QAPHELA 2016: Uhlalutyo olubanzi ngakumbi lwamabango kunye nezifundo zikaJoshua Grubbs zinokufumaneka apha - Ngaba iiGrubbs zitsala uboya phezu kwamehlo ethu ngophando lwayo “lokubonwa kwephonografi”? (2016)
QAPHELA 2017: Isifundo esitsha (Fernandez et al., 2017) kuvavanywe kwaye kwahlalutywa i-CPUI-9, iphepha lemibuzo elalichazwa ngokuba "likhoboka lemifanekiso engamanyala" elenziwa nguJoshua Grubbs, kwaye lafumanisa ukuba alinakuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo or "Ukubona iziyobisi ezingamanyala" (Ngaba i-Cyber Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory-izikolo ze-9 zibonakalisa ukunyanzeliswa okwenene kwi-Intanethi ye-Iphonyayili? Ukuqwalasela indima yokuzilahla). Kwakhona kwafumanisa ukuba i-1/3 yemibuzo ye-CPUI-9 kufuneka ishiywe ukubuyisela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ezinxulumene "nokungavumi kokuziphatha", "inkolo", kunye "neeyure zokusebenzisa iphonografi." Iziphumo ziphakamisa ukungathandabuzeki malunga nezigqibo ezithatyathwe kuso nasiphi na isifundo esisebenzise i-CPUI-9 okanye exhomekeke kwizifundo eziyisebenzisileyo. Uninzi lweenkxalabo zesifundo esitsha kunye nokugxeka kubonisa ezo zichazwe kolu banzi YBOP ihlalutya.
QAPHELA 2018: Iqhekeza lepropaganda lizenza ngathi kubizwa uphononongo nguGrubbs, uSamuel Perry, uRory Reid noJoshua Wilt - Uphando Lunyusa iGrubbs, Perry, Wilt, Reid Review is Disingenuous ("Iingxaki zephonografi ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi: Imodeli edityanisiweyo yoPhononongo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lweMeta") ka-2018.
QAPHELA 2019: UJoshua Grubbs uqinisekisile ucalucalulo lwakhe oluqhutywa yi-ajenda xa wayezimanya nabalingane babo uNicole Prause, uMarty Klein kunye noDavid Ley ekuzameni ukuthula. YourBrainOnPorn.com. Grubbs kunye ezinye iingcali ze-pro-porn "apha www.realyourbrainonporn.com babandakanyeka ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuthengisa ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuphambanisa. Grubbs wathunyelwa ileta yokuyeka nokuyeka, ezazingahoywa. Izenzo ezisemthethweni ziyaqhubeka.
QAPHELA 2019: Ekugqibeleni, iiGrubbs azange zixhomekeke kuye Isixhobo se-CPUI-9. I-CPUI-9 iquka i-3 "ityala kunye neentloni / ukuxinezeleka kwemibuzo" ayifumaneki kwizixhobo zomlutha -Yaye icimba iziphumo zayo, ebangela ukuba abasebenzisi benkolo ye-porn bafumane amanqaku aphezulu kunye nabangengawo awenkolo ukuba amanqaku aphantsi kunezifundo ezikwizixhobo zovavanyo oluqhelekileyo. Endaweni yoko, Isifundo esitsha seGrubbs sibuze i-2 ngqo ku-ewe / hayi imibuzo yabasebenzisi be-porn ("Ndiyakholwa ukuba ndiyilwaphulo loonografi. ""Ndiza kuthiwa i-intanethi yecala.)). Ngokuphikisana ngokuthe ngqo namabango akhe angaphambili, uGqirha Grubbs kunye neqela lakhe lophando bafumanise ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ulikhoboka lesini le-porn. hayi ngenkolo.
QAPHELA 2020: Umphandi ongazinzanga uM Mateuz Gola ungene kwiGrubbs. Endaweni yokusebenzisa i-CPUI-9 ye-Grubbs ecekeceke kakhulu, isifundo sisebenzise umbuzo omnye:Ndiyakholwa ukuba ndiyilwaphulo loonografi". Oku kubangele ulwalamano oluncinci okanye akukho nanto phakathi konqulo kunye nokuzikholelwa ukuba ulikhoboka le-porn. Bona: Ukuvavanya iingxaki zePonografi ngenxa yeModeli yokuNgalungi kweModeli (ka-2019)
INGXAKI
Nazi izihloko ezimbalwa zokuzalwa ezivela kuyo esi sifundo esitsha nguJoshua B. Grubbs, uNicholas Stauner, uJulie J. Exline, uKenneth I. Pargament, noMateyu J. Lindberg (Grubbs et al., 2015):
- Uphando lwePsychology lunxibelelanisa uxinzelelo kwi-Intanethi ebonwayo ye-pornography Addiction
- Ukujonga iifostile kulungile. Ukukholelwa Kwi-Porn Addiction Not
- Umlutha Obonakalayo Ngomntu Ogqwethayo Unobungozi Kakhulu Kunokuba Uziphathe Ngokugqithiseleyo
- Ukukholelwa Ukuba Unomdla Wokuzibambeka Ngesiqhelo Ingosizathu Sengxaki Yakho YobuNtu, UFundo Olufunyanwayo
Ngokwenyani ibango eliphambili lophononongo lichazwa njenge: "umlutha obonwayo" kwiphonografi unxulumene kakhulu noxinzelelo lwengqondo kunokuba kunjalo. yangoku iiyure zemihla ngemihla zokubukela iphonografi. Isicatshulwa kwelinye lala manqaku angasentla:
Uphononongo olutsha kwijenali yePsychology of Addictive Behaviors ifumanise ukuba ukuthathwa njengomlutha wephonografi-oko kukuthi, "ukuziva ulikhoboka lephonografi ye-Intanethi nokuba uyisebenzisa njani iphonografi" - inyanyaniswa neentlobo zoxinzelelo lwengqondo kubandakanya uxinzelelo, ixhala, umsindo kunye noxinzelelo. . Ababhali bafumanisa ukuba iphonografi “ayinanto yakwenza noxinezeleko ngokwasengqondweni.”
Ngelixa esi sicaphulo singentla siqulethe izinto ezingachanekanga esiza kuzihlola, masizithathe ngokwexabiso. Umfundi ushiywe enengcamango yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn akuyonto inkulu, kodwa "ukukholelwa" ukuba ulikhoboka le-porn kuya kubangela uxinzelelo lwengqondo. Ukuthatha kude: Kusempilweni ngokupheleleyo ukusebenzisa iphonografi logama nje ungakholelwa ukuba ulikhoboka.
Ibango likaGrubbs et al., kunye nazo zonke izihloko ezisisiphumo, zakhelwe phezu koku kufunyaniswayo: Iiyure zangoku zezifundo zokusebenzisa iphonografi azizange zihambelane ngokwaneleyo (kwimbono yabaphandi) kunye namanqaku kwi-questionnaire yeGrubbs yokusetyenziswa koonografi (iCyber). Iphonografi Sebenzisa i-Inventory "CPUI"). Ukuyibeka ngenye indlela, ukuba umlutha we-porn ubukhona ngokwenene "kufanele" kubekho, kwimbono yababhali, ubudlelwane obunye phakathi kweeyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa kunye namanqaku kwi-CPUI. Grubbs et al. Kwakhona kwaxela ukuba "ukubandezeleka kwengqondo" kwakunxulumene namanqaku kwi-CPUI, kodwa kungekhona ngokuhambelana kakhulu neeyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa.
Nantsi into: Akukho siseko senzululwazi sokubhengeza i-CPUI umlinganiselo “yaqonda ukukhotyokiswa bukhoboka,” ukanti yiloo nto kanye esekelwe kuyo zonke iintloko-ndaba! I-CPUI ayizange iqinisekiswe ukuba "iqondwe" ngokuchaseneyo nomlutha "wokwenyani".
Ukuze amabango kaGrubbs et al. asebenze kunye nokutolikwa, OKUMBINI koku kulandelayo kufuneka kube yinyani kwaye kuxhaswe luphando lokwenyani:
1) I-Cyber Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory (CPUI) kufuneka ivavanye "umlutha obonwayo" kwi-porn kodwa hayi umlutha wokwenyani wephonografi.
- UGrubbs ngokwakhe uphuhlise i-9-into ye-CPUI njengoluhlu lweengxaki ze-porn kwi-intanethi, hayi uvavanyo "lokujongwa ukuba likhoboka". Apha wakhetha ukuyisebenzisa endaweni yezinye iimvavanyo zokulutha eziqinisekisiweyo, ngokuchanekileyo ukwenza inkohliso yokuba unokulinganisa "umlutha obonwayo" kunokuba likhoboka. Ngapha koko, i-CPUI ilinganisa imiqondiso efanayo, iimpawu kunye nezalathisi zokukhobokisa njengeemvavanyo eziqhelekileyo zokulutha.
- Kuphononongo lwangoku, uGrubbs et al. sebenzisa ibinzana elithi "ukubonwa ukuba likhoboka lephonografi" ngendlela efanayo namanqaku apheleleyo ezifundo kwi-CPUI, ngaphandle kwezizathu zesayensi.
2) Umlutha we-porn kwi-Intanethi kufuneka ulingane neeyure zokubukela iphonografi.
- Oku kuyaphikiswa luncwadi lwenzululwazi. Ukuba likhoboka lephonografi kwi-Intanethi ≠ iiyure zokubukela iphonografi.
- Okothusayo kukuba, amaGrubbs et al. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ngokwenene bekukho unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kweeyure zokusetyenziswa kunye neCPUI! Ukususela kwiphe. Isi-6 sophononongo:
“Ukongezelela, umndilili iphonografi mihla ukusetyenziswa iiyure bekunjalo kakhulu kwaye ngokufanelekileyo ezinxulumene nokudakumba, ixhala, kunye nomsindo, kunye kunye umlutha. "
Ngokubhekiselele kwinqaku lokuqala, uGrubbs wavelisa eyakhe imibuzo yokulutha iphonografi (CPUI), emva koko wabhengeza ngokucacileyo ukuba ithatha amanyathelo kuphela "okucingelwa ukuba likhoboka lephonografi" - ngaphandle kokubonisa nasiphi na isizathu sokuphinda aphinde abhalwe. (Ngokwenene!)
Ngokubhekiselele kwinqaku lesibini, amaqela ophando angaphambili afumene ukuba "iiyure zokusetyenziswa" eziguquguqukayo azinxulumananga nokulutha kwe-cybersex (okanye umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo). Oko kukuthi, umlutha uqikelelwa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi zezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo kune "iiyure zokusetyenziswa." Oko kuthethiweyo, njengoko ubona kwesi sicatshulwa singasentla, iiGrubbs zifumene unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kweeyure zokusetyenziswa kunye noxinzelelo lwengqondo.
Siza kujonga iinkcukacha malunga nokuba kutheni iingcinga zikaGrubbs et al zingeyonyani kwaye zingeyonyani kwaye zixhaswe ngezantsi, kodwa nantsi indlela abaphandi abanokuthi bachaze ngayo eyona nto bayifumeneyo ngaphandle kokulahlekisa uluntu:
"Uphononongo lufumanisa ukuba imiba ethile yokulutha iphonografi inxulumene kakhulu noxinzelelo lwengqondo kwaye incinci kakhulu (kodwa kunjalo) inxulumene neeyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa."
I-cliff notes version: Umlutha unxulumene noxinzelelo lwengqondo, kwaye kunjalo neeyure zokusetyenziswa. Kakhulu ngokutsala ingqalelo, izihloko ezilahlekisayo ezibangelwe luphononongo.
I-CPUI ayivavanyi iziyobisi ze-Porn, okanye "Ukubonwa kwe-Porn Addiction"
In Iphepha lokuqala likaGrubbs lowama-2010 uye waqinisekisa imibuzo yakhe engama-43 ye-Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI) njengoluhlu lwemibuzo oluvavanya imiba ethile yokwenyani likhoboka lephonografi, ngelixa evavanya imiba engenanto yakwenza nokulutha (ityala kunye nemibuzo yehlazo). Isitshixo kuthi kukuba akukho ndawo kwiphepha le-2010 alisebenzisayo igama elithi "umlutha obonwayo". Izicatshulwa ezivela kwiphepha lokuqala likaGrubbs eliqinisekisa i-CPUI yakhe ivavanya kuphela umlutha wokwenyani wephonografi:
Iimodeli ezichazwe ngaphambili ezicetywayo zokuqonda umlutha wokuziphatha yayiyeyona nto iphambili yokucinga esetyenzisiweyo ukufumana isixhobo solu phononongo, i-Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI), ipatheni emva koVavanyo lwe-Sex Screening Test oluphuhliswe nguDelmonico (Delmonico & Griffin, 2008) . Tuyilo lweCPUI lwalusekwe kumgaqo wokuba ukuziphatha okukhobokisayo kubonakaliswa kukungakwazi ukuyeka indlela yokuziphatha, iziphumo ezibi kakhulu ngenxa yendlela yokuziphatha, kunye nokuthanda kakhulu ukuziphatha. (UDelmonico kunye noMiller, 2003).
I-CPUI ibonisa ngokuqinisekileyo isithembiso njengesixhobo sokuhlola umlutha we-intanethi. Nangona izixhobo zangaphambilini, ezifana ne-ISST, zavavanya kuphela ukuxhatshazwa kwezesondo kwi-intanethi, eli nqanaba libonise isithembiso ngokuvavanya ngokukodwa ukuxhatshazwa koonografi. Ngaphaya koko, izinto ezikwisikali esichazwe ngaphambili se-Addictive Patterns sibonakala sifumana inqanaba elithile lenkxaso yethiyori kunye nolwakhiwo olunokubakho xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokuxilonga zombini ukuxhomekeka kwi-Substance and Pathological Gambling, i-ICD.
Ekugqibeleni, ezintlanu zezinto kwi-Pattern Addictive scale ukusuka kwisiqalo sokuqala sokunyanzeliswa kubonakala ngathi zithintela ngqo kumntu owaziwayo okanye ukungakwazi ngokwenene ukuyeka indlela yokuziphatha ababandakanyeka kuyo. Ukungakwazi ukuyeka ukuziphatha okuyingxaki phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko ayisiyiyo kuphela inqobo ebalulekileyo yokuxilonga kuzo zombini i-SD kunye ne-PG, kodwa inokucingelwa njengenye yezinto eziphambili zokulutha, njengoko kubonakalisiwe kwi-SD, kunye nee-ICDs (Dixon et al., 2007; Pontenza, 2006). Kubonakala ngathi kukungakwazi okubangela ukuphazamiseka.
Kwi Ucwaningo lwe-2013 I-Grubbs yanciphisa inani lemibuzo ye-CPUI ukusuka kwi-43 ukuya kwi-9, kwaye yaphinda yabhala kwakhona uvavanyo lwakhe lwe-porn addiction "uvavanyo lwe-porn addiction". Wenza oko ngaphandle kunye nengcaciso, ngelixa esebenzisa ibinzana elithi "umlutha obonwayo" ngamaxesha e-80 kwiphepha le-2013. Masicace kakhulu – UGrubbs akazange aqinisekise i-CPUI yakhe njengesixhobo sokuvavanya ukwahlula umlutha wephonografi "kwindlela yokujonga iphonografi".
Kutheni le nto uJoshua Grubbs ebhala kwakhona i-CPUI kuvavanyo lweziyobisi ezingamanyala?
Ngelixa uGrubbs ngokwakhe engazange athi uvavanyo lwakhe lunokuhlela ukuba lubonakale kulikhoboka lokwenyani, ingqesho yakhe yekota elahlekisayo ("ukubonwa njengekhoboka") yamanqaku kwisixhobo sakhe se-CPUI-9 kukhokelele abanye ukuba bathathe isixhobo sakhe sinepropathi yomlingo yokuba nako ukucalucalulo phakathi kweziyobisi. Oku kwenze umonakalo omkhulu kwicandelo lokuvavanywa kweziyobisi ngenxa yokuba abanye bathembele kumaphepha akhe njengobungqina bento abangayenziyo, kwaye abangenako ukuyizisa. Alukho uvavanyo olukhoyo olunokwahlula phakathi "kwenyani" kunye neziyobisi. Ukuyibiza nje ngolu hlobo akunakuyenza njalo.
UJoshua Grubbs uthe nge-imeyile ukuba umvavanyi wesifundo sakhe sesibini se-CPUI-9 wabangela ukuba yena kunye nababhali-mbhali bakhe besifundo se-2013 batshintshe isigama esithi "umlutha we-porn" se-CPUI-9 (kuba umvavanyi wayehlekisa ngo "kwakha" yeziyobisi). Kungenxa yoko le nto uGrubbs etshintshe inkcazo yakhe yovavanyo yaba “yaqonda iziyobisi. ”iphepha lemibuzo. Ngokusisiseko umntu ongaziwayo / umhleli kweli phephancwadi linye uqalise ileyibhile engaxhaswanga, elahlekisayo “yaqonda ukubukela iphonografi. ” I-CPUI ayizange iqinisekiswe njengolu vavanyo lokuvavanya umlutha wezobisi ukusuka "ukubonwa kweziyobisi.“Nanku uGrubbs tweeting malunga nale nkqubo, kubandakanya nezimvo zomvavanyi:
Kwiphepha lam le-1 lokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn: "Olu lwakhiwo [likhoboka leziyobisi ezingamanyala] lunentsingiselo ukulinganisa njengamava okuxhwilwa komphambukeli: akunantsingiselo.
UNicole R Prause, PhD @NicoleRPrause
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UJosh Grubbs @JoshuaGrubbsPhD Jul 14
Eyona nto eyabangela ukuba ndibe ngumlutha emsebenzini, ndacinga ngamagqabaza njengoko kuhlaziywa kugxininiso.
Imvelaphi kwi-Josh Grubbs CPUI-9 kunye nendlela egwenxa ngayo iziphumo
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo uDkt. Joshua Grubbs uye wabhala uluhlu lwezifundo eziqhagamshelana nokuxhaswa kwabasebenzisi boononografi, iiyure zokusetyenziswa koononophelo, ukunyaniseka kokuziphatha, kunye nezinye iinguqu ezinemizekelo kwi-questionnaire ye-9-item item "I-Cyber Pornography Sebenzisa Inventory" (CPUI- 9). Kwisigqibo esinqabileyo esikhokelela ekungaqondani okukhulu kweziphumo zakhe, uDkt. Grubbs ibhekisela kumlinganiselo we-CPUI-9 wabafundi bakhe njengoko "babonwa ngokugqithisileyo."Oku kunika ubungqina bobuxoki ukuba isixhobo sakhe se-CPUI-9 sibonisa ngandlela-thile umxholo othi" uyazibona "ungumlutha (kunokuba ngokoqobo umlutha). Kodwa akukho sixhobo esinokwenza oko, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo.
Ukuthetha ngenye indlela, ibinzana elithi "ukubonwa kwezilwanyana zoonografi" akubonakali nto ngaphandle kwenani: amanqaku amaninzi kule ilandelayo ye-9-itemografia yento-sebenzisa umbuzo wemibuzo kunye nemibuzo yayo emithathu engathandabuzekiyo malunga necala kunye nehlazo. Ayilungiseli ingqolowa kumququ ngokwemiqathango yaqonda vs. ngokwenene umlutha. Akunakuphinda uhlole i-CPUI-9 ngokwenene umlutha wezobisi.
Icandelo lokuXhotyiswa koBunyanzeliso
- Ndiyakholwa ukuba ndiyilwaphulo loonografi.
- Ndiziva ndikwazi ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwimizila engamanyala e-intanethi.
- Nangona ndifuni ukujonga iifrafikhi kwi-intanethi, ndivakalelwa kuyo
Icandelo lokuPhumelela kweSigaba
- Ngamanye amaxesha, ndizama ukulungiselela ishedyuli yam ukuze ndibe yedwa ukuze ndibukele iiporografi.
- Ndenqabile ukuphuma kunye nabahlobo okanye ukuya kwimisebenzi ethile yentlalo ukuze ndibe nethuba lokujonga imifanekiso engamanyala.
- Ndiyekile izinto ezibalulekileyo ekujongeni imifanekiso engamanyala.
Uxinzelelo lwengqondo
- Ndiyintloni emva kokubukela iifoto zoononophelo kwi-intanethi
- Ndiziva ndixinezelekile emva kokubukela iphonografi kwi-intanethi.
- Ndiziva ndigula emva kokujonga iifrafikhi kwi-intanethi.
Njengoko uyakubona, i-CPUI-9 ayikwazi ukwahlula phakathi kokulutha kwezilonda kunye ne "nkolelo" ekukhuselweni koononopopayi. Izifundo "azizange zizibhenxe njengezilonda zoononopopayi" nasiphi na isifundo seGrubbs. Baphendula kuphela imibuzo ye-9 ngasentla, kwaye bafumana amanqaku amanqaku.
Ziziphi iinkalo eziye zenziwa ingxelo yeGrubbs? Amanqaku apheleleyo e-CPUI-9 anxulumene nenkolo (njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla), kodwa ngokunjalo ezinxulumene ne "iiyure zezononografi ezijongwa ngeveki." Kwezinye i-Grubbs ziphonononga ukulungiswa okunamandla phakathi kweenkolelo kunye namaqela amaninzi e-CPUI-9 Ukulungiswa okunamandla kwenzeka ngeeyure zokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana kunye namaqela amaninzi e-CPUI-9 ("eyaziwayo umlutha we-porn").
Amajelo ashicilele iziphumo zokugqibela kwaye athatha ukulungelelanisa phakathi kweenkolelo kunye namaqela e-CPUI-9 amanqaku (ngoku echazwe ngokukhohlisayo "umlutha obonakalayo"), kwaye kwinkqubo yeendaba zentatheli ezenza ukuba " Kholelwa banomlutha woononophala. "Abeendaba bayayinakudla ukulungelelanisa nje kunye nomeleleyo phakathi kwamanqaku e-CPUI-9 kunye neeyure zokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana, kwaye waphonsa amawaka angamaphepha angalunganga afana nale bhokisi yeposi ebhalwe nguDavid Ley: Ukukholelwa Kwakho Ngomlingo Wezonyameko Ukwenza Izinto Zibi: Ileta ye "umlutha wezonyango" ibangela ukudakumba kodwa ukubukela i-porn. Nantsi ingcaciso engalungile kaLey ye-Grubbs CPUI-9 isifundo:
Ukuba kukho umntu okholelwa ukuba babesilwa ngesondo, le nkolelo yabikezela ngokubandezeleka kwengqondo engezantsi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba buninzi kangakanani, okanye bebancinane kangakanani, ababenemifanekiso engamanyala ababeyisebenzisa.
Ukususa iziganeko ezingalunganga zikaLey, isivakalisi esingasentla siza kufunda ngokuchanekileyo: "Amanqaku aphezulu kwi-CPUI-9 ehambelana namaqaku kwi-questionnaire yokukhathazeka kwengqondo (ukuxhalaba, ukudandatheka, umsindo)." Yiyiphi indlela ehlala ikhona kuyo nayiphi na imibuzo. Ngokomzekelo, amanqaku aphakamileyo kwi-questionnaire yokusebenzisa i-alcohol alcohol kunye namazinga aphezulu okukhathazeka kwengqondo. Ukumangaliswa okukhulu.
Isihluthulelo kuzo zonke izibango ezingathandabuzekiyo kunye nemiba engathandabuzekiyo: Imibuzo yokubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo (7-9) ibangela ukuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo bezenkolo bafumane amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kunye nabasebenzisi be-porn ukuba bafumane amanqaku asezantsi kakhulu, kunye nokwenza ulungelelwaniso olomeleleyo phakathi "kokungamkeleki kokuziphatha" kunye nenqaku elipheleleyo le-CPUI-9 ("ukubonwa njengekhoboka le-porn" ).
Ukubeka enye indlela, ukuba usebenzisa kuphela iziphumo ezivela kwi-CPUI-9 imibuzo 1-6 (ehlola iimpawu neempawu ngokwenene umlutha), ulungelelaniso luyatshintsha kakhulu - kwaye onke amanqaku angathandabuzekiyo athi ukunyaniseka kukuba "okwenene" kubangela ukuba umlutha woononopopayi awusoze wabhalwa.
Ukujonga ezinye ezimbalwa zokubambisana, masisebenzise idatha kwiphepha le-2015 Grubbs ("Ukugqithisa njengoMlutha: Ukukholelwa kobuNkokeli kunye nokuNqabileyo koMgaqo njengamaqhinga okuLungisa ukuTyekiswa koTyhila"). Iquka izifundo ze-3 ezahlukeneyo kunye nesihloko sayo esichukumisayo sikhombisa ukuba inkolo kunye nokunyaniseka kokuziphatha "kubangelwa" inkolelo yokulahla iinthombe zoonografi.
Iingcebiso zokuqonda amanani kwitafile: i-zero ithetha ukuba akukho ukulungiswa phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini; I-1.00 ithetha ukulungelelaniswa okupheleleyo phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini. Inkulu kakhulu inani elomeleleyo ukulungelelanisa phakathi kweenguqu ze-2.
Kule ngqamaniso yokuqala sibona indlela ukunyaniseka kokuziphatha kulungelelana ngayo ne-3 ityala kunye neentloni imibuzo (Ukukhathazeka Ngokomzwelo), kodwa unobuthakathaka namanye amacandelo amabini ahlola umlutha wangempela (imibuzo 1-6). Imibuzo yokuphazamiseka kwemizwelo ibangela ukunyaniseka kokuziphatha ukuba yiyona ndlela iqineleyo yeengxelo ze-CPUI-9 ("umlutha obonakalayo").
Kodwa ukuba sisebenzisa kuphela i-1-6 imibuzo ye-addicate (XNUMX-XNUMX).
Isiqingatha sesibini sebali kukuba indlela efanayo yoxinzelelo lwe3 ye-XLUMX ihambanisa ngayo amanqanaba okusetyenziswa koononophelo, ngelixa imibuzo engumlingo wobugqwetha (1-6) ihambelanise ngokukhululeka ngamanqanaba okusetyenziswa koonobumba.
Yile ndlela i-3 Distress Emotional Questions iphendule ngayo iziphumo. Zikhokelela ekunxulumaniseni phakathi kwe "iiyure zokusetyenziswa kweetyala" kunye namaqela amaninzi e-CPUI-9 ("umlutha obonakalayo"). Emva koko, inani elipheleleyo lazo zonke ii-3 ze-CPUI-9 vavanyo libizwa ngokugqithisileyo ngokuthi "ukulutha okubonakalayo" yiGrubbs. Emva koko, ezandleni ze-anti-porn-addict-activists, "ukuzithengiswa komzimba" "ukuzibonakalisa njengomlutha wezonyango." Abavukeli baye baxhamla ngokulungelelaniswa okunamandla kunye ne-CUI-9 rhoqo ivelisa, kwaye presto! Bathi ngoku bathi, "inkolelo yokuxhatshazwa kobulili ayiyonto nje!"
Yindlu yamakhadi akhiwe kwi-3 ityala kunye nombuzo wehlazo ongenakunikwa nayiphi na enye uvavanyo lokuxilonga, ekudibaniseni nexesha elilahlekayo lomdali wemibuzo ebonisa ukuba i-9 imibuzo yakhe (njengomlinganiselo "wokubona umlutha we-pornography").
Indlu yeCCUI-9 yamakhadi yawa phantsi kunye novavanyo lwe-2017 oluninzi lukhubaza i-CPUI-9 njengesixhobo sokuvavanya "ukukhwabanisa okubonakalayo" Ngaba i-Cyber Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory-izikolo ze-9 zibonakalisa ukunyanzeliswa okwenene kwi-Intanethi ye-Iphonyayili? Ukuqwalasela indima yokuzilahla. Kwakhona kwafumanisa ukuba i-1 / 3 imibuzo ye-CPUI-9 kufuneka ikhutshwe iziphumo ezichanekileyo "ezichasayo zokuziphatha," "inkolo yonqulo," kunye ne "iiyure zokusetyenziswa koonwabo." Uyabona zonke iinkcazo eziphambili apha, Kodwa Fernandez et al., 2018 ubalwa izinto:
Isibini, iziphumo zethu zibangela ukungathandabuzeki ngokufaneleka kokubandakanywa koxinzelelo lwengqondo kwi-CPUI-9. Njengoko zifunyenwe ngokubanzi kwizifundo ezininzi (umz., I-Grubbs et al., I-2015a, c), iziphumo zethu zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-IP kwakungekho ulwalamano kunye neengxaki zokukhathazeka ezingqondweni. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukunyanzeliswa kwangempela njengoko kucatshulwa kwisifundo samanje (ukuhluleka ukuzama ukuziyeka ukuzithiba) ukungazibandakanyi nobudlelwane kunye neengxaki zokukhathazeka ngokomzwelo.
Imiba yokukhathazeka ngokwemvakalelo yayibhalwe ngokucacileyo ngokunyaniseka kokuziphatha, ngokuhambelana nezifundo zangaphambilini ezifumene ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwezi zibini (Grubbs et al., 2015a; Wilt et al., 2016) .... Ngaloo ndlela, ukufakwa koxinzelelo lwe-Emotional Distress subscale njengenxalenye ye-CPUI-9 inokuthi ifake iziphumo ngendlela echaphazela ukuba ngabafundi be-IP abanokuziphatha kakubi kweefografi, kwaye bayichaphazela amanqaku amaninzi e-adware abasebenzisi abanamaqondo aphezulu okuQinisekisa okuQinisekisa, kodwa ukunyaniseka kokuziphatha okubi koonografi.
Oku kungenxa yokuba i-Distcale Distress ye-Emotional isekelwe kwinqanaba le-original "Igunya" eliye laphuhliswa ekusebenziseni ngokukhethekileyo kunye nabahlali benkolo (i-Grubbs et al., I-2010), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngabantu abangabonqulo abahlala bengenakuqinisekiswa ngenxa yokufunyanwa okulandelayo ezihlobene nale nqanaba.
Nanku oku le Ukufumana okusemqoka: Imibuzo ye-3 "Yeengxaki Zengqondo" akukho ndawo kwi-CPUI-9, okanye nayiphi na imibuzo yoluhlu lwezonyango. Le mibuzo yecala kunye neentloni hayi ukuvavanya uxinzelelo olujikelezisayo ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezingasetyenziswanga okanye "ukujonga umlutha." Le mibuzo ye-3 imane ifake i-CPUI-9 amanqaku apheleleyo kubantu abanonqulo xa ichitha i-CPUI-9 amanqaku angama-porn addicts.
Isishwankathelo, izigqibo kunye namabango azaliswe yi-CPUI-9 ayifanelekanga. UYoshuwa Grubbs wadala i-questionnaire engakwaziyo, kwaye akuzange kuqinisekiswe, ukukhetha "ukuqonda" ukusuka kumlutha wangempela: i-CPUI-9. nge ukulungiswa kwezenzululwazi zero he zibhalwa kwakhona I-CPUI-9 njengolu hlobo lwemibuzo yoluhlu lwezonyango.
Ngenxa yokuba i-CPUI-9 ifake i-3 imibuzo engaphandle ehlola isohlwayo kunye nehlazo, Abasebenzisi bezononophelo zezenzo ze-CPUI-9 bavame ukuhlaselwa phezulu. Ubuninzi bamaziko aphezulu e-CPUI-9 abasebenzisi bezonqulo bezonqulo babesondliwa kumajelo ashicilelo njengokuba "Abantu benkolo bakholelwa ngokukhohlisa ukuba banomlutha woononophala. "Oku kwalandelwa zifundo ezininzi ukudibanisa ukuziphatha okubi kunye neenombolo ze-CPUI-9. Ekubeni abantu benkolo njengamaqela amanqaku aphakamileyo ekukhutshweni kokuziphatha, kwaye (ngoko) i-CPUI-9 iyonke, kwabizwa (ngaphandle kwenkxaso yangempela) ukuba ukunyaniseka kwezenzo zokunqula unqulo oyinyaniso imbangela yokuxhatshazwa koonografi. Oku kunqabileyo, kwaye kungabonakali njengento yesayensi.
Inkcazo ye-YouTube ebonisa i-CPUI-9 kunye neengcinga " Umlutha woTyhila noTywala obonakalayo
Iiyure zangoku zokuSebenzisa azinxulumananga nokulutha kwePorn
Isigqibo sikaGrubbs et al sisekwe ikakhulu kwisiseko esingalunganga: Ubungakanani bomlutha wephonografi buvavanywa ngcono ngokulula ngeeyure zokubukela iphonografi kwi-Intanethi. Njengoko uGrubbs et al. Abafumananga ulungelelwaniso olwaneleyo (kwimbono yabo) kwizifundo zabo, bagqiba kwelokuba izifundo zabo “babebona ukuba likhoboka” endaweni yoko. Imingxunya emibini emikhulu ebalini inika ibango likaGrubbs et al.
Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, umngxuma wokuqala wesithuba kukuba uGrubbs et al. ngokwenene ufumene ulungelelwaniso oluhle kakhulu phakathi kweeyure zokusetyenziswa kunye ne-CPUI! Ukususela kwiphe. Isi-6 sophononongo:
“Ukongezelela, umndilili iphonografi mihla ukusetyenziswa iiyure bekunjalo kakhulu kwaye ngokufanelekileyo ezinxulumene nokudakumba, ixhala, kunye nomsindo, kunye kunye umlutha. "
Yekani oomatshini bokushicilela! Esi sicatshulwa siphikisana ngokuthe ngqo nazo zonke iintloko zeendaba, ezithi ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi AKUKHO nto inxulunyaniswe kakhulu noxinzelelo lwengqondo okanye "ukubonwa likhoboka." Kwakhona, nanini na xa ubona ibinzana elithi "umlutha obonwayo" libonisa amanqaku apheleleyo ezifundo kwi-CPUI (oluvavanyo lokusebenzisa iphonografi).
Ukutsho konke oku ngenye indlela: Zombini uxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye namanqaku e-CPUI anxulunyaniswa kakhulu neeyure zokusetyenziswa. Ngaba nayiphi na intatheli okanye ibhloga ekhe yafunda isifundo sokwenyani?
Umngxunya wesibini kolu phando, onokuthi uqhube ilori kuyo, kukuba uphando lwe-porn ye-intanethi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwevidiyo yomdlalo (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) libikile nokuba akunjalo likhoboka ihambelana neeyure zokusetyenziswa. Ukuguquguquka 'kweeyure zokusetyenziswa' ngumlinganiselo ongathembekanga wokukhobokisa, kunye nezixhobo zovavanyo olusekiweyo oluvavanya umlutha zisebenzisa ezinye izinto ezininzi (ezifana nezo zidweliswe kwi-CPUI). Ezi zifundo zilandelayo zokulutha kwi-cybersex, ezishiyiweyo nguGrubbs, zinika ingxelo yobudlelwane obuncinci phakathi kweeyure kunye neempawu zokulutha:
"Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iingxaki zokuzixela kubomi bemihla ngemihla ezinxulunyaniswa nezinto ezenziwa ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi zaxelwa kwangaphambili ngamanqanaba ezesondo okuziphatha ngokwesondo, ubungqongqo behlabathi beempawu zengqondo, kunye nenani lezicelo zesondo ezisetyenziswa xa ubukwiisayithi zesini ze-Intanethi kubomi bemihla ngemihla , ngelixa ixesha elisetyenziselwa kwiisayithi zezesondo ze-intanethi (imizuzu ngemini) azizange zenze igalelo elikhulu ekuchazeni ukuhlukahluka kwi-Intanethi yokuThengiswa koLuntu kwiSondo (IATsex). Sibona ukufana phakathi kwengqondo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo okunokuba negalelo ekugcineni isybersex egqithisileyo kunye nezo zichazwe kubantu abaxhomekeke kwiziyobisi. ”
"Iziphumo zamva nje zibonise umanyano phakathi kobukrakra beCyberSex (CA) kunye nezalathi zokuzonwabisa kwezesondo, kwaye ukujongana nokuziphatha ngokwesini kulamle ubudlelwane phakathi kokuzonwabisa ngokwesondo kunye neempawu zeCA. Iziphumo zabonisa unxibelelwano olomeleleyo phakathi kweempawu ze-CA kunye nezalathi zokuvuselela inkanuko yesini kunye nokuzonwabisa ngokwesondo, ukujongana nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, kunye neempawu zengqondo. I-CyberSex Addiction ayinakunxulumene nokuziphatha okungaxhomekanga kwizesondo kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa i-intanethi nge-weekly. "
Ngokwezifundo zethu ezilungileyo ngolu hlolo luhlolo lokuqala lokubambisana kwemibutho phakathi kobuninzi bokusetyenziswa koononophelo kunye nokuziphatha okwenene kunyango-ukufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezinobunzima (kulinganiswa nokuhambela isazi sezengqondo, isifo sengqondo okanye isifo sengqondo ngenxa yale njongo). Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba uphando lwexesha elizayo, kunye nonyango le ntsimi kufuneka igxininise ngakumbi kwimpembelelo ekusebenziseni ubugqwetha ebomini bomntu (ubunjani) kunokuba iimpawu zaso (ubuninzi), njengoko iimpawu ezingekho phantsi kokusetyenziswa koonobumba yokuziphatha.
Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-PU kunye neempawu ezimbi zazingqiniswanga kwaye zixubushe ngokuzimela ngokwabo, ngokuzimela (ukunganakali, ukungqinelana) phakathi kwabangenayo unyango. Phakathi kwabangenayo unyango lwenkolo abaxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezimbi.
Amanqaku aphakamileyo kwimilinganiselo yokulutha kwe-intanethi yokusetyenziswa kweentlobo ze-intanethi yayihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwimihla ngemihla okanye ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kwakungekho nxu lumene phakathi kwexabiso kunye namaxesha amaninzi okusetyenziswa koonografi komntu ngamnye kwaye ulwa nexhala, ukuxinezeleka, kunye nobomi kunye nolwanelwane lobuhlobo. Ukubambisana okuphawulekayo kumanqaku aphezulu e-adware e-intanethi kuqukwa ukuqala kwangoko kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi, umlutha wemidlalo yevidiyo kunye nokuba yindoda. Ngelixa ezinye iziphumo ezilungileyo zokusetyenziswa koonografi kwi-intanethi zibhalwe kuncwadi lwangaphambili iziphumo zethu azibonisi ukuba ukusebenza kwengqondo kuyaphucuka ngokusetyenziswa okuphakathi okanye okuqhelekileyo kwe-intanethi.
Ngaloo ndlela, ukususela ekuqaleni kwesi sifundo kunye neziqinisekiso zalo ziyawa kuba izigqibo zalo zihlala ekulinganiseni iiyure ezikhoyo zokusetyenziswa kunye nenqanaba lomlutha / iingxaki / iingxakeko ezichazwe zizifundo njengomlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokulutha.
Kutheni iingcali zokukhobokisa zingathembeli kwiiyure zokusetyenziswa? Khawufane ucinge uzama ukuvavanya iziyobisi ngokubuza nje, "Zingaphi iiyure ozichitha ngoku usitya (umlutha wokutya)?" okanye “Zingaphi iiyure ozichitha ungcakaza (ukongeza kungcakazo)?” okanye “Zingaphi iiyure ozichitha usela (utywala)?” Ukubonisa indlela ezinokuba yingxaki ngayo iiyure zokusetyenziswa, qwalasela utywala njengomzekelo:
- Umntu oneminyaka eyi-45 ubudala waseNtaliyane unesithethe sokuphuza iiglasi ze-2 zewayini ubusuku bonke ngokutya. Isidlo sakhe sinokutshatyalaliswa kwintsapho yakhe kwaye kuthatha iiyure ze-3 ukugqiba (ezininzi i-yakking). Ngoko usela amaxesha e-3 ebusuku, i-21 ngeyure ngeveki.
- Umsebenzi oneminyaka engama-25 osebenza kumzi-mveliso usela kuphela ngeempelaveki, kodwa uzinkcinkca ngotywala ngoLwesihlanu nangoMgqibelo ebusuku ukuya kwinqanaba lokudlula okanye lokugula. Uyazisola ngezenzo zakhe kwaye ufuna ukuyeka, kodwa akakwazi, uqhuba enxilile, uyalwa, ulwa ngokwesini, njl. Nangona kunjalo, wachitha iiyure ezisi-8 kuphela ngeveki esela.
Ngowuphi umntu oselayo onengxaki? Yiyo loo nto "iiyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa" zizodwa zingenako ukusixelela ukuba ngubani olikhoboka kwaye ngubani ongelokhoboka.
Okokugqibela, kufuneka sibuze ukuba kutheni uGrubbs et al. wakhetha ukwenza i-CPUI xa ezinye, iimvavanyo zokulutha eziqinisekisiweyo zifumaneka ngokulula.
Okukwintsusa: Amabango ophononongo axhomekeke “kwiiyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa” zibe yinqobo esebenzayo yokukhotyokiswa kokwenyani. Abekho. Ngaphezu koko, xa sele udlule kwi-abstract, isifundo esipheleleyo sityhila ukuba "iiyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa" zihambelana noxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye namanqaku e-CPUI!
"Iiyure Zangoku Zokusetyenziswa" Ishiya izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo
Ingxaki yesibini yemethodological kukuba uGrubbs et al. uvavanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn ngokubuza izifundo malunga "neeyure zabo zangoku zokusebenzisa i-porn." Lo mbuzo awucacanga ngokukhathazayo. Ngeliphi ixesha? Omnye umxholo unokucinga ukuba "Ndisebenzise malini izolo?" enye "kwiveki ephelileyo?" okanye “umndilili ukusukela oko ndigqibe kwelokuba ndiyeke ukubukela ngenxa yeziphumo ezingafunwayo?” Isiphumo yidatha engenakuthelekiswa nanto ayinakuhlalutywa ngenjongo yokwenza izigqibo ezithembekileyo.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi, umbuzo "wokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn", apho izigqibo zophando zihlala khona, uyasilela ukubuza malunga nezinto eziphambili ekusebenziseni iphonografi: ukusetyenziswa kobudala kwaqala, iminyaka yokusetyenziswa, nokuba umsebenzisi uye wenyuka waya kuhlobo lwentando yamanyala okanye wavelisa iimfesane ezingalindelekanga , Umlinganiso we-ejaculation kunye ne-porn ukuya kwi-ejaculation ngaphandle kwayo, ubungakanani bezesondo kunye neqabane lokwenyani, njalo njalo. Leyo mibuzo inokusikhanyisela ngakumbi malunga nokuba ngubani onengxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-porn kunokuba "iiyure zangoku zokusetyenziswa."
Intshayelelo yeGrubbs Igqwetha imo yangoku yoPhando
Kwintshayelelo kunye namacandelo eengxoxo Grubbs et al. ukuphosa ecaleni amashumi eminyaka yophando lwe-neuropsychological kunye nolunye uphando lokulutha (kunye nezixhobo zovavanyo ezinxulumeneyo) ukuzama ukweyisela abafundi ukuba uncwadi lwezenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba umlutha we-intanethi awukho (kwaye ke ngoko bonke ubungqina bokuba likhoboka le-porn kufuneka "buqondwe," hayi. ngokwenene). Uphononongo olutsha lubonisa ukuba ikude kangakanani le ngxabano. 'Yabona I-neuroscience ye-Intanethi yezoLimo: Ukuhlaziya nokuhlaziywa, elungelelanisa amashumi eminyaka yophando lwe-neuroscience kunye ne-neuroscience yamva nje kunye nezifundo ze-neuropsych kubasebenzisi be-porn ngokwabo. Iqukumbela (ngokusengqiqweni nangobunzululwazi) ukuba umlutha wephonografi we-intanethi uyinyani, kwaye eneneni iseti yokulutha kwi-intanethi (esekwe ngaphezu kwezifundo zobuchopho ze-100, kunye namakhulu ezinye izifundo ezifanelekileyo).
Kwimihlathi yabo yokuvula, uGrubbs et al. babonise ukuthanda kwabo okunzulu ngokusekela ibango labo malunga nokungabikho kokulutha kwe-intanethi kumaphepha amabini azibiza ngokuba "yi-intanethi ye-porn addiction debunkers": UDavid Ley, umbhali we Inkolelo-ngxaki yoTywala, kwaye owayengumphandi we-UCLA uNicole Prause, lowo umsebenzi wakhe ugxekwa ngokusemthethweni kwiincwadi zonyango indlela ebuthathaka kwaye izigqibo ezingaxhaswanga.
Ngokomzekelo, uGrubbs et al. xhomekeka kwi iphepha elicalanye nguLey, uPrause kunye nogxa wabo uPeter Finn, owathi uphononongo (oko kukuthi, uhlalutyo olungakhethiyo lweencwadi ezikhoyo). Nangona kunjalo, iye yashiya okanye yachaza kakubi phantse lonke uphando olufumene iziphumo ezingalunganga zokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-porn, ngelixa ingahoywa inqwaba yezifundo zokulutha kwi-intanethi zamva nje ezibonisa utshintsho olunxulumene nokulutha kwengqondo kwi-intanethi ye-addictions. (Ukugxeka ngomgca ngomgca kunokufumaneka apha.)
Ukulinganisa ukulinganisa kukushiywa nguGrubbs et al. kuso sonke iskena sobuchopho kunye nophononongo lwe-neuropsychological olufumene ubungqina obuxhasa imodeli yokulutha iphonografi (ngaphezu kweshumi elinambini). qo kelelwe apha). Endaweni yesayensi enzima evela kwizifundo ezininzi ezishiyiweyo, umfundi unikwa isiphelo esigqwesileyo:
Lilonke, kukho inani elifanelekileyo lobungqina obucebisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baziva bengamakhoboka ephonografi kwi-Intanethi, nokuba kungabikho ukuxilongwa okuqinisekisiweyo kwezonyango ukuze baqhube eso sifo.
Okokugqibela, ekuphela kwesifundo se-neurological esicatshulwe nguGrubbs njengokuchasa umlutha we-porn (Steele et al) eneneni ixhasa imodeli yomlutha we-porn. Steele et al. ingxelo ephezulu yokufundwa kwe-EEG (P300) xa izifundo zibonakaliswe kwiifoto zoonografi. Uphononongo luhlala lubonisa ukuba i-P300 ephakamileyo yenzeka xa abakhoboki bevezwa kwiimpawu (ezifana nemifanekiso) enxulumene nokulutha kwabo. Ukongeza, uphononongo luxele ukuba i-cue-reactivity enkulu kwi-porn ihambelana nomnqweno omncinci wesini esisebenzisanayo. Njengoko kungekho ziphumo zihambelana nezihloko, iiGrubbs ziqhubekisela phambili izigqibo ezigwenxa zababhali bokuqala ("i-debunkers ye-porn addiction").
isiphelo
Ngenxa yezigqibo zayo ezingaxhaswanga kunye namabango athambekele ecaleni malunga nokungabikho kokukhotyokiswa ngamanyala, kubonakala ngathi uGrubbs et al. yenzelwe olu pho nonongo ukuhlangabezana ne-ajenda ethile - ukuphinda ubhale umlutha we-porn njenge "umlutha obonwayo" kwaye ucenge abafundi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn akunabungozi kwaye kufuneka bakhathazeke kuphela ngokukholelwa ukuba kunokwenzakalisa. Umsebenzi we-Agnotology uphunyeziwe!
Le ntetho ithi qatha engqondweni: Oko kunikwa yi-abstract, isifundo esipheleleyo siyayisusa. Izihloko kunye namabango akhutshwe nguGrubbs et al. azixhaswa naluphando olusisiseko. Ukufumana okuninzi jonga: Ngaba uJoshua Grubbs uyadonsa uboya phezu kwamehlo ethu "ngophando oluthatywayo"? (2016)
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