. Izigaba ezahlukileyo zomsebenzi wokucinga kunye nencazelo yokuhlalutya iboniswa ngakumbi Umzobo 4.

Umfanekiso wesithombe se-Figure 4. Ivula umfanekiso omkhulu

Umzobo 4

Umzekeliso wemeko, ukukhubazeka nokuqedwa Kulo mfanekiso ubonisa izigaba zomsebenzi wokucatshulwa apho iziqulatho ezimiselweyo zihambelana neziphumo (ubulili be-CS + obuboniswe apha; Imali ye-CS + imiselwe kwiziphumo zemali kunye neziphumo ze-CS eziye zazingekho phantsi kwazo zazingena kunye ayibonakaliswa) kunye nesigaba sokuphela apho kuphela i-stimuli echanekileyo iboniswa ngaphandle kwesiphumo. I-CS + ehlukeneyo nganye kwisiphumo ngasinye okanye i-CS- ifakwe kwisilingo se-20 zilingo. Imifanekiso emihlanu yezo zesini (eboniswe apha kunye nemibala eyahlukileyo yomfanekiso wesimboli wesibhakabhaka) yayingqamana ngokukhawuleza nezohlukeneyo zesini se-CS + kwaye nganye iboniswe ngamaxesha e-8. Uhlalutyo lokuhlala, utshintsho kwixesha lezi ziphumo eziphindaphindiweyo lihlalutyiweyo.

Uhlalutyo lokuhlala kweziphumo kwisigaba sokumisa, senze iirejista kwisiqingatha sokuqala nesokugqibela seziphumo zesondo kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kuhlalutyo lwenqanaba lokuqala. Izifundo ziboniswe kwi-5 imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yezesondo amaxesha e-8 kuzo zombini izilingo ze-CS +. Ke ngoko kwimifanekiso yezesondo, isiqingatha sokuqala sihambelana nokuvezwa komfanekiso wesondo wokuqala we-4 kwimifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ye-5 kunye nesiqingatha sokugqibela, ukubonakaliswa kokugqibela komfanekiso wesondo we-4 kwimifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ye-5. Kuhlalutyo lwenqanaba lesibini, sisebenzisa uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwefektri, sithelekise umsebenzi kwisiqingatha sokuqala nesokugqibela seziphumo zesondo xa kuthelekiswa nokungathathi hlangothi sisebenzisa into ephakathi kwesihloko seQela, nakwimixholo engaphakathi yeValence kunye nexesha. Kuko konke ukuhlalutya okungasentla, ingqokelela yobuchopho iphela elungisiweyo i-FWE p <0.05 yathathelwa ingqalelo ibalulekile.

Njengokuba besichonge unxibelelwano phakathi kweQela x Valence x Ixesha kwi-DACC, emva koko sisebenzise i-SPM Toolbox, iMarsBaR (MARSeille Boite A Region d'Interet), ukukhupha amaxabiso e-beta kwisiseko sokulingwa kwetyala lomntu ngamnye usebenzisa ulungelelwaniso oluphakathi lwe-DACC kunye nomgama oyi-5 mm. Kuhlalutyo lwenqanaba lokuqala, senze regressors ukuvavanya utshintsho kwimeko yezilingo. Umzekelo, i-8 regressors zenzelwe iziphumo zesondo ezibandakanya iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zesondo eziboniswe amaxesha e-8. Sabala ithambeka kwaye samkela amanqaku kwisiphumo ngasinye sesithathu somntu ngamnye. Isithambeka kunye nokuthintela amanqaku emva koko kungene ngokwahlukeneyo kumanyathelo oxubeneyo I-ANOVA ngokuthelekisa Iqela njengezinto eziphakathi kwesihloko kunye neValence njengesihloko esingaphakathi. P <0.05 yathathelwa ingqalelo ibalulekile.

Kwangokunjalo, uhlalutyo lokunxibelelana kwengqondo lwenziwa kunye nembewu ye-DACC efanayo yomdla (ROI) ngokuthelekisa kwangoko xa kuthelekiswa nokuvezwa kade kwiziphumo zesondo. Kuko konke ukuhlalutya, ukusebenza ngaphezulu kwempazamo yobulumko bosapho (i-FWE) ngengqondo epheleleyo echanekileyo p <0.05 kunye ne-5 ii-voxels ezinokuthanani zithathwa njengezibalulekileyo. Siqhubile senza imimandla yohlalutyo lomdla egxile kuyo kuqala Imimandla esebenzisa i-WFU PickAtlas yokulungiswa kwevolumu encinci (i-SVC) i-FWE-ilungiswe ngokulungiswa kweBonferroni kuthelekiso oluninzi lwe-ROI (p <0.0125).

iziphumo

Iimpawu ze-CSB nee-HV zichazwe kuyo 1 Table.

Izicwangciso ze1Subject iimpawu.
CSBHVIsikwere seT / ChiP
inani2240
ubudala25.14 (4.68)25.20 (6.62)0.0370.970
Ukuzigcina (iintsuku)32 (28.41)
EducationIsikolo esiphakamileyo22400.0001.000
Univ.6130.1820.777
Idilesi yeKholeji350.0391.000
Univ. kuthotywa9140.2120.784
Isidanga semasters634.4720.057
IQ110.49 (5.83)111.29 (8.39)0.3970.692
Ubume bobudlelwanehi enyeenye10160.1730.790
Curr. ulwalamano7160.4070.591
tshatile580.0641.000
Occupationumfundi7150.2000.784
Umsebenzi wexeshana321.4280.337
Umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele12210.0241.000
Ngasebenzi021.1370.535
MayezaUkuxhatshazwa2
Ixesha langokutshayaAbabhemayo01
Isalathisi somzimba24.91 (3.64)23.19 (4.38)1.5660.122
UkutyaBES6.91 (6.46)5.72 (6.17)0.7150.478
Utywala basebenzisaUHLU7.13 (4.11)6.29 (3.41)0.8620.392
ukudakumbaBDI11.03 (9.81)5.38 (4.89)3.0390.004
UkuxhalabisaSSAI44.59 (13.19)36.15 (13.29)2.3700.021
STAI49.54 (13.91)38.23 (14.57)2.9710.004
Ukunyanzela ukunyanzelisaOCI-R19.23 (17.38)12.29 (11.72)1.8720.067
ImpulsivityUPPS-P150.83 (17.95)130.26 (23.49)3.569

Izifinyezo: i-CSB = izifundo ngokuziphatha ngokunyanzela ngokwesondo; HV = izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezempilo; I-BES = I-Binge Eating Scale; I-AUDIT = Uvavanyo lweNkunkuma yoTywala kuMvavanyo; BDI = I-Beck Depression Inventory; I-SSAI / STAI = I-Speilberger State kunye neNkathazo Yokuxhalabisa Inventory; I-OCI-R = I-Obsessive Compulsive Inventory; I-UPPS-P = UPPS UPHEPHA LOKUPHAKATHI KWEZEMPILO

Iziphumo zokuziphatha

Ukukhethwa kwendalo

Ukukhetha okukhethiweyo kwimizamo ye-20, kwakukho umgangatho owenzela i-Valence effect (F (1,59) = 2.89, p = 0.065) kunye nokusebenzisana kweqela-nge-Valence (F (2,59) = 3.46, p = 0.035) kwaye akukho nxaxheba yeqela (F (1,60) = 1.47, p = 0.230) (Umzobo 1A). Ngenxa yesiphumo sokusebenzisana, senze uhlalutyo lwangemva, luye lwabonisa ukuba izifundo ze-CSB zinokukhetha ngokukhethekileyo kwinto yesondo kunye ne-Control2 (p = 0.039) ngelixa i-HV yayinokukhetha okukhethekileyo kokulawula kwe-Control1 ngokuya kwi-Control2 (p = 0.024).

Ukukhethwa kokukhethwa kwilingo lokuqala, nangona izifundo ze-CSB zazingenakukwazi ukukhetha inqaku eliqhathaniswa nokuvuselela okungaqhelekanga (ipesenti yeveli entsha yokukhetha: I-Sexual, Control 1, Ulawulo lwe-2: HV: 51.6%, 58.1%, 38.7%; I-CSB: I-50.0%, i-44.4%, i-22.2%) kwakungekho nto yohlukwano yeqela (Ukuziphatha ngokwezesondo, i-Control1, i-Control2: i-Chi-square = i-0.012, i-0.357, i- 0.235 p = i-0.541, i- 0.266, i-0.193).

Ngokusisishwankathelo, izifundo ze-CSB zazinokwenzeka ukuba zikhethe iveli kunye nokukhetha okuqhelekileyo kwimifanekiso yesondo ehambelana nemifanekiso engeyiyo ekhoyo kodwa i-HVs yayinokwenzeka ukuba bakhethe ikhethelo lomdlalo wezithombe zentombi ezingabandakanyekanga ezihambelana nemifanekiso engathathi nto.

Ukukhethwa kwimeko

Umsebenzi wesimo somzimba

Ukukhetha okukhethiweyo kwinqanaba le-20, kwakukho umphumo we-Valence (F (1,60) = 5.413, p = 0.024) kunye nefuthe leqela-nge-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.566, p = 0.037) apho izifundo ze-CSB bekunokwenzeka ukuba bakhethe i-CS + yoShishino ngokubhekisele kwi-CS- xa kuthelekiswa ne-HVs (Umzobo 1B). Kwakungekho nxaxheba yeqela (F (1,60) = 0.047, p = 0.830). Njengoko kwakukho umphumo wokusebenzisana, sasiqhubela phambili ukuhlalutya okulandelayo: Izifundo ze-CSB zazinokwenzeka ukuba zikhethe isondo se-CS + (p = 0.005) kodwa kungekhona ii-HVs (p = 0.873). Ukukhethwa kokukhethwa kwilingo lokuqala, kwakungekho nantlukwano phakathi kwamaqela (iipesenti zokukhetha kokuqala i-CS + Sex: HV: 64.5%, CSB: 72.2%; Chi-square = 0.308, p = 0.410).

Umsebenzi wokumisela imali

Kukhetho olukhethiweyo lokukhethwa kwezilingo ze-20, akukho mveliso ephawulekayo yeValence (F (1,60) = 1.450, p = 0.235) okanye iqela (F (1,60) = 1.165, p = 0.287). Kukho umphumo weqela-nge-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.761, p = 0.035) (Umzobo 1B). Ukukhethwa kokukhethwa kwilingo lokuqala, kwakungekho nantlukwano phakathi kwamaqela (iipesenti zokukhetha kuqala i-CS + Imali: i-HV: i-48.4%, i-CSB: i-66.7%; i-Chi-square = i-1.538 p = i-0.173).

Izifundo ze-CSB (amanqaku okukhangisa i-8.35, i-SD 1.49) inemilinganiselo efanayo yokukhangisa yonke imifanekiso yesibini ehambelana ne-HVs (8.13, SD 1.45; t = 0.566, p = 0.573).

Ngako oko, izifundo zezifundo ze-CSB zazinokukhethwa ngokukhethekileyo kwimiqathango enemifanekiso yesondo okanye imali.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhethwa kwezinto ezikhethiweyo kunye nenkcazo

Siphinde siphucule ukuba kukho na ulwalamano phakathi kokufunyaniswa kwethu ngaphambili kwenkcazelo yokunyaniseka kwimifanekiso yesondo (iMechelmans, Irvine, 2014) kunye neziphumo ezikhoyo zokukhethwa kokuqala kwinto entsha okanye iSesh + Sex. Ukusebenzisa iimvavanyo ze-T ezizimeleyo savavanya ukunyanzeliswa kokuqala kwezesondo ngokungafani neendlela ezingafaniyo nezifundo ezikhethile ukukhetha i-CS- ne-CS + yoSondo kunye nokwahlukileyo okuqhelekileyo ngokuhambisana neNveli yesiqhelo. Kuzo zombini amaqela, izifundo ezakhetha i-Sex + ye-CS xa kuthelekiswa nalabo bakhetha i-CS- ziye zaphucula i-bias yoqwalaselo olunxulumene nolwabelana ngesondo (t = -2.05, p = 0.044). Ngokwahlukileyo, kwakungenohlukwano olubalulekayo phakathi kwezifundo ezikhethileyo iNveli xa kuthelekiswa nokuziqhelanisa nokwahlula amanqaku ezesondo xa kuthelekiswa nesisombululo sokungathathi hlangothi (t = 0.751, p = 0.458) (Umzobo 2).

Ngaloo ndlela, ukufunyaniswa kwethu kwangaphambili kweengcamango ezinokuqhelaniswa kwangaphambili kunokunxulumana nokukhethwa kwimeko yokwenza isistim sezesondo kunokuba ukhetho oluthile lwezinto zesini.

Iziphumo zokucinga

Isimo: umkhondo

Siqale savavanya imeko yokulinganisa imeko yazo zonke izilingo. Kwakungekho siphumo seqela. Kwakukho isiphumo seValence apho ukubonakaliswa kwesimo esinamandla kwiMali (CS + Mon) kunye nezoSondo (CS + Isini) xa kuthelekiswa ne-Neutral (CS-) inkuthazo inxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi omkhulu kwi-occipital cortex (onke la maxabiso alandelayo Ingxelo yeqela elipheleleyo lobuchwephesha elilungisiweyo i-FWE p <0.05: Iqela eliphakamileyo eMontreal Neurological Institute ilungelelanisa: I-XYZ mm: -6 -88 -6, ubungakanani beCluster = 3948, ingqondo epheleleyo ye-FWE p <0.0001), ekhohlo ye-motor cortex (XYZ = - I-34 -24 52, ubungakanani beQela = 5518, ubuchopho bonke be-FWE p <0.0001) kunye ne-putamen yamazwe amabini (ekhohlo: XYZ = -24 -2 4, ubungakanani beCluster = 338, ingqondo iphela FWE p <0.0001; ngasekunene: XYZ = 24 4 2 , Ubungakanani beCluster = 448, FWE p <0.0001), kunye ne-thalamus (XYZ = -0 -22 0, Cluster size = 797, p <0.0001). Kwakungekho nxibelelwano lweQela-nge-Valence.

Ukuqothulwa: ukuqhosha

Sivavanye ke isigaba sokuphela kwesimo esifanelekileyo. Kwakukho isiphumo seValence apho i-CS + yezeSondo kunye ne-CS + Mon ngokuchasene nokuvezwa kwe-CS yayinxulumene nomsebenzi omkhulu wecortipital cortex (XYZ = -10 -94 2, Cluster size = 2172, ingqondo iphela FWE p <0.0001). Kwakungekho ziphumo zeQela okanye zoNxibelelwano.

Ukufunyanwa: isiphumo

Ukuhlolisisa imiphumo yendlela yokuzibandakanya ngesondo, siqala ukuphanda ukuba nayiphi na imimandla inokuhla kwehla kumsebenzi kwiziphumo zezesondo kwizifundo ze-CSB ngokuthelekiswa nee-HV ngokuthelekisa iqela x Valence x Ukusebenzisana kwexesha lokuqala kunye nesigxina sokugqibela se-sexual imagery Isigaba sesiphumo esingathathi hlangothi. Izifundo ze-CSB zancipha kakhulu kumsebenzi we-corsulate cortex (dACC) wangaphambili ngexesha elide (XYZ = 0 18 36, ubukhulu beCluster = 391, ubuchopho obupheleleyo FWE p = 0.02) kunye ne-cortex yangasese ephantsi (XYZ = 54 -36 -4, iCluster ubungakanani = 184, ubuchopho bonke FWE p = 0.04) kwiziphumo zesondo kunye neziphumo ezingafaniyo ezifaniswa neeHVs (Umzobo 3B).

Emva koko sakhupha ixabiso le-beta leetyala elibhekiselele kwi-DACC yeziphumo zezesondo, zeMali kunye nezingazeleleki. Saqhathanisa i-slope (oko kukuthi, isantya sokuhlala) kunye nokuthintela amanqaku (oko kukuthi, umsebenzi ukuya kwinqanaba lokuqala) ukuthelekisa ngokwesondo - ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nezimali-iziphumo ezingathathi-nto (Iimpawu ze3C). Kwintlambo, kwakukho umphumo ophezulu we-Valence (F (1,36) = 6.310, p = 0.017) kunye nokusebenzisana kweqela-nge-Valence (F (1,36) = 6.288, p = 0.017). Njengoko kwakukho umphumo wokusebenzisana, sasiqhuba ukuhlalutya kwe-post-hoc: kwakukho ukuhla kwehla kweDACC kwiziphumo zezesondo kwi-CSB uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HVs (F = 4.159, p = 0.049) ngaphandle kokungafani kwiziphumo zeMali (F = 0.552, p = 0.463). Kwakungekho nxaxheba enkulu yeqela (F (1,36) = 2.135, p = 0.153). Ukukhutshwa kwexabiso, kwakukho umphumo ophezulu we-Valence (F (1,36) = 11.527, p = 0.002) kodwa akukho mpawu mkhulu weQela (F (1,36) = 0.913, p = 0.346) okanye umphumo wokusebenzisana (F (1,36) = 2.067, p = 0.159). Akukho zilungelelaniso phakathi kweemeko zesimo kunye neziphumo.

Ukuphela: isiphumo

Sasivavanya ukungaphumeleli kwesiphumo ngexesha lesigaba sokuphela kuzo zonke izilingo. Lapha sasiba nesicaciso esicacileyo sokuthi umsebenzi wokuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe wawuncipha ngexesha lokungaphumeleli kweziphumo kwiziphumo ezivuyisayo zangaphambili ezihambelanayo nephutha elibi lokubikezela. Kwakukho umphumo weValence apho umsebenzi wokuhlaselwa ophantsi ongaphantsi wabonwa ngokungabikho kweziphumo zezesondo kunye nezeMali eziqhathaniswa neziphumo ezingathathi-nto (XYZ 2 8 -10, Z = 3.59, SVC FWE ilungiswe p = 0.036) (Umzobo 5A). Kwakungekho nxaxheba yeqela okanye ukusebenzisana. Kwakungekho nantlukwano ebalulekileyo phakathi kweziphumo zoSondo kunye nezeMali.

Umfanekiso wesithombe se-Figure 5. Ivula umfanekiso omkhulu

Umzobo 5

Ukuxhuma kunye nokusebenza. A. Ukuphunyezwa kwesiphumo ngexesha lokuphela. Ukuncipha kwento elungileyo yestriatal yangaphakathi kuwo omabini la maqela okushiywa okungalindelekanga kweziphumo zesondo nezeMali xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ezingathath'icala ngexesha lokuphela (Isiphumo seValence: p <0.05). B. Ukudibanisa okusebenzayo ngokuchithwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ukudibana kwengqondo nabantu abanokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesini (CSB) kunye namavolontiya asempilweni (HV) ngokuthelekisa kwangoko ngokuchaseneyo nokuvezwa kade kweziphumo zesondo nembewu ye-dorsal cingate ebonisa unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye ne-ventral striatum yasekunene (ekhohlo) kunye nehippocampus yamazwe amabini (ngasekunene). * p <0.05; ** p <0.005.

 

Ukudibanisa okusebenzayo kwe-dorsal icwangcisa

Ukuxhamla okusebenzayo usebenzisa ukusebenzisana kwengqondo ye-dACC ngokuphambene nokusasazeka kwexesha elide (okokuqala izilingo ze-2 ngokubhekiselele kwizilingo zokugqibela ze-2) zeziphumo zesondo nazo zavanywa. Kwakukho uxhulumano olukhulu kwii-HVs xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ze-CSB ekuqaleni kokuqhathaniswa nezilingo ezidlulileyo phakathi kwe-DACC kunye ne-right ventral striatum (XYZ = 18 20 -8 mm, Z = 3.11, i-SVC FWE-ilungiswe p = 0.027) kunye ne-hippocampus emibini (ngasekunene: XYZ = 32 -34 -8, Z = 3.68, SVC FWE-ilungiswe p = 0.003; ikhohlo: XYZ = -26 -38 04, Z = 3.65 SVC FWE-ilungiswe p = 0.003) (Umzobo 5B). Ngaloo ndlela izifundo ze-CSB zazinxibelelwano olusebenzayo phakathi kwale mimandla emva kwexesha lokubambisa kodwa amavavolontiya aphilileyo anxibelelwano olusebenzayo kancinci ekuqaleni.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweempembelelo zokuziphatha kunye nokucinga

Siphononongo ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala (i-slope) yesiphumo soSondo kunye nokukhethwa kwintsholongwane yoTywala - uLolawulo2 usebenzisa ukulungiswa kwePerarson. Kuzo zonke izifundo, ukukhetha okuqhelekileyo kwiimpawu zezesondo kunye ne-Control2 kwakunxulumene kakubi kunye nomthamo wemifanekiso yesondo (r = -0.404, p = 0.037). Ngaloo ndlela, ukhetho olukhulu oluthile lwezesondo lwalunxulumene nomthamo ongezantsi okanye ngaphezulu kwe-DACC.

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Siyabonisa ukuba izifundo ze-CSB zinokukhetha okukhethwa kukho kwiimifanekiso zentshukumo zesini kunye neengxelo ezibhekiselele kwizinto zesini kunye nezemali eziqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo. Izifundo ze-CSB nazo zinezikhundla eziphezulu zokusebenza komsebenzi we-DACC ukuphindaphindiweyo ngokwezesondo kunye neemali zemali. Kuzo zonke izifundo, iqondo le-DACC yokuqhelana nesistim sezesondo lidibaniswe kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto ezinxulumene nezenzo zesondo. Olu phofu lwakhiwe kwiziphumo zethu zangaphambili zengqwalasela ebaluleke kakhulu (iMechelmans, Irvine, 2014) kunye nokukhangela ukusetyenziswa (i-voon, i-mole, i-2014) ngokubhekiselele kwiingcatshulwa zesondo ezicacileyo kwi-CSB ezibandakanya inethiwekhi ye-dacC- Apha, sibonisa ukuba ukugqithisa kweengcinga zesondo ngokuhlolwa kwindlela yokuhlola i-dot-probe umsebenzi kudibaniswe neendlela eziphambili zokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kwimigqaliselo ehambelana nemifanekiso yesondo kodwa ayikho into ekhethekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iindlela ezinokuthi ziqwalaselwe ngentsholongwane yezocansi ziboniswe kwizifundo ze-CSB zihambelaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha okuphuculweyo ekubhekiseleleni kwimiqathango yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Nangona ukhetho oluqhelekileyo kwisenzo sokwabelana ngesondo luye lwaphuculwa kwizifundo ze-CSB, oku kuziphatha akuhambelani nokuqwalaselwa kweengqalelo zokuqala. Lo mbono uqhathanisa nokufundiswa kwangaphambili kumavavolontiya anempilo, ebonisa ulwalamano phakathi kokunyaniseka kwezesondo kunye nokufunwa kwezesondo (i-Kagerer, Wehrum, 2014). Oku kunokuba kuchazwe ngempembelelo enkulu yokunyamezela abantu kubantu abaneentsholongwane.

Ukukhethwa kwimiqathango eqhotyoshelweyo kwimbuyekezo yesondo okanye yemali

Olu khetho oluphakanyisiweyo lwemiqathango emiselweyo kwimimiselo yomvuzo (isondo kunye nemivuzo yemali) iphakamisa nokuba izifundo zezifundo ze-CSB zinomvuzo omkhulu okanye ubukhulu kunye nokutshintshwa kwemiphumo yomqathango phakathi kwe-stimuli efanayo (Mazur, 2002). Lo mzekelo uhambelana nokuziphatha okuphambene nokuziphatha okuphawulwayo kwiingcamango zengqondo phakathi kwezinto ezikhuthazayo kunye nezibonelelo ezikhuthazayo zemivuzo yemvelo, njengezocetywayo ezicetywayo zokubandakanya iindlela ze-dopaminergic (i-Fiorino ne-Phillips, i-1999, i-Frohmader et al., I-2011). Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezinjalo zokuphanda abantu abanezinye izidakamizwa ezingekho kweziyobisi njengengxaki yokugembula kuqinisekisiwe njengoko uphando lokuqala luye lwaphakamisa indlela eyahlukileyo yokusebenziselwa i-neural activation patterns kumvuzo wentengo kunye nesondo kule ndawo (iSccsese et al., 2013).

Nangona siye sasebenzisa i-term habitat ukuchaza ukuhla kwezenzo zokuphandaphinda ngokwesini, njengoko oku kuhlolwa kwiimeko zokulondoloza izimo ngexesha lokubambisana kunye neziphumo, enye inkqubo echaphazelekayo inokuba yimpembelelo yokufunda inxulumano phantsi ukulungiswa kwemeko apho umsebenzi we-dopaminergic ukuya kumvuzo ongalindelekanga uguquka kwisimo kunye nokunciphisa ixesha elide lokuba umsebenzi njengomphumo wokufumana umvuzo uza kulinciphisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Schultz, 1998). Nangona kunjalo, njengoko (i) senze i-5 imifanekiso yezocansi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamaxesha e-8 kuwo onke ama-stimuli amiselweyo kwimbuyekezo yesondo; (ii) asizange sifeze nayiphi na ubudlelwane phakathi kokunciphisa umsebenzi we-DACC ukuba uphendule ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokwesini kunye nokukhetha okwenziwe ngokwesimo, kodwa (iii) kwakungabikho mfahluko phakathi kweqela kwiziphumo zobomi kwiziqulatho ezingekho kwaye akukho bungqina yokwenza ngcono imeko ethile kwimiphumo yesondo, kunye (iv) nezifundo ze-CSB zikhethwayo kuzo zombini izinto ezisemgangathweni ezixhomekeke kumvuzo wesondo kunye nemali, siye sacebisa ukuba inkqubo inokuthi ihambelane nempembelelo yesenzo.

Siphinde sibonise ukuba ukungabi nakalindelekanga komvuzo okanye ngesondlo kudibaniswa nomsebenzi ophantsi we-ventral-striater kuzo zonke izifundo. Ukuguqula i-primate kunye nezifundo zabantu zibonisa ukuba i-phasic i-dopamine idibanisa iphutha lokubikezela ngesiphumo esihle sokubikezela kumvuzo ongalindelekanga kunye nephutha elichazayo lokungalindelekanga komvuzo (Pessiglione et al., 2006, Schultz, 1998). Oku kuncipha kwintsebenzo yokuqhawula ngokusesikweni kwimeko engenakulindelekileyo yezocwangco okanye iimali ezihlawuliswayo kungahle kuhambelane nephutha elibi lokubikezela, kuphakamisa iindlela ezifanayo eziphantsi kwemivuzo eyimimandla eyimimandla eyimimandla eyimimandla eyimimiselo eyimimiselo eyimimiselo eyimimiselo eyimimiselo yesibini kunye neyintloko.

Ukukhethwa kwesoveli yezesini kunye nokuhlambalaza okuqhelekileyo

Ukufuna inoveli kunye nokufuna uvakalelo kunxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka kweziyobisi kuluhlu lwezinto kubandakanya icuba, utywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (I-Djamshidian et al., 2011 kunye ne-Kreek et al., 2005 kunye neeWills et al., 1994). Izifundo zaphambi kokubonisa zibonisa indima ekukhetheni inoveli njengomngcipheko wokuziphatha okufuna iziyobisi (Beckmann et al., 2011, Belin, Berson, 2011), kwaye ngokufanayo, ukufuna iimvakalelo eziphezulu kukuxela kwangaphambili ukuzinkcinkca ngotywala kulutsha kodwa hayi Yeengxaki zokutya (UConrod, u-O'Leary-Barrett, 2013). Kwangokunjalo, kwizigulana zikaParkinson eziphuhlisa indlela yokuziphatha kulawulo lwee-agonists zedopamine, ukufuna izinto ezintsha kunxulunyaniswa nemivuzo yangaphandle njengokungcakaza kwe-pathological kunye nokuthenga okunyanzelekileyo kodwa hayi imbuyekezo yendalo njengokutya kakhulu okanye i-CSB (Voon et al., 2011). Kwisifundo sethu sangoku, kwakungekho nantlukwano kwimilinganiselo efuna ukufunyanwa kwinqanaba phakathi kwe-CSB izifundo kunye nee-HVs, iphakamisa inxaxheba ekukhethweni okukhethekileyo kwintlawulo kodwa kungenakuveliswa ngokutsha-okanye ukufunwa kwemvakalelo. Iziphumo zethu zingabandakanywa ngokukodwa kumxholo we-online stimuli ocacileyo, onokuthi unika umthombo ongenamphela wokuvelisa izidakamizwa, kwaye unokwenene ukuhlukana nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ekungenakwenzeka kuyo into embi.

Siyaqhubeka sibonisa ukuba izifundo ze-CSB zinexesha elikhawulezayo lokuhlala kwi-DACC kwimifanekiso yesondo ephindaphindiweyo ngokuphathelele kwimifanekiso yemali. Oku kufumanisa kungabonakalisa ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwi-stimuli ecacileyo, efana nokuqwalaselwa kokunciphisa umsebenzi we-putaminal ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwezixhobo ezicacileyo kwi-intanethi kumavavolontiya anempilo (Kuhn noGallinat, 2014). Kuzo zonke izifundo, ukukhetha okuqhelekileyo kwimifanekiso yesondo ephindaphindiweyo kwakuxelwe ngumbono ogqithiseleyo womsebenzi we-DACC kwiziphumo zesini. Satshanje sibonise umsebenzi ophuculweyo we-DACC kwizifundo ze-CSB ukucacisa iividiyo (i-voon, i-mole, i-2014), kwaye i-DACC ibandakanyeke kwi-reactivity-cue reactivity kunye nesifiso (Kuhn noGallinat, 2011). Kulo cwaningo lwangaphambili, iividiyo zazichaze ngesondo kwaye zenze izinto ezinje kwaye ziboniswe ngokungapheliyo, kwaye ngoko ke kungenzeka ukuba zincinci ukuba zidibaniswe neziqhelo. Ukuhlala kwakungakhange kuhlolwe ngokuthe ngqo. I-DACC ifumana iziqulatho ezibanzi ukusuka kwi-midbrain i-neopon-dopaminergic neurons kwaye ifumaneka kakuhle kunye nokudibanisa kwamanqaku amaninzi ukuchaphazela ukhetho lwezenzo. I-DACC idlala indima ekufumaneni nasekuzicwangceni iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo zokuziphatha kwiziganeko ezingundoqo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuqhubekayo (Sheth et al., 2012). Ngaphandle koko, i-DACC ikwachaphazelekayo ekuziphatheni okukhuthazayo, ngokukodwa ukuxela malunga nembuyekezo ezayo kunye neempembelelo zokubikezela umvuzo (uBush et al., I-2002, i-Rushworth ne-Behrens, i-2008). Ngaloo ndlela, indima ye-DACC inxulumene nemiphumo yomvuzo okanye umvuzo ongalindelekanga.

Uvavanyo lokuvelisa luquka ukuthelekiswa kolwazi olungenayo kunye nememori egciniweyo edibaniswa yi-polysynaptic hippocampal- (i-ventral striatal)-(indawo ye-ventral tegmental) i-loop ephakanyisiwe ukudibanisa ulwazi oluthile, ubuchule kunye neenjongo (uLisman no-Grace, i-2005). Ukujonga kwethu ukuphuculwa kwe-DACC- (ukuhlaselwa kwe-ventral) -i-hippocampal uxhumano kwizifundo ze-CSB ngokubhekiselele kwiziphumo zesini nangona ukuhla kwe-DACC kungabonakalisa intanethi echaphazelekayo kwi-encoding encoding yememori exhomekeke kwi-hippocampal ukuya kwiimifanekiso eziphindaphindiweyo zesondo.

Isifundo sinamandla amakhulu. Olu luphando lokuqala kwiinkqubo ze-neural ngaphantsi kweenkqubo ezitshintshileyo kunye ne-cue-conditioning kwi-CSB, ngophando oluvumela ukuqonda kwiinkalo ezithile zokuziphatha kunye ne-coral correate yeenkqubo. Sibonisa ngokunyameko oko kubonwa kwikhlinikhi ukuba i-CSB ibonakaliswe ngokufuna izinto eziqhelekileyo, ukulungelelanisa kunye nokujwayela isenzo sesini kwisini. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimida kufuneka zivunywe. Okokuqala, isifundo sasiquka kuphela abantu abancinci besini. Nangona le nto ingabonwa njengamandla ngokunciphisa i-heterogeneity, ingaba ngumda wokubhekiselele kubume besetyhini, amanye amaqela eminyaka kunye nabanye abantu abanezinye iinkalo zesini. Okwesibini, abathathi-nxaxheba be-CSB babedla ngokuxhalabisa, bexinezelekile kwaye baqaphele kwaye babonise indlela yokufumana izinto ezinzulu. Nangona asizange sithole impembelelo ngqo kwezi ziphumo kwiimiphumo zethu, asikwazi ukukhuphela ngaphandle ukuba kungenzeka ukuba zathonya iziphumo. Okwesithathu, kwakungekho nantlukwano ephawulekayo ekuhlaziyeni kweembono, ukutshatyalaliswa kokuphela, umphumo wokuphela. Iziphumo zethu zokucinga zixhasa iinkqubo zokuziphatha zesondo kodwa asizange sibone iziphumo zokufumana iziphumo zokuxhasa iziphumo zokukhetha imeko. Iisampulu ezinkulu, iimifanekiso ezicacileyo, okanye ukuququzelela ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokuvavanywa okulandelayo kubandakanya iingqwalasela ezibalulekileyo kwizifundo ezizayo ezingenza iziphumo ezahlukileyo. Okwesine, le sifundo isetyenziswe umfanekiso onokubonwa njengobuthathaka kunokubhekiselele kwisondo. Uphando olongezelelweyo usebenzisa izixhobo ezicacileyo zobulili lunokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemimiselo yeemeko kwimali kunye nesicatshulwa ngokucacileyo ngesini.

Sigxininisa indima yokhetho oluthe lwaphucula ukuveliswa kwezesondo kunye nokuphuculiswa ngokubanzi kwemimiselo ukufumana izibuyekezo kwizifundo ze-CSB ezibandakanya ukuhlala kwe-DACC. Ezi ziphumo zandisa ukujonga kwethu kwangoko nje ukuba izifundo ze-CSB zinomsebenzi ophezulu wesondo ekusebenziseni kwinethwekhi ezibandakanya i-DACC, i-ventral striatum kunye ne-amygdala (iVoon, i-Mole, i-2014) kunye nokunyaniseka okubhekiselele kwizesondo (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Siya kugxininisa indima ye-cue-conditioning dissociable kwizinto ezithandekayo ezisekelwe phantsi kwesi sigqibo sokuphuculwa kwexesha elide malunga nezesondo. Ezi ziphumo zinokubaluleka ngokubanzi njengoko i-Intanethi inikeza umthombo omkhulu wenveli kunye nemigudu eyinzuzo, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezicacileyo zesini. Uphononongo lwexesha elizayo lufanele luhlolisise ubukhulu obunokuthi iziphumo ezikhoyo zibandakanyeka kumanyathelo afanelekileyo ekliniki ezihambelanayo ne-CSB, zombini ngokwequmrhu kunye nokuphumelela. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa inxaxheba ekujoliseni iinkqubo ezingenakucatshulwa kwiinkqubo zengqondo kwi-CSB.

Umbhali Wemivuzo

Ifunyenwe kwaye yenzelwe uvavanyo: VV. Yenza iimvavanyo: PB, SM kunye neVV. Uhlalutye idatha: PB, LSM, SM, VV. Wabhala iphepha: PB, NAH, MNP kunye neVV.

Indima yoMxhaso Umthombo

I-PB ixhaswa yiPortugal Foundation yeSayensi kunye neThekhnoloji (intsebenziswano ngabanye: SFRH / BD / 33889 / 2009). UDkt. Voon ngumhlobo ophakathi we-Wellcome Trust kunye nesifundo sasixhaswa yi-Wellcome Trust (WT093705 / Z / 10 / Z). Isiteshi se-4 sabandakanyeka ekuncediseni ukuqashwa ngokubeka iimpapasho ezivunyiweyo zokuziphatha ezifundweni kwi-intanethi. Izipapasho zinikezela iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano zabaphandi abaphandle inxaxheba.

Iimbambano zomdla

Uluhlu luphando lwangaphambili, aluzange lupapashwe ngaphambili kwaye alufakwanga ukushicilelwa kwenye indawo. Ababhali be-PB, i-LM, i-SM, i-NH, i-MNP ne-VV bathi akukho mfuno yemali ekhuphisanayo.

Imibulelo

Sithanda ukubonga bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ababambe inxaxheba kwisifundo kunye nabasebenzi kwiziko le-Imaging Wolfson Brain Imaging. Siyavuma kwakhona i-Channel 4 ekuncediseni ngokuqashwa kunye neSiseko sePortugal yeSayensi kunye neThekhnoloji kunye ne-Wellcome Trust ye-mali.

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