YBOP UKUBA: Abaphandi badale kwaye bavavanya isixhobo esitsha sovavanyo, ngokusekwe kwikhrayitheriya ye-ICD-11 ye-Gaming Disorder ye-World Health Organisation. Yenzelwe ukuvavanya iziphazamiso ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (kwi-intanethi yokuziphatha kakubi) kubandakanya "ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweporn."
Ngokubandakanywa kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwi-ICD-11, iindlela zokuxilonga zaziswa kule ngxaki intsha. Ezi ndlela zinokusetyenziswa kwezinye iingxaki ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-Intanethi, ezinokuthi zihlelwe kwi-ICD-11 njengolunye ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, okufana noku. Ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga kwi-intanethi, kwi-intanethi iphonografi-ukusetyenziswa kakubi, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu, kunye nengxaki yokungcakaza kwi-Intanethi. [ugxininiso longeziwe]
I-ICD-11 idwelisa i-Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), apho abaninzi bacinga ukuba i-pornography eyingxaki yokusetyenziswa luphawu oluphambili lokuziphatha, njengengxaki yokulawula impembelelo. Ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga okunyanzelekileyo kudweliswe njengomzekelo phantsi koluhlu 'olunye ukuphazamiseka kokulawula impembelelo echaziweyo' (6C7Y) kodwa ngaphandle kokwahlula phakathi kwe-intanethi kunye ne-offline variants. Olu lwahlulo alwenziwa kweyona khweshine isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukulinganisa ukuthenga okunyanzelekileyo (UMaraz et al., ngo-2015; UMüller, uMitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, ngo-2017). Ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu akukaqwalaselwa kwi-ICD-11. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxoxo ezisekwe kubungqina kwinto nganye kwezi zithathu zokuphazamiseka ukuze zihlelwe njengokuziphatha okukhobokisayo (UBrand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). [ugxininiso longeziwe]
Abstract
Imvelaphi kunye neenjongo
Ngokubandakanywa kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwi-ICD-11, iindlela zokuxilonga zaziswa kule ngxaki intsha. Ezi ndlela zinokusetyenziswa kwezinye iingxaki ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-Intanethi, ezinokuthi zihlelwe kwi-ICD-11 njengezinye iziphazamiso ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, njengokuphazamiseka kokuthenga kwi-intanethi, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi, ukusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu. ukuphazamiseka, kunye nengxaki yokungcakaza kwi-Intanethi. Ngenxa ye-heterogeneity kwizixhobo ezikhoyo, sijolise ekuphuhliseni umlinganiselo ongaguqukiyo kunye noqoqosho lweentlobo eziphambili (ezinokwenzeka) zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ze-ICD-11 zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo.
tindlela
Uvavanyo olutsha lwe-11-into yoVavanyo lweZiphazamiso eziKhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (ACSID-11) ilinganisa umlutha wokuziphatha ezintlanu kunye neseti efanayo yezinto ngokulandela imigaqo ye-WHO's ASSIST. I-ACSID-11 yayilawulwa kubasebenzisi abasebenzayo be-Intanethi (N = 985) kunye nohlengahlengiso lwe-Ten-Item ye-Intanethi ye-Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) kunye nezikrini zempilo yengqondo. Sisebenzise i-Confirmatory Factor Analyses ukuhlalutya i-factor structure ye-ACSID-11.
iziphumo
Isakhiwo esicatshangelwayo sezinto ezine saqinisekiswa kwaye sasiphezulu kwisisombululo esingenamlinganiselo. Oku kusebenza kukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi. Amanqaku e-ACSID-11 ahambelana ne-IGDT-10 kunye nemilinganiselo yoxinzelelo lwengqondo.
Ingxoxo kunye neziphetho
I-ACSID-11 ibonakala ilufanelekele uvavanyo olungaguqukiyo (olunokubakho) lweziphazamiso ezithile zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ezisekwe kwiikhrayitheriya zokuxilonga ze-ICD-11 zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo. I-ACSID-11 inokuba sisixhobo esiluncedo kunye nesoqoqosho sokufunda ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ngezinto ezifanayo kunye nokuphucula ukuthelekisa.
intshayelelo
Ukusasazwa kunye nokufikelela lula kwi-Intanethi kwenza ukuba iinkonzo ze-intanethi zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kwaye zinike uncedo oluninzi. Ngaphandle kwezibonelelo zabantu abaninzi, indlela yokuziphatha kwi-intanethi inokuthatha uhlobo olungalawulekiyo lokulutha kwabanye abantu (umz., Kumkani & Potenza, 2019; Oselula, 2004). Ngokukodwa imidlalo iba ngumba wezempilo yoluntu ngakumbi nangakumbi (Faust & Prochaska, 2018; I-Rumpf et al., 2018). Emva kokuqatshelwa 'kwengxaki yokudlala kwi-Intanethi' kuhlaziyo lwesihlanu lwe-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; Umbutho we-Psychiatric Association, i-2013) njengemeko yokuqhubela phambili isifundo, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ngoku kufakwe njengoxilongo olusemthethweni (6C51) ekuhlaziyweni kwe-11 ye-International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11); I-World Health Organization, i-2018). Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekujonganeni nemingeni yehlabathi ebangelwa kukusetyenziswa okuyingozi kobuchwepheshe bedijithali (UBillieux, uStein, uCastro-Calvo, uHigushi, kunye noKumkani, ngo-2021). Ukuxhaphaka kwehlabathi jikelele lokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kuqikelelwa kwi-3.05%, enokuthelekiswa nezinye iingxaki zengqondo ezifana nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukuphazamiseka okunyanzelekileyo (Stevens, Dorstyn, Delfabbro, & King, 2021). Nangona kunjalo, uqikelelo lokuxhaphaka luyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwisixhobo sokuhlola esisetyenzisiweyo (UStevens et al., ngo-2021). Okwangoku, imbonakalo yomhlaba yezixhobo zininzi. Uninzi lwamanyathelo lusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ze-DSM-5 zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi kwaye akukho nanye ibonakala ikhethwa ngokucacileyo (UKumkani et al., 2020). Kukwasebenza okufanayo nakwezinye izinto ezinokuba ngumlutha kwi-Intanethi, ezinje nengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi ekwi-Intanethi, iinethiwekhi zentlalo, okanye ukuthenga kwi-Intanethi. Ezi ziphatho ziyingxaki kwi-intanethi zinokuthi zenzeke kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo (Burleigh, Griffiths, Sumich, Stavropoulos, & Kuss, 2019; Müller et al., 2021), kodwa inokuba liqumrhu elilelakho. Izakhelo zethiyori zakutsha nje ezinje ngoMsebenzi we-Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) imodeli (Brand, Omncinci, uLaier, uWölfling, kunye noPotenza, 2016; UBrand et al., 2019) cinga ukuba iinkqubo zengqondo ezifanayo ziphantsi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha (kwi-intanethi) zokuziphatha. Iingqikelelo zihambelana neendlela zangaphambili ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuchaza izinto ezifanayo phakathi kokuphazamiseka kokulutha, umzekelo, malunga neendlela ze-neuropsychological (Bechara, 2005; URobinson kunye neBerridge, ngo-1993), imiba yofuzo (I-Blum et al., 2000), okanye amalungu aqhelekileyo (I-Griffiths, i-2005). Nangona kunjalo, isixhobo sokuhlola esibanzi (esinokubakho) ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezifanayo asikho okwangoku. Ukuhlolwa okulinganayo kuzo zonke iintlobo zokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo kubalulekile ukumisela izinto ezifanayo kunye nomahluko ngokusemthethweni.
Kwi-ICD-11, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kudweliswe ngaphaya kokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza kudidi 'lweziphazamiso ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo'. Iikhrayitheriya ezicetywayo zokuxilonga (zombini) zezi: (1) ulawulo olungalunganga malunga nokuziphatha (umzekelo, ukuqala, ukuphindaphinda, ukuqina, ubude, ukupheliswa, umxholo); (2) ukwandisa umbandela wokuziphatha ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba ukuziphatha kube yeyona nto iphambili kunezinye izinto ezinomdla kunye nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla; (3) ukuqhubeka okanye ukunyuka kokuziphatha ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi. Nangona ingakhankanywa ngokuthe ngqo njengeenqobo ezongezelelweyo, kunyanzelekile ukuxilongwa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ikhokelela (4) ukukhubazeka komsebenzi kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zobomi bemihla ngemihla (umzekelo, umntu, intsapho, imfundo, okanye imiba yentlalo) kunye / okanye imbandezelo ephawulweyoI-World Health Organization, i-2018). Ke ngoko, omabini la macandelo kufuneka aqukwe xa kufundwa iindlela zokuziphatha ezinokuba likhoboka. Ngokubanzi, ezi ndlela zinokusetyenziswa kudidi 'olunye ukuphazamiseka okuchaziweyo ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo' (6C5Y), apho ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga, usetyenziso lwephonografi, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yentlalo kunokubakho kukwahlulwa.UBrand et al., 2020). Ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga kwi-Intanethi kunokuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo, ngokungafanelekanga ukuthengwa kwe-intanethi kwezinto zabathengi okwenzeka rhoqo ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi kwaye ngoko kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (UMüller, Laskowski, et al., 2021). Ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kubonakaliswa kukuncipha kolawulo lokusebenzisa (kwi-intanethi) umxholo wephonografi, owahlula kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo ezinyanzelekileyo (IKraus, iMartino, kunye nePotenza, 2016; Kraus et al., 2018). Ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu kunokuchazwa ngokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kweintanethi zentlalo (kubandakanywa iisayithi zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-intanethi) ezibonakaliswe ngokunciphisa ulawulo lokusetyenziswa, ukwandisa ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa, kunye nokuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kweintanethi zentlalo nangona kunjalo. ukufumana iziphumo ezibi (I-Andreassen, 2015). Zontathu izinto ezinokubakho kwiziyobisi zenza izinto ezifanelekileyo ngokwezonyango ezibonisa ukufana nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha eziluthayo (umz., UBrand et al., 2020; IGriffiths, iKuss, kunye neDemetrovics, 2014; Müller et al., 2019; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, kunye neStrahler, 2018).
Izixhobo ezivavanya iintlobo ezithile zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi zisekwe ikakhulu kwiingqikelelo zangaphambili, ezinje ngeenguqulelo ezilungisiweyo zoVavanyo lwe-Intanethi oluLutsha lwe-Intanethi (umz., ILaier, iPawlikowski, iPekal, iSchulte, kunye neBrand, 2013; I-Wegmann, iStodt, kunye neBrand, i-2015) okanye izikali “zeBergen” ezisekwe kumacandelo eziyobisi zikaGriffiths (umz., UAndreassen, uTorsheim, uBrunborg, kunye noPallesen, 2012; UAndreassen et al., 2015), okanye balinganisa ulwakhiwo olulinganayo olusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ze-DSM-5 zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo (umz., Lemmens, Valkenburg, kunye neeNtlanga, 2015; Van den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016) okanye ukuphazamiseka kokungcakaza (uphononongo bona U-Otto et al., ngo-2020). Amanye amanyathelo angaphambili amkelwe kumanyathelo okuphazamiseka kokungcakaza, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye aphuhliswe ngokwethiyori (Laconi, Rodgers, & Chabrol, 2014). Uninzi lwezi zixhobo zibonisa ubuthathaka bengqondo kunye nokungahambelani njengoko kubonisiwe kuphononongo olwahlukileyo (Kumkani, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, kunye neGriffiths, 2013; ILortie kunye neGuitton, 2013; Izilwanyana, uRehbein, Ko, kunye no-O'Brien, 2015). King et al. (2020) ichonge izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-32 ezivavanya ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, ebonisa ukungahambelani kwindawo yophando. Kwanezona zixhobo zikhankanyiweyo nezisetyenziswa kakhulu, ezinje ngoVavanyo lwe-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi (Oselula, 1998), musa ukumela ngokwaneleyo indlela yokuxilonga yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, ingeyiyo ye-DSM-5 okanye ye-ICD-11. King et al. (2020) inqaku elongezelelweyo kubuthathaka be-psychometric, umzekelo, ukungabikho kokuqinisekiswa kwe-empirical kunye nokuba izixhobo ezininzi ziyilwe ngokusekelwe kwingqikelelo yokwakhiwa kwe-unimodal. Ibonisa ukuba isimbuku seempawu zomntu ngamnye sibalwa endaweni yokujonga ukuphindaphinda kunye nobunzulu obunamava ngabanye. Uvavanyo lweDisorder ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yezinto ezilishumi (IGDT-10; I-Király et al., 2017) okwangoku kubonakala ngathi iyibambe ngokwaneleyo imilinganiselo ye-DSM-5 kodwa xa iyonke akukho nasinye isixhobo esibonakala sikhetheke ngokucacileyo.UKumkani et al., 2020). Kutshanje, inani lezikali liye laziswa njengezixhobo zokuqala zokuhlola ezithatha iikhrayitheriya ze-ICD-11 zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo (Balhara et al., 2020; Higuchi et al., 2021; Jo et al., 2020; Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2020; Iifonti et al., 2021) kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu (Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2021). Ngokubanzi, kunokucingelwa ukuba ayilulo uphawu ngalunye olufunyanwa ngokulinganayo, umzekelo, ngokulinganayo rhoqo okanye ngokulinganayo. Ngaloo ndlela kubonakala kunqweneleka ukuba izixhobo zokuhlola zikwazi ukubamba zombini, amava eempawu ezipheleleyo, kunye nenani elipheleleyo leempawu ngesehlo. Kunoko, indlela ebanzi inokuphanda ukuba yeyiphi impawu enegalelo ngokugqibeleleyo, okanye kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo, ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kokuziphatha okunengxaki, kuhambelana nenqanaba eliphezulu lokubandezeleka, okanye nokuba yinto nje ebalulekileyo.
Iingxaki ezifanayo kunye nokungahambelani kuyabonakala xa ujonga izixhobo ezivavanya ezinye iintlobo zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, ezizezi, ukuthenga kwi-intanethi, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi, kunye nengxaki yokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yoluntu. Ezi ngxaki zinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-Intanethi azihlelwanga ngokusesikweni kwi-ICD-11 ngokuchasene nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kunye nokungcakaza. Ngokukodwa kwimeko yokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza, izixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola sele zikhona, kodwa uninzi lwazo alunabungqina obaneleyo (U-Otto et al., ngo-2020), kwaye akayi kujongana neekhrayitheriya ze-ICD-11 zokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza okanye kugxilwe ikakhulu kwingxaki yokungcakaza kwi-Intanethi (Albrecht, Kirschner, & Grüsser, 2007; Dowling et al., 2019). I-ICD-11 idwelisa i-Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), apho abaninzi bacinga ukuba i-pornography eyingxaki yokusetyenziswa luphawu oluphambili lokuziphatha, njengengxaki yokulawula impembelelo. Ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga okunyanzelekileyo kudweliswe njengomzekelo phantsi koluhlu 'olunye ukuphazamiseka kokulawula impembelelo echaziweyo' (6C7Y) kodwa ngaphandle kokwahlula phakathi kwe-intanethi kunye ne-offline variants. Olu lwahlulo alwenziwa kweyona khweshine isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukulinganisa ukuthenga okunyanzelekileyo (UMaraz et al., ngo-2015; UMüller, uMitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, ngo-2017). Ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu akukaqwalaselwa kwi-ICD-11. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxoxo ezisekwe kubungqina kwisiphazamiso ngasinye kwezi zintathu ukuba zihlelwe njengokuziphatha okukhobokisayo (UBrand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). Ngaphandle kokunqongophala kwemvumelwano malunga nokuhlelwa kunye neenkcazo zezi ngxaki zinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-Intanethi, kukwakho ukungangqinelani kusetyenziso lwezixhobo zokuhlola (uphononongo bona I-Andreassen, 2015; IFernandez kunye neGriffiths, 2021; Hussain & Griffiths, 2018; Müller et al., 2017). Ngokomzekelo, kukho izixhobo ezingaphezu kwe-20 ekufuneka zilinganise ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi eyingxaki (IFernandez kunye neGriffiths, 2021) kodwa akukho nanye egubungela ngokwaneleyo ikhrayitheriya ye-ICD-11 yokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, ekufutshane kakhulu kwiikhrayitheriya ze-ICD-11 ze-CSBD.
Ngaphaya koko, ezinye iziphazamiso ezithile zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi zibonakala ngathi zinokwenzeka, ngakumbi umdlalo ophazamisekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu (Burleigh et al., ngo-2019; Müller et al., 2021). Ukusebenzisa uhlalutyo lweprofayili efihlakeleyo, UCharzyńska, uSussman, kunye noAtroszko (2021) ichonge ukuba unxibelelwano lwentlalo oluphazamisekileyo kunye nokuthenga kunye nomdlalo ongalungelelananga kunye nokusetyenziswa kophonografi kaninzi kwenzeka kunye ngokulandelelanayo. Iprofayili ebandakanya amanqanaba aphezulu kuzo zonke iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi zibonise impilo ephantsi (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Oku kukwagxininisa ukubaluleka kovavanyo olupheleleyo nolufanayo kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi. Kubekho iinzame zokusebenzisa iiseti ezifanayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, njengeNgxaki yokuSetyenziswa kwePonografi kwiSikali (Bőthe et al., 2018), iBergen Social Media Addiction Scale (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017) okanye i-Online Shopping Addiction Scale (Zhao, Tian, & Xin, 2017). Nangona kunjalo, ezi zikali ziyilwe ngokwesiseko semodeli yamacandelo ngu Griffiths (2005) kwaye ungayigqumi indlela ecetywayo yangoku yokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo (cf. I-World Health Organization, i-2018).
Isishwankathelo, i-ICD-11 ecetywayo yendlela yokuxilonga yokuphazamiseka ngenxa (ubukhulu becala kwi-intanethi) indlela yokuziphatha emluthayo, eyile, ukuphazamiseka kokungcakaza kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi okunengxaki, ukuthenga kwi-intanethi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu kunokwabelwa kwicandelo le-ICD-11 'ezinye iziphazamiso ezichaziweyo ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo' ekunokuthi kusetyenziswe indlela efanayo.UBrand et al., 2020). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imbonakalo yomhlaba yezixhobo zokuhlola ezi (ezinokwenzeka) zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi akuhambelani kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo ongaguqukiyo wolwakhiwo olwahlukileyo ubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili uphando kwizinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nomahluko kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo. Injongo yethu yayikukuphuhlisa isixhobo sokuhlola esifutshane kodwa esibanzi kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo (ezinokwenzeka) zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okugubungela i-ICD-11 indlela yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kunye nengxaki yokungcakaza, ukuncedisa ngokuchongwa kwangaphambili (okunokwenzeka) okunengxaki ethile yokuziphatha kwi-Intanethi.
tindlela
nxaxheba
Abathathi-nxaxheba baye bagaywa kwi-intanethi ngokusebenzisa umnikezeli wenkonzo yephaneli yokufikelela apho baye bavuzwa ngabanye. Sibandakanya abasebenzisi be-Intanethi abasebenzayo abasuka kwindawo abathetha isiJamani. Asibandakanyi iiseti zedatha ezingaphelelanga kunye nezo zibonise ukuphendula ngokungakhathali. Le yokugqibela ichongiwe ngaphakathi komlinganiselo (into yokuphendula eyalelweyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokuzibika) kunye ne-post-hoc (ixesha lokuphendula, iphethini yokuphendula, i-Mahalanobis D) izicwangciso (Godinho, Kushnir, & Cunningham, 2016; UMeade kunye noCraig, ngo-2012). Isampulu yokugqibela ibiqulathe N = 958 abathathi-nxaxheba (499 amadoda, 458 abasetyhini, 1 abahlukeneyo) phakathi 16 kunye 69 iminyaka ubudala (M = 47.60, SD = 14.50). Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba bebeqeshwe ngokusisigxina (46.3%), kumhlalaphantsi (kwangoko) (20.1%), okanye beqeshwa ngokungesosigxina (14.3%). Abanye yayingabafundi, abaqeqeshwayo, abafazi bamakhaya/-abayeni, okanye babengaqeshwanga ngenxa yezinye izizathu. Elona nqanaba liphezulu lemfundo yokufundela umsebenzi lasasazwa kuqeqesho olugqityiweyo lwekhampani (33.6%), isidanga saseyunivesithi (19.0%), uqeqesho olugqityiweyo lwesikolo sobugcisa (14.1%), abathweswe izidanga kwisikolo esiphambili/kwisikolo sobugcisa (11.8%) , kunye nesidanga sepolytechnic (10.1%). Abanye babekwimfundo/ngabafundi okanye babengenazo isidanga. Isampulu yoncedo olungakhethiyo ibonise ukuhanjiswa okufanayo kwezinto eziphambili zentlalo yoluntu njengabemi babasebenzisi be-Intanethi baseJamani (cf. IStatista, i-2021).
Amanyathelo
Uvavanyo lweekhrayitheriya zeZiphazamiso eziKhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi: ACSID-11
Nge-ACSID-11 sijonge ukuyila isixhobo sokuvavanya ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngendlela emfutshane kodwa ebanzi, nengaguqukiyo. Yaphuhliswa ngokusekwe kwithiyori liqela leengcali labaphandi bomlutha kunye neekliniki. Ezi zinto zithathwe kwiingxoxo ezininzi kunye neentlanganiso zemvumelwano ezisekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ze-ICD-11 zokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, njengoko zichazwa kumdlalo kunye nokungcakaza, kuqikelelwa ubume bezinto ezininzi. Iziphumo zoHlalutyo lweNtetho ngokuvakalayo zisetyenziselwe ukukhulisa ubunyani bomxholo kunye nokuqondwa kwezinto (Schmidt et al., ingenisiwe).
I-ACSID-11 iqulethe izinto ezili-11 ezithatha imilinganiselo ye-ICD-11 yokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo. Iikhrayitheriya ezintathu eziphambili, ukulawulwa kokuphazamiseka (IC), ukunyuka okuphambili okunikwe umsebenzi we-intanethi (IP), kunye nokuqhubeka / ukunyuka (CE) kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi, imelwe zizinto ezintathu nganye. Izinto ezimbini ezongezelelweyo zenziwa ukuvavanya ukukhubazeka komsebenzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla (FI) kunye noxinzelelo oluphawulweyo (MD) ngenxa yomsebenzi we-intanethi. Kumbuzo wangaphambili, abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba babonise ukuba yeyiphi imisebenzi kwi-Intanethi abaye bayisebenzisa ubuncinane ngamaxesha athile kwiinyanga ze-12 ezidlulileyo. Imisebenzi (okt, 'umdlalo', 'ukuthenga kwi-intanethi', 'ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-intanethi', 'ukusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu', 'ungcakazo kwi-intanethi', kunye 'nokunye') zidweliswe ngeengcaciso ezihambelanayo kunye neendlela zokuphendula 'ewe. ' okanye 'hayi'. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaphendule ngokuthi 'ewe' kuphela kwenye into 'enye' baye bahlolwa. Bonke abanye bafumana izinto ze-ACSID-11 zayo yonke loo misebenzi yaphendulwa ngo-'ewe'. Le ndlela yokuziphatha ngeendlela ezininzi isekelwe kuVavanyo lokuHlolwa koTywala, uTyayi kunye nokuBandakanya kweZiyobisi ze-WHO (ASSIST; NGUBANI ONCEDISA IQela eliSebenzayo, ngo-2002), ejonga iindidi eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye neziphumo ezibi kunye neempawu zokuziphatha okukhobokisayo ngendlela engaguqukiyo kuzo zonke izinto ezithile.
Ngokufaniswa ne-ASSIST, yonke into yenziwe ngendlela ukuze ibe nokuphendulwa ngokuthe ngqo kumsebenzi othile. Sisebenzise ifomathi yokuphendula enamacandelo amabini (bona Ikhiwane. 1), apho abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babonise into nganye kumsebenzi ngamnye Kaninzi kangaphi bebenamava kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo (0: ‚azange', 1: ‚akufane”, 2: ‚ngamanye amaxesha’, 3: ‚kaninzi’), kwaye ukuba noko “akufane kwenzeke”, kuqatha kangakanani amava ngamnye ebekwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo (0: ‚akubi kakhulu”, 1: ‚kunokuba kuqatha kakhulu’, 2: ‚kunokuba kuqatha kakhulu’, 3: ‚kakhulu’). Ngokuvavanya ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuqina kwempawu nganye, kunokwenzeka ukuphanda ukwenzeka kwempawu, kodwa nokulawula indlela iimpawu ezinzulu ezibonwa ngayo ngaphaya kokuphindaphinda. Izinto ze-ACSID-11 (inguqulelo yesiNgesi ecetywayo) ziboniswe apha 1 Table. Izinto zoqobo (zaseJamani) ezibandakanya umbuzo wangaphambili kunye nemiyalelo inokufunyanwa kwiSihlomelo (bona Isihlomelo A).
Into engumzekelo ye-ACSID-11 (inguqulelo yesiNgesi ecetywayo yento yaseJamani yasekuqaleni) ebonisa umlinganiselo wokuphindaphinda (iikholamu zasekhohlo) kunye nokuqina (iikholamu zasekunene) zeemeko ezinxulumene nemisebenzi ethile ye-intanethi. amaNqaku. Umzobo ubonisa into engumzekelo yeFactor Impaired Control (IC) njengoko ibonisiwe A) kumntu osebenzisa yonke imisebenzi emihlanu ye-intanethi njengoko kubonisiwe kumbuzo wangaphambili (bona Isihlomelo A) kunye no-B) kumntu obonise ukusebenzisa ukuthenga kwi-intanethi kunye neenethiwekhi zokuncokola kuphela.
Ukucaphula: Ijenali yeZinto zokuziphatha ngo-2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Izinto ze-ACSID-11 screener zokuphazamiseka okuthile kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (inguqulelo ecetywayo yesiNgesi).
| umcimbi | umbuzo |
| IC1 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ukhe wanengxaki yokugcina umkhondo wokuba wawuqala nini umsebenzi, ixesha elingakanani, ngokunzulu kangakanani, okanye uwenze phantsi kweyiphi imeko, okanye wawuyeka nini? |
| IC2 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ngaba ukhe wanomnqweno wokuyeka okanye ukuwuthintela umsebenzi ngenxa yokuba uye waqaphela ukuba uyisebenzisa kakhulu? |
| IC3 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ukhe wazama ukumisa okanye ukunqanda umsebenzi waza wasilela kuwo? |
| IP1 | Kwezi nyanga zili-12 zidlulileyo, ingaba uwunike umsetyenzana indawo ephambili eyonyukela phezulu kunezinye izinto onomdla kuzo kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla? |
| IP2 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ngaba uye waphelelwa ngumdla kwezinye izinto obuqhele ukuzonwabela ngenxa yalo msebenzi? |
| IP3 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ngaba uye watyeshela okanye uyeka ezinye izinto okanye izinto obuzithandayo obuqhele ukuzonwabela ngenxa yalo msebenzi? |
| CE1 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ngaba uye waqhubeka okanye wandisa umsebenzi nangona sele isongele okanye ubangele ukuba uphulukane nobudlelwane nomntu obalulekileyo kuwe? |
| CE2 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ngaba uye waqhubeka okanye wandisa umsebenzi nangona oko kukubangele iingxaki esikolweni/uqeqesho/umsebenzi? |
| CE3 | Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ngaba uye waqhubeka okanye wandisa umsebenzi nangona oko kukubangele izikhalazo/izifo zomzimba okanye zengqondo? |
| FI1 | Ukucinga ngazo zonke iinkalo zobomi bakho, ngaba ubomi bakho buchatshazelwe ngokubonakalayo ngulo msebenzi kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo? |
| MD1 | Ukucinga ngazo zonke iinkalo zobomi bakho, ngaba lo msebenzi ubangele ukuba ubandezeleke kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo? |
amaNqaku. IC = ulawulo olungasebenziyo; IP = ukunyuka okuphambili; CE = ukuqhubeka / ukunyuka; FI = ukungasebenzi kakuhle; MD = imbandezelo ephawulweyo; Izinto zokuqala zaseJamani zinokufumaneka Isihlomelo A.
Izinto ezilishumi zoVavanyo lweSifo se-Intanethi kwi-Intanethi: IGDT-10 – ASSIST version
Njengomlinganiselo wokuqinisekiswa kokuguqulwa, sisebenzise i-IGDT-10 yezinto ezilishumi (I-Király et al., 2017) kuguqulelo olwandisiweyo. I-IGDT-10 isebenzisa iindlela ezisithoba ze-DSM-5 zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi (Umbutho we-Psychiatric Association, i-2013). Kolu phononongo, sandise inguqulelo yoqobo yokudlala ukuze zonke iindlela zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi zivavanywe. Ukuphumeza oku, kunye nokugcina indlela yokuthelekisa, sikwasebenzise ifomathi yempendulo yokuziphatha okuninzi kumzekelo we-ASSIST apha. Ukwenzela oku, izinto zatshintshwa ukuze 'umdlalo' uthatyathelwe indawo 'ngumsebenzi'. Yonke into emva koko yaphendulwa kuyo yonke imisebenzi ye-intanethi abathathi-nxaxheba ababebonise ukuba mayisetyenziswe ngaphambili (ukusuka kukhetho 'lomdlalo', 'ukuthenga kwi-intanethi', 'ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi', 'ukusetyenziswa kweintanethi zentlalo', 'nokungcakaza kwi-intanethi' ). Into nganye, umsebenzi ngamnye ulinganiswe kwisikali se-Likert samanqaku amathathu (0 = 'akunakuze', 1 = 'ngamanye amaxesha', 2 = 'kaninzi'). Amanqaku ayefana nohlobo lokuqala lwe-IGDT-10: Inqaku ngalinye lifumene amanqaku ka-0 ukuba impendulo 'ayizange' okanye 'ngamanye amaxesha' kunye nenqaku le-1 ukuba impendulo 'yayisoloko'. Amanqaku 9 kunye ne-10 amele inqobo yokugweba efanayo (okt, 'ubungozi okanye ukuphulukana nobudlelwane obubalulekileyo, umsebenzi, okanye ithuba lemfundo okanye lomsebenzi ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwimidlalo ye-Intanethi') kwaye ubale kunye inqaku elinye ukuba into enye okanye zombini zihlangatyeziwe. Inqaku lokugqibela liye labalwa kumsebenzi ngamnye. Inokuqala ukusuka ku-0 ukuya kwi-9 ngamanqaku aphezulu abonisa ubukhali beempawu eziphezulu. Ngokumalunga nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, amanqaku amahlanu okanye ngaphezulu abonisa ukubaluleka kweklinikhi (I-Király et al., 2017).
I-Questionnaire yeMpilo yesigulane-4: PHQ-4
I-Questionnaire yeMpilo yesigulane-4 (PHQ-4; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2009) ngumlinganiselo omfutshane weempawu zokudakumba kunye nexhala. Iqukethe izinto ezine ezithathwe kwi-Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 isikali kunye nemodyuli ye-PHQ-8 yokudakumba. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babonise ukuphindaphinda kokuvela kweempawu ezithile kwisikali se-Likert esine-point-point ukusuka kwi-0 ('akukho kwaphela') ukuya kwi-3 ('phantse yonke imihla'). Amanqaku apheleleyo anoluhlu phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-12 ebonisa ukuba akukho nanye / encinci, imnene, iphakathi, kunye namanqanaba anzima oxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye namanqaku avela kwi-0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-12, ngokulandelanayo (Kroenke et al., 2009).
Ukuphila kakuhle ngokubanzi
Ukwaneliseka kobomi ngokubanzi kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa iLife Satisfaction Short Scale (L-1) kwinguqulelo yaseJamani (Beierlein, Kovaleva, László, Kemper, & Rammstedt, 2015) iphendulwa kwisikali se-Likert samanqaku ali-11 ukusuka ku-0 ('andonelisekanga kwaphela') ukuya kwi-10 ('ndaneliseke ngokupheleleyo'). Isikali sento enye siqinisekisiwe kwaye sinxibelelana ngamandla nezinto ezininzi zokuvavanya ukwaneliseka ngobomi (Beierlein et al., 2015). Siphinde sacela ulwaneliseko oluthile lobomi kummandla wezempilo (H-1): 'Zonke izinto eziqwalaselweyo, waneliseke kangakanani ngempilo yakho kwezi ntsuku?' iphendulwe kumlinganiselo ofanayo wamanqaku ali-11 (cf. Beierlein et al., 2015).
Procedure
Uphononongo lwenziwe kwi-intanethi kusetyenziswa isixhobo sovavanyo lwe-intanethi i-Limesurvey®. I-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10 zaphunyezwa ngendlela yokuba kuphela imisebenzi ekhethiweyo kwi-pre-query eboniswe kwizinto ezichaphazelekayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumene amakhonkco ahlukeneyo kumboneleli wepaneli yenkonzo ekhokelele kwisaveyi ye-intanethi eyenziwe sithi. Emva kokugqitywa, abathathi-nxaxheba baye bathunyelwa kwakhona kwiwebhusayithi yomboneleli ukuze bafumane amagama abo kwakhona. Idatha yaqokelelwa kwixesha elisusela kwi-8 ka-Epreli ukuya kwi-14 ka-Epreli ngo-2021.
Ucatshulwa
Sisebenzise uhlalutyo lwento eqinisekisayo (CFA) ukuvavanya ubukhulu kunye nokwakha ubunyani be-ACSID-11. Uhlalutyo lwaqhutywa nge-Mplus version 8.4 (UMuthén noMuthén, 2019) kusetyenziswa uqikelelo lwezikwere ezinobunzima obuncinci kunye nolwahlulo oluhlengahlengisiweyo (WLSMV). Ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwemodeli, sisebenzise i-indices ezininzi, ezizezi, isi-square (χ 2) uvavanyo oluchanekileyo, i-Comparative Fit Index (CFI), i-Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI), i-Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), kunye ne-Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Ngoku ka UHu noBentler (1999), amaxabiso okunqunyulwa kwe-CFI kunye ne-TLI> 0.95, ye-SRMR <0.08, kunye ne-RMSEA <0.06 ibonisa imodeli efanelekileyo efanelekileyo. Ngaphaya koko, ixabiso le-chi-square elahlulwe ngezidanga zenkululeko (χ2/df) < 3 sesinye isalathisi semodeli eyamkelekileyo efanelekileyo (Carmines & McIver, 1981). Cronbach's alphaα) kunye neLambda-2 kaGuttman (λ 2) zisetyenziswe njengemilinganiselo yokuthembeka kunye ne-coefficients> 0.8 (> 0.7) ebonisa ukuhambelana kwangaphakathi okulungileyo ( okwamkelekileyo) (Bortz & Döring, 2006). Uhlalutyo lokulungelelanisa (uPearson) lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukunyaniseka kokuguqulwa phakathi kwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokwakhiwa okufanayo okanye okuhambelanayo. Olu hlalutyo lwaqhutywa kunye ne-IBM SPSS izibalo (uguqulelo 26). Ngoku ka ICohen (1988), ixabiso le |r| = 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 ibonisa isiphumo esincinci, esiphakathi, esikhulu, ngokulandelanayo.
Zokuziphatha
Iinkqubo zokufunda zenziwa ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. Uphononongo luvunyiwe yikomiti yokuziphatha yecandelo leSayensi yeKhompyutha kunye neSayensi yeNgcaciso eSetyenzisiweyo kwi-Faculty of Engineering yeYunivesithi yaseDuisburg-Essen. Zonke izifundo zaziswe malunga nophononongo kwaye zonke zanikwa imvume enolwazi.
iziphumo
Kwisampulu yangoku, iindlela zokuziphatha zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ziye zasasazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Umdlalo uboniswe ngabantu abangama-440 (45.9%) (iminyaka yobudala: M = 43.59, SD = 14.66; I-259 yamadoda, i-180 yabasetyhini, i-1 abahlukeneyo), 944 (98.5%) yabantu ababandakanyeka ekuthengeni kwi-intanethi (iminyaka yobudala: M = 47.58, SD = 14.49; I-491 yamadoda, i-452 yabasetyhini, i-1 abahlukeneyo), i-340 (35.5%) yabantu abasetyenziswe kwi-intanethi-iphonografi (iminyaka: M = 44.80, SD = 14.96; I-263 yamadoda, i-76 yabasetyhini, i-1 abahlukeneyo), i-854 (89.1%) yabantu basebenzise inethiwekhi yoluntu (iminyaka yobudala: M = 46.52, SD = 14.66; I-425 yamadoda, i-428 yabasetyhini, i-1 abahlukeneyo), kunye nama-200 (20.9%) abantu ababandakanyeka ekungcakazeni kwi-intanethi (iminyaka yobudala: M = 46.91, SD = 13.67; I-125 indoda, i-75 yabasetyhini, i-0 abahlukeneyo). Igcuntswana labathathi-nxaxheba (n = 61; I-6.3%) ibonise ukusebenzisa umsebenzi omnye kuphela. Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (n = 841; I-87.8%) isebenzise ubuncinci ukuthenga kwi-intanethi kunye neenethiwekhi zentlalo kwaye i-409 (42.7%) yazo ibonise ukudlala imidlalo ye-intanethi. Amashumi amathandathu anesibhozo (7.1%) abathathi-nxaxheba babonise ukusebenzisa yonke imisebenzi ekhankanywe kwi-intanethi.
Ngenxa yokuba umdlalo kunye nokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza ziintlobo ezimbini zokuphazamiseka okubangelwa kukuziphatha okukhobokisayo okwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye kunikwa ukuba inani labantu kwisampulu yethu abaxele ukuba benza ungcakazo kwi-Intanethi bekunomda, siya kuqala sigxile kwiziphumo ezimalunga novavanyo. yeendlela zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo nge-ACSID-11.
Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo
Ngokuphathelele ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, zonke izinto ze-ACSID-11 zinemilinganiselo phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-3 ebonisa uluhlu oluphezulu lwamaxabiso anokwenzeka (bona 2 Table). Zonke izinto zibonisa amaxabiso aphantsi ngokwentelekiso kunye nokuhanjiswa okuthe tye njengoko kulindelwe kwisampulu engeyiyo yeklinikhi. Ubunzima buphezulu kwizinto zokuQhubela/Ukwenyuka kunye nezinto eziphawulweyo zeNtlekele ngelixa uLawulo lokuNcitshiswa (ingakumbi i-IC1) kunye nezinto eziBalulekileyo eziBalulekileyo zinobunzima obuphantsi. I-Kurtosis iphezulu kakhulu into yokuqala yokuqhubela phambili / ukunyuka (CE1) kunye ne-Marked Distress item (MD1).
Iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zezinto ze-ACSID-11 ezilinganisa ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo.
| Hayi. | umcimbi | min | max | M | (SD) | Ukugcwala | Kurtosis | ubunzima |
| a) | Isikali sokuphindaphinda | |||||||
| 01a | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.827 | (0.956) | 0.808 | -0.521 | 27.58 |
| 02a | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.602 | (0.907) | 1.237 | 0.249 | 20.08 |
| 03a | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.332 | (0.723) | 2.163 | 3.724 | 11.06 |
| 04a | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.623 | (0.895) | 1.180 | 0.189 | 20.76 |
| 05a | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.405 | (0.784) | 1.913 | 2.698 | 13.48 |
| 06a | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.400 | (0.784) | 1.903 | 2.597 | 13.33 |
| 07a | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.170 | (0.549) | 3.561 | 12.718 | 5.68 |
| 08a | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.223 | (0.626) | 3.038 | 8.797 | 7.42 |
| 09a | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.227 | (0.632) | 2.933 | 7.998 | 7.58 |
| 10a | FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.352 | (0.712) | 1.997 | 3.108 | 11.74 |
| 11a | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.155 | (0.526) | 3.647 | 13.107 | 5.15 |
| b) | Isikali sokuqina | |||||||
| 01b | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.593 | (0.773) | 1.173 | 0.732 | 19.77 |
| 02b | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.455 | (0.780) | 1.700 | 2.090 | 15.15 |
| 03b | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.248 | (0.592) | 2.642 | 6.981 | 8.26 |
| 04b | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.505 | (0.827) | 1.529 | 1.329 | 16.82 |
| 05b | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.330 | (0.703) | 2.199 | 4.123 | 10.98 |
| 06b | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.302 | (0.673) | 2.302 | 4.633 | 10.08 |
| 07b | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.150 | (0.505) | 3.867 | 15.672 | 5.00 |
| 08b | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.216 | (0.623) | 3.159 | 9.623 | 7.20 |
| 09b | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.207 | (0.608) | 3.225 | 10.122 | 6.89 |
| 10b | FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.284 | (0.654) | 2.534 | 6.172 | 9.47 |
| 11b | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.139 | (0.483) | 3.997 | 16.858 | 4.62 |
amaNqaku. N = 440. IC = ulawulo olungalunganga; IP = ukunyuka okuphambili; CE = ukuqhubeka / ukunyuka; FI = ukungasebenzi kakuhle; MD = imbandezelo ephawulweyo.
Ngokumalunga nempilo yengqondo, isampulu iyonke (N = 958) inomlinganiselo we-PHQ-4 amanqaku we-3.03 (SD = 2.82) kwaye ibonisa amanqanaba aphakathi okwaneliseka ngobomi (L-1: M = 6.31, SD = 2.39) kunye nempilo (H-1: M = 6.05, SD = 2.68). Kwiqela elincinane lomdlalo (n = 440), abantu abali-13 (3.0%) bafikelela kwi-IGDT-10 cutoff kumatyala afanelekileyo ekliniki okuphazamiseka kwemidlalo. Amanqaku aphakathi kwe-IGDT-10 ahluka phakathi kwe-0.51 yokuthenga-ingxaki yokuthenga kunye ne-0.77 yokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu (bona 5 Table).
Uhlalutyo lwezinto eziqinisekisiweyo
Kucingelwa ukuba imodeli yezinto ezine
Sivavanye ulwakhiwo olucingelwayo lwezinto ezine ze-ACSID-11 ngokusebenzisa ii-CFA ezininzi, enye ngengxaki ethile yokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwaye ngokwahlukileyo kumazinga kunye nokuqina. Imiba (1) uLawulo lokuNyonzeka, (2) ukuPhakamisa okuYandisiweyo, kunye (3) nokuQhubela phambili/uKunyuka kuye kwaqulunqwa zizinto ezintathu ezichaphazelekayo. Izinto ezimbini ezongezelelweyo ezilinganisa ukukhubazeka okusebenzayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye noxinzelelo oluphawulweyo ngenxa yomsebenzi we-intanethi zenza into eyongezelelweyo (4) Ukukhubazeka kokuSebenza. Ubume bezinto ezine ze-ACSID-11 zixhaswa yidatha. Izalathisi ezifanelekileyo zibonisa ukulingana okuhle phakathi kweemodeli kunye nedatha yazo zonke iintlobo zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okuvavanywa yi-ACSID-11, eyile, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga kwi-Intanethi, kunye nengxaki yokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yoluntu, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi. ukuphazamiseka, kunye nengxaki yokungcakaza kwi-intanethi (bona 3 Table). Ngokumalunga nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye nengxaki yokungcakaza kwi-Intanethi, i-TLI kunye ne-RMSEA zinokuthambekela ecaleni ngenxa yeesampulu ezincinci (Hu & Bentler, ngo-1999). Ukulayishwa kwezinto kunye nentsalela covariances kwiiCFAs zisebenzisa imodeli yezinto ezine zibonisiwe Ikhiwane. 2. Ukuqaphela, eminye imifuziselo ibonisa amaxabiso angaqhelekanga akwisinye (okt, intsalela engalunganga yomahluko ofihlakeleyo okanye ulungelelwaniso olulinganayo okanye olukhulu kuno-1).
Izalathisi ezifanelekileyo zezinto ezine, unidimensional, kunye neemodeli ze-CFA zodidi lwesibini lweengxaki ezithile (ezinokwenzeka) zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ezilinganiswe yi-ACSID-11.
| Ingxaki yokudlala | |||||||||||
| Ubuninzi | Ubungakanani | ||||||||||
| imodeli | df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df |
| Imodeli yezinto ezine | 38 | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.031 | 0.051 | 2.13 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 1.81 |
| Imodeli ye-unidimensional | 27 | 0.969 | 0.961 | 0.048 | 0.087 | 4.32 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.047 | 0.082 | 3.99 |
| Imodeli yomyalelo wesibini | 40 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 1.99 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.032 | 0.045 | 1.89 |
| Ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga kwi-Intanethi | |||||||||||
| Ubuninzi | Ubungakanani | ||||||||||
| imodeli | df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df |
| Imodeli yezinto ezine | 38 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 2.07 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 2.30 |
| Imodeli ye-unidimensional | 27 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 0.037 | 0.070 | 5.58 | 0.986 | 0.982 | 0.031 | 0.056 | 3.98 |
| Imodeli yomyalelo wesibini | 40 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 2.19 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 2.40 |
| Iphonografi ekwi-Intanethi-ingxaki yokusebenzisana | |||||||||||
| Ubuninzi | Ubungakanani | ||||||||||
| imodeli | df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df |
| Imodeli yezinto ezine | 38 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 1.99 | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.038 | 0.065 | 2.43 |
| Imodeli ye-unidimensional | 27 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.044 | 0.075 | 2.91 | 0.976 | 0.970 | 0.046 | 0.082 | 3.27 |
| Imodeli yomyalelo wesibini | 40 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.033 | 0.049 | 1.83 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.039 | 0.068 | 2.59 |
| Ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu | |||||||||||
| Ubuninzi | Ubungakanani | ||||||||||
| imodeli | df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df |
| Imodeli yezinto ezine | 38 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.023 | 0.049 | 3.03 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.023 | 0.052 | 3.31 |
| Imodeli ye-unidimensional | 27 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.048 | 0.096 | 8.89 | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 7.13 |
| Imodeli yomyalelo wesibini | 40 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.027 | 0.053 | 3.39 | 0.991 | 0.988 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 3.64 |
| Online ukugembula disorder | |||||||||||
| Ubuninzi | Ubungakanani | ||||||||||
| imodeli | df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df | I-CFI | I-TLI | I-SRMR | I-RMSEA | χ2/df |
| Imodeli yezinto ezine | 38 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.027 | 0.059 | 1.70 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 1.47 |
| Imodeli ye-unidimensional | 27 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.040 | 0.078 | 2.20 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.039 | 0.080 | 2.28 |
| Imodeli yomyalelo wesibini | 40 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.029 | 0.054 | 1.58 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.029 | 0.053 | 1.55 |
amaNqaku. Ubungakanani besampulu obahlukeneyo bomdlalo (n = 440), ukuthenga kwi-intanethi (n = 944), ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi (n = 340), ukusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu (n = 854), kunye nokungcakaza kwi-intanethi (n = 200); I-ACSID-11 = UVavanyo lweeNqobo zokuSebenza ngokuKhethekileyo kwi-Intanethi, izinto ze-11.
Izinto ezilayishwayo kunye nentsalela ye-covariances yeemodeli ezine-factor ye-ACSID-11 (i-frequency) ye (A) ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, (B) ukuphazamiseka kokugembula kwi-intanethi, (C) ingxaki yokuthenga kwi-intanethi, (D) iphonografi ekwi-intanethi-ukusebenzisa ingxaki. , kunye (E) ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu. amaNqaku. Ubungakanani besampulu obahlukeneyo bomdlalo (n = 440), ukuthenga kwi-intanethi (n = 944), ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi (n = 340), ukusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu (n = 854), kunye nokungcakaza kwi-intanethi (n = 200); Umlinganiselo wokuqina we-ACSID-11 ubonise iziphumo ezifanayo. I-ACSID-11 = UVavanyo lweNgcaciso yeZiphazamiso eziKhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, izinto ze-11; Amaxabiso amele ukulayishwa kwezinto ezisemgangathweni, i-factor covariances, kunye nentsalela covariances. Lonke uqikelelo lwalubalulekile p <0.001.
Ukucaphula: Ijenali yeZinto zokuziphatha ngo-2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Imodeli ye-unidimensional
Ngenxa yonxibelelwano oluphezulu phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, siye saphinda savavanya izisombululo ezingafaniyo nazo zonke izinto ezilayishwayo kwinto enye, njengoko iphunyeziwe, umz., kwi-IGDT-10. Iimodeli ezingaqhelekanga ze-ACSID-11 zibonise ukufaneleka okwamkelekileyo, kodwa nge-RMSEA kunye/okanye χ2/df ingaphezulu kweendlela ezisikiweyo ezicetyisiweyo. Kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha, imodeli ilungele imifuziselo yezinto ezine ingcono xa ithelekiswa neemodeli ezilinganayo ezilinganayo (bona 3 Table). Ngenxa yoko, isisombululo sezinto ezine sibonakala siphezulu kunesisombululo esingenamlinganiselo.
Imodeli yomyalelo wesibini kunye nemodeli ye-bifactor
Enye indlela ekuphenduleni ngayo i-intercorrelations ephezulu kukubandakanya into eqhelekileyo emele ulwakhiwo ngokubanzi, oluqulethwe yi-subdomains ehambelanayo. Oku kunokuphunyezwa ngemodeli ye-oda yesibini kunye nemodeli ye-bifactor. Kwimodeli ye-second-order factor, i-general (i-second-order) ibonakaliswe ekuzameni ukucacisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezinto zomyalelo wokuqala. Kwimodeli ye-bifactor, kucingelwa ukuba i-akhawunti ye-general factor i-commonality phakathi kwemimandla ehambelanayo kwaye, ukongezelela, kukho izinto ezininzi ezicacileyo, nganye yazo ineempembelelo ezizodwa kunye nangaphezulu kwento eqhelekileyo. Oku kuhlonitshwa ukwenzela ukuba into nganye ivunyelwe ukulayisha kwizinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nakwimeko yayo ethile apho zonke izinto (kubandakanywa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nezinto ezithile) zichazwe ukuba zibe yi-orthogonal. Imodeli yolandelelwano lwesibini lunyanzeleke ngakumbi kunemodeli ye-bifactor kwaye ifakwe ngaphakathi kwimodeli ye-bifactor (Yung, Thissen, & McLeod, 1999). Kwiisampulu zethu, iimodeli zodidi lwesibini zibonisa ukulungelelana okufanayo njengeemodeli zezinto ezine (bona 3 Table). Kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha, ezine (umyalelo wokuqala) zilayisha phezulu kwi-(i-odolo yesibini) into jikelele (bona Isihlomelo B), ethethelela ukusetyenziswa kwamanqaku xa iyonke. Njengeemodeli ezine-factor, ezinye ze-second-order factor model zibonisa amaxabiso angaqhelekanga (okt, intsalela engalunganga ye-negative variable okanye ulungelelwaniso olulinganayo okanye olukhulu kuno-1). Siye savavanya iimodeli ezihambelanayo ze-bifactor ezibonisa ukufaneleka okuphezulu ngokuthelekisayo, nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha imodeli enokuchongwa (bona Isihlomelo C).
intembeko
Ngokusekwe kubume bezinto ezine ezichongiweyo, sibale amanqaku e-ACSID-11 ukusuka kwiindlela zezinto ezifanelekileyo kunye namanqaku athetha ngokubanzi kwingxaki nganye (enokwenzeka) yokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi. Siye sajonga ukuthembeka kwe-IGDT-10 njengoko sisebenzisa i-multibehavioral eyahlukileyo silandela umzekelo we-ASSIST (ukuvavanya ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi) okokuqala. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuhambelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi kwe-ACSID-11 kunye nezantsi kodwa kunye nokuthembeka okwamkelekileyo kwe-IGDT-10 (bona 4 Table).
Amanyathelo okuthembeka kwe-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10 yokulinganisa ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi.
| I-ACSID-11 | IGDT-10 | |||||
| Ubuninzi | Ubungakanani | (ASSIST uguqulelo) | ||||
| Uhlobo lokuphazamiseka | α | λ2 | α | λ2 | α | λ2 |
| Gaming | 0.900 | 0.903 | 0.894 | 0.897 | 0.841 | 0.845 |
| Ukuthenga-ukuthenga kwi-Intanethi | 0.910 | 0.913 | 0.915 | 0.917 | 0.858 | 0.864 |
| Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi | 0.907 | 0.911 | 0.896 | 0.901 | 0.793 | 0.802 |
| Ukusetyenziswa kweenethiwekhi zentlalo | 0.906 | 0.912 | 0.915 | 0.921 | 0.855 | 0.861 |
| Ukungcakaza kwi-Intanethi | 0.947 | 0.950 | 0.944 | 0.946 | 0.910 | 0.912 |
amaNqaku. α = ialpha kaCronbach; λ 2 = Lambda-2 kaGuttman; I-ACSID-11 = UVavanyo lweNgcaciso yeZiphazamiso eziKhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, izinto ze-11; IGDT-10 = Uvavanyo lweSifo seDidi ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yezinto ezilishumi; Ubungakanani besampulu obahlukeneyo bomdlalo (n = 440), ukuthenga-ukuthenga kwi-intanethi (n = 944), ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi (n = 340), ukusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu (n = 854), kunye nokungcakaza kwi-intanethi (n = 200).
5 Table ibonisa iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo zamanqaku e-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10. Kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha, iindlela ze-ACSID-11 izinto Ukuqhubeka / ukuNyusa kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuSebenza kweyona nto iphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto. Ulawulo oluphazamisekileyo lubonisa amaxabiso aphezulu athetha ukuphindaphinda kunye nobunzulu. Amanqaku ewonke e-ACSID-11 ngawona aphakamileyo kuphazamiseko lokusetyenziswa kothungelwano lwentlalo-ntle, elandelwa luphazamiseko lokungcakaza kwi-intanethi kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-Intanethi, kunye nengxaki yokuthenga kwi-Intanethi. Amanqaku e-IGDT-10 abonisa umfanekiso ofanayo (bona 5 Table).
Izibalo ezichazayo zento kunye namanqaku ewonke e-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10 (uguqulelo lwe-ASSIST) lweengxaki ezithile zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi.
| Umdlalo (n = 440) | Ukuthenga-ukuthenga kwi-Intanethi (n = 944) |
Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi (n = 340) |
Ukusetyenziswa kweenethiwekhi zoluntu (n = 854) | Ukungcakaza kwi-Intanethi (n = 200) | ||||||||||||||||
| Eziguqukayo | min | max | M | (SD) | min | max | M | (SD) | min | max | M | (SD) | min | max | M | (SD) | min | max | M | (SD) |
| Ubuninzi | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.58 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.78 | (0.88) | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.82) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.69) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.59) | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.74) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.13 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.16 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.24 | (0.60) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.18 | (0.48) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.19 | (0.47) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.61) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.68) |
| ACSID-11_ iyonke | 0 | 3 | 0.39 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.27 | (0.47) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.32 | (0.49) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.39 | (0.64) |
| Ubungakanani | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.43 | (0.58) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.45 | (0.63) | 0 | 3 | 0.60 | (0.76) | 0 | 3 | 0.47 | (0.73) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.62) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.40 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.35 | (0.69) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.48) | 0 | 3 | 0.11 | (0.39) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.15 | (0.41) | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.23 | (0.58) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.15 | (0.45) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.18 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.57) | 0 | 3 | 0.29 | (0.61) |
| ACSID-11_ iyonke | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.42) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.26 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.37 | (0.54) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.59) |
| IGDT-10_sum | 0 | 9 | 0.69 | (1.37) | 0 | 9 | 0.51 | (1.23) | 0 | 7 | 0.61 | (1.06) | 0 | 9 | 0.77 | (1.47) | 0 | 9 | 0.61 | (1.41) |
amaNqaku. I-ACSID-11 = UVavanyo lweNgcaciso yeZiphazamiso eziKhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, izinto ze-11; IC = ulawulo olungasebenziyo; IP = ukunyuka okuphambili; CE = ukuqhubeka / ukunyuka; FI = ukungasebenzi kakuhle; IGDT-10 = Uvavanyo lweSifo seSifo se-Intanethi esinezinto ezilishumi.
Uhlalutyo lomanyano
Njengomlinganiselo wokwakha ukuqinisekiswa, sihlalutye ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-ACSID-11, IGDT-10, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphila kakuhle jikelele. Unxulumano luboniswe kwi 6 Table. Amanqaku ewonke e-ACSID-11 anxibelelana kakuhle namanqaku e-IGDT-10 aneempembelelo eziphakathi ukuya kwezinkulu, apho unxulumano phakathi kwamanqaku okuziphatha okufanayo luphezulu. Ngaphaya koko, amanqaku e-ACSID-11 anxibelelana kakuhle ne-PHQ-4, enesiphumo esifanayo ne-IGDT-10 kunye ne-PHQ-4. Iipateni zokunxibelelana kunye nemilinganiselo yokwaneliseka kobomi (L-1) kunye nokwaneliseka kwempilo (H-1) zifana kakhulu phakathi kobunzima beempawu ezivavanywe nge-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10. Unxulumano phakathi kwe-ACSID-11 yamanqaku ewonke kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo zineziphumo ezinkulu. Unxulumano phakathi kwamanqaku ento kunye ne-IGDT-10 inokufumaneka kwizinto ezongezelelweyo.
Unxulumano phakathi kwe-ACSID-11 (i-frequency), IGDT-10, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphila kakuhle kwengqondo
| 1) | 2) | 3) | 4) | 5) | 6) | 7) | 8) | 9) | 10) | 11) | 12) | |||
| ACSID-11_ iyonke | ||||||||||||||
| 1) | Gaming | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2) | Ukuthenga-ukuthenga kwi-Intanethi | r | 0.703** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | ||||||||||||
| 3) | Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi | r | 0.659** | 0.655** | 1 | |||||||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | |||||||||||
| 4) | Ukusetyenziswa kweenethiwekhi zentlalo | r | 0.579** | 0.720** | 0.665** | 1 | ||||||||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | 854 | ||||||||||
| 5) | Ukungcakaza kwi-Intanethi | r | 0.718** | 0.716** | 0.661** | 0.708** | 1 | |||||||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | |||||||||
| IGDT-10_sum | ||||||||||||||
| 6) | Gaming | r | 0.596** | 0.398** | 0.434** | 0.373** | 0.359** | 1 | ||||||
| (n) | (440) | (434) | (202) | (415) | (123) | (440) | ||||||||
| 7) | Ukuthenga-ukuthenga kwi-Intanethi | r | 0.407** | 0.632** | 0.408** | 0.449** | 0.404** | 0.498** | 1 | |||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | (337) | (841) | (197) | (434) | (944) | |||||||
| 8) | Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi | r | 0.285** | 0.238** | 0.484** | 0.271** | 0.392** | 0.423** | 0.418** | 1 | ||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | (306) | (97) | (202) | (337) | (340) | ||||||
| 9) | Ukusetyenziswa kweenethiwekhi zentlalo | r | 0.255** | 0.459** | 0.404** | 0.591** | 0.417** | 0.364** | 0.661** | 0.459** | 1 | |||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | (192) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | |||||
| 10) | Ukungcakaza kwi-Intanethi | r | 0.322** | 0.323** | 0.346** | 0.423** | 0.625** | 0.299** | 0.480** | 0.481** | 0.525** | 1 | ||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | ||||
| 11) | I-PHQ-4 | r | 0.292** | 0.273** | 0.255** | 0.350** | 0.326** | 0.208** | 0.204** | 0.146** | 0.245** | 0.236** | 1 | |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | |||
| 12) | L-1 | r | -0.069 | -0.080* | -0.006 | -0.147** | -0.179* | -0.130** | -0.077* | -0.018 | -0.140** | -0.170* | -0.542** | 1 |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
| 13) | H-1 | r | -0.083 | -0.051 | 0.062 | -0.014 | 0.002 | -0.078 | -0.021 | 0.069 | 0.027 | -0.034 | -0.409** | 0.530** |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
amaNqaku. ** p <0.01; * p < 0.05. I-ACSID-11 = UVavanyo lweNgcaciso yeZiphazamiso eziKhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, izinto ze-11; IGDT-10 = Uvavanyo lweSifo seDidi ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi yezinto ezilishumi; I-PHQ-4 = iPhepha leMibuzo yeMpilo yeZigulane-4; Unxulumano kunye ne-ACSID-11 intensity scale yayikuluhlu olufanayo.
Ingxoxo kunye neziphetho
Le ngxelo yazisa i-ACSID-11 njengesixhobo esitsha sovavanyo olulula nolubanzi lweentlobo eziphambili zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi. Iziphumo zophononongo zibonisa ukuba i-ACSID-11 ifanelekile ukubamba imilinganiselo ye-ICD-11 yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwisakhiwo esineenkalo ezininzi. Ulungelelwaniso oluhle kunye nesixhobo sovavanyo olusekwe kwi-DSM-5 (IGDT-10) lubonise ngakumbi ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni.
Isakhiwo esicingelwayo se-multifactorial se-ACSID-11 siqinisekiswe ziziphumo zeCFA. Izinto zihambelana kakuhle nemodeli yezinto ezine ezimele i-ICD-11 criteria (1) ulawulo oluphazamisekileyo, (2) ukunyuka okuphambili, (3) ukuqhubeka / ukunyuka ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi, kunye namacandelo ongezelelweyo (4) ukukhubazeka kokusebenza kunye unxunguphalo oluphawulweyo oluza kuthathwa njengolufanelekileyo kwizimilo ezikhobokisayo. Isisombululo sezinto ezine sibonise ukufaneleka okuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nesisombululo esingalinganiyo. Ubuninzi bomlinganiselo wesikali luphawu olukhethekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izikali ezigubungela i-ICD-11 indlela yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo (cf. UKumkani et al., 2020; Iifonti et al., 2021). Ngaphaya koko, ukulingana okuphezulu ngokulinganayo kwemodeli yolandelelwano lwesibini (kunye nemodeli ye-bifactor ngokuyinxenye) kubonisa ukuba izinto ezivavanya iindlela ezine ezinxulumeneyo ziquka "ingxaki" yolwakhiwo kwaye ithethelela ukusetyenziswa kwamanqaku xa iyonke. Iziphumo bezifana nengxaki yokungcakaza kwi-intanethi kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinokubakho zokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi ezilinganiswe yi-ACSID-11 kwifomathi yokuziphatha ngeendlela ezininzi kumzekelo we-ASSIST, eyile, ingxaki yokuthenga kwi-intanethi, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwi-intanethi, inethiwekhi yoluntu- ukusetyenziswa ukuphazamiseka. Okokugqibela, akukho naziphi na izixhobo ezisekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ze-WHO zokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, nangona abaphandi bencoma olu lwahlulo ngalunye kubo (UBrand et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018). Amanyathelo amatsha abanzi, anje nge-ACSID-11, anokunceda ukoyisa ubunzima bemethodi kunye nokwenza uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo lwezinto ezifanayo kunye nomahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zokuziphatha (okunokubakho) kokulutha.
Ukuthembeka kwe-ACSID-11 kuphezulu. Ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi kuyathelekiseka okanye kuphezulu kunezinye izixhobo ezininzi (cf. UKumkani et al., 2020). Ukuthembeka ngokwemigaqo yokungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi kukwalungile kolunye ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okulinganiswa zizo zombini i-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10. Ukusuka koku sinokugqiba ukuba ifomati yempendulo ehlanganisiweyo, efana nale ye-ASSIST (NGUBANI ONCEDISA IQela eliSebenzayo, ngo-2002) ifanelekile kuvavanyo oludibeneyo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokulutha kokuziphatha. Kwisampulu yangoku, amanqaku e-ACSID-11 ewonke ayephezulu kwi-social-network-use disorder. Oku kuhambelana nokuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwesi siganeko ngoku esiqikelelwa kwi-14% kumazwe azimeleyo kunye ne-31% kumazwe ahlangeneyo (UCheng, uLau, uChan, kunye noLuk, ngo-2021).
Ukunyaniseka okuguquguqukayo kuboniswa ngolungelelwaniso oluphakathi ukuya olukhulu olulungileyo phakathi kwe-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10 amanqaku ngaphandle kweefomathi zamanqaku ahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ulungelelwaniso oluhle oluphakathi phakathi kwamanqaku e-ACSID-11 kunye ne-PHQ-4 yokulinganisa iimpawu zokudakumba kunye nokuxhalaba isekela umgaqo wokuqinisekisa isixhobo esitsha sovavanyo. Iziphumo ziyahambelana neziphumo zangaphambili malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwe (comorbid) iingxaki zengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka okuthile kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo (IMihara kunye neHiguchi, 2017; kodwa bona; UColder Carras, Shi, Hard, & Saldanha, 2020), ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi (UDuffy, uDawson, kunye noDas Nair, ngo-2016), ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga (I-Kyrios et al., 2018), ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi yoluntu (I-Andreassen, 2015), kunye nokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza (Dowling et al., 2015). Kwakhona, i-ACSID-11 (ingakumbi ingxaki yokungcakaza kwi-intanethi kunye nengxaki yokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yoluntu) yayinxulunyaniswa ngokungafaniyo nomlinganiselo wolwaneliseko lobomi. Esi siphumo siyahambelana neziphumo zangaphambili kunxulumano phakathi kwempilo-ntle echaphazelekileyo kunye nobunzima beempawu zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (Cheng, Cheung, & Wang, 2018; UDuffy et al., 2016; Duradoni, Innocenti, & Guazzini, 2020). Uphononongo lucebisa ukuba impilo-ntle ichaphazeleke ngakumbi xa ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kusenzeka kunye (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Isehlo esidibeneyo sokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi akuqhelekanga (umzekelo, Burleigh et al., ngo-2019; Müller et al., 2021) enokuthi ngokuyinxenye ichaze unxibelelwano oluphezulu oluphakathi kokuphazamiseka okulinganiswa yi-ACSID-11 kunye ne-IGDT-10 ngokulandelelanayo. Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kwesixhobo sokuhlola esifanayo ukumisela izinto ezifanayo kunye nomahluko ngokusemthethweni kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo.
Umda ophambili wophononongo lwangoku yisampula engeyiyo yeklinikhi, encinci kwaye ingeyiyo isampuli. Ngaloo ndlela, ngolu cwaningo, asikwazi ukubonisa ukuba i-ACSID-11 ifanelekile njengesixhobo sokuxilonga, njengoko singenako ukubonelela ngamanqaku acacileyo e-cutoff, okwangoku. Ngaphezu koko, i-design-sectional design ayizange ivumele ukwenza iinkcazo malunga nokuthembeka kokuvavanya kwakhona okanye ubudlelwane be-causal phakathi kwe-ACSID-11 kunye neenguqu eziqinisekisayo. Isixhobo sifuna ukuqinisekiswa ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokufaneleka kwaso. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zolu phononongo lokuqala zibonisa ukuba sisixhobo esithembisayo esinokufanelekela ukuvavanywa ngakumbi. Ukuqaphela, isiseko sedatha esikhulu asifuneki kuphela kwesi sixhobo, kodwa kuyo yonke intsimi yophando ukumisela ukuba yeyiphi kwezi ziphatha inokuthathwa njengezinto zokuxilonga (cf. Isibonelelo kunye noChamberlain, 2016). Isakhiwo se-ACSID-11 sibonakala sisebenza kakuhle njengoko siqinisekiswa ziziphumo zophando lwangoku. Izinto ezine ezikhethekileyo kunye nesizinda ngokubanzi zimelwe ngokwaneleyo kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo, nangona into nganye yaphendulwa kuyo yonke imisebenzi ebonisiweyo ye-intanethi eyenziwa ubuncinane ngamaxesha athile kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini ezidlulileyo. Sele sixoxile ukuba ukuphazamiseka okuthile kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke, nangona kunjalo, oku kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kwizifundo ezilandelelweyo njengesizathu sokumodareyitha ukuya kunxulumano oluphezulu lwamanqaku e-ACSID-11 kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha. Ngaphaya koko, amaxabiso angaqhelekanga ngamanye amaxesha anokubonisa ukuba kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha imodeli idinga ukuphuculwa. Iikhrayitheriya ezisetyenzisiweyo azihambelani ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke iintlobo ezibandakanyiweyo zokuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba i-ACSID-11 ayinakukwazi ukugubungela ngokwaneleyo iimpawu ezithile zokuphazamiseka ekubonakalisweni kweempawu. Ukungaguquguquki komlinganiselo kuzo zonke iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo kufuneka kuvavanywe ngeesampulu ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo kubandakanya abaguli abanoxilongo oluthile lokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi. Ngaphaya koko, iziphumo azimelanga uluntu ngokubanzi. Idatha emalunga nokumela abasebenzisi be-Intanethi eJamani kwaye kwakungekho kuvalwa ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwedatha; nangona kunjalo, ubhubhani we-COVID-19 unempembelelo enokubakho kumanqanaba oxinzelelo kunye (ingxaki) nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (I-Király et al., 2020). Nangona isikali esisodwa se-L-1 siqinisekisiwe kakuhle (Beierlein et al., 2015), (i-domain-specific) ukwaneliseka kobomi kunokubanjwa ngokubanzi kwizifundo ezizayo usebenzisa i-ACSID-11.
Ukuqukumbela, i-ACSID-11 ibonakalise ukuba ifanelekile kuvavanyo olubanzi, olungaguquguqukiyo, kunye noqoqosho lweempawu (ezinokwenzeka) zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okubandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo, ukuphazamiseka kokuthenga kwi-Intanethi, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-Intanethi, iinethiwekhi zentlalo. -ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza kwi-Intanethi esekwe kwi-ICD-11 yendlela yokuxilonga yokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo. Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwesixhobo sovavanyo kufuneka lwenziwe. Siyathemba ukuba i-ACSID-11 inokuba negalelo kuvavanyo olungaguquguqukiyo lwendlela yokuziphatha ekhobokisayo kuphando kwaye inokuba luncedo nakwinkqubo yezonyango kwixesha elizayo.
Imithombo yenkxaso-mali
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, iSiseko soPhando saseJamani) - 411232260.
Igalelo labalobi
I-SMM: Ulwazi-nkqubo, uhlalutyo olusesikweni, ukuBhala – uYilo lokuqala; I-EW: Ingqiqo, iNdlela, ukuBhala – Uphononongo kunye noHlelo; I-AO: Indlela yokwenza, uhlalutyo olusesikweni; RS: Ingcamango, iNdlela yokuSebenza; AM: Ingcamango, iNdlela yokuSebenza; I-CM: I-Conceptualization, i-Methodology; KW: Ingcamango, iNdlela yokuSebenza; HJR: Ingcamango, iNdlela yokuSebenza; MB: Ukwenziwa kwengqikelelo, iNdlela yokuSebenza, ukuBhala – uPhononongo nokuHlela, ukubeka esweni.
Ukugqubana kwemidla
Ababhali baxela ukuba akukho ngquzulwano yezemali okanye enye imbambano yomdla ehambelana nomxholo weli nqaku.
Imibulelo
Umsebenzi kweli nqaku wenziwa kumxholo weYunithi yoPhando i-ACSID, i-FOR2974, exhaswa ngemali yiDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, i-German Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Izinto ezongezelelweyo
Idatha eyongezelelweyo kweli nqaku inokufumaneka kwi-intanethi https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00013.
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