Ukunciphisa i-LPP kwimifanekiso yesondo kwiingxaki zabasebenzisi boonografi kunokuhambelana neemodeli zokulutha. Yonke into ixhomekeke kwimodeli (Amagqabantshintshi ngoPrause, uSteele, uStaley, uSabatinelli, kunye noHajcak, 2015)

Itekhnoloji ye-Intanethi ibonelela ngokufikeleleka kwaye kungaziwa nokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lwemixholo yamanyala (Cooper, 1998). Idatha efumanekayo ibonisa ukuba i-67.6% yamadoda kunye ne-18.3% yabasetyhini abadala baseDenmark (abaneminyaka eyi-18-30 ubudala) basebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo ngeveki (Hald, 2006). Phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji zase-USA i-93.2% yamakhwenkwe kunye ne-62.1% yamantombazana ayebukele iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Uninzi lwabasebenzisi, ukubukela iphonografi kudlala indima kwezolonwabo, ukonwaba, kunye nenkuthazo (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), kodwa abanye , Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwephonografi kungumthombo wokubandezeleka (malunga ne-8% yabasebenzisi ngokwe-Cooper et al., 1999) kwaye iba sisizathu sokufuna unyango (I-Delmonico kunye neCarnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; IGola kunye nePotenza, 2016). Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokuchasana nokubonwa kweklinikhi, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwemifanekiso engamanyala yinto ebalulekileyo kwezentlalo, efumana ingqalelo enkulu kumajelo eendaba, (umzekelo, bhanyabhanya ophakamileyo: "Ihlazo" nguMcQueen kunye no "Don Jon" nguGordon-Levitt) Abezopolitiko (umzekelo, Inkulumbuso yase-UK u-David Cameron ka-2013 intetho yokusebenzisa iphonografi ngabantwana), kunye nophando lwe-neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; UKühn noGallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014). Eyona mibuzo ibuzwa rhoqo yile: ingaba ukusebenzisa iphonografi kunokuba ngumlutha?

Ukufunyanwa kukaPrause, uSteele, uStaley, uSabatinelli, noHajcak, (2015) epapashwe kwimagazini kaJuni ye-Biology Psychology ehambisa idatha enomdla kwesi sihloko. Abaphandi babonisa ukuba amadoda nabasetyhini baxela ingxaki yokubukela iphonografi (N = 55),1 kuboniswe amandla angaphantsi kwexesha elihle (i-LPP - isiganeko esinxulumene nesiganeko kwi-EEG ukusayiniswa ehambelana nokubaluleka kunye nokuzithoba ngokuzenzekelayo kwimiba eqhelekileyo) kwimifanekiso yesondo xa kuthelekiswa nemifanekiso engeyiyo yesondo, xa kuthelekiswa neempendulo zolawulo. Baphinde babonise ukuba abasebenzisi beengxaki zobuninzi beengxaki zobunqunu abanomnqweno omncinci we-LPP kwimifanekiso yezesondo kunye neyesondo. Ababhali baphetha ngelithi: "Le mzekelo yeziphumo ibonakala ingahambelani nezinye izibikezelo ezenziwe yimodeli yoxhatshazo" (iphe. 196) kwaye yavakalisa esi sigqibo kwisihloko sesihloko: "Ukumodareyitha kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngeendlela zesini kunye nabasebenzisi beengxaki ezihambelanayo "Umlutha wezobisi" ".

Ngelishwa, kwinqaku labo, Prause et al. (2015) khange ichaze ngokucacileyo ukuba yeyiphi imodeli yokulutha ababeyivavanya. Iziphumo ezibonisiweyo xa ziqwalaselwa ngokunxulumene neemodeli ezimiselweyo nokuba aziboneleli ngokucacileyo kwembono yokuba ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi ngumlutha (njengakwi-Incentive Salience Theory; URobinson noBerridge, 1993; URobinson, uFischer, uAhuja, Omncinci, & Maniates, 2015) okanye uxhase le hypothesis (njengakwimeko yokunqongophala kweMivuzo yeSifo; IBlum et al., 1996; 1996; IBlum, iBadgaiyan, kunye neGolide, 2015). Apha ngezantsi ndiyichaza ngokweenkcukacha.

Idilesi yoLwazi: I-Swartz Centre yeComputerational Neuroscience, i-Institute for Neural Computations, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia yaseSan Diego, i9500 Gilman Drive, iSan Diego, CA 92093-0559, eU.SA. Idilesi yemeyile: [imeyile ikhuselwe]

1 Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba abalobi baveza iziphumo kubandakanyekileyo abesilisa nabesifazane, ngoxa uphando olutshanje lubonisa ukuba imifanekiso yezesondo zovuko kunye ne-valence ihluke ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwama-genders (bona: Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Olu qagela luxhaswa yi nyaniso ukuba izibheno ezisetyenziswe kwiPrause et al. (2015) nayo ibhekisela kwi-IST (okt Wölfling et al., 2011

Kutheni ikhokelo yezobugcisa kunye neengcamango ezicacileyo

Ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni ezininzi kwegama elithi "cue-reactivity" ngababhali sinokuqiqa ukuba abalobi bacinga ngengqondo ye-Incentive Salience Theory (IST) ecetywayo nguRobinson noBerridge (iBerridge, 2012; uRobinson et al., 2015).2 Esi sikhokelo-somsebenzi sichaza izinto ezimbini ezisisiseko zokuziphatha okukhuthazayo- "ukufuna" kunye "nokuthanda". Okokugqibela kunxulunyaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwixabiso lamava lomvuzo, ngelixa eyangaphambili inxulumene nexabiso elilindelweyo lomvuzo, elilinganiswe ngokuthe ngqo ngokunxulumene nomgaqo wokuqikelela. Ngokumalunga nokufunda kwePavlovian, umvuzo kukukhuthaza okungagunyaziswanga (i-UCS) kunye neendlela ezinxulumene nalo mvuzo ngokufunda ziimeko ezikhuthazayo (CS). Ii-CSs ezifundwayo zifumana inkuthazo kunye nokuvusa "ukufuna", kuboniswe kukuziphatha okukhuthazayo (Mahler kunye neBerridge, 2009; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2013). Yiyo loo nto befumana iipropathi ezifanayo njengomvuzo ngokwawo. Umzekelo izagwityi ezifuywayo zasekhaya ngokuzithandela zilinganisa into ye-terrycloth (CS) ebifudula idityaniswe nethuba lokulandela izagwityi zowasetyhini (UCS), nokuba umntu obhinqileyo wokwenyani ukhona (Cetinkaya naseDomjan, 2006)

Ngokwe-IST, umlutha ubonakaliswa ngokwanda "kokufuna" (ukuphinda usebenze kwakhona ngokunxulumene ne-cue; okt i-LPP ephezulu) kunye nokunciphisa "ukuthanda" (kunciphise ukwenziwa kwakhona okunxulumene nomvuzo, okt i-LPP esezantsi). Ukuze utolike idatha ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-IST abaphandi kufuneka baphazamise ngokucacileyo ukunxibelelana okunxulumene nomkhondo kunye "nokuthanda" okunxulumene nomkhondo. Uvavanyo lweparadigms yovavanyo lweenkqubo zombini luzisa imikhwa eyahlukeneyo kunye nemivuzo (okt Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Prause et al. (2015) endaweni yoko sebenzisa iparadigm yovavanyo elula, apho izifundo zingajonganga imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo enomxholo wesondo kunye nowesini. Kuyilo olulula olunjalo lovavanyo umbuzo obalulekileyo ovela kumbono we-IST yile: Ngaba iimifanekiso zesondo zidlala indima (CS) okanye imivuzo (UCS)? Ngoko ke: ingakanani i-LPP ibonisa "ukufuna" okanye "ukuthanda"?

Ababhali bacinga ukuba imifanekiso yesondo yimikhwa, kwaye ke ukutolika kuyancipha kwe-LPP njengenyathelo lokuncipha "kokufuna." Ukuncipha "kokufuna" ngokubhekisele kwizikhokelo ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kungahambelani nemodeli yokulutha ye-IST. Kodwa uninzi lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba imifanekiso yesondo ayisiyonto nje ikhoyo. Banomvuzo kubo (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Zombini, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; iphononongwe kwi: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stolru okqhubekayo., 2012). Ukujonga imifanekiso yesondo kuvusa isenzo se-ventral striatum (inkqubo yomvuzo) (Arnowet al., 2002; Iidemos, uHeatherton, kunye noKelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine (UMeston noMcCall, 2005) kwaye bobabini baxele kwaye bajonga ngokuchanekileyo inkanuko yesini (uphononongo: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Iipropathi ezinomvuzo zemifanekiso yesondo zinokuzalwa ngenxa yokuba isondo (njengokutya) ngumvuzo ophambili. Kodwa nokuba umntu uyayikhaba into enjalo engokwemvelo, iipropathi ezinomvuzo zesikhuthazo esinokufunyanwa zinokufunyanwa ngenxa yokufunda kwePavlovian. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zendalo, i-stimuli ebonakalayo ebonakalayo (njengeqabane elihamba ze okanye ividiyo ye-pornographic) inokuba sisincoko (CS) sokwabelana ngesondo esikhokelela kumava ovuthondaba (i-UCS) njengesiphumo sokwabelana ngesondo nge-dyadic okanye ukuphulula amalungu esini ngokuhamba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala. Ngapha koko kwimeko yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi, inkuthazo yesini ebonakalayo (CS) inxulunyaniswa kakhulu ne-orgasm (UCS) kwaye inokufumana iipropathi zomvuzo (UCS; Mahler kunye neBerridge, 2009; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2013) emva koko kukhokelele kwindlela ( Ukufuna iphonografi) kunye nokuziphatha okugqibeleleyo (okt, iiyure zokubukela ngaphambi kokufikelela kuvuthondaba)

Nokuba lixabiso elingaphakathi okanye elifundwayo lomvuzo, izifundo zibonisa ukuba imifanekiso yezesondo iyazikhuthaza, ngaphandle kwencopho. Yiyo loo nto enexabiso le-hedonic yangaphakathi ebantwini (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) kunye ne-rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) Ixabiso labo elinomvuzo linokwandiswa kulingo ukuseta, apho amava ovuthondaba (i-UCS yendalo) ingafumanekiyo, njengakwisifundo sikaPrause et al.'s (2015) ("abathathi-nxaxheba kolu phononongo bayalelwa ukuba bangabinayo i-masturbate ngexesha lomsebenzi", iphe. 197). NgokukaBerridge, umxholo womsebenzi unefuthe kuqikelelo lomvuzo (IBerridge, 2012). Ke ngoko, njengoko kungekho nanye into eyonwabisayo ngaphandle kwemifanekiso yesondo ekhoyo, ukubonwa kwemifanekiso yayingowona mvuzo wokugqibela (kunokuba ubekho nje).

Ukunciphisa i-LPP kwimbuyekezo yezocansi kwiinkqubo zobuninzi boononografi ezinengxaki zihambelana nemimiselo yoxhatshazo

Ukuthatha konke oku kungentla ingqalelo sinokucinga ukuba imifanekiso yesondo kwi-Prause et al. (2015) isifundo, endaweni yokufumana imikhombandlela, inokuba idlale indima yemivuzo. Ukuba kunjalo, ngokomgaqo-sikhokelo we-IST, i-LPP esezantsi yezesondo ngokuchasene nemifanekiso engeyiyo eyokwabelana ngesondo kubasebenzisi boonografi abanengxaki kunye nezifundo ezinomnqweno ophezulu wesini zibonisa ukuba kunciphile "ukuthanda". Iziphumo ezinjalo ziyahambelana nemodeli yokulutha ephakanyiswe nguBerridge kunye noRobinson (IBerridge, 2012; URobinson et al., 2015). Nangona kunjalo, ukuqinisekisa ubungqina bokuba likhoboka leziyobisi ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-IST, izifundo zovavanyo ezihambele phambili, ukukhubazeka kunye nomvuzo ziyafuneka. Umzekelo olungileyo weparadigm yoyilo eyenziweyo wasetyenziswa kwizifundo zabangcakazi nguSescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Iqeshe imali kunye nezokwabelana ngesondo (okomfuziselo wesimo) kunye nemivuzo ecacileyo (impumelelo yemali okanye imifanekiso yesondo). Ngenxa yokunqongophala kweempawu ezichazwe kakuhle kunye nembuyekezo kuPrause et al. (2015) isifundo, indima yemifanekiso yesondo ihlala ingacacanga kwaye ngenxa yoko iziphumo ze-LPP azicacanga kwisakhelo se-IST. Isiphetho esiqinisekileyo esichazwe kwisihloko sesifundo "Ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngemifanekiso yesondo kubasebenzisi beengxaki kunye nokulawula okungahambelani" nokuxhatshazwa koononophelo "kungqonge i-IST

Ukuba sithatha enye imodeli ethandwayo yoluhlobo - I-Reward Deficency Syndrome (i-RDS; i-Blum et al., I-1996, i-2015) idata efunyenwe ngabalobi ngokwenene iyathetha ukuxhaswa kwezilwanyana. I-RDS -work-work assumes that the genetic predisposition to a lower infiltration response for rewarding stimuli (kubonakaliswe kwi-BOLD ne-electrophysiological reactivity) inxulumene nokufuna ukuvalelwa, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu wokuxhatshazwa. Ukufunyanwa kwababhali bee-LPP ezisezantsi kwiingxaki zobuninzi boonografi kuhambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-RDS yokulutha umlutha. Ukuba uPrause et al. (2015) bavavanya enye imodeli, engaziwayo kakhulu kune-IST okanye i-RDS, kuya kuba yinto enqwenelekayo ukuyibeka ngokufutshane emsebenzini wabo.

Amazwi okugqibela

Uphononongo lukaPrause et al. (2015) inika idatha enomdla kwiinkcenkceshe zokusetyenziswa kwezonyanya.3 Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwengcamango esicacileyo ye-addiction model ehlolwayo kunye neparadigm yokulinga (engunzima ukuchaza intsingiselo yemifanekiso ekhulayo), akunakwenzeka ukuba uthetha ukuba iziphumo zichasene, okanye ukuthanda, ingcamango malunga "Ukugqithiswa koonobumba." Izifundo ezininzi eziphambili kunye neengcamango ezichazwe kakuhle zibizwa ngokuba. Ngelishwa ngelithi isihloko sobongozo sikaPrause et al. (I-2015) inqaku sele lichaphazeleke kumajelo eendaba,4 ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa isiphetho esingagqibekanga sesayensi. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezenhlalakahle nakwezopolitiko kwesihloko sempembelelo yokusetyenziswa kweentlophu, abaphandi kufuneka bafikelele kwizigqibo ezizayo.

3 Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuba ku Prause et al. (2015) abasebenzisa ingxaki yobuninzi be-3.8 ngeveki (SD = 1.3) kufana neendlela ezingabonakaliyo zobuninzi bezithombe zoonografi eKühn naseGallinat (2014) abasebenzisa i-4.09 ngeveki (SD = 3.9) . KwiVoon et al. (2014) abasebenzisi abaneengxaki babika i-1.75 ngeveki (SD = 3.36) kunye neengxaki ze-13.21 ngeveki (SD = 9.85) - idatha evezwe yiVoon ngexesha leNgqungquthela yeSayensi ye-Psychological Science ngoMeyi 2015.

4 Imizekelo yeempawu zamanqaku atyhulayo athetha ngePrause et al. (2015): "Iifostile ayinobungozi njengamanye amanxeba, izibalo zokufunda" (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-addictions- izibhengezo-i-5279530 /), "I-Addictive Addiction yakho ayiyinyani" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html) , "Ukuxhatshazwa koTyhumbiso" akuyiyo imilutha, i-Neuroscientists ithi "(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction-X7696448.html)

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