Ukuvuselela i-Brain addiction ngokusebenzisa iModeli ye Psychobiological ye-Exercise (i-2019)

Ipapashwe kwi-intanethi 2019 Aug 27. ikhonkco: I-10.3389 / fpsyt.2019.00600
PMCID: PMC6718472
PMID: 31507468
UKell Grandjean Costa, 1 UDaniel Aranha Cabral, 1 URodrigo Hohl, 2 kwaye Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes 1, *

Abstract

Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi gwenxa yingxaki yoluntu jikelele yezempilo, ebangelwa zizinto ezininzi, kubandakanya nezo zentlalo nezendalo. Ukusetyenziswa okungapheliyo kwezinto ezinokusebenza ngengqondo kubonakalisiwe ukuba zenze utshintsho kwisimo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo okuthintela ulawulo lwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kokufuna. Ukuzivocavoca komzimba kungqiniwe ukuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nengqondo kubo bobabini abantu abasempilweni nasekliniki. Ngelixa ezinye izifundo zibonakalise izibonelelo ezinokubakho zokuzivocavoca umzimba kunyango nasekuthinteleni isimilo sokuziphatha okukhoyo, zimbalwa izifundo eziphande ngegalelo lakhe lengqondo kunye ne-neurobiological igalelo kubuchwephetsha beziyobisi. Apha, siphonononga izifundo kubantu besebenzisa iimpendulo zokuziphatha okubonakalayo kunye neendlela zokwenza umdla, ezibonisa ukuba imithambo inokuba lonyango oluncedisayo lokuphazamiseka kwesiyobisi. Ngaphaya koko, sichaza iindlela zokusebenza kwe-neurobiological ye-neuroplasticity ekwi-cortex yangaphambili yokuphucula ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yolawulo kwaye inokunciphisa ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kubantu abaqhelekileyo ekuphazamiseni ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Okokugqibela, sicebisa ukuba imodeli yokudibana kwengqondo-yengqondo yokusebenza ngokusetyenzisiweyo kuphando lwexesha elizayo kwikhoboka leziyobisi kunye nesikhokelo esisebenzayo kwimeko yezonyango.

Internet: Ukuzivocavoca i-aerobic, i-neuralplasticity, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, iziyobisi, iziyobisi

intshayelelo

Isiyobisi kwizinto ezinokusebenza ngokusebenza kwengqondo (umzekelo, i-nicotine, icocaine, intsangu, utywala, i-heroin, inhalants, i-LSD, kunye ne-ecstasy) yingxaki yempilo yoluntu lwehlabathi lanamhlanje (). Isikhokelo seDiagnostic kunye ne-Statistical Manual yeZengqondo eziManyeneyo ye-American Psychiatric Association (DSM-V 2013) icacisa iziyobisi njengengxaki yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (i-SUD) xa umntu edibana nezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zilandelayo ngokubhekisele kusetyenziso lwezinto zengqondo: unyamezelo, ukuthanda, ukuzama okuphindaphindiweyo kokumisa ukusetyenziswa, okanye iingxaki zentlalo, zobuqu, zomzimba, okanye zengqondo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (). Ukongeza kwiimpembelelo zezinto zebhayiloji, inkcubeko, intlalontle, uqoqosho, kunye nengqondo kubantu abane-SUD (), izifundo kwiimodeli zezilwanyana kunye nabantu zibonise ukuba iziyobisi zengqondo zisebenzisa i-epigenetic, imolekyuli, ukwakheka kunye nokutshintsha kokusebenza kwengqondo (). Ke, imodeli ye-neurobiological yeziyobisi iye yacebisana nonxibelelwano olunobunzima phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nezendalo kwaye zenze umbono omtsha wokudibanisa, unyango, kunye neethagethi zekhemisi ().

I-SUD ngokwesiko inxulumene nokukhululwa okungahambiyo kwe-dopamine kunye nemvakalelo kwinkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho. Uthungelwano lwe-neural lubunjwe ziindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho ezidityanisiweyo, kubandakanya indawo yangaphakathi yecutralal, i-nucleus accumbens, i-amygdala, i-striatum, i-hippocampus, kunye ne-preortal cortex (PFC) (). I-PFC yinkqubo ehlanganisiweyo ye-neural ebantwini efunekayo ekusebenzeni ngendlela eqhelekileyo, kubandakanya nokwenza izigqibo kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory, kunye nokusebenza okunenzondelelo ngokwasemoyeni (). Izifundo zisebenzisa i-positron emission tomography (PET) kunye ne-imaging resonance imaging esebenzayo (fMRI) zibonakalise ukuba abantu abane-SUD ekhoyo banciphisile i-activin ye-PFC (). Le meko ibonakala inxulumene nenani elincitshisiweyo lama-dopamine receptors kunye nenqanaba elingaqhelekanga lokudubula le-dopaminergic neurons (). Olu tshintsho kwinkqubo ye-dopamine kunye nomsebenzi we-PFC unokukhuthaza ukuthathwa kweziyobisi okunyanzelekileyo nokufuna indlela yokuziphatha, kunye nelahleko yokulawulwa kokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (). Kwangokunjalo, ukukhula okungaphelelanga kwembonakalo yecortex kunye nokwehla kwesakhono sokulawula izigqibo ezingafunekiyo kucacisiwe njengenkcaza yokuba semngciphekweni kwabakwishumi elivisayo kukusebenzisa gwenxa iziyobisi (), eqaqambisa ukubaluleka kokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezichaphazela ingqondo ngeli xesha lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo. Ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo zokuvuselela ezikhoyo ziye zagxininisa ukubaluleka kweendlela zokunyanga ngeendlela ezijolise ekumiselweni emsebenzini kwe-PFC eqhelekileyo ngelixa kudityaniswa ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza, ukhathalelo lwentlalo, kunye nonyango lokuziphatha oluxhaswe ziingcali zeengqondo, iingcali zengqondo, abasebenzi bezentlalo, kunye nosapho ().

Ukuzivocavoca umzimba kuphakanyisiwe njengonyango olugqibeleleyo lwabantu abane-SUD abanyangwa ngamanqanaba ohlukileyo okuvuselela iziyobisi (-). Uphononongo lwezilwanyana zaselwandle lubonakalise ubungqina beendlela ze-neurobiological ezenziwa kukuzilolonga ngokomzimba ezixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwazo njengecebo lokunyanga isifo iziyobisi. Imizekelo yile ilandelayo: i-dopaminergic kunye ne-glutaminergic transmissions, zikhuthaza ukuhlangana kwe-epigenetic kunye ne-BDNF (i-neurotrophic factor yengqondo), kunye nokulungisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-dopaminergic kwi-basal ganglia (, ). Nangona kunjalo, ukuchonga intsebenzo efanayo yimolekyuli phakathi kokuzilolonga kunye nengqondo yomntu izisa imiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo ekufuneka yoyisiwe ukuze kulandelwe ezi ziphumo ezivela kwiimodeli zezilwanyana ukuya ebantwini.

Izibonelelo zokuzivocavoca umzimba ngokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokwakheka kwengqondo ebantwini, kwelinye icala, zibhalwe kakuhle kuncwadi (). Umzekelo, umthambo wokuzivocavoca unxulunyaniswa nokuphuculwa kwemisebenzi yolawulo kunye nokunyuka komthamo wezinto ezingwevu kunye nomsebenzi kwimimandla ye-PFC (, ). Ngapha koko, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abanesifo sentliziyo ephezulu (okt. VO)2 max) bonisa ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kwengqondo kunye nomsebenzi we-neuronal kwi-PFC kunye ne-cterex cortex (ACC) yangaphandle.). Iziphumo zezifundo zezilwanyana zaselwandle zibonisa ukuba ezi ntlobo zobuchopho zihambelana nokukhutshwa kwee molekyuli ezibangelwa kukuzivocavoca, njenge-BDNF () kunye ne-IGF-1 (njenge-insulin-efana ne-factor factor 1) (). Zombini iimolekyuli zisebenza njengezinto ze-neurotrophic kwaye zenza ii-synapses ezintsha, ii-neurons, kunye neenethiwekhi ze-neural (). Olu luhlengahlengiso luququzelelwa ngokwanda kokuhamba kwegazi leswekile ngexesha lokuzivocavoca (kunye nokukhutshwa kwento yokukhula kwe-vascular endothelial factor (VEGF) (), ekhuthaza umsebenzi we-mitotic kwiiseli ze-vasot endothelial seli, ngokwenjenje kukhuthaza i-angiogeneis kunye nokonyusa ioksijini kunye noncedo lwesondlo kwii-neurons (). Ukongeza, ukuzivocavoca kukwanxulumene nokunyaniseka kwesithintelo segazi lobuchopho (). Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle koluhlu olubanzi lwezibonelelo zobuchopho bokuzivocavoca, iimpembelelo zayo kubantu abane-SUD abane-PFC engalunganga kunye nemisebenzi yokuqonda kufuneka iphandwe ngakumbi.

Kolu phononongo oluncinci, sibonisa iziphumo zoqwalaselo loncwadi olukhoyo ngokuzivocavoca kunye ne-SUD. Sinqumle ukukhangela kwethu kwizifundo eziphanda ifuthe lokungalunganga okanye ukungalunganga kovavanyo lwe-aerobic kulwazi lokumakisha kunye / okanye njengophawu lwe-neurobiological ebantwini abane-SUD. Amagama okusesha asetyenziselwe ukukhetha amanqaku yayiku "icuba icuba," "i-nicotine," "i-alcohol," "methamphetamine," "i-crack," "i-cocaine kunye nentsangu," "ukuzivocavoca umzimba," "Ukuziqhelanisa nokuzilolonga", "" Umlutha, ": ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi," "imisebenzi yokulawula," "isiseko sangaphambili," "ukuqonda," kunye "nengqondo." Ababhali ababini bakhetha amanqaku apapashiweyo kunye ahloliswayo koontanga abonwe kulwazi lwe-elektroniki (Ipapashiwe Central, iMedline, I-Scopus, kunye neWebhu yezeNzululwazi) ngoFebruwari 2019, ngelixa umbhali wesithathu esombulula ukungaboni ngasonye. Kuphela amanqaku apapashwa ngesiNgesi athathelwa ingqalelo. Okokugqibela, sicebisa umfuziselo odibanisayo wengqondo kunye nengqondo yokomfuziselo yokuxhasa uphando lwexesha elizayo malunga nesi sifundo kunye nokubonelela ngesikhokelo sendlela yokusetyenziswa kwayo kuseto lwezonyango njengesixhobo sonyango kunyango lwe-SUD.

Iziphumo zokuzivocavoca kweAerobic kuBongo kunye nokuBamba ngokuSebenza kwaBantu abane-SUD

Ukuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kuqhele ukwenziwa kwinqanaba elincinci lexesha elide ixesha elininzi lokusebenzisa amandla avela kwimveliso yokuxhomekeka kweoksijini ye-ATP. Uhlengahlengiso lwezinto eziphilayo zenkqubo yentliziyo ngenxa yesiphumo soqeqesho lwe-aerobic ikakhulu lubonakaliswa ngamaxabiso aphezulu e-VO2 max, edibene nokuphuculwa kwiiparamitha ezahlukeneyo zempilo, kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokuqonda (, ). Imizekelo yemisebenzi yokuzivocavoca ibandakanya ukubaleka, ukuqubha, kunye nokuhamba ngebhayisikile phakathi kwemidlalo yehlobo kunye nokuhamba ngeenyawo kwilizwe okanye ukuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu phakathi kwemidlalo yasebusika (). 1 Table Chaza izifundo eziphande ngefuthe lokuzivocavoca umzimba kubuchopho kunye nemisebenzi yokuqonda kubantu abane-SUD. Iziphumo ezibi zokuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic (okt, kwangoko emva kokuyeka komzimba) zibonisiwe zibandakanya ukunyuka kwe-oxygenC oxygenation enxulumene nolawulo olukhulu lwe-inhibitory () kunye nokuphuculwa kwenkumbulo, ingqalelo, kunye nokulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kwesantya kubasebenzisi be-polysubstance (). Ngokufanayo, abasebenzisi be-methamphetamine ababeziqhelanisa nokuhamba ngebhayisekile ye-ergometer babonisa ukuphuculwa emva koko, njengolawulo olungcono lwe-inhibitory echongiweyo, ukunciphisa amanqanaba okunqwenela, kunye nokuphucula umsebenzi wobuchopho kwi-ACC, indawo ebandakanyeka kuhlolo lwengxabano kunye nokuthintela (). U-Wang et al. () kunye noWang, uZhou, noChang () iphinde yafunda abasebenzisi be-methamphetamine kwaye yabonisa ukuba umthambo owenziweyo ngokomgangatho ophakathi (okt, i-65-75% yamazinga aphezulu esifo sentliziyo) ifumana ukwehla kwamanqanaba okunqwenela, iphucule intsebenzo ngomsebenzi wokuhamba / ukungahambi, kwaye yonyusa i-N2 amplitude ngexesha loku- yiya iimeko xa umntu lowo kufuneka ethintele umfutho wokucinezela ezantsi kwekhusi lekhompyuter emva kwembonakalo. Ngokukodwa, i-N2 yinto enxulumene nomsitho, ibekwe iliso usebenzisa i-electroencephalography engahlaseliyo (i-EEG), evela kwimvelaphi ye-cortex ye-fronto-parietal kwaye inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nolawulo lwe-inhibitory ().

1 Table

Izifundo eziphanda ngeziphumo zokuzivocavoca umzimba kwingqondo nakwimisebenzi yengqondo kubantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi.

Iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo zokuzivocavoca kakhulu
isingqinisoInkqubo yokufundaUhlobo lweziyobisiUmthambo (uhlobo; ubungakanani; ixesha)Isiphawuli se-Neurobiological kunye novavanyo lokuqondaIziphumo
UJanse Van Rensburg kunye noTaylor, (2008) ()Abatshayayo (N = 23) baphantsi kweemeko ezithile (Ukuzivocavoca kunye nokuphumla nje kokuzenzela). Balwenzile kuvavanyo lwengqondo ngaphambi nasemva kweemeko.NicotineUkuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kwithambeka elinyukayo; Ubungakanani bokuziqhelanisa nokuzimela I-2min efudumele-up kunye nokuzivocavoca kwe-15minUvavanyo lweStroopUkulandela iseshoni yokuziqhelanisa, abantu abatshayayo khange baphucule ekusebenzeni ngovavanyo lwengqondo xa kuthelekiswa neseshoni yokulawula.
UJanse Van Rensburg et al., (2009) ()Abatshayayo (N = 10) batshintshele kwiimeko (Ukuzivocavoca kunye nokuphumla okuthe chu) kulandelwa siskena se-fMRI ngelixa ubukele ukutshaya kunye nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi.NicotineUkuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kwimjikelezo yentsimbi; Ubungakanani bokumodareyitha (i-RPE 11-13); I-2min efudumele-up, umthambo we-10min.fMRIAbatshayayo baveze umsebenzi wengqondo oncitshisiweyo kwiindawo ezinxulumene nomvuzo, inkuthazo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwe-visuo-spatial following Exercise, ngokuthelekisa imeko yokulawula.
IRensburg et al., (2012) ( )Abatshayayo (N = 20) batshintshele kwiimeko (Ukuzivocavoca kunye nokuphumla okuthe chu) kulandelwa siskena se-fMRI ngelixa ubukele ukutshaya kunye nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi.NicotineUkuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kwimjikelezo yentsimbi; Ubungakanani bokumodareyitha (i-RPE 11-13); I-2min yokufudumeza-phezulu, umthambo we-10min)fMRIAbatshayayo baboniswe ukunciphisa umsebenzi wokuphatha ngokubonakalayo (okt. Indawo ye-occipital cortex) ngexesha lokutshaya imifanekiso emva kweseshoni yokuzivocavoca
U-Wang, Zhou no Chang., 2015 ()Abathathi-nxaxheba (N = 24) benze iimeko ezimbini: Iiseshini zokulawulwa kokufunda kunye nokulawulwa kovavanyo Uvavanyo lokuqonda kunye nokuchaphazeleka kwengqondo kulinganiswa ngokulandela imeko nganye.MethamphetamineUkuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kumjikelo-ergometer; I-65-75% yexabiso eliqikelelweyo le-HR, i-30min (i-5min ishushu-up, i-20min yokuzivocavoca kunye ne-5min ipholile-phantsi)I-Electroencephalogram (EEG), GoNoGoZombini kunye ne-methamphetamine ethile yolawulo lwe-inhibitory yaphuculwa emva kweseshoni yokuzivocavoca ngokuthelekiswa neseshoni yokulawula. Amplitude enkulu ye-N2 yaqwalaselwa ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqonda ngemeko ye-Nogo zovavanyo zombini zolawulo lwe-inhibitory ngokuthelekiswa neseshoni yokulawula.
U-Wang et al., 2016 ()Abathathi-nxaxheba (N = 92) babelwa ngokungenamkhethe kumaqela e-4: umthambo wokukhanya, umthambo olinganiselweyo, umthambo wokuzilolonga kunye neqela lokulawula ukufunda. Uvavanyo lokuqonda kunye nokufota kwengqondo bekungumlinganiso ngaphambili kunye ne-20min emva kovavanyo okanye iseshoni yokufunda.MethamphetamineUkuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kumjikelo we-ergometer; Iqela ngalinye lalinamandla alo ngokusisiseko kuqikelelwa kubuninzi beHR (40-50%, 65-75% kunye ne-85-95%, ehambelana nokukhanya, ubungakanani kunye nokuqina okuphezulu, ngokulandelelana); I-30min yokuzivocavoca (i-5min ishushu-up, i-20min yokuzivocavoca kunye ne-5min epholile-phantsi)I-Electroencephalogram (i-EEG) ixeshana yenza umsebenzi oqhelekileyo weGoNogo kunye ne-methamphetamine ethile ye-GoNogo task.Iqela lokuqina elinomndilili lubonise ixesha lokuphendula elingcono kunye nenani leempazamo ezisezantsi. Iqela elifanayo labonisa ubukhulu be-N2 amplitude ngexesha leemeko zeNogo zombini ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye ne-meth-ezithile.
UDa Costa et al., 2017 ()Abantu abaneengxaki zokusebenzisa iziyobisi (N = 15) bathelekiswa nabantu abane-15 abasempilweni ngexesha leseshoni yomzamo omkhulu. Ngexesha leseshoni, onke amavolontiya abe ne-oxygenation yangaphambili ye-cortex oxygenation ngelixa besenza uvavanyo lokuqonda.Abasebenzisi abaninzi beziyobisi (i-35.5% babethengiswa kwinto enye, i-43% kwizinto ezimbini kunye ne-21.1% kwizinto ezintathu). I-8 kuxeliwe ukuba ngumsebenzisi we-crack / cocaine, i-6 yayingabasebenzisa utywala kwaye i-3 yayingabasebenzisi bentsangu.Ukuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kude kube kukuziphelisa ngokuzithandela [20 kwiBorg Scale (6-20)]. I-cycloergometer igcinwe kwi-60-70 rpm. Umthwalo wokuqala yi-25w kwaye kwimizuzu emibini, ukunyuswa kwe-25w kwenzeka.Kufutshane ne-infrared visroscopy (NIRS) kunye novavanyo lweStroopAbantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi bonyusa i-oxygenation yangaphambili ye-cortex ngexesha lokuzilolonga elinxulumene nexesha elingcono lokuphendula kwiimvavanyo zeStroop. Kwakhona, umnqweno ongezantsi waxelwa emva kweseshoni yomthambo.
UDa Costa et al., (2016)
()		Abantu abaphethwe gadalala (N = 9) benze iinyanga ze-3 zongenelelo lomthambo. Benze uvavanyo lwengqondo ngaphambi nasemva komgaqo wokuzilolonga.Ukuqhekeka kunye necocaineUmthambo we-aerobic (ukubaleka simahla), amandla ozikhethele wena; Iiseshini ze-3 / iveki; I-36-60min / iseshini. Iprotokholi ihlale iinyanga ze-3.Uvavanyo lweStroopKwafunyaniswa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banciphise ixesha lokuphendula elinxulumene nokuphuculwa kwempilo yentliziyo. Inani leempazamo kuvavanyo lwe-Stroop lugcine ukuthelekisa okufanayo kunye nokungenelela kwangaphambili.
UCabral et al., (2017) () (a)Ingxelo Isifundo esenze i-oxygenation yangaphambili ye-cortex ngexesha lokuzivocavoca okwandisiweyo ngaphambi, kwiintsuku ze-45 emva kunye neentsuku ze-90 emva kokuqala kweprothokholi.Utywala kunye neicotineUkuzilolonga kwe-aerobic (ukubaleka simahla); amandla ozikhethele wona Iiseshini ze-3 / iveki; ixesha lokubaleka landisiwe kunye neeveki (kwiveki yokuqala: 3-6min, kwiveki ephelileyo: 40-50min). Iprothokholi ihlale iiveki ze-12.Kufutshane ne-infrared visroscopy (NIRS). Uvavanyo lweStroopEmva kweentsuku ze-90 zokubaleka, isifundo siphucule i-oxygenation yangaphambili ye-cortex kwi-921% kwindawo yokungena komoya, i-604.2% kwindawo yokuphelisa imbuyekezo kunye ne-76.1% kwimizamo ephezulu. Ukongeza, inani elonyukayo leempendulo ezichanekileyo ngexesha lovavanyo lokulawula inhibitory yi-266.6% kunye nexesha lokuphendula yi23%.
U-Wang et al., (2017) ()Uphononongo lwezilingo olungekho mthethweni. Abathathi-nxaxheba bahlulwe ngokwamaqela amabini: ukuzivocavoca (N = 25) kunye neqela lolawulo (N = 25). Uvavanyo lokuqonda kunye ne-electroencephalogram zalinganiswa kuwo omabini amaqela ngaphambi nasemva kweeveki ze-12.MethamphetamineUkuzilolonga nge-aerobic (ukukhwela ibhayisekile, ukugijimela, ukutsiba ngentambo); I-65-75% yexabiso eliqikelelweyo leHR; Iiseshini ze-3 / iveki; I-40min / iseshoni (i-5min efudumele-phezulu, i-30min yokuzivocavoca ye-aerobic kunye ne-5min ipholile-phantsi). Inkqubo yenziwa kwiiveki ze-12.I-Electroencephalogram (EEG), Yiya / HayiZombini kunye ne-methamphetamine yolawulo oluthile lwe-inhibitory yaphuculwa emva kweseshoni yokuzivocavoca ngokuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula. Amplitude enkulu ye-N2 yaqwalaselwa ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqonda ngemeko ye-Nogo yovavanyo zombini lwe-inhibitory ngokuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo.
UCabral et al., (2018) ((b)Ingxelo Umthathi-nxaxheba wayenomsebenzi wobuchopho obulinganiswe ngaphambi nasemva kwenkqubo yokuziqhelanisa ngexesha lokuphumla, ngelixa esenza uvavanyo lokuqonda. Ngaphezu koko, i-oxygenation yangaphambili ye-cortex yalinganiswa ngexesha lokuzivocavoca ukunyuka komthambo.Ukucaba / icocaine kunye notywalaUkuzivocavoca okunyanzelekileyo okuphezulu; konke ukuphuma kwe-30 kunye nokuphumla kwe-4: iiseshini ze-30min 3 ngeveki. Iprothokholi ihlale iiveki ze-4.I-Electroencephalogram (EEG) kunye ne-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), uvavanyo lwe-StroopI-oorthemoglobin yangaphambili yonyuswe i-228.2% ekuqaleni kovavanyo lwe-treadmill, i-305.4% kwindawo ephakathi kunye ne-359.4% ekugqibeleni kovavanyo. Umsebenzi wokuqala we-cortex ngexesha lovavanyo lweStroop lwaphuculwa. Isiphumo se-Stroop sehlisiwe nge-327%.

Kubasebenzisi be-nicotine, uhlalutyo lwe meta () uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo () bonisa okanye awunampembelelo yokuzivocavoca ngokuyeka ukutshaya. Nangona kunjalo, olo hlaziyo aluzange lubandakanye izifundo zisebenzisa uphawu lokuqonda okanye lokubonisa iziphumo zezifo njengeziphumo. Kwelinye icala, iRensburg et al. (-) Ndiqhube uchungechunge lovavanyo olubalulekileyo olubonisa izibonelelo ezinokubakho zomsebenzi wokuzivocavoca ubuchopho kunye nemisebenzi yokuqonda yabasebenzisi be-nicotine. Uphononongo lokuqala lubonise ukuba i-15 ye-min-ye-light-intensity treadmill Exercise yanciphisa amanqanaba okunqwenela ngokuthelekiswa nemeko yokulawula (ukuphumla kokuphumla) kodwa ayizange ifumane ukuphuculwa kolawulo lwe-inhibitory. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kumsebenzi wolawulo lwe-inhibitory kulinganiswa kuphela ngexesha lokuphendula hayi ngenani leempazamo, ezinokuthi zithintele ukuguqulelwa kwethu kwiziphumo (). Kwilingo lesibini, i-10 yeemitha zokuhamba ngebhayisikile ngokulinganayo kuya kuncipha kumanqanaba okukhangela xa kuthelekiswa nemeko yokulawula (ukuhlala nje kwemizuzu ye-10). Emva kwemeko nganye, abathathi-nxaxheba baye baphononongwa nge-fMRI ngelixa bejonga imifanekiso engathathwanga kunye nemifanekiso enxulumene nokutshaya. Ngelixa ujonga imifanekiso yokutshaya abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa ukwehliswa kokusebenza kwiindawo zobuchopho ezinxulumene nomvuzo (okt, i-caudate nucleus), ukukhuthaza (oko kukuthi, i-orbitofrontal cortex), kunye nengqwalaselo ye-visuo-okomoya (okt, ipalietal lobe kunye ne-parahippocampal gyrus) emva komthambo (). Olunye uphononongo luphindaphinde enye yoyilo loyilo ngesampulu enkulu yabantu abatshayayo. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-10 i-min ye-moderate-intensity Exercise nayo inciphise amanqanaba okunqwenela, kwaye uhlalutyo lwe-fMRI lubhengeza ukunciphisa umsebenzi ekusebenzeni kokubonakalayo (okt. Indawo ye-occipital cortex) ngexesha lokutshaya imifanekiso yemeko yokuzivocavoca kodwa ingeyiyo imeko yokulawula (ukuhlala nje) (). Ke, ezi ziphumo zibonakalisa ifuthe elinokubakho lokuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic ekumodareyitheni inkanuko kunye neendawo ezihlanganisiweyo zengqondo kubasebenzisi be-nicotine.

Ke ngoko, ngaphandle kwesixa esilinganiselweyo sezifundo ezikhoyo koncwadi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuyabonakala ukuba iiseshini ezomeleleyo zokwenza umthambo we-aerobic zehla amanqanaba okunqwenela kwaye zibonakale ngathi ziyaxhamlisa imisebenzi yengqondo kunye nengqondo kwaba bantu. Nangona kunjalo, kungabaluleka ukuqonda ukuba ukwenza umthambo rhoqo (okt, iziphumo ezingalunganga) kungangathi kube kho kwizibonelelo eziqinisekileyo kwingqondo nasekuqondeni abantu abane-SUD kwiiveki nakwiinyanga zoqeqesho lokuzilolonga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zimbini kuphela izifundo eziphande iziphumo ezingalunganga zokuzivocavoca kwi-aerobic kubantu abane-SUD besebenzisa iisiphawuli zemithambo-luvo kunye nengqondo ( 1 Table ). Kwisifundo esinye, abasebenzisi be-methamphetamine babonise ukuphuculwa kolawulo lwe-inhibitory kunye nokusebenza ngakumbi kwe-ACC ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuthintela emva kokwenza i-3 iinyanga zokuzilolonga ngomyinge we30 imizuzu emithathu ngeveki (). Okumangalisayo kukuba, lo msebenzi wobuvulindlela nguWang et al. () khange ichaze utshintsho olwenziweyo kwentliziyo, nto leyo enciphisa umanyano phakathi kohlengahlengiso lwentliziyo olubangelwa ngumthambo kunye nokuphucuka kokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zovavanyo olwahlukileyo lokufunda olude kunye nabasebenzisi be-polysubstance lubonise ukuba i-3 iinyanga zokuzilolonga i-aerobic ziphucule ulawulo lwe-inhibitory kwaye zadityaniswa nokuphuculwa kokuqina komthambo ().

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezifundo ezide ezincwadini, senze iingxelo zamatyala amabini, apho siye savavanya ungenelelo lokuzilolonga olwahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala yayiyinkqubo ye-3-inyanga eqhuba inkqubo (kathathu ngeveki), esekwe kukuzilolonga ngokwamandla okuzilolonga. Olu phononongo lwenziwe kunye nomsebenzisi ogula kakhulu ngotywala efumana unyango kwisibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo. Amanyathelo okonyuka kwe-PFC i-oxygenation, ulawulo lwe-inhibitory, kunye nesidingo sokungenelela kwezonyango zavavanywa ngaphambi nasemva kwenkqubo yokuziqhelanisa. Ekupheleni kwexesha le-3-inyanga, umthathi-nxaxheba wabonakalisa ukuphuculwa kwe-oxygenC oksijini, ukunciphisa ixesha lokuphendula emsebenzini wokulawula inhibitory, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwesidingo sokungenelela konyango (). Ingxelo yesibini yetyala ibandakanya ukuqhekeza / icocaine kunye notywala ofumana unyango. Babandakanyeka kwiiveki ze-4 zokuzivocavoca okuphezulu (kathathu ngeveki), kwaye silinganisa i-oxygenC oxygenation, umsebenzi wengqondo ngokusebenzisa i-electroencephalography, kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory ngaphambi nasemva kokungenelela. Umthathi-nxaxheba ubonise ukunyuka kwemisebenzi ye-PFC ngexesha lovavanyo lokulawula inhibitory kunye nokunyuka kwe-oxygenC oxygenation ngexesha lokuzivocavoca (). Ukudibene kunye, ubudlelwane phakathi kobuchule bokuqonda kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokuzivocavoca rhoqo bacebisa indima ethembekileyo yokuzivocavoca umzimba ekukhuthazeni ulawulo oluphezulu lokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kwabantu abane-SUD.

Ingqondo ye-Psychobiology yoKhetho oluKhethekileyo lokuziQhelanisa: Isixhobo esisebenzayo soCwangciso lweKlinikhi noPhando

Ngokwembono yokuzivelela kwezinto, abantu baye baziqhelanisa nokunganyamezeli ixesha elide lokuzilolonga ngokukhangela ukutya nangokuzingisa ngokuzingela ixhoba (kucingelwa ukuba lide lakhathala) (). Umthambo wokuzonwabisa we-aerobic kunye nokuvavanywa kwengqondo kokufunyanwa kwendalo ukuze ufumane ukutya kunye nokusinda kuthunyelwe ukuba zizinto eziphambili kuphuhliso kwengqondo yomntu (). Nangona kunjalo, uluntu lwale mihla luyisusile imfuneko yokuba abantu baleke / bahambe ukutya okanye indawo yokuhlala. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukwanda kwesantya sokuziphatha kwe-hypokinetic kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nesifo seswekile, ukutyeba kakhulu, kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi (, ). Ukwenza izigqibo ngokusengqiqweni malunga nomthamo, ubungakanani, kunye nokuhamba komthambo akwanelanga ukutshintsha indlela oziphethe ngayo. Ke ngoko, kucetywa iindlela zokukhuthaza ukubambelela ngakumbi kubambiso lomthambo womzimba, kwaye umbono wokudityaniswa kwengqondo ubonakala uyindlela ethembisayo yokufezekisa le njongo (, ).

Umgaqo wokuqonda kunye nokuchaphazeleka kokuqina komthambo uye wacetyiswa ukuba udlale indima ephambili kunyamezelo kunye nokubambelela kwiinkqubo zokuzilolonga. Umzekelo, ukuphazamiseka kwekhaya okubangelwa kukuzivocavoca okuphezulu kunxulunyaniswa nemeko ezimbi zokuzonwabisa kunye nokuzonwabisa okuncinci ngexesha lokuzivocavoca kubantu abangahlali (), ekhokelela kumazinga asezantsi okubambelela kunyango (). Ngokuchaseneyo, ubukhulu bokuzilolonga ozikhethileyo buye banxulunyaniswa namazwe afanelekileyo afanelekileyo kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okonwaba ngexesha lokuzilolonga (). Ukuziqhelanisa nokuzilolonga okuzenzekelayo kugxininisa ubuchopho njengombusi ophambili wokusebenza ngokuguquguquka kwamandla (), ngelixa isigqibo sokunyusa kunye nokunciphisa isantya okanye ukunyamezelwa okanye sokuphelisa iseshoni yokuzilolonga ilawulwa yi-PFC ngokusebenzisa ingqondo / ulungelelwaniso lwengqondo / ukudityaniswa komzimba (). Ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo, iinkqubo ezikwizinga eliphantsi zizo eziqalisiweyo ngokusebenzisa Ukusebenza kwengqondo okunciphayo okanye okungahambisiyo kwinqanaba le-PFC, elawula ukufunyanwa kwemisipha kunye nokutshintsha kwempendulo yokomzimba kunye nokuziphatha. Kwelinye icala, iindlela eziphantsi-phezulu ziqaliswa ngokubonakalisa ubiquitous somato-, viscero-, chemo-, kunye noomatshini bokwamkela ii-receptors eziphembelela ukuqhubekeka kwe-neural process ukusuka kumjikelezo ukuya kwinkqubo yengqondo, inkqubo ye-limbic, kunye necortex yecrebral (). Ngelixa wenza nawuphi na umsebenzi wokomzimba ngokuzikhethela okukhethiweyo, ukutolikwa kwengqondo yemeko yokomzimba kunokuba yinto esebenzayo ukugcina ukugcina i-homeostasis yomzimba ukufikelela kwinqanaba elimiselweyo (, ). Ngamanye amagama, ukuguquguquka kwesantya ngelixesha ugijimayo sisiphumo sokuziphatha esweni ngengqondo (). Olu hlengahlengiso lokuziphatha lubangelwa kukudibanisa uvandlakanyo lomsebenzi kunye nolwazi oludibeneyo olunxulumene notshintsho lwebhayoloji kunye ne-biophysical, njengobushushu, intliziyo kunye neqondo lokuphefumla, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ugxininiso lwegazi lweemetabolites (umzekelo, P.2, PCO2, H+, I-HCO3 -, kunye ne-lactate), i-intramuscular H+, kunye nokufumaneka kwesahlulo somhlaba ngexesha lokuzilolonga ().

Ngapha koko, iimvakalelo zokudinwa kunye nokuzibamba kweengcinga zifuna ulawulo lwezinto ezinqamlezayo zilawulwa ngu-PFC ukulungiselela ukugcina imisebenzi yomzimba (). Kule meko, ukwenza izigqibo kungasekelwa kwiimvakalelo ezinje ngokuziva uzimisele (umz., Ubunzima bokwenza umthambo), ichaphazele (okt. Valence generic for good and bad hisia), kunye neengxoxo zangaphakathi ezinje ngo "Andikwazi ukuyenza, ”" Ndiza kunikezela, "okanye" kunzima kakhulu "(, ). Ke ngoko, ukuziqhelanisa nokuzikhethela ngamandla kugxininisa kulawulo lwengqondo (phezulu-ezantsi) phantsi kotshintsho lomzimba (ezantsi) ngexesha lomzimba ( Umzobo 1 ), kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengecebo lokuphuhlisa ukuzihlola kunye nokuzibamba ngexesha lokunyanga abantu abane-SUD. Umzekelo, xa uzibekela usukelo ngexesha leseshoni yokuziqhelanisa, enjengokubaleka ixesha elithile okanye umgama (okt. Ixesha lokulingwa), umntu ngamnye kufuneka alawule isantya sawo ukuze awugqibe ngempumelelo loo msebenzi. Ke ngoko, ngexesha lomthambo, isigqibo sokulawula isantya (isantya esisebenzayo) siya kuphenjelelwa yimeko ethile yendalo (okt imozulu, umhlaba, abakhuphiswano, imiyalelo yomlomo, kunye nexesha okanye umgama wokudibana) kudityaniswa nemeko yokomzimba.

Ifayile yangaphandle ebambe umfanekiso, umzekeliso, njl.njl. Into yento fpsyt-10-00600-g001.jpg

Ukulawulwa kwepeyinti ngexesha lokuzivocavoca ngokuqhubekayo ngelixa ukudibanisa okungaphezulu-phantsi (imisebenzi yengqondo) kunye nezinto zokuphatha ezantsi (iimpendulo zomzimba).

Unyango oluninzi olujolise kokunxibelelana komzimba ngengqondo ngokusebenzisa indlela ephezulu naphantsi-phezulu komgaqo webhayoloji uye wacetyiswa njengezithembiso zokuhlaziya ukulawula uxinzelelo kunye nenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela (, ). Ke ngoko, sibonisa ukuba ukuzilolonga okuzikhethileyo kusetyenziswa amandla enkqubo ye-bi--directional eyenza ukuphuculwa kwezakhono zokuzilawula ezinxulumene ne-neuroplasticity yengqondo. Olu lawulo lwengqondo lunokuvavanywa ebantwini ngelixa kuphandwa iimpendulo ezibonakalayo, iimpembelelo zokwenza umthambo, kunye nomsebenzi we-PFC usebenzisa iindlela ze-neuroimaging (umzekelo, fMRI, scan yePET, kunye ne-fNIRS) kunye / okanye ne-electroencephalogram. Ukongeza, iimpendulo zobuchopho zinokunxulunyaniswa novavanyo oluvavanya ukwenziwa kwe-SUD ekwenziweni kwezigqibo kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory, ezinje ngovavanyo lwe-cue-reactivity go / no-go apho abantu banokuthi bathintele iimpendulo zabo kukhuthazo olunamandla kwimikhwa enxulumene neziyobisi (umzekelo, imifanekiso yokuziphatha). Impendulo yento yokwenziwa ngokutsha ibonakalisiwe ukwenza indawo ye-PFC ixele kwangaphambili ukuba iphinde iphinde ibuyele kwinto eyahlukileyo yokuphazamiseka (, ). Ke, sicebisa ukuba izilingo zeklinikhi ezingakhethwanga zinokulandela ubuchule be-neuroscience paradigm kunye neendlela zokuqonda ukuvavanya le hypothesis. Ukongeza, ukumiliselwa kweqela lolawulo kuya kudlala indima ephambili kwezi zoyilo zokuvavanya ukuze kuthelekiswe ukuzimela okukhethileyo kokuzilolonga kunye nolunye uhlobo lomgaqo wokuqina wokuzilolonga ukubonisa ukusebenza kwawo.

isiphelo

Ngaphandle kwesidingo sophando olongezelelekileyo kunye novavanyo lweklinikhi yokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwemodeli yengqondo yendlela yokuziqhelisa njengengenelelo kunye nonyango lwe-SUD, ukuzivocavoca umzimba kuboniswe ukuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo nesithembisayo sonyango olongezelelekileyo lwabantu abane-SUD. Apha, sichaze iindawo zobuchopho ezichaphazelekayo kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kwizigulana ezine-SUD kunye nezo ziphuculwe ngumthambo we-aerobic. Ezinye zezi ndawo zihambelana nemisebenzi yesikhundla, ebhekisa kwiseti yeenkqubo zokuzibamba ezinxulumene nolawulo lweengcinga nokuziphatha, kubandakanya ulawulo lwe-inhibitory kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Ke ngoko, ngendlela efanayo ukuba umthambo ucetyiswa ukunyanga ezinye izifo, i-neuroplasticity ekhuthazwe ngumthambo we-aerobic inokubonakalisa ukuba luncedo kwayo njengonyango olunokubakho kunyango lwabantu abane-SUD. Ngokukodwa, ezi zibonelelo zinokubonwa kwiindawo zobuchopho ezinxulumene nolawulo oluphezulu, njengezo ndawo zibandakanyekayo kuthintelo lokufuna iziyobisi kunye nokunyanzeliswa, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngokubhekisele ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi. Ngaphaya koko, abantu abane-SUD abaphucula amanqanaba abo omzimba banokuphucula umsebenzi we-PFC kunye nokuqonda. Ezi zibonelelo kufuneka ziphucule ukubanakho komntu ukuthintela ukusebenza kweziyobisi xa kubonakaliswa iindlela zokusingqongileyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, amandla abo okugcina ukunganikezeli. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuseyintsingiselo, kwaye izifundo ezongezelelweyo ziyafuneka ukunika ubungqina bokusebenza kakuhle kokuzilolonga ekuzinziseni iziyobisi, ngakumbi ukuziqhelanisa nokuzilawula. Ke, sicebisa ukumanyanisa indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo nengqondo yokusebenza kwengqondo yophando kunye nokubonelela ngesikhokelo esisebenzayo sokuphucula izibonelelo ezinokubakho ngexesha leenkqubo zokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo.

Umbhali Wemivuzo

I-KC kunye ne-EF bakhawulele umbono, uyilo, amanani kunye nohlaziyo lokugqibela. I-DC iphonononge uncwadi kwitafile, ichaze iziphumo kunye nohlengahlengiso lokugqibela. Ukuphononongwa kwe-RH kuhlolisise i-manuscript kwaye yongeze ubume be-theoretical, ukusetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo kunye nohlaziyo lokugqibela.

Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

Ucaphulo

1. UAli SF, Onaivi ES, Dodd PR, Cadet JL, Schenk S, Kuhar MJ, et al. Ukuqonda ingxaki yehlabathi jikelele yokulutha iziyobisi ngumceli mngeni koososayensi be-IDARS. I-Curr Neuropharmacol (2011) 9(1): 2-7. I-10.2174 / 157015911795017245 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
2. Hasin DS, O'Brien CP, Auriacombe M, Borges G, Bucholz K, Budney A, et al. Iikhrayitheriya ze-DSM-5 zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi: izindululo kunye nentetho. IJ Psychiatry (2013) 170(8): 834-51. I-10.1176 / appi.ajp.2013.12060782 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
3. Farisco M, Evers K, Guqulaux JP. Iziyobisi: ukusuka kwi-neuroscience ukuya kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha. I-Psychiatry yangaphambili (2018) 9I-595. I-10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00595 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
4. IVolkow Nora D, iKoob GF, iMcLellan AT. Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-Neurobiologic evela kwimodeli yesifo sobuchopho. N Eng J Med (2016) 374(4): 363-71. I-10.1056 / NEJMra1511480 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
5. IVolkow Nora D, uBoyle M. I-Neuroscience yeziyobisi: ukubaluleka kokuthintela kunye nonyango. IJ Psychiatry (2018) 175(8): 729-40. I-10.1176 / appi.ajp.2018.17101174 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
6. I-Leshner AI. Ukulutha sisifo sengqondo, kwaye kubalulekile. inzululwazi (1997) 278(5335): 45-7. I-10.1126 / isayensi.278.5335.45 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
7. IDamasio AR. I-hypothesis ye-somatic uphawu kunye nemisebenzi enokwenzeka yecortex yangaphambili. I-Philos Trans Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (1996) 351(1346): 1413-20. 10.1098 / rstb.1996.0125 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
8. IGoldstein RZ, iVolkow ND. Ukusebenza kakubi kwe-cortex yangaphambi kokulutha: ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezinomdla kunye neziphumo zeklinikhi. Nat Rev Neurosci (2011) 12(11): 652-69. I-10.1038 / nrn3119 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
9. IVolkow ND, uFowler JS, uWang GJ, uBrother R, uTelang F. Ukulinganisa indima ye-dopamine ekusebenziseni iziyobisi gwenxa. Neuropharmacology (2009) I-56 Suppl 1: 3-8. I-10.1016 / j.neuropharm.2008.05.022 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
10. I-Winters KC, e-Arria A. Ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yokufikisa kunye neziyobisi. Ukuhlala ngaphambili (2011) 18(2):21–4. 10.1037/e552592011-006 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
11. ULynch WJ, uPeterson AB, uSanchez V, u-Abel J, uSmith MA. Ukuzivocavoca njengonyango lwenoveli lokulutha iziyobisi: uxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwinqanaba. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2013) 37(8): 1622-44. I-10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2013.06.011 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
12. USmith MA, uLynch WJ. Ukuzivocavoca njengonyango olunokubakho lokusebenzisa iziyobisi: ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo zophando. I-Psychiatry yangaphambili (2011) 2I-82. I-10.3389 / fpsyt.2011.00082 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
13. U-Wang D, u-Wang Y, u-Wang Y, u-Li R, u-Zhou C. Impembelelo yokuzivocavoca komzimba kukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi: uhlalutyo lwe-meta. PLoS ONE (2014) 9(10): e110728. I-10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0110728 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
14. URobison LS, uSwenson S, uHamilton J, uThanos PK. Ukuzivocavoca kunciphisa i-dopamine D1R kwaye kwandisa i-D2R kwiigundane: iimpembelelo zokulutha.. Umthambo wezeMidlalo yezeMedi (2018) 50(8): 1596-602. I-10.1249 / MSS.0000000000001627 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
15. I-Baek SS. Umsebenzi wokuzivocavoca kwingqondo. J Ukuvuselela umzimba (2016) 12(5): 380-5. I-10.12965 / jer.1632808.404 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
16. I-Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Iziphumo zokuqina komzimba ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kubantu abadala asebekhulile: isifundo se-meta-analytic. Psychol Sci (2003) 14(2):125–30. 10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
17. U-Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Iziphumo zokuzivocavoca ze-aerobic kwi-cognitive kunye neural neplastic kubantu abadala. Br J Midlalo yeMed (2009) 43(1): 22-4. I-10.1136 / bjsm.2008.052498 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
18. IHillman CH, i-Erickson KI, iKramer AF. Yiba sisilumko, thambisa intliziyo yakho: Iziphumo zokuzivocavoca ingqondo kunye nokuqonda. Nat Rev Neurosci (2008) 9(1): 58-65. I-10.1038 / nrn2298 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
19. U-Griffin ÉW, Ngokubanzi S, uFoley C, eWarmington SA, O'Mara SM, Kelly AM. Ukuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic kuphucula ukusebenza kwe-hippocampal kunye nokunyusa i-BDNF kwiserum yamadoda amadala. Physiol Behav (2011) 104(5): 934-41. I-10.1016 / j.physbeh.2011.06.005 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
20. UTrejo JL, uLlorens-Martín MV, eTorres-Alemán I. Iziphumo zokuzivocavoca kwimfundo yokufunda kunye nokuziphatha okunexhala kuxhamla kwindlela ye-IGF-I-exhomekeke kwinkqubo ehambelana ne-hippocampal neurogeneis. I-Mol Cell Neurosci (2008) 37(2): 402-11. 10.1016 / j.mcn.2007.10.016 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
21. Ogoh S, Ainslie PN. Ukuhamba kwegazi kwegazi ngexesha lokuzivocavoca: iindlela zokumisela. J Appl Physiol (1985) (2009) 107(5): 1370-80. I-10.1152 / japplphysiol.00573.2009 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
22. Ngexesha MJ, Cao L. I-VEGF, umlamuleli wempembelelo yamava kwi-neurogeneis ye-hippocampal. I-Curr Alzheimer Res (2006) 3(1): 29-33. I-10.2174 / 156720506775697133 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
23. UButtler L, Jordão MT, Fragas MG, Ruggeri A, Ceroni A, Michai LC. Ukulondolozwa komqobo wesithintelo segazi-kwingqondo kwi-hypertension: isibonelelo sokufunda soqeqesho lokuzilolonga. Umphambili wePhysol (2017) 8I-1048. I-10.3389 / fphys.2017.01048 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
24. I-Ruegsegger GN, i-Booth FW. Izibonelelo zezempilo zokuzilolonga. I-Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med (2018) 8(7). I-10.1101 / cshperspect.a029694 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
25. Morici G, Gruttad'Auria CI, Baiamonte P, Mazzuca E, Castrogiovanni A, Bonsignore MR. Uqeqesho lokunyamezela: ayilunganga kuwe? Phefumla (2016) 12(2): 140-7. I-10.1183 / 20734735.007016 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
26. Grandjean da Costa K, Soares Rachetti V, Quirino Alves da Silva W, Aranha Rego Cabral D, Gomes da Silva Machado D, Caldas Costa E, et al. Abaxhaphazi iziyobisi bayonakalisile i-oxygenation ye-cerebral kunye nengqondo ngexesha lokuzivocavoca. PLoS ONE (2017) 12(11): e0188030. I-10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0188030 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
27. UFerreira SE, dos Santos AK, de M, Okano AH, Gonçalves B, da SB, et al. Efeitos agudos do Exercício físico no tratamento da ledência química. Revista Bras Ciênc Do Esporte (2017) 39(2): 123-31. I-10.1016 / j.rbce.2016.01.016 [CrossRef] []
28. ILeland DS, Arce E, Miller DA, Paulus MP. I-cortex ye-Anterior kunye nokuxhamla kwangaphambili kokufumana ngokuchasayo kwisithintelo sokuphendula kubantu abaxhomekeke kwinkuthazo. Biol Psychiatry (2008) 63(2): 184-90. I-10.1016 / j.biopsych.2007.04.031 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
29. U-Wang D, u-Zhou C, u-Zhao M, u-Wu X, u-Y Y. Ubudlelwane bokusabela idosi-phakathi kokuqina kokuzivocavoca, iminqweno, kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory yokuxhomekeka kwemethamphetamine: isifundo se-ERPs. Utywala beziyobisi (2016) 161: 331-9. [PubMed] []
30. UWang D., uZhou C., uChan YK Ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kukuxhamlisa umnqweno kunye nokusilela kokuthintela kwi-methamphetamine: isifundo se-ERP. Physiol Behav (2015) 147: 38-46. [PubMed] []
31. UFolstein JR, uVan Petten C. Impembelelo yokulawulwa kwengqondo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwi-N2 yecandelo le-ERP: uphononongo. Ingqondo yeengqondo (2008) 45(1):152–70. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
32. UJanse Van Rensburg K, Taylor AH. Iziphumo zokuzivocavoca ngamandla ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kunye neenkanuko zecuba ngexesha lokuyeka ukutshaya okwethutyana ukutshaya. I-Hum Psychopharmacol (2008) 23(3): 193-9. I-10.1002 / hup.925 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
33. UJanse Van Rensburg K, Taylor A, uHodgson T, uBenattayallah A. Ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kuguqula iminqweno yecuba kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo ekuphenduleni kwimifanekiso enxulumene nokutshaya: isifundo se-fMRI. Psychopharmacology (2009) 203(3):589–98. 10.1007/s00213-008-1405-3 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
34. UJanse Van Rensburg K, Taylor A, Benattayallah A, Hodgson T. Iziphumo zokuzilolonga kwiminqweno yecuba kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo ekuphenduleni kwimifanekiso enxulumene nokutshaya. Psychopharmacology (2012) 221(4):659–66. 10.1007/s00213-011-2610-z [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
35. UDa Costa KG, uRachetti VS, uDa Silva WQA, uCabral DAR, da Silva Machado DG, Costa EC, et al. (2017) Iziyobisi zixhaphaze i-oxygenation yengqondo kunye nengqondo ngexesha lokuzivocavoca. PLoS One (2017) 12(11): e0188030. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] []
36. da Costa KG, Barbieri JF, Hohl R, Costa EC, Fontes EB. Uqeqesho lokuzivocavoca luphucula impilo yentliziyo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo kubantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi: isifundo somqhubi. Ezempilo zeSayensi yezeMidlalo (2016), 1–5. 10.1007/s11332-016-0338-1 [CrossRef]
37. ICabral DA, da Costa KG, Okano AH, Elsangedy HM, Rachetti VP, Fontes EB. Ukuphucula i-oxygenation ye-cerebral oxygenation, cognition kunye ne-autonomic system ye-system yokulawulwa kokusetyenziswa gwenxa kotywala ngokusebenzisa inkqubo esebenzayo yeenyanga ezintathu.. Umlutha we-Behav Rep (2017) 6(Isongezelelo C): 83-9. I-10.1016 / j.abrep.2017.08.004 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
38. U-Wang D, u-Zhu T, u-Zhou C, u-Chang YK. Uqeqesho lokuzilolonga nge-aerobic lwenza umnqweno wokunqwenela kunye nolawulo lwe-inhibitory kuxhomekeka kwimethamphetamine: ulingo olulawulwa ngokungakhethiyo kunye nokufunda okunxulumene nomsitho. Umthambo wezeMidlalo wePsychol (2017) 30: 82-90. I-10.1016 / j.psychsport.2017.02.001 [CrossRef] []
39. UCabral D, Tavares V, Costa K, Nascimento P, uFaro H, uElsangedy H, et al. Izibonelelo zokuzivocavoca ngamandla okuphezulu kwengqondo yomxhaphazi weziyobisi. I-Global J Health Sci (2018) 10(6):123. 10.5539/gjhs.v10n6p123 [CrossRef] []
40. I-Klinsophon T, i-Thaveeratitham P, i-Sitthipornvorakul E, Janwantanakul P. Isiphumo sohlobo lokuzivocavoca kukuyeka ukutshaya: uvavanyo lwe-meta-lweemvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Amanqaku eBMC Res (2017) 10(1):442. 10.1186/s13104-017-2762-y [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
41. UColonel F, Gerber M, Pühse U, Ludyga S. Uqeqesho lokuzivocavoca lwe-Anaerobic kunyango lokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo. I-Psychiatry yangaphambili (2018) 9I-644. I-10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00644 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
42. Liebenberg L. Ukubaluleka kokuzingisa kokuzingisa kwindalo yomntu. J Hum Evol (2008) 55(6): 1156-9. 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2008.07.004 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
43. U-Lieberman UDaniel E. Ibali lomzimba womntu: indaleko, impilo, kunye nezifo. Iincwadi zeVintage; (2014). [PubMed] []
44. Blair SN. Ukungasebenzi ngokomzimba: eyona ngxaki inkulu yezempilo yoluntu yenkulungwane ye-21st. Br J Midlalo yeMed (2009) 43(1): 1-2. [PubMed] []
45. Ekkekakis P, Parfitt G, Petruzzello SJ. Ubumnandi kunye nokungonwabisi abantu baziva xa bezilolonga ngokwamandla ahlukeneyo: uhlaziyo lwentengiso kunye nenkqubela phambili ukuya kumgaqo-mithathu wovavanyo lomthambo. Imidlalo yeMed (2011) 41(8):641–71. 10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
46. Ekkekakis P. Bayeke bazule? Ubungqina ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo malunga nokubanakho kukhetho lokuziqhelanisa nokuzikhethela ngokwakho kwimpilo yoluntu. Imidlalo yeMed (2009) 39(10):857–88. 10.2165/11315210-000000000-00000 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
47. Parfitt G, Rose EA, Burgess WM. Iindlela zokuphendula ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba zabantu abazihlalela kuyeyona nkqubo imiselweyo kunye nokuthanda amandla. IB J Psychol yezeMpilo 11(I-Pt (2006) 1: 39-53. 10.1348 / 135910705X43606 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
48. Umama SK, McNeill LH, McCurdy SA, Evans AE, Idayimane PM, Adamus-Leach HJ, et al. Iimpawu zengqondo kunye ithiyori kwizifundo zomsebenzi wokuzivocavoca kwizinto ezincinci. NdinguJ Health Behav (2015) 39(1): 68-76. I-10.5993 / AJHB.39.1.8 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
49. URobertson CV, uMarino FE. Indima yecortex yokuqala yangaphambili ekuziqhelaniseni nokunyamezelana. J Appl Physiol (1985) (2016) 120(4): 464-6. I-10.1152 / japplphysiol.00363.2015 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
50. Damasio A, Carvalho GB. Uhlobo lweemvakalelo: Imvelaphi yokuzivelela kunye ne-neurobiological. Nat Rev Neurosci (2013) 14(2): 143-52. I-10.1038 / nrn3403 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
51. I-Noakes T, iSt C, uLambert E. Ukusuka kwintlekele ukuya kwinkimbinkimbi: imodeli yenoveli yokudityaniswa kolawulo lwangaphakathi lwe-neural yomzamo kunye nokukhathala ngexesha lokuzivocavoca ebantwini. Br J Midlalo yeMed (2004) 38(4): 511-4. I-10.1136 / bjsm.2003.009860 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
52. UTucker R, uLambert MI, uNoakes TD. Uhlalutyo lwezicwangciso zobuchule ngexesha lokudlala kwerekhodi yamadoda kumdlalo wekhondo leembaleki. Int J Sports Physiol Performance (2006) 1(3): 233-45. I-10.1123 / ijspp.1.3.233 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
53. St Clair Gibson A, uLambert EV, Rauch LHG, Tucker R, Baden DA, Foster C, et al. Indima yokulungiswa kolwazi phakathi kwengqondo kunye neenkqubo zomzimba ezijikelezayo ekubambeni nasekuboneni umzamo. Imidlalo yeMed (2006) 36(8):705–22. 10.2165/00007256-200636080-00006 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
54. UMartin K, Staiano W, Menaspà P, uHennessey T, uMarcora S, uKeegan R, et al. Ulawulo oluphezulu lwe-inhibitory kunye nokuchasana nokukhathala kwengqondo kuhambo lweebhayisikile zendlela. PLoS ONE (2016) 11(7). I-10.1371 / ijenali.pone.0159907 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
55. Hardy J, Hall CR, Alexander MR. Ukuphonononga intetho yokuthetha nokuzonwabisa kunye nezinto ezichaphazelekayo kwezemidlalo. J Ezemidlalo Inzululwazi (2001) 19(7): 469-75. I-10.1080 / 026404101750238926 [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
56. I-Buchanan TW, iTranel D. Inkqubo yangaphakathi kunye ne-peripheral system yokusebenzisana: ukusuka kwingqondo ukuya kwingqondo ukuya emzimbeni. Int J Psychophysiol (2009) 72(1): 1-4. I-10.1016 / j.ijpsycho.2008.09.002 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
57. Taylor AG, Goehler LE, Galper DI, Innes KE, Bourguignon C. Owona mgaqo uphezulu kunye nezantsi kweendlela zonyango lomzimba: ukuphuhliswa kwesakhelo sokudityaniswa kophando lwengqondo. Jonga (NY) (2010) 6(1): 29-41. I-10.1016 / j.explore.2009.10.004 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
58. IHanlon CA, Inkungu ye-LT, uGibson NB, uLi X, uHamilton S, uCanterberry M, et al. I-Cortical substrates ze-cue-reacwork kwiidolophu ezininzi ezixhomekeke kwizinto: ukuhanjiswa kwe-transdiagnostic kwecortex yangaphambili yangaphambili. Shintsha i-Psychiatry (2018) 8. 10.1038/s41398-018-0220-9 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []
59. UPrisciandaro JJ, Myrick H, Henderson S, Rae-Clark AL, Brady KT. Ukudibana okunokwenzeka phakathi kokusebenza kobuchopho kwi-cocaine kunye nokungahambi kwi-cocaine. Utywala beziyobisi (2013) 131(0): 44-9. I-10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2013.04.008 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [CrossRef] []