YBOP Iingxelo: Eli nqaku ligxininisa ukuba i-dopamine ilingana 'nokufuna,' enokuhlukaniswa 'nokuthanda.' Umvuzo awukho nje i-dopamine. Kubonakala ngathi i-dopamine ayisiyiyo ngokwenene imolekyuli yomvuzo; kunoko yi-neurotransmitter enqwenelayo. Yiyo loo nto umntu onomlutha anganqwenela ichiza, okanye iphonografi, kodwa akayithandi ncam. Eli nqaku lichaza imifuniselo yabantu esebenzisa i-electrode kwisekethe yomvuzo. Ayevuselela umnqweno wesini—kodwa uyolo oluncinane.
UKent Berridge ungunjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan kwiSebe lePsychology (kunye nelungu lenkqubo yayo yeBiopsychology). Ufunda isayikholoji kunye ne-neuroscience echaphazelekayo yokuthanda umvuzo kunye nokufuna kwinkuthazo kunye neemvakalelo. UBerridge kunye noogxa bafuna iimpendulo kwimibuzo efana nale: Ulonwabo luveliswa njani engqondweni? Yintoni ebangela ukuba likhoboka? Ngaba iimvakalelo azikho zingqondweni? Iindlela zobuchopho zomvuzo kunye nomnqweno zisebenzisana njani nezo zoxinzelelo kunye noloyiko? Ulwazi oluthe vetshe lukwiwebhu apha: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~berridge.
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Iziyolo ezilula
Ulonwabo yenye yezona zinto zilula kwisayikholoji. Yinkalo esisiseko yobomi bengqondo, kunye nophawu olubalulekileyo lweemvakalelo ezakhayo. Kodwa ulonwabo alukho lula ngokupheleleyo. Iziphumo ezitsha kwi-hedonic psychology kunye ne-neuroscience echaphazelekayo zityhila ubunzima obunomdla.
Kwanolonwabo nje lweemvakalelo lunokunika ingqiqo kwi-hedonic psychology. Umzekelo, incasa kamnandi. Yenye yeemvakalelo ezinokuthenjwa ezinokubangela ulonwabo ebantwini. Ubumnandi bobumnandi abukho kwimvakalelo yangaphakathi ngokwayo, kodwa kwinto eyenziwe kuyo. Iilekese aziyonto intle – kukho izinto ezincamisayo eziswiti kweli hlabathi. Umzekelo, sinokufumana ngokulula incasa efundiweyo yeencasa eziswiti ezithile (ezifana nencasa emnandi enoveli edityaniswa ngokudibeneyo nesifo se-visceral). Iincasa eziswiti esiye safunda ukuzithiya zihlala ziswiti emva koko-kodwa ubumnandi bazo buba bubi, endaweni yokuba bumnandi.
Iglosi yolonwabo
Ngamanye amazwi, ulonwabo luhlobo lweglosi kwimvakalelo, ixabiso elongeziweyo. Iglosi yolonwabo ipeyintwe ngokukhutheleyo kumboniso nje wokumelwa yi-limbic brain circuit. Iglosi yolonwabo kunye nomnqweno wethu wayo ubandakanya izinto ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo, zombini i-neurobiological and psychological.
Zeziphi iiNkqubo zoBuchotho ezipeyinta iglosi yolonwabo?
Okokuqala kunomdla ukubuza ukuba ingqondo iyipeyinta njani iglosi yolonwabo. Ulonwabo lusebenza kwi-brain cerebral cortex (ingakumbi i-medial prefrontal cortex), i-amygdala, kunye nezakhiwo zobuchopho ezinzulu ezifana ne-nucleus accumbens kunye ne-midbrain dopamine neurons eprojekthi kuyo, i-ventral pallidum eqokelela iiprojekthi ngokulandelelana, kunye nezinye izakhiwo ze-hindbrain. Zonke ezi zinokwenziwa luyolo. Kodwa asingabo bonke abafuna ukwenza ulonwabo. Endaweni yoko izinto ezininzi ezisebenzisanayo zobuchopho ziziphumo zolonwabo, hayi oonobangela bolonwabo (zibangela eminye imisebenzi yengqondo endaweni yoko) . Ke zeziphi iziganeko zengqondo ezipeyinta iglosi yolonwabo kwimvakalelo?
Iingcali zengqondo kunye neengcali ze-neuroscientists zinomdla kwi-causation yazo zonke iziyolo, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa ekusebenzeni kufuneka sizifunde enye ngexesha. Ukuchonga indlela ubuchopho obupeyinta ngayo iglosi yolonwabo siye safunda ubumnandi kwilabhoratri yethu kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan. Iincasa eziswiti zibangela 'ukuthanda' inkangeleko yobuso efana nefanayo kwiintsana ezingabantu nakwizilwanyana ezininzi (umz., ukuvela kolwimi), ngelixa incasa ekrakrayo ibangela 'ukungathandi' imbonakalo (umz., iigay). Siwasebenzisile la mazwi kwizifundo zeneuroscience ezichaphazela iimpuku kunye neempuku ukwenza imaphu yeenkqubo zobuchopho ezibangela ulonwabo. Kwezi zifundo, silungisa ngobunono inkqubo yobuchopho ukubona ukuba ibangela utshintsho kwiglosi yolonwabo yencasa (umzekelo, ngokwenza isitofu esingenantlungu sethontsi lechiza elincinane kwisakhiwo sobuchopho).
Ngale ndlela, sichonge iindidi ezininzi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezibangela iglosi yolonwabo kwimvakalelo emnandi. Umzekelo, sifumanise ukuba ukuqalisa ukusebenza kweesekethe ze-opioid kwi-nucleus accumbens (umzekelo, nge-microinjecting morphine apho) kubangela ukonyuka 'ukuthanda'. Eli likhonkco lokuqala kwikhonkco le-neural ye-causation yolonwabo. Ikhonkco iyaqhubeka kwizakhiwo ezifumana imiqondiso evela kwi-accumbens, njenge-ventral pallidum, yenze kunye isekethe ye-limbic epeyinta iglosi yolonwabo.
Ubuxoki 'Ukuthanda': I-Dopamine kunye ne-Eletrical Brain Stimulation
Siphinde sajika ukusilela kwengqondo okumangalisayo ekudangeni ulonwabo. Ezi nkqubo zobuchopho kwakukade kucingwa ukuba zibangela ulonwabo lweemvakalelo, kodwa zajika azizange zenze. Umzekelo, i-brain dopamine, nangona ihlala ibizwa ngokuba yi-neurotransmitter yolonwabo, iyasilela emva kwayo yonke into ukuba iphile ngokweleyibhile yayo yolonwabo. Ukwenza ibali elide libe lifutshane, iinkqubo ze-dopamine zibonakala zingakwazi ukwenza isicwebezelisi esimnandi. Sizamile zombini ukwenza kunye nokucinezela i-dopamine ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa ayitshintshi iglosi yolonwabo. Iimpendulo 'zokuthanda' kubumnandi ziqhubeka zingaguquki kwaye ziqhelekile, nokuba zeziphi iinkqubo zengqondo ze-dopamine.
Ke ukuba i-dopamine yinto eyonwabisayo, yintoni indima yayo yokwenyani ngokwasengqondweni? Sicebise ukuba ulonwabo 'lokufuna', endaweni 'yokuthanda', eyona nto ibamba okwenziwa yi-dopamine. Ngesiqhelo 'ukuthanda' kunye 'nokufuna' kuhamba kunye kwinkuthazo eyonwabisayo, njengamacala amabini engqekembe yengqondo efanayo. Kodwa iziphumo zethu zibonisa 'ukufuna' kunokwahlulwa kwingqondo 'kukuthanda', kwaye iinkqubo ze-mesolimbic dopamine zilamla 'ukufuna' kuphela. Mna noogxa bam siyile ibinzana lenkuthazo yohlobo oluthile lwezengqondo 'lokufuna' esicinga ukuba kulamlwa ziinkqubo ze-dopamine yobuchopho.
Ii-Electrodes zolonwabo lobuxoki
Enye imeko eyothusayo 'yokuthanda' okungeyonyani inokubizwa ngokuba yingqondo 'i-electrode ezonwabileyo'. Kwizifundo zethu zezilwanyana, ezo electrode zibonakala zisebenza ngokufanayo ne-dopamine, zibangela ulonwabo 'ukufuna' ngaphandle 'kokuthanda'. Ebantwini, iimeko ezidumileyo zee-electrodes ezibukhali 'zolonwabo' zicatshulwa ziincwadi ezininzi zezifundo. Kodwa ukuba sizihlolisisa ngakumbi ezi meko, sinokunyanzeleka ukuba sifikelele kwisigqibo esimangalisayo sokuba azizange zibangele ulonwabo lweemvakalelo emva koko. Ngokomzekelo, imeko eyaziwayo yi "B-19", insizwa efakwe i-electrodes yokuvuselela nguHeath kunye noogxa kwiminyaka ye-1960. U-B-19 wazivuselela ngokwakhe i-electrode yakhe, kwaye waqhankqalaza xa iqhosha lokuvuselela lisusiwe. Ukongezelela, i-electrode yakhe yabangela “iimvakalelo zolonwabo, ukuphapha nokufudumala (inkoliseko); waba neemvakalelo zokuvuseleleka ngokwesini waza wachaza ukunyanzelwa ukuba aphulule amaphambili” (iphe. 6, Heath, 1972).
Kodwa ngaba i-electrode yakhe ibangele ulonwabo? Mhlawumbi akunjalo. U-B-19 akazange acatshulwe esitsho; hayi nesikhuzo okanye nantoni na efana "Oh - oko kuvakala kumnandi!". Endaweni yoko, uvuselelo lwe-electrode ye-B19 yavusa umnqweno wokuvuselela kwakhona kunye nenkanuko yesini eyomeleleyo-ngelixa ingazange ivelise i-orgasm yesondo okanye ubungqina obucacileyo bemvakalelo yokwenyani yolonwabo. Ngokucacileyo uvuselelo aluzange luthathe indawo yezenzo zesondo. Into eyayenzayo endaweni yoko yayikukumenza afune ukwenza izenzo zesini. Ngokufanayo, ibhinqa eligulayo, elafakelwe i-electrode kumashumi eminyaka kamva, ngokunyanzelekileyo lavuselela i-electrode yalo ekhaya. "Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo, isigulana sizivuselela imini yonke, sityeshela ucoceko lobuqu kunye nezibophelelo zentsapho" (iphe. 279, Portenoy et al., 1986).
Xa i-electrode yakhe yavuselelwa ekliniki, yavelisa umnqweno onamandla wokusela ulwelo, kunye neemvakalelo ezivuselela inkanuko, kunye nomnqweno oqhubekayo wokuphinda uvuseleleke. Nangona kunjalo, "Nangona ukuvuswa ngokwesondo kwakuvelele, akukho orgasm eyenzekayo" (iphe. 279, Portenoy et al., 1986). Ngaba oku akubonakali kufana no-B-19? “Uchaze iimvakalelo ezivuselela inkanuko edla ngokudityaniswa nokuba nexhala. Uye waqaphela unxano olugqithisileyo, ukusela kakhulu ngexesha leseshini, kunye nokutshintshatshintshana kweemvakalelo ezishushu nezibandayo” (iphe. 282, Portenoy et al., 1986). Ngokucacileyo lo mfazi waziva umxube weemvakalelo ezizimeleyo, kodwa ugxininiso lwenkcazo lunxano olugwenxa kunye nexhala - ngaphandle kobungqina beemvakalelo ezahlukeneyo zolonwabo.
Ingaba ezi electrode zingenza ntoni, ukuba aziyonwabisi? Phakathi kwezinye izinto, zisenokuba zivuselela inkuthazo enika amandla okuzingqongileyo kunye nezivuseleli ezibonwayo, ngakumbi isenzo sokuvuselela i-electrode. Ukuba i-electrode ibangele 'ukufuna', umntu unokuchaza kakuhle imvakalelo yequbuliso yokuba ubomi ngequbuliso bunomtsalane, bunqweneleka, kwaye bunyanzeleke ukuba abusukele. Basenokuthi 'bafune' ukwenza i-electrode yabo isebenze kwakhona, nokuba ayivezi luvuyo. Oko kuya kuba yinkuthazo nje yokufuna 'ukufuna' - ngaphandle kwe-hedonic 'ukuthanda'.
Iminqweno Engekho ngqiqweni?
I-psychology ye-incentive salience idala ukubakho komnqweno ongekho ngqiqweni. Ichazwa njengemfuno yento ongayithandiyo okanye ongayilindelanga ukuyithanda, umnqweno ongekho ngqiqweni onamandla unqabile kodwa unokubakho (imeko ye-electrode engentla inokuba yimizekelo). Kuvavanyo lwezilwanyana kwilabhoratri yam, sinokwenza 'ukufuna' okungekho ngqiqweni ngokwenza inkqubo ye-dopamine yobuchopho isebenze kakhulu. Umlingane wam uTerry Robinson kunye nam kholelwa ukuba into efanayo inokwenzeka kwamanye amakhoboka eziyobisi. Kwikhoboka leziyobisi, unobangela unokuba lutshintsho oluphantse lube lusisigxina ebuchotsheni olwaziwa ngokuba yi-neural sensitization, eveliswa ziziyobisi ezikhobokisayo. Ukuqonda kwenza iinkqubo zobuchopho ezinxulumene ne-dopamine zisabele ngokugqithisileyo emva kweziyobisi kunye neempawu zazo. Uvelwano lunokuqhubeka iminyaka emva kokuphela kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Ubulumko benkuthazo obuvunyiweyo bunokugcina amakhoboka eziyobisi esesichengeni sokubuyela ekubuyeleni, ngokunyanzeliswa yingcebiso evuselela 'ukufuna' ukuthatha iziyobisi kwakhona. Oku kunokwenzeka nakumachiza anganiki lonwabo kangako, kwaye nasemva kokuba iimpawu zokurhoxa ziphelile.
'Ukuthanda' kunye 'nokufuna' ulonwabo
Umnqweno ongekho ngqiqweni kakhulu, kunye nokwahlula phakathi 'kokuthanda' kunye 'nokufuna', kunokubonakala kuchasene nengqiqo. Ukuba ezi ziyenzeka, kutheni singazazi ngakumbi? Isizathu sinokuba ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba asinakufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zengqondo ezingundoqo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kolonwabo, ezifana 'nokuthanda' okanye 'ukufuna'. Umzekelo, kwiimvavanyo ezikhokelwa ngugxa wam uPiotr Winkielman, 'ukuthanda' kunye 'nokufuna' kuveliswe kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Indlela abasebenzisa ngayo utywala yatshintshwa kukuvezwa kwimbonakalo yobuso eyonwabileyo/enomsindo, nto leyo eyathi yatshintsha umnqweno wabo wokusela isiselo esithe sadibana nabo nangona babeziva bengazivanga zimvakalelo kwaphela ngelo xesha kwenzekileyo ubuso. Ukwahlukana okunjalo kokusabela ngokweemvakalelo kwiimvakalelo zokuqonda kucebisa ukuba ukwahlukana ngokungekho zingqondweni phakathi kwamalungu 'okuthanda' kunye 'nokufuna' kunokuthi kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuziva.
isiphelo
Ulonwabo olulula alulula kangako. Zombini iingxaki zengqondo kunye ne-neurobiological zikhona ngaphakathi nakweyona nto ilula yokonwaba. Ukuqonda okumangalisayo kwamva nje kwi-hedonic psychology kunye ne-neuroscience echaphazela ulonwabo iye yafunyanwa, kwaye intuthuko entsha ibonakala ngathi iya kuqhubeka. Loo nto inokwenza nasiphi na isazi ngesayikholojisti sizive sonwabile.
Umbulelo: Ndibulela oogxa bethu abathathe inxaxheba kwizifundo zolonwabo zalebhu: Terry Robinson, Elliot Valenstein, J. Wayne Aldridge, Susana Peciña, H. Casey Cromwell, Piotr Winkielman, Cindy Wyvell, Sheila Reynolds, Amy Tindell, Kyle Smith, Stephen Mahler , ULinda Parker, uXiaoxi Zhuang, uBarbara Cagniard, uJulie Wilbarger.
Umzobo 1.
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