Ukusetyenziswa koonobumba baseAustraliya bezononografi kunye nemibutho yokuziphatha kwingozi yesondo (2017)

Izimvo: Uphononongo lwabantu base-Australia abaneminyaka eyi-15-29 bafumanisa ukuba i-100% yamadoda yayibukele i-porn. Kwakhona kwaxela ukuba ukubukela iphonografi rhoqo kuhambelana neengxaki zempilo yengqondo.

————————————————————————————————-
I-Aust NZJ yezeMpilo yoLuntu. 2017 Jun 29.

I-doi: 10.1111 / 1753-6405.12678.

Lim MSC^{1, 2,3}, Agius PA^{1, 2,4}, Umnqathe ER¹, UVella AM¹, Hellard ME^1,2.

Abstract

IINJONGO:

Phakathi kwenkxalabo yezempilo yoluntu ukuba ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu abatsha kunye nokuphila kakuhle, sichaza ukuxhaphaka kokubukela iphonografi kunye nokuphonononga izinto ezinxulumene nokubukela rhoqo kunye nobudala ekubukeni kokuqala.

IINDLELA:

Uphando olunqamlezileyo lwe-intanethi kwisampulu eluncedo yama-Victori aneminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwi-29 iminyaka eqeshwe ngemidiya yoluntu.

IINKCUKACHA:

Ukubukela iphonografi kwabikwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba be-815 be-941 (87%). Ubudala obuphakathi ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi yayiyiminyaka eyi-13 kumadoda kunye ne-16 iminyaka yabasetyhini. Ukujongwa rhoqo kwephonografi kwakunxulunyaniswa nesini samadoda, iminyaka emincinci, imfundo ephakamileyo, ukungazazisi kwabesini esahlukileyo, ukuhlala ulala ngeempundu kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo zakutsha nje. Ubudala obuncinci ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi kwakunxulunyaniswa nesini samadoda, iminyaka emincinci yangoku, imfundo ephakamileyo, isazisi esingesiso isini esingafaniyo, ubuncinci kunxibelelwano lwezesondo kunye neengxaki zamva nje zempilo yengqondo.

IMISEBENZI:

Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye inxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezithile zempilo kunye nokuziphatha. Uphando lwexesha elide lufunekayo ukufumanisa impembelelo ye-causal ye-pornography kule miba. Iimpembelelo kwimpilo yoluntu: Ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala kuyinto eqhelekileyo yaye ixhaphakile phakathi kwabantu abaselula kwasebuncinaneni yaye oku kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwimfundo yesini.

AMAZWI ANGAPHAMBILI: imifanekiso engamanyala; impilo yezesondo; imidiya yezesondo; abantu abatsha

PMID: 28664609

DOI: 10.1111 / 1753-6405.12678

PUkusetyenziswa kwe-ornografi kunokuba yinkxalabo yezempilo yoluntu. Ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwe-intanethi, ii-smartphones kunye nemidiya yoluntu phakathi kwabaselula base-Australia kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye umyinge weminyaka yokuqala yokuvezwa koonografi unqabile kwiminyaka yamuva.¹ Iingxelo ezivela ekuqaleni kunye naphakathi kwe-2000s zibonise ukuba amazinga obomi bokuphila kwi-pornography ayengama-73-93% kumakhwenkwe afikisayo kunye ne-11-62% yamantombazana aselula e-Australia.^1,2 Uphando olufanelekileyo lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwabantu abancinci baseOstreliya bakholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuyinto ekhoyo phakathi koontanga babo,³ ngaphandle kwemithetho ethintela abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala.⁴

Inkxalabo ephambili yempilo yoluntu malunga neendlela zokuvezwa koonografi kukuba iphonografi inokuchaphazela ukuhlalisana ngokwesondo kwabantu abancinci ngokuphembelela ukuqonda kwabo ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nesimo sengqondo esiqhelekileyo, esamkelekileyo kwaye siyavuza.⁵ Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunokujongwa ngendlela eyakhayo kwaye kunika ithuba lokuphonononga isini somntu,^6,7 iphonografi idla ngokubonisa ukuziphatha abantu abaninzi abadala abangayiqondiyo njengento eqhelekileyo, okanye bacinge ukuba yonwaba, kunye/okanye basemngciphekweni omkhulu kwimpilo yezesondo. Umzekelo, kwi-intanethi kuphela i-2-3 % yokuhlangana kwabantu abathandana nabesini esahlukileyo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwekhondom.^8,9

Kukho iqela elikhulayo loncwadi oluchaza impembelelo enokubakho yephonografi kwimpilo yesondo, ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nempilo yengqondo.¹⁰ Abantu abaselula baye baxela ukusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala njengendlela yokufundisa ngesondo, njengokubandakanya izenzo eziphefumlelweyo zoonografi kubomi babo bokwenyani ngokwesondo.^11,12 Umzekelo, uphando olusemgangathweni lubonisa ukuba abanye abasetyhini abancinci baziva becinezelekile ukuba bahlanganyele kwi-anal, eboniswa kwi-15-32% yemifanekiso engamanyala kunye neentlobano zesini esahlukileyo,^8,9 kwaye abaninzi bathi le ngcinezelo ibangelwa kukusebenzisa iphonografi kwamaqabane abo.¹³ Kumazwe ngamazwe, uphando olude lufumanise ukuba ukuvezwa kwangethuba kwiphonografi, kunye nokuvezwa rhoqo, zombini zinxulunyaniswa nokuqaliswa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo kulutsha phakathi kolutsha.^14,15 Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwamva nje lubonise unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha okunobungozi ngokwesondo phakathi kwabathengi abadala;¹⁶ ubungqina obudibanisa imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo buxutyiwe.¹⁷

Ukwazisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo kunye nemfundo yezocansi, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela abantu abatsha abasebenzisa ngayo imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokufumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunemiphumo emibi kwimpilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Uphando lwephonografi olubandakanya ulutsha oluguqukela ekubeni ngabantu abadala kwixesha le-smartphone lulinganiselwe, kwaye akukhange kubekho zifundo zamva nje kumxholo wase-Australia. Kukho ukunqongophala kwedatha yamva nje ekhoyo malunga neminyaka yobudala, ukubonakaliswa rhoqo kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abatsha ukujonga iphonografi. Olu pho nonongo lubika ukuxhaphaka kokubukela iphonografi kwisampuli elula yabase-Australia abancinci. Iphonononga izinto ezihambelana nokubukela iphonografi kunye nobudala ekubukeni kokuqala kunye nobungakanani bezinto ezibalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni koonografi zimodareyithwa ngokwesini. Sicinga ukuba ixesha eliqhelekileyo kunye nelincinci ekuqaleni kokubukela i-pornography ihambelana nokuziphatha okuyingozi ngokwesondo kwaye iipatheni kunye nokuhambelana nokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala kunokuhluka ngokwesini kunye namadoda amancinci anokuthi abukele imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokubukela iphonografi rhoqo.

tindlela

Ukuyila kunye nesampuli Uphononongo lwaluyi-survey ye-intanethi ye-intanethi kunye nesampula elula yama-Victori aneminyaka eyi-15-29 iminyaka, eqhutywe ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi 2015. Ukufaneleka kwavavanywa ngokuzichaza ngenyanga kunye nonyaka wokuzalwa kunye nekhowudi yeposi. Ukufunwa kusetyenziswe amajelo eendaba ezentlalo kuquka iintengiso ezihlawulwayo kuFacebook, ezijoliswe kubahlali baseVictoria abaneminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-29, kunye nezibhengezo ekwabelwana ngazo ngoochwephesha kunye nothungelwano lobuqu. Izibhengezo azizange zikhankanye imifanekiso engamanyala, kodwa ichaza uphando njengempilo yezesondo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bazalise iphepha lemibuzo le-intanethi eliquka imixholo yobuninzi babantu, impilo yezesondo kunye nokuziphatha, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha zempilo. Uluhlu lwemibuzo luye lwahlengahlengiswa kuphononongo lwe-'Sex, Drugs, kunye ne-Rock'n'Roll' oluqokelele idatha yengozi kunye nempilo kubantu abatsha ukususela ngo-2005.¹⁸ Abathathi-nxaxheba babe nethuba lokuphumelela ivawutsha yesipho. Ulwamkelo luye lwavunywa yiKomiti yoPhando loPhando lweSibhedlele sase-Alfred.

Amanyathelo

Ubalo lwabantu lubandakanya isini (indoda, ibhinqa, umntu otshintshe isini okanye enye) kunye neminyaka, eyabalwa ukusuka kwinyanga kunye nonyaka wokuzalwa. Abathathi-nxaxheba banike ingxelo yeminyaka yobudala abaqala ngayo ukuba nothotho lweendlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo, okanye babonise ukuba abazange baziphathe ngendlela; ezi ziphatha zibandakanya ukubamba amalungu angasese eqabane ngezandla zabo, ukubamba amalungu akho esini ngesandla seqabane, ukwabelana ngesondo ngomlomo, ukwabelana ngesondo ngomlomo, isondo kwilungu lobufazi (ilungu lobufazi kwilungu lobufazi), kunye nesondo ezimpundwini (umthondo kumqolo). Kulo lonke eli phepha, sisebenzisa igama elithi 'ukwabelana ngesondo' ukubhekisa kuyo nayiphi na kwezi ndlela zintandathu zokuziphatha, kanti 'ukwabelana ngesondo' kubhekisa kuphela kwilungu lobufazi okanye ezimpundu.

Iziphumo

Abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa imibuzo emine ephathelele ukubukela iphonografi; (akukho ngcaciso ikhethekileyo yoonografi enikezelweyo kwi-questionnaire):

• Wawuneminyaka emingaphi xa wawuqala ukubona amanyala? (ukhetho lokuba zange lujongwe lunikiwe)
• Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo ububukele kangaphi imifanekiso engamanyala? 'nakanye', 'ngaphantsi kwenyanga', 'ngenyanga', 'ngeveki' okanye 'imihla ngemihla/phantse yonke imihla'.
• Ubudla ngokukujonga njani oku? 'isasazwe/ikhutshelwe kwifowuni ephathwayo', 'isasazwe/ikhutshelwe kwikhompyuter', 'iDVD', 'ikhamera yewebhu ephilayo', 'iimagazini/iincwadi' okanye 'enye'
• Ubudla ngokuyijonga nabani le nto? 'kunye neqabane', 'kunye nabahlobo', okanye 'ndodwa'

Uhlalutyo, 'iveki' kunye 'nemihla ngemihla/phantse yonke imihla' ziye zadityaniswa 'njengeveki okanye ngaphezulu'.

Ukuboniswa

Ezi zinto zilandelayo zibandakanyiwe kwiimodeli, ngokusekelwe kwiingqikelelo zethu:

Amava okwabelana ngesondo kwangoko - Abo baxela okokuqala ukubandakanyeka kuzo naziphi na iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo (ezidweliswe ngasentla) kwiminyaka eyi-15 okanye ngaphantsi bahlelwa njengabancinci xa beqala ukudibana ngokwesondo.

Isondo lomgqundu - Umntu owake wanamava okwabelana ngesondo ezimpundu waphathwa njengotshintsho olubini.

Umngcipheko wesondo - Umngcipheko wezifo ezithathelwana ngokwabelana ngesondo (STI) wawufakwe kwi-trichotomised kwabo bangenayo, ingozi ephantsi okanye ephezulu; abathathi-nxaxheba abaxela ukwabelana ngesondo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iikhondom kunye nabaphi na: amaqabane amatsha, amaqabane angaqhelekanga okanye amaqabane angaphezu kwelinye kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo achazwe njengasemngciphekweni omkhulu; abo baye babelana ngesondo kodwa besoloko besebenzisa iikhondom okanye baxele kuphela iqabane eliqhelekileyo kunyaka ophelileyo baphathwe njengengozi ephantsi; abathathi-nxaxheba abangaxeliyo nawaphi na amava okwabelana ngesondo bathathwa njengabangekho emngciphekweni. Abo bangenawo amava okwabelana ngesondo baphathwa njengereferensi kuhlalutyo.

Impilo Yengqondo - Abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba baphendule ewe okanye hayi “Kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo ukhe waneengxaki zempilo yengqondo? Oku kuquka nayiphi na imiba ongakhange uthethe ngayo nengcali yezempilo.”

Imeko yokuphila- Abathathi-nxaxheba babonise ukuba bahlala nabani; oku kwakudityanisiwe kwabo bahlala neqabane labo okanye abangahlali neqabane labo.

Ezemfundo - Abathathi-nxaxheba babonise elona nqanaba liphezulu lemfundo abaligqibileyo. Oku kwakudityanisiwe kuyo nayiphi na imfundo yasemva kwesekondari okanye hayi.

Isazisi ngokwesondo - Abathathi-nxaxheba babonise ubuni babo ngokwesondo. Oku kwakudityanisiwe kwi-heterosexual okanye i-gay, i-lesbian, i-bisexual, imibuzo, i-queer okanye enye (i-GLBQQ+) isazisi ngokwesondo.

uhlalutyo

Uhlalutyo lwetheyibhile ye-Contingency lusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngoqikelelo lokuxhaphaka kwabantu, impilo kunye nokuziphatha okunobungozi obunxulumene nempilo yesondo kunye neepatheni zokubukela iphonografi.

Ukuphindaphinda ukubukela iphonografi yangoku

Ulungelelwaniso lokuphindaphindwa kwangoku kokubukela iphonografi kuye kwachongwa kusetyenziswa uhlengahlengiso olulungeleleneyo lolungiselelo; zombini i-bivariate kunye ne-multivariate (kubandakanywa zonke iinguqu ezizimeleyo). Ukuphonononga ukuba ngaba iziphumo zemiba ethile zimodareyithwa ngokwesini, iimodeli ezithintelweyo ezincinci ezinemiqathango yokusebenzisana ziqikelelwe kwimodeli. Apho uqikelelo olulinganiselayo lwemingcipheko lungakhange lufikelelwe kwiziphumo ezithile kwimifuziselo ecetywayo (okt, iziphumo ezizimeleyo zento eyahluka-hlukeneyo kumanqanaba okubukela amanyala), umfuziselo oqhelekileyo welayini kunye nolufihliweyo oluxubeneyo (gllamm)¹⁹ isetyenziselwe ukucacisa imifuziselo ye-covariate ethile yobuyiselo lwe-threshold logit ukuze kuthotywe umqobo wolungelelwaniso lwemiqathango. Iimvavanyo zeBrant²⁰ kunye novavanyo lomlinganiselo wokunokwenzeka phakathi kweemodeli ze-gllamm ezihlala kwindlwane (imifuziselo enganyanzelwanga kangako ekhulula uthelekiso lwemiqathango elungelelanisiweyo kwizinto ezikhethiweyo) zisetyenziselwe ukubonelela ngengcaphuno yeenkcukacha-manani malunga nokuba idata ihlangabezene nengqikelelo yohlengahlengiso lwemiqathango elinganayo.

Ubudala ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi

I-Correlates yobudala ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi yagqitywa kusetyenziswa i-Cox yokulinganisa ingozi yokunciphisa,²¹ ukuthathela ingqalelo ukucinywa kwedatha ngenxa yabathathi-nxaxheba bokufunda ababengekajongi imifanekiso engamanyala ngexesha lophando. Ukongeza kwiziphumo eziphambili, imiqathango yokusebenzisana nayo yaqikelelwa kule mifuziselo yokusinda ukuhlola ubungakanani beziphumo ezimodareyithwayo ngokwesini. Ubudala obuphakathi ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi, ukudibana ngokwesondo kunye neentlobano zesini nazo zamiselwa ngokusebenzisa le ndlela.

Indlela epheleleyo yemeko isetyenziswe kuhlalutyo apho abathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi olulahlekileyo kuyo nayiphi na imiba ephambili yokuvezwa yayingabandakanyi kuhlalutyo. Lonke uhlalutyo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa iphakheji ye-Statistical package version 13.1.

iziphumo

Phakathi kwabantu abayi-1,001 abaphononongwayo, abalithoba bachongwe njengabatshintshileyo besini okanye 'esinye' isini kodwa abaqukwanga kuhlalutyo ngenxa yamanani amancinci kula maqela. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba be-26 abazange baphendule imibuzo malunga noonografi kwaye i-25 ibonise idatha engekhoyo kwii-covariate eziphambili kwaye yayingabandakanyi kuhlalutyo. Ezo zilahlekileyo iinkcukacha eziphambili ze-covariate azizange zihluke kakhulu kwezo zifakwe kuhlalutyo lokuphindaphinda kokubukela iphonografi (p= 0.555) okanye ubudala ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi (p= 0.729).

Kubathathi-nxaxheba be-941 babandakanywa, i-73% yayingabasetyhini kunye nobudala obuphakathi kweminyaka eyi-20 (IQR 17-24) yabasetyhini kunye ne-21 iminyaka (IQR 19-25) yamadoda. Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa iimpawu zabaphenduli. Phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba be-804 abaye babika ukuba bakhe babelana ngesondo kunye neqabane, ubudala obuphakathi ekunxibelelaneni ngokwesondo okokuqala kwakuyiminyaka eyi-16 (IQR 16-17) yabasetyhini kunye ne-16 iminyaka (IQR 16-16) yamadoda. Phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba be-710 abaye babika ukuba babe neentlobano zesini, iminyaka ephakathi kwi-sex yokuqala yayiyiminyaka eyi-17 (IQR 17-18) yabasetyhini kunye ne-18 iminyaka (IQR 17-18) yamadoda.

Itheyibhile 1. Isampulu yeempawu zentlalo-manani, impilo kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo: Bala (n) kunye neepesenti (%) (n= 941).

Ukubukela iphonografi kwabikwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba be-815 (87%). Abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda banike ingxelo ephezulu yokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala kunabathathi-nxaxheba basetyhini (Itheyibhile 2). Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (n=629, 87%) baqhele ukubukela iphonografi bodwa kwaye uninzi ludla ngokusasaza okanye lukhuphele iphonografi kwikhompyuter okanye kwifowuni. Ubudala obuphakathi kwi-pornography yokuqala yayiyiminyaka eyi-13 kubathathi-nxaxheba besilisa (95% CI = 12-13) kunye ne-16 iminyaka yabathathi-nxaxheba besifazane (95% CI = 16-16; p<0.001).

Siqhathanise iminyaka yabathathi-nxaxheba ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi kunye nobudala babo ekuqaleni kokudibana ngokwesondo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abangamashumi amane anesine (5%) babike ukuba abazange babone iphonografi okanye bafumane naluphi na unxibelelwano lwezesondo, i-536 (57%) ibone iphonografi ngaphambi kwanoma yimuphi unxibelelwano lwezesondo, i-80 (9%) yafumana zombini ngexesha elifanayo, kunye ne-281 (30%). babebancinci kunxibelelwano lwabo lokuqala lwezesondo xa kuthelekiswa nokubukela iphonografi yokuqala.

Iimvavanyo ze-Brant zibonise ukuba uqikelelo lwemiba engalinganiyo yemodeli echaziweyo yayingafanelekanga xa kunikwa idatha (χ²(20) = 50.3; p<0.001). Umngcipheko wesondo (χ²(2) = 11.8; p=0.003) kunye nempilo yengqondo (χ²(2) = 5.7; p=0.05) izinto ezibonakaliswe iziphumo ezingalinganiyo. Oku kuxhaswe ngokweenkcukacha-manani ngovavanyo lomlinganiselo onokwenzeka ovela kwimodeli ye-gllamm, ebonise ukuba imodeli yohlengahlengiso lwemilinganiso elinganiselayo kunye nokuphumla ngokuyinxenye kokulingana kwesiphumo (okt kumngcipheko wesondo kunye nempilo yengqondo) ibonise ukufaneleka okungcono kakhulu kunemodeli enyanzelwe ngokupheleleyo (LR χ²(6) = 31.5; p<0.001). Ke ngoko, kumngcipheko wesondo kunye nempilo yengqondo imodeli engathintelwanga yayisetyenziswa.

itafile 3 ibonisa ulungelelwaniso lokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala rhoqo usebenzisa imodeli ye-glamm. Abathathi-nxaxheba ababhinqileyo babengabonakali kakhulu ukubukela iphonografi rhoqo xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba besilisa (AOR = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01-0.12). Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba be-heterosexual, abo babeyi-GLBQQ + babenokuphindaphinda kathathu ukubukela iphonografi ngokuphindaphindiweyo (AOR = 3.04; 95% CI = 2.20-4.21); kwaye abo banemfundo ye-post-secondary babenama-48% ngaphezulu (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.01-2.17) ukujonga iphonografi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunabo banemfundo yasesekondari kuphela. Abo babika amava okwabelana ngesondo ngeempundu banokuthi babukele iphonografi rhoqo (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.09-2.06); nangona kunjalo, uqikelelo lwentsebenziswano phakathi kwesondo ezimpundu kunye nesini (AOR=2.47; 95%CI=1.03–5.90; Wald χ²(1) = 4.14; p= 0.042) ibonise lo mbutho uvalelwe kubasetyhini kuphela (amadoda: AOR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.33-1.45; abafazi: AOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.12-2.63). Kwakungekho lunxibelelwano lubalulekileyo olufunyenweyo phakathi kwesini kunye nokwaziswa ngokwesondo (Wald χ²(1) = 2.29; p=0.13) okanye isini kunye nemeko yokuhlala (Wald χ²(1) = 0.17; p= 0.68).

Itheyibhile 3. Izinto ezinxulumene ne-pornography yokubukela i-frequency: i-proportional odds regression ihlalutya ukusuka kwi-generalized linear kunye ne-latent mixing modeling ebonisa ukungalungiswanga (OR) kunye nohlengahlengiso (AOR) odds ratios, i-95% yokuzithemba (95% CI) kunye namaxabiso anokwenzeka (p-amaxabiso) (n=941)†.

Xa kuthelekiswa nalabo abangazange babe neentlobano zesini, abathathi-nxaxheba bezesondo bacingelwa ukuba babandakanyeka kumngcipheko ophantsi (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.23-2.98) okanye umngcipheko ophezulu (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.44-4.16) ngokwesondo ukuziphatha kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kuxelwe ukubukela iphonografi ngaphantsi kwenyanga, kodwa kwakungekho nantlukwano kwiingxaki zokubukela iphonografi rhoqo kula maqela. Ngokufanayo, bekukho i-heterogeneity kwisiphumo seengxaki zempilo yengqondo kuwo onke amanqanaba okubukela iphonografi. Xa kuthelekiswa nalabo abangenayo ingxelo yeengxaki zempilo yengqondo kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo, abo babika iingxaki zempilo yengqondo ngeli xesha babeyi-65% amathuba okuba babike ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala ngaphantsi kwenyanga (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.18-2.31) kunye ne-52% ngakumbi amathuba okubukela ngeveki okanye rhoqo (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.06-2.18).

itafile 4 ibonisa i-correlates yobudala ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi. Kwi-multivariable Cox regression, ubudala obuncinci ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi kwaxelwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba ababengamadoda, okwangoku abancinci, ngoku bahlala neqabane, bengazange bagqibe isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, babeneminyaka emincinci ekunxibelelaneni ngokwesondo, kwaye bachaze impilo yengqondo yamva nje. ingxaki. Abo baxela i-GLBQQ + isazisi sezesondo nabo banokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.05-1.48); nangona kunjalo, uqikelelo lwentsebenziswano phakathi kwesazisi ngokwesondo kunye nesini (AOR=2.08; 95%CI=1.43–3.02; Wald χ²(1) = 14.6; p<0.01)) ibonise ukuba lo mbutho wawuvalelwe kwabasetyhini kuphela (amadoda: AHR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.50-1.04; abafazi: AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.34-1.99).

Itheyibhile 4. I-Correlates yobudala be-pornography yokuqala yokubukela: I-Cox i-proportional hazards regression analysiss ebonisa ukungalungiswanga (HR) kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwengozi (AHR), i-95% yexesha lokuzithemba (95% CI) kunye namaxabiso anokwenzeka (i-p-values).

ingxoxo

Ukubukela iphonografi kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo kulutsha kwisampula yethu, ingakumbi kubafana. Ikhulu leepesenti lamadoda amancinci kunye ne-82% yabasetyhini abaselula baye babukela imifanekiso engamanyala. Ubudala obuphakathi ekuqaleni kokubukela iphonografi yayiyiminyaka eyi-13 kumadoda kunye ne-16 iminyaka yabasetyhini. Amashumi asibhozo anesine ekhulwini abafana kunye ne-19% yabasetyhini abancinci babukela imifanekiso engamanyala ngeveki okanye imihla ngemihla. Ummeli wesizwe we-Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships, oqhutywe kwi-2012-2013, ayizange ifake i-frequency okanye iminyaka yokubukela iphonografi; nangona kunjalo, ifumene ukuba inxalenye ephantsi yabantu abatsha baye bajonga imifanekiso engamanyala: i-84% yamadoda aneminyaka eyi-16-19; I-89% yamadoda aneminyaka eyi-20-29; I-28% yabasetyhini abaneminyaka eyi-16-19; kunye ne-57% yabasetyhini abaneminyaka engama-20-29.²² Olunye uhlolisiso lwaseOstreliya lubonisa ukuba liyanda inani labantu abasandul’ ukubukela amanyala. Kwi-2012-13, i-63% yamadoda kunye ne-20% yabasetyhini abaneminyaka eyi-16 nangaphezulu baye bajonga izinto zoonografi kunyaka odlulileyo.²³ Ngokuthelekisa, kwi-2001-02, i-17% yamadoda kunye ne-12% yabasetyhini baye batyelela iwebhusayithi yezocansi kwi-intanethi.²⁴ Ipesenti yabantu base-Australia ababukela imifanekiso engamanyala ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-16 yenyuka ukusuka kwi-37% kwi-1950 ukuya kwi-79% ekuqaleni kwe-2000.¹

Abasetyhini bebengafane babukele iphonografi kunamadoda, babukele kancinci, kwaye baqale babukele ebudaleni. Oku kufunyaniswayo kuhambelana nophando lwase-US oluxelwe ukuba amadoda anokuthi abonakale kwi-pornography ye-intanethi kwiminyaka engaphambili kunabasetyhini.²⁵ Ngelixa amadoda ayenabathengi abaninzi bezoonografi, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phakathi kwe-82% yabasetyhini abancinci ababika ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala uninzi (i-84%) ngokuqhelekileyo ibukele yodwa kwaye i-22% ibukele ubuncinane ngeveki. Oku kubonisa ukuba kukho inani elibalulekileyo labasetyhini abaselula ababukela iphonografi rhoqo. Uphando oludlulileyo luye lwabonisa ukuba abafana abafikisayo babika isimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo malunga neeponografi kunamantombazana afikisayo; noko ke, amantombazana aba nesimo sengqondo esihle ngakumbi njengoko ekhula.²⁵

Sifumene ukwanda kokubukela iphonografi phakathi kwe-GLBTIQQ + abantu abatsha; oku kuhambelana nophando lwangaphambili.^26,27 Oku kufunyaniswayo kungabonakalisa ukungabikho kolwazi kwinkcubeko eqhelekileyo malunga nokuziphatha kwezesondo okungahambisani ne-heteronormative, okukhokelela kwisidingo sokufikelela olu lwazi ngephonografi.²⁸ Umzekelo, kuphononongo olusemgangathweni lwabafana besini esifanayo abatsalwa umdla wamakhwenkwe afikisayo, abathathi-nxaxheba baxele ukuba basebenzisa iphonografi ukufunda ngamalungu esini kunye nokusebenza, oomatshini besini esifanayo, ukufunda malunga nokusebenza ngokwesondo kunye neendima kunye nokuqonda indlela isini esifanele sivakalelwe ngayo. imiqathango yolonwabo kunye neentlungu.⁶

Phakathi kwabasetyhini, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi kwakunxulunyaniswa nokuba ukhe wabelana ngesondo ngeempundu. Uphando lwangaphambili lufumanise ukuba abanye abantu basetyhini bafumana isondo ezimpundu zonwabisa; nangona kunjalo, abasetyhini baxela ukufumana isondo ezimpundu amnandi kangako kunamadoda xa bebonke.²⁹ Kolunye uphononongo lomgangatho, abasetyhini baxela ukunyanzelwa okanye ukunyanzelwa ukuba babe neentlobano zesini ezimpundu ngamaqabane angamadoda abone ngesondo ngeempundu kwiphonografi.¹³ Kwakunomdla ukuba kwisifundo sethu, unxulumano phakathi kobudlelwane be-anal kunye ne-pornography yafunyanwa kubathathi-nxaxheba besifazane kodwa kungekhona abathathi-nxaxheba besilisa. Iinkcazo ezinokwenzeka malunga nale nto zinokuthi abafazi abanomdla kakhulu ekufundeni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zesini okanye banokuba nomdla malunga nokuzama isondo sangasese banokuthi babukele iphonografi; ngenye indlela, abasetyhini ababukela iphonografi banokuthi bacinge ukuba ngesondo ezimpundu kulindeleke kubo ngamaqabane abo angamadoda.

Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwezifundo ezibandakanya abathengi abadala lufumene unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezenzo zesondo ezingakhuselekanga kunye namanani aphezulu amaqabane ngesondo.¹⁶ Ubungqina obunxibelelanisa iphonografi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo buxubile.¹⁷ Olunye uphononongo lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nolutsha lubonise unxulumano phakathi kwephonografi kunye namaqabane amaninzi obomi bezesondo.^30,31 Olunye uphononongo lufumene unxulumano phakathi koonografi kunye nokusetyenziswa okungeyiyo ikhondom kumadoda akwishumi elivisayo, kodwa hayi kwabasetyhini, kwaye akukho nxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nenani lamaqabane ngesondo okanye ubudala obuncinci bokuqala ngokwesondo.²⁷ Olunye uphando alufumananga lunxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nesondo esingakhuselekanga kunye namaqabane aqhelekileyo.³² Kuphononongo lwangoku, asifumananga lunxulumano phakathi kweminyaka emincinci yokujonga iphonografi kunye nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni kwezesondo. Siphinde safumanisa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangenamava ngokwesondo, abo babandakanyeka kumngcipheko ophantsi okanye kumngcipheko ophezulu wokuziphatha ngokwesondo babenamathuba amakhulu okubukela iphonografi ngaphantsi kwenyanga xa kuthelekiswa nokungajongi kwaphela. Ukubukela iphonografi rhoqo (ngenyanga, ngeveki okanye yonke imihla) ayizange idityaniswe nomahluko kwindlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Olunye uphononongo alukhange luphande unxulumano phakathi kokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo okubukela iphonografi, ngoko ke uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuze uqonde ukuba ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala ngaphantsi kwenyanga nenyanga linqanaba elibalulekileyo lomqobo lokunxulumana nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Umahluko phakathi kophononongo usenokuba ngenxa yokwahluka kwabantu, uyilo lophando, iinkcazo, okanye ukubandakanywa kwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokuziphatha emngciphekweni ngokwesondo.¹⁷

Ubudala obuncinci kumava esondo okuqala abonakaliswe ukuba abe nobudlelwane obungalunganga kunye nempilo yesondo eqhubekayo.^18,33 Ubudala obuncinci ekuqaleni kwamava ezesondo babunxulunyaniswa nokubukela iphonografi encinci kodwa hayi ukubonwa rhoqo ngoku. Izifundo ezininzi ezinqamlezileyo zixhasa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuqaliswa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo usemncinci.^22,34-36 Uphando lwexesha elide lwamazwe ngamazwe lufumene ukuba ukuvezwa kwangoko kunye nokuvezwa rhoqo kwiphonografi zombini zinxulunyaniswa nokuqaliswa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo usemncinci.^14,15 Nangona kunjalo, olu budlelwane busenokungabi yimbangela; isenokubhidaniswa sisimo sokufikisa kunye nokufuna ukuziva.

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwempilo yengqondo engalunganga kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi kuye kwaphawulwa ngaphambili. Kuphononongo lwaseSweden, phantse i-20% yabasebenzisi bezoonografi bemihla ngemihla babeneempawu zokudakumba, ngokubaluleke ngakumbi kubasebenzisi abangaqhelekanga (12.6%).¹¹ Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo koonografi kuye kwadityaniswa nefuthe elibi,³⁷ ukudakumba kunye noxinzelelo phakathi kwabafana,³⁸ kunye neempawu zokudakumba kwabasetyhini abancinci.³⁹ Ukubonakaliswa kwephonografi kubantwana abancinci kuye kwadibaniswa noxinzelelo lwexeshana;⁴⁰ nangona kunjalo, kulwazi lwethu olu luphononongo lokuqala ukubonisa unxulumano phakathi kweminyaka emncinci yokubhengezwa kunye nempilo yengqondo engalunganga kubomi bamva.

Olunye ulungelelwaniso lokuqaliswa rhoqo kunye nokuncinci kokusetyenziswa koonografi kubandakanya amanqanaba emfundo ephakamileyo kunye nokungahlali neqabane. Abantu abahlala namaqabane abo banokujonga iphonografi rhoqo ngenxa yesondo esihlala sihleli kunye, okanye mhlawumbi ukusuka kumathuba amancinci okubukela iphonografi ngasese.

Iimpembelelo kwimpilo yoluntu

Iziphumo zolu phononongo zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo ekuyileni imfundo yesini. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba uninzi lwabaselula baye bajonga iphonografi kwaye phantse bonke abafana abancinci bahlala befumana imifanekiso engamanyala. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba imifanekiso engamanyala ijongwe njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zokufundisa ngesini esikolweni esiphakamileyo. Iphonografi iqala ukujongwa ukususela ebuntwaneni, ngoko ke iinkqubo zemfundo ezifanelekileyo kufuneka ziphunyezwe ukususela kwiminyaka yokukhula kwesikolo esiphakamileyo, ukuba kungekudala. Iinkqubo ezinjalo akufanele zibe zi-heteronormative, njengoko iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba abo bachonga njenge-GLBQQ + babukela iphonografi rhoqo kwaye ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala. Kwakhona akufanele kucingelwe ukuba amabhinqa aselula akayi kubukela okanye awonwabele iphonografi. Iinkqubo zemfundo kufuneka zijongane nemiba efana nokuxhaphaka kunye nokusebenza kokwabelana ngesondo okungafaniyo neempundu kwihlabathi lokwenyani ngokuchasene nephonografi. Ngelixa iinkqubo zemfundo yephonografi ziqala ukuvela;^41,42 kusafuneka kubekho naluphi na uphando olumisela ukusebenza kwale ndlela.¹⁰

Umthetho waseOstreliya uyabalela abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ukuba babukele iphonografi;⁴ nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba imithetho yangoku kunye nemimiselo ayikuthinteli ukufikelela kwasebuncinaneni. Ungenelelo olufana nesoftware yokuqinisekisa iminyaka yobudala, isoftware yokucoca i-intanethi kunye nokubekw' esweni kwabazali kunokudlala indima ekunciphiseni ukuchanabeka okungaqhelekanga okanye ngengozi kumanyala, ngakumbi kubantwana abancinci. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela azinakusebenza ekuthinteleni umntu oselula onomdla ekuboneni imifanekiso engamanyala.^2,43

Unxulumano phakathi kwempilo enkenenkene yengqondo kunye nephonografi nayo ibangela inkxalabo. Akucaci ukuba iphonografi yimbangela yempilo yengqondo engalunganga okanye ukuba isalathiso seengxaki ezisisiseko. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, abo babandakanyekileyo ekunyangeni abantu abaselula abaneemeko zempilo yengqondo basenokufuna ukuqwalasela enoba iphonografi iyingxaki kwabanye abathengi.

Imida

Ukulinganiselwa ekuhloleni iziphumo zethu eziguquguqukayo kubandakanya ukuba imibuzo ayizange ihlukanise phakathi kokuvezwa ngamabomu kunye nengozi kwi-pornography kwaye akukho nkcazo ecacileyo okanye ukuguqulwa kweemeko zoonografi. Ngaphaya koko, akukho zinkcukacha ziqokelelweyo kwiinkuthazo zokujongwa okanye uhlobo lomxholo ojongweyo. Uphando oludlulileyo luchonge ezinye izinto ezinokuthi zilungelelaniswe kwiphonografi ezingakhange zibandakanywe kuphando lwethu, kubandakanywa ukwaneliseka okuncinci kubudlelwane kunye neendibano zesondo, ubundlongondlongo bezesondo kunye nokuba neengcinga zesini kubasetyhini.¹⁴ Amanye amanyathelo okuvezwa awazange asebenzise izikali eziqinisekisiweyo, umzekelo, iingxaki zempilo yengqondo zihlolwe kusetyenziswa into enye. Uphando aluzange lubandakanye ukuguquguquka okuhambelana neempembelelo ezintle zokusetyenziswa koonografi. Uvavanyo luxhomekeke kulwazi oluzixelileyo, oluxhomekeke ekukhunjulweni kokuthatha icala kunye nokungakhethi cala lokuzibonakalisa. Uyilo lophando olunqamlezileyo luthetha ukuba asikwazi ukubandakanya naluphi na ubudlelwane be-causal phakathi koonografi kunye nezinye izinto. Ekugqibeleni, uphando lusebenzise isampulu elula efunyenwe kwi-intanethi, engamele uluntu ngokubanzi.

izigqibo

Olu luphononongo lokuqala lwase-Australia lokuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kokuphindaphinda kunye nobudala bokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, impilo yengqondo, kunye nezinye iimpawu phakathi kwabantu abancinci. Uphononongo lwethu luye lwabonisa ukuba ukubukela iphonografi kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye ixhaphake phakathi kwabase-Australia abancinci ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwakunxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezinokuthi zibe yingozi, njengeengxaki zempilo yengqondo, isondo xa usemncinci kunye neentlobano zesini ezimpundu. Ukuphanda impembelelo enokubakho ye-pornography kwimpilo yabantu abancinci kunye nokuziphatha, uphando oluthe kratya lwexesha elide luyafuneka. Iziphumo zolu pho nonongo zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokubandakanya ingxoxo yezoonografi kwimfundo yezocansi ukusuka kumncinci.

• McKee A. Ngaba iphonografi iyabenzakalisa abantu abaselula? Aust J Commun. 2010; 37:17–36 .
• 2UFleming MJ, uGreentree S, uCocotti-Muller, u-Elias KA, uMorrison S. Ukhuseleko kwi-cyberspace: Ukhuseleko lwabaselula kunye nokuvezwa kwi-intanethi. Ulutsha lweSoc. 2006; 38:135–54 .
  • CrossRef |
  • IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 47
• 3Walker S, Temple-Smith M, Higgs P, Sanci L. 'Kuhlala kukho nje ebusweni bakho': Iimbono zolutsha kwi-porn. Impilo yezesondo. 2015; 12:200–6.
• PubMed |
• Web of Science®
• 4Mason M. Umthetho onxulumene nephonografi eOstreliya. ICanberra (AUST): iSebe laseOstreliya leeNkonzo zePalamente iThala leeNcwadi lasePalamente; 1992.
• CrossRef |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 1
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 16
• CrossRef |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 30
• CrossRef
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 14
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 1
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 37
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 7
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 9
• CrossRef |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 144
• IWiley Online Library |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 12
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 5
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 5
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 1
• 5Wright PJ, Sun C, Steffen NJ, Tokunaga RS. Iphonografi, utywala, kunye nokulawula ngokwesondo kwamadoda. I-Commun Monogr. 2014; 82:252–70 .
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 324
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 31123
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science®
• CrossRef |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 6
• 6Arrington-Sanders R, Harper GW, Morgan A, Ogunbajo A, Trent M, Fortenberry D. Indima yezinto ezicacileyo zesondo ekuphuhliseni ngokwesondo kwamadoda amnyama akwishumi elivisayo. Arch Sex Behav. 2015; 44:597–608.
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 51
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 38
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 42
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 11
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 54
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science®
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 104
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 39
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 137
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 78
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 45
• CrossRef
• CrossRef |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 5
• 7Paul B, Shim JW. Isini, impembelelo yezesondo, kunye nezizathu zephonografi kwi-intanethi. Int J Impilo yezesondo. 2008; 20:187–99.
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 7
• 8Gorman S, Monk-Turner E, Fish J. Iiwebhusayithi zabantu abadala zasimahla: Zixhaphake kangakanani izenzo ezithoba isidima? Imiba yesini. 2010; 27:131–45 .
• 9Vannie SA, Currie AB, O'Sullivan LF. Amantombazana esikolo kunye noomama bebhola ekhatywayo: Uhlalutyo lomxholo we-"teen" yamahhala kunye ne-"MILF" ye-intanethi ye-pornography. J Sex Res. 2014; 51:253–64 .
• 10Lim MS, Carrotte ER, Hellard ME. Impembelelo yephonografi kubundlobongela obusekelwe kwisini, impilo yezesondo kunye nokuphila kakuhle: Yintoni esiyaziyo? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015; 70(1): 3–5.
• CrossRef |
• IWebhsayithi yeScience® Times ekhankanywe: 6
• 11Svedin CG, Åkerman I, Priebe G. Abasebenzisi rhoqo bephonografi. Uphononongo lwabantu olusekwe kwisifo sesifo kulutsha lwaseSweden olukwishumi elivisayo. J Ukufikisa. 2011; 34:779–88.
• 12Rothman EF, Kaczmarsky C, Burke N, Jansen E, Baughman A. “Ngaphandle kwephonografi...andina kusazi isiqingatha sezinto endizaziyo ngoku”: Uphononongo olusemgangathweni lokusetyenziswa kwephonografi phakathi kwesampulu yedolophu, umvuzo ophantsi, omnyama kunye Ulutsha lwase-Hispanic. J Sex Res. 2015; 52(7): 736–46.
• 13UMarston C, uLewis R. I-Anal heterosex phakathi kwabantu abatsha kunye nefuthe ekukhuthazeni impilo: Uphononongo olusemgangathweni e-UK. BMJ Vula. 2014; 4(8): e004996.
• 14UBrown JD, uL'Engle KL. U-X ulinganisiwe: Iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nokuvezwa kolutsha lwase-US lwangoko kumajelo eendaba ngesondo. I-Communic Res. 2009; 36:129–51 .
• 15IVandenbosch L, Eggermont S. Iiwebhusayithi ezichaza ngokwesondo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokwesondo: Ubudlelwane obubuyiselanayo kunye nendima yokumodareyitha yobume bokufikisa. J Res Adolesc. 2013; 23:621–34 .
• 16UHarkness EL, uMullan BM, uBlaszczynski A. Umbutho phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha okuyingozi ngokwesondo kubathengi abadala: Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015; 18:59–71 .
• 17UPeter J, uValkenburg PM. Ulutsha kunye nephonografi: Uphononongo lweminyaka eyi-20 yophando. J Sex Res. 2016; 53:509–31 .
• 18UVella AM, Agius PA, Bowring AL, Hellard ME, Lim MSC. Ubudala kwisondo sokuqala: Umanyano nempilo yezesondo kunye nezinto zentlalo yoluntu phakathi kwesampulu yababekhona kumnyhadala womculo eMelbourne. Impilo yezesondo. 2014; 11:359–65 .
• 19URabe-Hesketh S, uPickles A, uTaylor C. Ulungelelaniso oluqhelekileyo olufihlakeleyo kunye neemodeli ezixubileyo. Stata Tech Bull. 2000; 53:293–307.
• 20U-Brant R. Uvavanya ulungelelwaniso kwimodeli yolungelelwaniso lwemiqathango yokuhlehla okuqhelekileyo. Ibhayometriki. 1990; 46:1171–8 .
• 21Cox DR. Iimodeli zohlengahlengiso kunye neetafile zobomi. JR Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol. 1972; 34:187–220 .
• 22URissel C, uRichters J, de Visser RO, uMcKee A, uYeung A, uCaruana T. Iprofayili yabasebenzisi bezoonografi e-Australia: Iziphumo ezivela kwisifundo sesibini sase-Australia sezempilo kunye nobudlelwane. J Sex Res. 2017; 54:227–40 .
• 23Richters J, de Visser RO, Badcock PB, Smith AMA, Rissel C, Simpson JM, et al. Ukuphulula amalungu esini, ukuhlawula ngesondo, kunye nezinye izenzo zesondo: Isifundo sesibini sase-Australia sezempilo kunye nobudlelwane. Impilo yeSexl. 2014; 11:461–71 .
• 24Iziko loPhando lwase-Australia kwiMpilo yezesondo kunye noMbutho. Ukwabelana ngesondo e-Australia: Iziphumo zesishwankathelo se-Australian Study yezeMpilo kunye noBudlelwane. eMelbourne (AUST): IYunivesithi yaseLaTrobe; 2003.
• 25USabina C, uWolak J, uFinkelhor D. Ubume kunye namandla okuvezwa koonografi kwi-intanethi kulutsha. Ukuziphatha kweCyberpsychol. 2008; 11:691–3 .
• 26UPeter J, uValkenburg, P. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ze-intanethi ezicacileyo ngesondo kunye nezandulela zayo: Uthelekiso olude lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala. Arch Sex Behav. 2011; 40:1015–25 .
• 27Luder MT, Pittet I, Berchtold A, Akre C, Michaud PA, Suris JC. Ubudlelwane phakathi koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo phakathi kwabafikisayo: intsomi okanye inyani? Arch Sex Behav. 2011; 40:1027–35 .
• 28Kendall CN. Ukufundisa ulutsha lwamadoda angamafanasini: Ukusukela nini iphonografi iyindlela eya ekuzihlonipheni? J Ubufanasini. 2004; 47:83–128 .
• 29UMcBride KR, uFortenberry D. Ukwabelana ngesondo okungafaniyo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo ezimpundu: Uphononongo. J Sex Res. 2010; 47:123–36 .
• 30I-Braithwaite SR, Givens A, Brown J, Fincham F. Ngaba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwekhondom kunye nokuxiliswa ngexesha lokudibanisa? Cult Health Isondo. 2015; 17(10): 1155–73.
• 31I-Braun-Courville DK, uRojas M. Ukuvezwa kwiiwebhusayithi ezicacileyo ngesondo kunye nezimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kolutsha. J Impilo yabakwishumi elivisayo. 2009; 45:156–62 .
• 32UPeter J, uValkenburg PM. Impembelelo ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ecacileyo ngokwesondo ekuziphatheni okusemngciphekweni ngokwesondo: uthelekiso lwabakwishumi elivisayo kunye nabantu abadala. J Health Commun. 2011; 16:750–65.
• 33I-Sandfort TG, i-Orr M, i-Hirsch JS, i-Santelli J. Ulungelelaniso lwezempilo lwexesha elide lwexesha lokuqala ngokwesondo: iziphumo ezivela kwisifundo selizwe sase-US. NdinguJ Wezempilo Yoluntu. 2008; 98:155–61 .
• 34Haggstrom-Nordin E, Hanson U, Tyden T. Imibutho phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezenzo zesondo phakathi kwabaselula baseSweden. INt J STD AIDS. 2005; 16:102–7 .
• 35UMorgan EM. Unxulumano phakathi kolutsha olusebenzisa izixhobo ezibonisa ukwabelana ngesondo kunye nezinto abazithandayo ngokwesondo, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokwaneliseka. J Sex Res. 2011; 48:520–30.
• 36Weber M, Quiring O, Daschmann G. Oontanga, abazali kunye nephonografi: Ukuphonononga ukuvezwa kwabafikisayo kwizinto ezicacileyo ngokwesondo kunye nokunxibelelana kwayo nokukhula. Inkolo Yezesondo. 2012; 16:408–27 .
• 37Tylka TL. Akukho bungozi ekujongeni, akunjalo? Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwamadoda, umfanekiso womzimba kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Psychol Amadoda Masc. 2015; 16:97–107 .
• 38Levin ME, uLillis J, Hayes SC. Kunini apho ukubukela iphonografi kwi-intanethi kuyingxaki phakathi kwamadoda asekholejini? Ukuphonononga indima yokumodareyitha yokuphepha amava. Ukunyanzeliswa kweSex Addict. 2012; 19:168–80 .
• 39UWilloughby BJ, uCarroll JS, uNelson LJ, uPadilla-Walker LM. Unxulumano phakathi kokuziphatha ngokwesondo okunxulumeneyo, ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi, kunye nokwamkelwa koonografi phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji zase-US. Cult Health Isondo. 2014; 16:1052–69 .
• 40Uhlaza L, uBrady D, uHolloway D, uStaksrud E, u-Olafsson K. Yintoni ekhathaza abantwana base-Australia kwi-Intanethi? Abantwana Bagqabaza Ngabaxhatshazi, Amanyala kunye Nobundlobongela. I-Kelvin Grove (AUST): Iziko le-ARC lokuGqwesa kuMashishini oBuchule kunye neNtsha; 2013.
• 41Tarrant S. Iphonografi kunye ne-pedagogy: Ukufundisa i-media Literacy. Ku: Comella L, Tarrant S, abahleli. Iimbono ezitsha kwiphonografi: Ukwabelana ngesondo, ezoPolitiko kunye noMthetho. USanta Barbara (CA): uPraeger; 2015. p. 417–30.
• 42Limmer M. Abafana abancinci kunye nephonografi: Ukujongana nomngeni ngesondo kunye nemfundo yobudlelwane. Ukufundisa ngeMpilo. 2009; 27:6–8.
• 43USmith M. Ulutsha lujonge izinto ezingcolileyo kwi-intanethi: Ukuthetha nendlovu kwiscreen. Sex Res Social Policy. 2013; 10(1): 62–75.