Izicalulo ezihlaziyiweyo zontanga zika Prause et al., 2015

intshayelelo

Isifundo se-EEG: "Ukumodareyithwa kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngeemifanekiso zesondo kubasebenzisi beengxaki kunye nokulawula okuhambelana nokulutha kwezilonda"(Prause et al., 2015)

Kleyima: Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umphandi we-UCLA wangaphambili UNicole Prause Ngenkalipho uthi isifundo sakhe sodwa i-EEG "senza ibali lesini."

Eyinyaniso: Iziphumo zibonisa ukuziphatha / ukuchithwa kwezenzo kubasebenzisi bezononophelo abaqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba eli phepha lichaze ukusetyenziswa koonwabo okugqithisileyo Ngaphantsi Ukusebenza kombono kwi-vanilla porn kuluhlu lo kwiwebhsayithi ekuxhaseni ingcamango yokuba ukusetyenziswa koononophelo okungapheliyo phantsi kulawula ukuvuswa kwezesondo. Ngokucacileyo, abasebenzisi bezononophelo abavuthiweyo bavutywa yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ye-pornography. (Ezi ziphumo ezifanayo Kuhn kunye neGallinat., 2014.) Ezi ziphumo zihambelana unyamezelo, uphawu lo likhoboka. Ukunyamezelana kuchazwa njengokuphendula komntu ngokudibeneyo kwichiza okanye kwisishukumisi esisiphumo sokusetyenziswa okuphindiweyo. Amaphepha alithoba ahlolwe ngoontanga adweliswe ngezantsi ayavumelana noku Uvavanyo lweYBOP Prause et al., 2015.

Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe zichaze iziphumo ezihambelana nokukhuthaza / ukuphinda usebenze kwakhona. Ngenxa yokuba abasebenzisi bezononophelo abaqhelekileyo babe ne-EEG yokufunda ephantsi kunezolawulo, umbhali okhokelayo uNicole Prause wathi iphepha lakhe, kunye nezigqibo zalo ezingathandekiyo, "zikhohlisile" imodeli yoxhatshazo. Ubanga ukuba ukufundwa kwakhe kwe-EEG kuvavanye "ukusebenza kwakhona," kunokuba ukuhlala. Nokuba ukuba iPrause yayilungile, uyayigcina ngokukhawuleza imingxuma ekungqineni kwayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngamabango akhe malunga Prause et al. 2015 ukufumana ubuncinci-i-reactivity kubasebenzisi bezononophelo abaqhelekileyo, i-26 omnye Izifundo zengqondo ziye zachaza ukukhawuleza okanye izifiso (ukunqabisa) kubasebenzisi abangabonwayo boononophelo: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Inzululwazi ayifuni kunye nokufundiswa komntu oyedwa ongathandabuzekiyo ophazamiseka yimpembelelo yeendlela kwaye baxoxayo; inzululwazi iyahamba kunye nokuxhomekeka kobungqina.

Phawula: Kule ntshumayelo ye-2018 uGary Wilson uchaza inyaniso emva kwee-5 izifundo ezibuzayo kunye nezikhohlisayo, eziquka izifundo ezimbini ze-Nicole Prause EEG (Steele et al., 2013 kunye Prause et al., 2015): Uphando Lophando: Okwenyaniso okanye Imfundiso?

Ishumi sohlalutyo loontanga Prause et al., 2015. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka edlulileyo ezininzi izifundo ze-neuroscience-based based zipapashiwe (i-MRI, i-fMRI, i-EEG, i-neuropsychological, i-hormonal). Zonke zibonelela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yemodeli yokulutha njengoko iziphumo zabo zibonisa isiphelo semithambo-luvo esichazwe kwizifundo zeziyobisi. Uluvo lweengcali lokwenyani malunga neziyobisi ezingamanyala / ezesondo zinokubonwa kolu luhlu 25 Ukuphononongwa koncwadi kwangoku kunye neenkcazo (zonke ezihambelanayo nomzekelo wokulutha umlutha). Amaphepha angezantsi onke avuma ukuba Prause et al. ukufunyaniswa kweso siqhelo kubolekisa inkxaso umlutha wezobisi mzekelo. Iphepha le-#2 (ngu-Gola) lizinikezele kuphela ukuxubusha Prause et al., 2015. Amanye amaphepha e-9 aqukethe amacandelo amfutshane ahlalutyo Prause et al., 2015 (zonke Sitsho isifundo se-EEG sithe safumana indawo yokuhlala okanye ubutshaba). Amaphepha adweliswe ngomhla wokupapashwa kwawo.

1) I-neuroscience ye-Intanethi yoTywala: Ukubuyiselwa nokuHlaziya (2015)

Inkcazo yokugxeka Prause et al., 2015 (icatshulwa 309)

Olunye uphando lwe-EEG olubandakanya abathathu abalobi abafanayo lushicilelwe kutshanje [309]. Ngelishwa, esi sifundo esitsha siphumelele kwiinkalo ezininzi zeendlela ezifana neyokuqala [303]. Ngokomzekelo, isetyenziselwa i-pool yangaphakathi yesifundo, abaphandi baqeshwe imibuzo yokuhlola i-questionnaires engagunyazisiweyo kubasebenzisi bezoonografi ze-intanethi ze-intanethi, kwaye izifundo zazingakhange zihlolwe ezinye izibonakaliso zokuxilwa okanye ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa.

Kwisifundo esitsha, Prause et al. xa kuthelekiswa nomsebenzi we-EEG wabameli bexesha eliqhelekileyo be-intanethi ye-intanethi kunye nokulawula njengoko babecinga imifanekiso yesondo kunye neyengathathi hlangothi [309]. Njengoko kulindeleke, ukuphakama kwe-LPP ngokuphathelele imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi kwandisiwe kumaqela amabini, nangona ukwanda kwe-amplitude kwincinci kwizifundo ze-IPA. Ukulindela ubungakanani obukhulu kubabukeli be-intanethi ye-intanethi, abalobi bathi, "Lo mzekelo ubonakala uhluke kwiimodeli zokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi".

Nangona i-ERP enkulu ye-amplitudes ekuphenduleni izilwanyana ezibhekiselele kwiidakamizwa eziphathelele imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi ibonakala kwizifundo zokuxhatshazwa kwezidakamizwa, ukufunyanwa kwangoku akulindelekanga kwaye kuhambelana neziphumo zikaKühn noGallinat [263], ngubani ofumene ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa okuhambelana nokusebenza kombono ongaphantsi ekuphenduleni imifanekiso yesondo. Kwinqanaba leengxoxo, abalobi bathi uKühn noGallinat banikezela ukuhlala njengento echanekileyo kwiphepha elingaphantsi kweLPP. Enye inkcazelo eyenziwa nguKühn noGallinat, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukuvuselela okukhulu kunokubangela ukuba utshintsho lwe-neuroplastic. Ngokukodwa, iiposografi eziphezulu zisebenzisana kunye nombono ongaphantsi kwevolumu kwi-dorsaal striatum, ummandla wesondo ohambelana nesondo kunye nokukhuthaza [265].

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iziphumo zikaPrause et al. babecala kwizinto ababezilindele [309]. Omnye unokulindela ukuba ababukeli be-intanethi kunye nolawulo lwe-intanethi babe neenjongo ezifanayo ze-LPP amplitudes ekuphenduleni okufutshane kwimifanekiso yesondo xa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweefotoli ezingcolileyo kwi-intanethi kwakungekho nto. Kunoko, ukufumana okungalindelekanga kukaPrause et al. [U309] icacisa ukuba ababukeli be-intanethi ye-Internet bahlala behlala kwiimifanekiso. Omnye usenokuthi ulungelelanise le nto ukunyamezela. Ehlabathini lanamhlanje lokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ngokukhawuleza, kunokwenzeka ukuba abathengi abaninzi be-intanethi ye-intanethi bajonga iifilimu zesini kunye neevidiyo ngokuchasene namacwecwe. Iifilimu zezesondo zivelisa ukuvuselela okungokwenyama kunye nokuzithoba kunemifanekiso yesondo [310] kunye nokujonga iifilimu zesini kubangela intswela encinane kunye nokuphendula ngokwesondo kwimifanekiso yesondo [311]. Kuthathwa ndawonye, ​​i-Prause et al., Kunye ne-Kühn kunye ne-Gallinat zikhokelela kwisigqibo esivakalayo sokuba ababukeli be-intanethi bafuna ukubonakala ngokubanzi ukuphendula iimpendulo zengqondo ezifana nokulawulwa kwempilo okanye abasebenzisi abalinganiselayo.

Ukongezelela, ingxelo yePrause et al. [309] ukuba, "Le yile nkcukacha yokuqala yezinto eziphilayo zomntu ezibika iingxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo we-VSS" ingxaki kuba lijongisisa uphando olupapashwe ngaphambili [262,263]. Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba enye yemingeni emikhulu ekuhloliseni iimpendulo zengqondo ngokubhekiselele kwii-pornography ezixhatshazwayo kukuba ukujonga isistim sezesondo kukuziphatha komlutha. Ngokwahlukileyo, izifundo zokucima iziphumo kwiidakamizwa ze-cocaine zisebenzisa imifanekiso enxulumene nokusebenzisa i-cocaine (imigca emhlophe kwisibuko), kunokuba ngabafundi banokwenza i-cocaine. Ukususela ekubukeni kwezithombe zesondo kunye nevidiyo kukuziphatha komlutha, izifundo zengqondo ze-intanethi ze-intanethi kubasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolileyo ze-intanethi kufuneka ziqaphele kokubili ukuyila nokuhlola iziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokuchasene nokukhangela kwesibini kwimizuzu esetyenziswayo ngu Prause et al. [309], Voon et al. bakhetha ividyo zevidiyo ze-9-seconds kwi-cue reactivity paradigm ukujonga ngokukhawuleza i-intanethi ye-porn stimulus [262]. Ngokungafani nenye ye-second-exposed exposure to images (Prause et al. [309]), ukuboniswa kwevidiyo ye-9-yesibini kwakhupha ukukhupha ubuchopho obuninzi kubabukeli abanzima be-intanethi kunokuba babone ukukhanya kweyesibini kwimizobo. Ngokubhekiselele ukuba abalobi babhekisela kwisifundo seKühn noGallinat, bakhululwa ngexesha elifanayo njengoko isifundo seVoon [262], kodwa abazange bavume iVoon et al. bafunde naphi na kwiphepha labo nangona kubaluleke kakhulu.

2) Ukunciphisa i-LPP kwimifanekiso yesondo kwiingxaki zabasebenzisi boonografi kunokuhambelana neemodeli zokulutha. Yonke into ixhomekeke kwimodeli: Amagqabantshintshi ngoPrause, uSteele, uStaley, uSabatinelli, noHajcak, 2015 (2016)

Biol Psychol. 2016 May 24. pii: S0301-0511 (16) 30182-X. i-doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsycho.2016.05.003.

Gola Matuesz1. 1I-Swartz Centre yeComputerational Neuroscience, i-Institute for Neural Computations, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eSan Diego, eSan Diego, eU.SA; I-Institute of Psychology, i-Polish Academy yeSayensi, iWarsaw, ePoland. Idilesi yekhompyutha: [imeyile ikhuselwe].

Iphepha elipheleleyo

Itekhnoloji ye-Intanethi ibonelela ngokufikeleleka kwaye kungaziwa nokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lwemixholo yamanyala (Cooper, 1998). Idatha efumanekayo ibonisa ukuba i-67.6% yamadoda kunye ne-18.3% yabasetyhini abadala baseDenmark (abaneminyaka eyi-18-30 ubudala) basebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo ngeveki (Hald, 2006). Phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji zase-USA i-93.2% yamakhwenkwe kunye ne-62.1% yamantombazana ayebukele iphonografi kwi-Intanethi ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Uninzi lwabasebenzisi, ukubukela iphonografi kudlala indima kwezolonwabo, ukonwaba, kunye nenkuthazo (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), kodwa abanye , Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwephonografi kungumthombo wokubandezeleka (malunga ne-8% yabasebenzisi ngokwe-Cooper et al., 1999) kwaye iba sisizathu sokufuna unyango (I-Delmonico kunye neCarnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; IGola kunye nePotenza, 2016). Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokuchasana nokubonwa kweklinikhi, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwemifanekiso engamanyala yinto ebalulekileyo kwezentlalo, efumana ingqalelo enkulu kumajelo eendaba, (umzekelo, bhanyabhanya ophakamileyo: "Ihlazo" nguMcQueen kunye no "Don Jon" nguGordon-Levitt) Abezopolitiko (umzekelo, Inkulumbuso yase-UK u-David Cameron ka-2013 intetho yokusebenzisa iphonografi ngabantwana), kunye nophando lwe-neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; UKühn noGallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014). Eyona mibuzo ibuzwa rhoqo yile: ingaba ukusebenzisa iphonografi kunokuba ngumlutha?

Ukufunyanwa kukaPrause, uSteele, uStaley, uSabatinelli, noHajcak, (2015) epapashwe kwimagazini kaJuni ye-Biology Psychology ehambisa idatha enomdla kwesi sihloko. Abaphandi babonisa ukuba amadoda nabasetyhini baxela ingxaki yokubukela iphonografi (N = 55),1 kuboniswe amandla angaphantsi kwexesha elihle (i-LPP - isiganeko esinxulumene nesiganeko kwi-EEG ukusayiniswa ehambelana nokubaluleka kunye nokuzithoba ngokuzenzekelayo kwimiba eqhelekileyo) kwimifanekiso yesondo xa kuthelekiswa nemifanekiso engeyiyo yesondo, xa kuthelekiswa neempendulo zolawulo. Baphinde babonise ukuba abasebenzisi beengxaki zobuninzi beengxaki zobunqunu abanomnqweno omncinci we-LPP kwimifanekiso yezesondo kunye neyesondo. Ababhali baphetha ngelithi: "Le mzekelo yeziphumo ibonakala ingahambelani nezinye izibikezelo ezenziwe yimodeli yoxhatshazo" (iphe. 196) kwaye yavakalisa esi sigqibo kwisihloko sesihloko: "Ukumodareyitha kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngeendlela zesini kunye nabasebenzisi beengxaki ezihambelanayo "Umlutha wezobisi" ".

Ngelishwa, kwinqaku labo, Prause et al. (2015) khange ichaze ngokucacileyo ukuba yeyiphi imodeli yokulutha ababeyivavanya. Iziphumo ezibonisiweyo xa ziqwalaselwa ngokunxulumene neemodeli ezimiselweyo nokuba aziboneleli ngokucacileyo kwembono yokuba ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi ngumlutha (njengakwi-Incentive Salience Theory; URobinson noBerridge, 1993; URobinson, uFischer, uAhuja, Omncinci, & Maniates, 2015) okanye uxhase le hypothesis (njengakwimeko yokunqongophala kweMivuzo yeSifo; IBlum et al., 1996; 1996; IBlum, iBadgaiyan, kunye neGolide, 2015). Apha ngezantsi ndiyichaza ngokweenkcukacha.

Idilesi yoLwazi: I-Swartz Centre yeComputerational Neuroscience, i-Institute for Neural Computations, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia yaseSan Diego, i9500 Gilman Drive, iSan Diego, CA 92093-0559, eU.SA. Idilesi yemeyile: [imeyile ikhuselwe]

1 Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba abalobi baveza iziphumo kubandakanyekileyo abesilisa nabesifazane, ngoxa uphando olutshanje lubonisa ukuba imifanekiso yezesondo zovuko kunye ne-valence ihluke ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwama-genders (bona: Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Olu qagela luxhaswa yi nyaniso ukuba izibheno ezisetyenziswe kwiPrause et al. (2015) nayo ibhekisela kwi-IST (okt Wölfling et al., 2011

Kutheni ikhokelo yezobugcisa kunye neengcamango ezicacileyo

Ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni ezininzi kwegama elithi "cue-reactivity" ngababhali sinokuqiqa ukuba abalobi bacinga ngengqondo ye-Incentive Salience Theory (IST) ecetywayo nguRobinson noBerridge (iBerridge, 2012; uRobinson et al., 2015).2 Esi sikhokelo-somsebenzi sichaza izinto ezimbini ezisisiseko zokuziphatha okukhuthazayo- "ukufuna" kunye "nokuthanda". Okokugqibela kunxulunyaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwixabiso lamava lomvuzo, ngelixa eyangaphambili inxulumene nexabiso elilindelweyo lomvuzo, elilinganiswe ngokuthe ngqo ngokunxulumene nomgaqo wokuqikelela. Ngokumalunga nokufunda kwePavlovian, umvuzo kukukhuthaza okungagunyaziswanga (i-UCS) kunye neendlela ezinxulumene nalo mvuzo ngokufunda ziimeko ezikhuthazayo (CS). Ii-CSs ezifundwayo zifumana inkuthazo kunye nokuvusa "ukufuna", kuboniswe kukuziphatha okukhuthazayo (Mahler kunye neBerridge, 2009; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2013). Yiyo loo nto befumana iipropathi ezifanayo njengomvuzo ngokwawo. Umzekelo izagwityi ezifuywayo zasekhaya ngokuzithandela zilinganisa into ye-terrycloth (CS) ebifudula idityaniswe nethuba lokulandela izagwityi zowasetyhini (UCS), nokuba umntu obhinqileyo wokwenyani ukhona (Cetinkaya naseDomjan, 2006)

Ngokwe-IST, umlutha ubonakaliswa ngokwanda "kokufuna" (ukuphinda usebenze kwakhona ngokunxulumene ne-cue; okt i-LPP ephezulu) kunye nokunciphisa "ukuthanda" (kunciphise ukwenziwa kwakhona okunxulumene nomvuzo, okt i-LPP esezantsi). Ukuze utolike idatha ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-IST abaphandi kufuneka baphazamise ngokucacileyo ukunxibelelana okunxulumene nomkhondo kunye "nokuthanda" okunxulumene nomkhondo. Uvavanyo lweparadigms yovavanyo lweenkqubo zombini luzisa imikhwa eyahlukeneyo kunye nemivuzo (okt Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Prause et al. (2015) endaweni yoko sebenzisa iparadigm yovavanyo elula, apho izifundo zingajonganga imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo enomxholo wesondo kunye nowesini. Kuyilo olulula olunjalo lovavanyo umbuzo obalulekileyo ovela kumbono we-IST yile: Ngaba iimifanekiso zesondo zidlala indima (CS) okanye imivuzo (UCS)? Ngoko ke: ingakanani i-LPP ibonisa "ukufuna" okanye "ukuthanda"?

Ababhali bacinga ukuba imifanekiso yesondo yimikhwa, kwaye ke ukutolika kuyancipha kwe-LPP njengenyathelo lokuncipha "kokufuna." Ukuncipha "kokufuna" ngokubhekisele kwizikhokelo ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kungahambelani nemodeli yokulutha ye-IST. Kodwa uninzi lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba imifanekiso yesondo ayisiyonto nje ikhoyo. Banomvuzo kubo (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Zombini, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; iphononongwe kwi: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stolru okqhubekayo., 2012). Ukujonga imifanekiso yesondo kuvusa isenzo se-ventral striatum (inkqubo yomvuzo) (Arnowet al., 2002; Iidemos, uHeatherton, kunye noKelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine (UMeston noMcCall, 2005) kwaye bobabini baxele kwaye bajonga ngokuchanekileyo inkanuko yesini (uphononongo: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Iipropathi ezinomvuzo zemifanekiso yesondo zinokuzalwa ngenxa yokuba isondo (njengokutya) ngumvuzo ophambili. Kodwa nokuba umntu uyayikhaba into enjalo engokwemvelo, iipropathi ezinomvuzo zesikhuthazo esinokufunyanwa zinokufunyanwa ngenxa yokufunda kwePavlovian. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zendalo, i-stimuli ebonakalayo ebonakalayo (njengeqabane elihamba ze okanye ividiyo ye-pornographic) inokuba sisincoko (CS) sokwabelana ngesondo esikhokelela kumava ovuthondaba (i-UCS) njengesiphumo sokwabelana ngesondo nge-dyadic okanye ukuphulula amalungu esini ngokuhamba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala. Ngapha koko kwimeko yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi, inkuthazo yesini ebonakalayo (CS) inxulunyaniswa kakhulu ne-orgasm (UCS) kwaye inokufumana iipropathi zomvuzo (UCS; Mahler kunye neBerridge, 2009; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2013) emva koko kukhokelele kwindlela ( Ukufuna iphonografi) kunye nokuziphatha okugqibeleleyo (okt, iiyure zokubukela ngaphambi kokufikelela kuvuthondaba)

Nokuba lixabiso elingaphakathi okanye elifundwayo lomvuzo, izifundo zibonisa ukuba imifanekiso yezesondo iyazikhuthaza, ngaphandle kwencopho. Yiyo loo nto enexabiso le-hedonic yangaphakathi ebantwini (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) kunye ne-rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) Ixabiso labo elinomvuzo linokwandiswa kulingo ukuseta, apho amava ovuthondaba (i-UCS yendalo) ingafumanekiyo, njengakwisifundo sikaPrause et al.'s (2015) ("abathathi-nxaxheba kolu phononongo bayalelwa ukuba bangabinayo i-masturbate ngexesha lomsebenzi", iphe. 197). NgokukaBerridge, umxholo womsebenzi unefuthe kuqikelelo lomvuzo (IBerridge, 2012). Ke ngoko, njengoko kungekho nanye into eyonwabisayo ngaphandle kwemifanekiso yesondo ekhoyo, ukubonwa kwemifanekiso yayingowona mvuzo wokugqibela (kunokuba ubekho nje).

Ukunciphisa i-LPP kwimbuyekezo yezocansi kwiinkqubo zobuninzi boononografi ezinengxaki zihambelana nemimiselo yoxhatshazo

Ukuthatha konke oku kungentla ingqalelo sinokucinga ukuba imifanekiso yesondo kwi-Prause et al. (2015) isifundo, endaweni yokufumana imikhombandlela, inokuba idlale indima yemivuzo. Ukuba kunjalo, ngokomgaqo-sikhokelo we-IST, i-LPP esezantsi yezesondo ngokuchasene nemifanekiso engeyiyo eyokwabelana ngesondo kubasebenzisi boonografi abanengxaki kunye nezifundo ezinomnqweno ophezulu wesini zibonisa ukuba kunciphile "ukuthanda". Iziphumo ezinjalo ziyahambelana nemodeli yokulutha ephakanyiswe nguBerridge kunye noRobinson (IBerridge, 2012; URobinson et al., 2015). Nangona kunjalo, ukuqinisekisa ubungqina bokuba likhoboka leziyobisi ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-IST, izifundo zovavanyo ezihambele phambili, ukukhubazeka kunye nomvuzo ziyafuneka. Umzekelo olungileyo weparadigm yoyilo eyenziweyo wasetyenziswa kwizifundo zabangcakazi nguSescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Iqeshe imali kunye nezokwabelana ngesondo (okomfuziselo wesimo) kunye nemivuzo ecacileyo (impumelelo yemali okanye imifanekiso yesondo). Ngenxa yokunqongophala kweempawu ezichazwe kakuhle kunye nembuyekezo kuPrause et al. (2015) isifundo, indima yemifanekiso yesondo ihlala ingacacanga kwaye ngenxa yoko iziphumo ze-LPP azicacanga kwisakhelo se-IST. Isiphetho esiqinisekileyo esichazwe kwisihloko sesifundo "Ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngemifanekiso yesondo kubasebenzisi beengxaki kunye nokulawula okungahambelani" nokuxhatshazwa koononophelo "kungqonge i-IST

Ukuba sithatha enye imodeli ethandwayo yoluhlobo - I-Reward Deficency Syndrome (i-RDS; i-Blum et al., I-1996, i-2015) idata efunyenwe ngabalobi ngokwenene iyathetha ukuxhaswa kwezilwanyana. I-RDS -work-work assumes that the genetic predisposition to a lower infiltration response for rewarding stimuli (kubonakaliswe kwi-BOLD ne-electrophysiological reactivity) inxulumene nokufuna ukuvalelwa, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu wokuxhatshazwa. Ukufunyanwa kwababhali bee-LPP ezisezantsi kwiingxaki zobuninzi boonografi kuhambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-RDS yokulutha umlutha. Ukuba uPrause et al. (2015) bavavanya enye imodeli, engaziwayo kakhulu kune-IST okanye i-RDS, kuya kuba yinto enqwenelekayo ukuyibeka ngokufutshane emsebenzini wabo.

Amazwi okugqibela

Uphononongo lukaPrause et al. (2015) inika idatha enomdla kwiinkcenkceshe zokusetyenziswa kwezonyanya.3 Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwengcamango esicacileyo ye-addiction model ehlolwayo kunye neparadigm yokulinga (engunzima ukuchaza intsingiselo yemifanekiso ekhulayo), akunakwenzeka ukuba uthetha ukuba iziphumo zichasene, okanye ukuthanda, ingcamango malunga "Ukugqithiswa koonobumba." Izifundo ezininzi eziphambili kunye neengcinga ezichazwe kakuhle zibizwa ngokuba. Ngelishwa ngelithi isihloko sobongozo sikaPrause et al. (I-2015) inqaku liye laphazamisa amajelo aseburhulumenteni, i-4 yandisa ngokugqithisileyo isistim. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko kwesihloko ngemiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwamanyala, Abaphandi kufuneka bathathe izigqibo ezizayo ngokuqaphela okukhulu. (ugxininiso olunikeziweyo)

3 Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuba ku Prause et al. (2015) abasebenzisa ingxaki yobuninzi be-3.8 ngeveki (SD = 1.3) kufana neendlela ezingabonakaliyo zobuninzi bezithombe zoonografi eKühn naseGallinat (2014) abasebenzisa i-4.09 ngeveki (SD = 3.9) . KwiVoon et al. (2014) abasebenzisi abaneengxaki babika i-1.75 ngeveki (SD = 3.36) kunye neengxaki ze-13.21 ngeveki (SD = 9.85) - idatha evezwe yiVoon ngexesha leNgqungquthela yeSayensi ye-Psychological Science ngoMeyi 2015.

4 Imizekelo yeempawu zamanqaku atyhulayo athetha ngePrause et al. (2015): "Iifostile ayinobungozi njengamanye amanxeba, izibalo zokufunda" (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-addictions- izibhengezo-i-5279530 /), "I-Addictive Addiction yakho ayiyinyani" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html) , "Ukuxhatshazwa koTyhumbiso" akuyiyo imilutha, i-Neuroscientists ithi "(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction-X7696448.html)

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3) I-neurobiology yokuziphatha ngokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo: I-Science emerging (2016)

IMIBUZO: Nangona eli phepha lifutshane nje, liqulethe iimbono ezimbalwa eziphambili. Umzekelo, ithetha ukuba zombini Prause et al., 2015 kwaye Kuhn kunye neGallinat, 2014 ingxelo yokufumanisa okufanayo: ukusetyenziswa koononophelo okugqithisileyo kunye nentsebenziswano enkulu yezocwangco. Zombini zifundo zichazwe ezantsi Ukusebenza kwengqondo ngokuphendula ngokufutshane kwiifoto ze-porno ye-vanilla. Kule nkcazo elandelayo "I-Lower potential-potential potential" ibhekisela kwiziphumo ze-EEG Prause et al.:

"Okuchasene, Izifundo kubantu abanempilo ziphakamisa indima ekwenzeni ukunyuswa kobuqhetseba ngokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwezonografi. Kwindoda enempilo, ixesha elongezelelweyo lichithe ukubukela iphonografi ehambelana nomsebenzi osezantsi osezantsi we-putaminal kwiifoto zoononografi (uKühn noGallinat, 2014). Imisebenzi engaphantsi kwexesha elibonakalayo elungileyo elibonakalayo elibonakalayo kwiifoto zoononografi lalijongwa kwizifundo ezinobunzima bokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolileyo. " (ugxininiso olunikeziweyo)

Iphepha lithetha ukuba zombini Prause et al., 2015 kwaye Kuhn kunye neGallinat, 2014 fu maneka ukuhlala kubasebenzisi abangaphantsi koononophelo.

Inkcazo epheleleyo:

Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokunyanzelayo (CSB) kubonakaliswa ukukhanga, ukunyaniseka, ukukhubazeka kwezenhlalakahle / umsebenzi, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwengqondo. Ubuninzi be-CSB buqikelelwa malunga ne-3-6%, kunye neendoda zesigxina. Nangona kungabandakanywa kwi-DSM-5, i-CSB ingafunyanwa kwi-ICD-10 njengengxaki yokulawula ingqondo. Nangona kunjalo, ingxoxo ikhona malunga nokuhlelwa kwe-CSB (umz., Njengengxaki yokunyanzeliswa kwengqondo, isifo sokuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo oluxhatshazelisayo, umlutha, okanye ukuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kokuziphatha ngokwesondo).

Ubungqina bokuqala bubonisa ukuba i-dopamine inokufaka isandla kwi-CSB. Esi sifo seParkinson (PD), i-dopamine yokuguqula imithi (i-Levo-dopa, i-dopamine agonists) idibene ne-CSB kunye nezinye izifo zokulawula ukuphazamiseka (Weintraub et al, 2010). Inani elincinci lophando lwee-case usebenzisa i-naltrexone inkxaso ekusebenzeni kwayo ekunciphiseni izibongozo kunye nokuziphatha okuhambelana ne-CSB (uRaymond et al, 2010), ngokuhambelana nokuguqulwa kwe-opioidergic ye-mesolimbic dopamine ukusebenza ekunciphiseni i-CSB. Okwangoku, ezinkulu, ezifanelekileyo ngokwaneleyo, uphando lwe-neurochemical kunye novavanyo lwamachiza kuyadingeka ukuqhubela phambili ukuqonda i-CSB.

Intshukumo yokukhuthaza iinjongo eziphathelele ekusebenzisaneni ngesondo. I-CSB kunye namadoda angewona ama-CSB ayenomsebenzi ophezulu wesini-cuerelated ukusebenza kwe-anti-cingulate, ventral striatum, kunye ne-amygdala (Voon et al, 2014). Kwizifundo ze-CSB, ukuxhunyezwa komsebenzi wale ntanethi ehambelana nomnqweno wesini wesondo, ehambelana nokufunyaniswa kwezidakamizwa zeziyobisi (Voon et al, 2014). Amadoda e-CSB aqhubeka nokubonisa ukunyaniseka kweengcamango ezingamanyala, ezibandakanya iimpendulo zokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwiinkqubo zokulutha (iMechelmans et al, 2014). Kwi-CSB nakwizigulane ze-PD ezingekho ze-CSB, ukubonakaliswa kweengcamango zoononophala kwandisa ukusebenza kwi-ventral striatum, i-citulate ne-orbitofal cortex, idibanisa kunye nomnqweno wesini (Politis et al, 2013). Isifundo esicacisayo sokusasaza iincinci sichaphazela ukungaqhelekanga kwi-CSB namadoda angewona ama-CSB (iMiner et al, 2009).

INgokuphambene noko, uphando lwabantu abasempilweni lubonisa indima yokuqhelanisa ukuhlala kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwezonografi. Kwindoda enempilo, ixesha elongezelelweyo lichithe ukubukela iphonografi ehambelana nomsebenzi osezantsi osezantsi we-putaminal kwiifoto zoononografi (uKühn noGallinat, 2014). Umsebenzi ongaphantsi wexesha elihle imifanekiso yoononopopasho yabonwa kwizifundo ezinobunzima bokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolileyo. Ezi ziphumo, ngelixa zichasene, azihambelani. Ukuhlala kwimizobo yezithombe ezinxulumene neengcamango zevidiyo kunokuphuculiswa kubantu abaneempilo ngokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo; ngelixa izifundo ze-CSB ezinokusetyenziswa kanzima / ezinzulu zingaphinde zenziwe ngcono.

Nangona uphando lwe-neurobiological lwangoku luye lwaphakamisa iindlela ezinokwenzeka ze-neurobiological ze-CSB, ezi ziphumo zifanele ziphathwe njengemilinganiselo yokunikezelwa kwemiqathango (umz., Ubuncinane beesampula, iziklomelo eziphambeneyo, izifundo zesintu kuphela, njalo njalo). Izikhelo ezikhoyo ngokuphando zikhoyo ziyanzima ukuzimisela ngokucacileyo nokuba i-CSB ibhetele ngokubhekisele ekubeni ngumlutha okanye ayikho. Uphando olongezelelweyo lufunekayo ukuqonda indlela iimpawu ze-neurobiological ezihambelana namanyathelo afanelekileyo ekliniki ezifana neziphumo zonyango ze-CSB. Ukuchonga i-CSB njengesiqhelo sokuziphatha 'kuya kuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimigudu, inqanda nokukhusela imizamo; nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, uphando lusebuncinaneni. Ukunikezelwa kwezinto ezifanayo phakathi kwe-CSB kunye neziyobisi zamachiza, ukungenelela okusebenzayo kwizidakamizwa kunokubamba isithembiso kwi-CSB, ngaloo ndlela unikeza ingqiqo kwiindlela ezizayo zophando ukuphanda oku kwenzeka ngqo. (ugxininiso olunikeziweyo)

  1. UKühn S, uGallinat J (2014). Isakhiwo sobungozi kunye nokusebenza okudibeneyo okuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala: ingqondo kwi-pornography. JAMA Psychiatry 71: 827-834.

  2. Mechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, Mole Mole TB et al (2014). Ukunyanzeliswa kweengcamango ngokubhekiselele kwisondo ngokucacileyo kubantu abaneziganeko zokuziphatha ngokwesondo. PloS One 9: e105476.

  3. IMaminer MH, uRaymond N, Mueller BA, uLloyd M, uLim KO (2009). Uphando oluphambili lweempawu ezingabonakaliyo kunye neenoranomic of behavior compulsive sex. I-Psychiatry Res 174: 146-151.

  4. Ipolitiki M, uLoane C, uWu K, uOsullivan SS, i-Woodhead Z, iBaferle L et al (2013). Impendulo ye-Neural kwiingcamango zesondo ezibonakalayo kwi-dopamine yokuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo kwisifo sePasinson. I-Brain 136: 400-411.

  5. URaymond NC, Grant JE, Coleman E (2010). Ukongezwa kunye ne-naltrexone ukunyanga ukuziphatha ngokunyanzela ngokwesondo: ityala leetyala. U-Ann Clin Psychiatry 22: 55-62.

  6. I-voon V, i-Mole Mole, i-Banca P, i-Porter L, i-Morris L, iMitchell S et al (2014). I-Neural correlates yecing reactivity kubantu abanalo kunye nangaphandle kokuziphatha ngokunyanzela ngokwesondo. PloS One 9: e102419.

  7. Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, Siderowf AD, uStacy M, Voon V et al (2010). Iziphazamiso zokulawulwa komgudu kwi-Parkinson isifo: isifundo esiphambanweni sezilwanyana ze-3090. IArch Neurol 67: 589-595. Iingxelo ze-Neuropsychopharmacology (2016) 41, 385-386; I-doi: 10.1038 / npp.2015.300

4) Ngaba ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kunokuthathwa njengomlutha? (2016)

IMIBUZO: Olu hlaziyo, njengamanye amaphepha, luthi Prause et al., 2015 zihambelana IKühn kunye neGallinat, ngo-2014 (Citation 72) ofumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonobumba obuninzi kunxulumene nokusebenza kwengqondo engaphantsi ekuphenduleni imifanekiso ye-porno ye-vanilla.

Inkcazo echaza Prause et al., 2015 (icatshulwa 73):

Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye iinjongo ezijoliswe kubantu ngabanye ngaphandle kwe-CSB ziye zagxininisa indima yokuhlala. Kwamadoda angewona ama-CSB, imbali edeleyo yokubukela iphonografi iboniswe kunye neempendulo ezisezantsi ezisekhohlo ezifihlakeleyo kwiifoto zoononografi, ezibonisa ukungafuni [72]. Ngokufanayo, kwisifundo esinobudlelwane besiganeko kunye namadoda kunye nabasetyhini ngaphandle kwe-CSB, abo babika ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweentlophu zoonografi babenokuba nefuthe elingaphantsi kwezithombe zoononografi malunga nezo zingabonakali ukusetshenziswa kweengxaki. Ubungakanani obuhle bexesha elihle liphakanyiswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekuphenduleni iziphumo zamachiza kwizifundo zokuxilisa [73]. Ezi ziphumo zihluke, kodwa azihambelani, ingxelo malunga nomsebenzi ophuculweyo kwizifundo ze-FMRI kwizifundo ze-CSB; izifundo ziyahluke ngohlobo oluthile, uhlobo lwesilinganiselo kunye noluntu oluphantsi kokufunda. Ucwaningo lwe-CSB oluthatywayo luboniswa ngokungaqhelekanga iividiyo zifaniswe neefoto eziphindaphindiweyo; iqondo lokusebenza liye laboniswa ukuba lihluke kwiividiyo ngokubhekiselele kwiifoto kunye nokuhlala kunokuhlala ngokwahlukileyo kuye kuxhomekeke kwi-stimuli. Ukongezelela koko, kulabo baxela ingxaki ngokusetyenziswa kweso sifundo, ubuninzi beeyure zokusetyenziswa bephantsi (ubunzima: 3.8, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo (SD) = 1.3 ngokubhekiselele ekulawuleni: 0.6, SD = iiyure eziyi-1.5 / iveki] xa kuthelekiswa Ucwaningo lwe-FBRI lwe-CSB (CSB: 13.21, SD = 9.85 ngokumelene nokulawula: 1.75, SD = iiyure ze-3.36 / iveki). Ngaloo ndlela, ukuhlala kwimeko inokuthi ibhekiselele ekusebenziseni ngokubanzi, ngokusetyenziswa kakubi okunokubambisana ne-cue-reactivity. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo eziphambili zifuneka ukuba zihlolwe ezi ngxaki. (ugxininiso olunikeziweyo)

5) Ngaba iinthombe zoononopasho ze-intanethi zibangelwa izidakamizwa zesondo? Ukuphononongwa ngeeNgxelo zeKliniki (2016)

IMIBUZO: Olu hlaziyo, njengamanye amaphepha, luthi Prause et al., 2015 zihambelana IKühn kunye neGallinat, ngo-2014 (Citation 72) ofumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonobumba obuninzi kunxulumene nokusebenza kwengqondo engaphantsi ekuphenduleni imifanekiso ye-porno ye-vanilla.

Inkcazo yokuhlalutya i-Prause et al., 2015 (icatshulwa 130):

A Ucwaningo lwe-2015 EEG ngu Prause et al. xa kuthelekiswa nababukeli be-intanethi ye-intanethi (ithetha i-3.8 h / iveki) abaye bacinezeleka ngokujonga kwabo ukulawula (ithetha i-0.6 h / iveki) njengoko bejonga imifanekiso yesondo (ukucaciswa kwe-1.0) [130]. Kufunyanwe ukuba okufana noKühn noGallinat, ababukeli bezithombe zoononophala kwi-intanethi babonisa ubungqina obuncinane be-neural (LPP) kwimifanekiso yesondo kunezolawulo [130]. Iziphumo zophando zombini zibonisa ukuba ababukeli be-intanethi bafuna ukuba babuke iimpendulo zobuchopho xa befaniswa nokulawulwa kwempilo okanye ukulinganisela abasebenzisi bezoonografi kwi-Internet [167,168]. Ukongezelela, iKühn noGallinat babike ukuba iiposenti eziphezulu ze-intanethi zisebenzisa idibene kunye nokusebenza okungaphantsi komsebenzi phakathi kwe-striatum kunye ne-prefrontal cortex. Ukungasebenzi kweli phepha liye lahambelana nokukhetha okungalunganga kokuziphatha kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni isiphumo esibi [169]. Ngokuhambelana noKühn noGallinat, uphando lwe-neuropsychological lubonisa ukuba izifundo ezinomgangatho ophezulu ekubhekaneni noxilongwane lwe-inthanethi ziye zanciphisa umsebenzi wokulawula ulawulo xa zijongene nezinto eziphathekayo zoonwabo [53,114]. (ugxininiso olunikeziweyo)

6) "Imilinganiselo Yengqiqo kunye Neyiyo Yokuzivelela: Ngaba Iyakhathaza Ngexesha Eliqhelekileyo Lokusetyenziswa Kwezithombe Zonografi?" (2017)

IMIBUZO: Esi sifundo se-EEG kubasebenzisi boononophala sichaze i-3 Nicole Prause izifundo ze-EEG. Ababhali bakholelwa ukuba zonke izifundo ze-3 Prause EEG zifumene ukungafuneki okanye ukuhlala kubasebenzisi bezononophelo abaqhelekileyo. Ezi nkcazo ngezantsi kwezi zibhalo ze-3 zibonisa ezi zifundo ezilandelayo zeNicole Prause EEG (#8 Prause et al., 2015):

  • 7 - I-Prause, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C; Sabatinelli, D. Ukufumana ithuba elihle lokubonisa imifanekiso yesondo ehambelana nenani lezentsebenziswano zesondo. ISoc. Cogn. Cha phazela. Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100.
  • 8 - Umthandazo, uN .; Steele, VR; Staley, C; Sabatinelli, D .; I-Hajcak, G. Ukumodareyitha kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngeempawu zesondo kubasebenzisi beengxaki kunye nokulawula okuhambelaniyo "nokuluthwa koonwabo". Biol. Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
  • 14 - Steele, VR; Staley, C; Fong, T .; Umdumo, uN. Ukufisa ngesondo, kungekhona ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, kuxhomekeke kwimpendulo ye-neurophysiological efunwa yimifanekiso yesondo. I-Socioffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770

Amacatshulwa achaza Prause et al., 2015 (icatshulwa 8):

Iziganeko ezinxulumene nesiganeko (ERPs) ziye zisoloko zisetyenziswe njengesilinganiselo somzimba sempendulo kwiimpawu zengqondo, umzekelo, [24]. Izifundo ezisetyenziselwa i-ERP idatha zihlala zijolise kwiimpembelelo ze-ERP ezinjenge-P300 [14] kwaye Ubungakanani obuhle bexesha elizayo (LPP) [7, 8] xa uphando ngabantu abajonga imifanekiso engamanyala. Le miba kamva yefom ye-ERP ifakwe kwiinkqubo ezinokwenkcazo ezifana nokuqwalasela kunye nememori yokusebenza (P300) [25] kwakunye nokuqhutyelwa kokuqhubekayo kwezinto ezichaphazelekayo ngokomzwelo (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [U14] wabonisa ukuba ulwahlulo olukhulu lwe-P300 lubonwayo phakathi kokubukela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yesondo ngokuphathelele kwimifanekiso engathathi hlangothi yayinxulumene kakubi nemilinganiselo yesifiso sesondo, kwaye ayizange ibe nempembelelo kwi-hypersexual participants. Ababhali basikisela ukuba ukufumanisa oku kungalungi kubangelwa yimifanekiso eboniswayo engenayo nayiphi na into ebalulekileyo kwintlanzi inxaxheba, njengoko bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bebhengeze ukujonga izinto eziphezulu zoononografi, ngenxa yoko kuholele ekukhutshweni kweP300. Ababhali baqhubeka bacetyisa ukuba mhlawumbi ukujongwa emva koko kuvela kwi-LPP kunokubonelela ngethuluzi eluncedo ngakumbi, njengoko liboniswe kwiinkqubo zokukhuthaza inkcazo. Uphando oluphanda umphumo wokusetyenziswa kweentlophu zoononophelo luye kwi-LPP lubonise ukuphakama kwe-LPP ukuba yincinci kubathathi-nxaxheba ababika ukuba banesifiso esiphezulu sesondo kunye neengxaki ezilawula ukubukela kwabo [7, 8]. Le miphumo ayilindelekanga, njengoko ezinye iinjongo ezinxulumene nezidakamizwa zibonise ukuba xa zinikwe umsebenzi wokuvalelwa kwemizwa, abantu abathile baneengxaki zokuxoxisana nezidakamizwa zabo bavame ukubonisa iifom zefayile ezinkulu zeLPP xa beboniswa imifanekiso yezilwanyana zabo ezinokwenza umlutha [27]. Prause et al. [U7, 8] unikele ngeengcebiso malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezononografi kunokubangela ukuba kube nemiphumo emincinci ye-LPP ngokucebisa ukuba kungenxa yempembelelo yokuhlala, njengoko abo bathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo sokubika ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolileyo bafumana kakhulu phezulu kwixabiso leeyure ezichithwa ukubukela izinto eziphathekayo .

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Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlaliswa komzimba ekusebenziseni umxholo wesondlo ngenxa yemiphumo yokuziphatha kubantu abahlala befuna izinto eziphathekayo [3, 7, 8]. Kubangelwa ngababhali ukuba le miphumo ingaba i-akhawunti yeziphumo ezibonwe.

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Iingxelo zexesha elizayo zingadinga ukusebenzisa i-database eneenkcukacha ezisezantsi ukuya kwi-akhawunti yokuguqula iinkcubeko. Kwakhona, mhlawumbi abasebenzisi abancinci bezononophelo bahlukunyezwa kwiimpendulo zabo zesondo ngexesha lokufunda. Le ngcaciso ibincinci isetyenziswe ngu- [7, 8] ukuchaza zabo iziphumo ezibonisa indlela ebuthakathaka iinjongo ezixhaswe yi-LPP encinci (ubuchule obude bexesha elide). I-LPP amplitudes iboniswe ukunciphisa ukulawulwa komthetho ngokwemigaqo [62, 63]. Ngako oko, i-LPP engavaliyo kwimifanekiso engabonakaliyo inokuthi ilandele ukungabikho kwemiphumo ebalulekileyo efunyenweyo kwiphononongo lwakweliqela kwiimeko "zesifo". (ugxininiso olunikeziweyo)

7) Iinkqubo ze-neurocognitive in disorder of behavior behavior disorder (2018)

Ukucatshungulwa kwenkcazo Prause et al., I-2015 (okuyi-citation 87):

Uphononongo olusebenzisa i-EEG, oluqhutyelwa ngu-Prause kunye noogxa, lucetyiswa ukuba abantu abaziva bexinekile malunga noonografi babo basebenzise, ​​xa kuthelekiswa neqela elilawulayo abangaziva bacinezelekanga malunga nokusetyenziswa kwabo koononografi, bangadinga ukubonakala okubonakalayo / okubonakalayo ukukhupha ubuchopho [87]. Abathathi-nxaxheba be-Sexualhood-abantu bahlangabezana neengxaki ezilawula ukujonga kwabo imifanekiso yesondo '(MIiyure ze-3.8 ngeveki) -bonakaliswe ukusebenziswa okungaphantsi kwe-neural (kulinganiswa ngethuba elibonakalayo kwi-EEG signal) xa kuboniswe kwimifanekiso yesondo kunokuba iqela elifanisayo xa liboniswe kwimifanekiso efanayo. Ngokuxhomekeke ekuchazeni isicatshulwa ngokwesini (njengesiqhelo okanye umvuzo; ngokuba ngaphezulu ubone iGlal et al. [4]), iziphumo ziyakwazi ukuxhasa ezinye iimboniselo ezibonisa iziphumo zokubamba izilingo [4]. Kwi-2015, i-Banca kunye noogxa baqaphele ukuba amadoda anama-CSB akhetha umdlalo wezesondo kunye nomboniso wokufumana iziphakamiso zenkcubeko kwi-DACC xa evezwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimifanekiso efanayo [88]. Iziphumo zezifundo ezikhankanywe ngasentla zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi rhoqo kunokunciphisa umonakalo wemivuzo, mhlawumbi ekhokelela ekwandiseni ukunyamezela nokunyamezela, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe imfuneko yokuvuselela ngakumbi ukuvuselelwa ngokwesondo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwexesha elide luboniswa ukuba luhlolisise oku kwenzeka. Kuthathwe ndawonye, ​​uphando lwe-neuroimaging kuze kube yimini lunike inkxaso ngenkxaso yokuba i-CSB ibelana ngokufana nezidakamizwa, ukugembula kunye nokuzilawula kwezemidlalo ngokubhekiselele kumanethiwekhi eengqondo kunye neenkqubo, ezibandakanya ukukhuthaza nokuhlala. (ugxininiso olunikeziweyo).

8) Ukuxhatshazwa koThutho lwe-intanethi: Yintoni esiyayaziyo kunye nento esiyiyiyo-Ukuhlolwa kweNkqubo (2019)

Inkcazo yokugxeka iiphando ze-2 ze-EEG: Steele et al, 2013 kunye Prause et al., I-2015 (icatshulwa 105 Steele, I-107 icatshulwa yiPrause):

Ubu bungqina bale misebenzi ye-neural yokumisela umnqweno ikakhulukazi kwi-correx ye-prefrontal [101] kunye ne-amygdala [102,103], kuba ubungqina bokukhuthaza. Ukusebenza kule mimandla yengqondo kukukhumbuza umvuzo wemali [104] kwaye inokuthi ithwale impembelelo efanayo. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ukufundwa kwe-EEG ephakamileyo kulaba basebenzisi, kunye nesifiso esinciphile ngesondo kunye nomlingane, kodwa kungekhona ukuphosa isithombeni soonografi [105], into ebonakalayo kumgangatho ophezulu wokwakhiwa komgangatho [8]. Oku kunokuthathwa njengophawu lokwenyusa. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lukaSteele luqulethe iindlela ezininzi zokungaqwalasela (ngokuxhomekeka kwintlupheko, ukungabikho kwengxaki yokukhathazeka kwengqondo okanye ukunyanzeliswa, ukungabikho kweqela lokulawula, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemibuzo engagunyazisiweyo ekusebenziseni ubulili) [106]. Uphando lwe Prause [107], ngeli xesha kunye neqela elilawulayo, luchaza ezi ziphumo. Inxaxheba yecuac reactivity kunye nesifiso ekuphuhlisweni kwezilwanyana ezinobungozi be-inthanethi ziye zaxhaswa kumfazi wesibini [108] kunye namasampula esithandana [109].

Amazwana: I-critic apha ngasentla ichaza ukuba i-XUMUMX EEG yePrause yachaza iziphumo ezivela kwisifundo sayo se-2015 EEG (Steele et al.) Ezi zombini iingxelo zichazwe ubungqina bodumo okanye ukungafuneki, okuhambelana nemodeli yokuxhatshazwa (ukunyamezela). Makhe ndicacise.

Kubalulekile ukwazi oko Prause et al., 2015 AND Steele et al., 2013 wayenayo ezifanayo "izilwanyana ezinobuthi". Ingxaki yileyo Steele et al. babengenalo iqela lolawulo lokuthelekisa! Ngoko iPrause et al., I-2015 iqhathanisa nezifundo ze-2013 ezivela kuyo Steele et al., 2013 kwiqela elilawulayo langempela (kodwa lithe lahlulwa ngeendlela ezingafaniyo zendlela echazwe ngasentla). Iziphumo: Ukuthelekiswa nokulawula "abantu abajongene neengxaki ezilawula ukujonga kwabo ngoonobumba" babe neempendulo ezingaphantsi kweengqondo kwisithuba esinye sesibini kwizithombe ze-porno ye-vanilla. Iziphumo ze-ACTUAL zezifundo ezimbini ze-EEG:

  1. Steele et al., 2013: Abantu abanomdla ophezulu-ukusetyenziselwa i-pornography Ngaphantsi umnqweno wesondo kunye nomlingane, kodwa kungekhona umnqweno omncinci.
  2. Prause et al., 2015: "Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa iziyobisi." Ngaphantsi usebenze ngengqondo kwiimifanekiso ezibonakalayo ze-vanilla porn. Ukufunda okungaphantsi kwe-EEG kuthetha ukuba izifundo "zezilwanyana ezingamanyala" zihlawula ingqalelo kwiimifanekiso.

Iprojekthi ecacileyo ivela kwizifundo ze-2: "Abasebenzisi abanobugqwetha bezilwanyana ezingcolileyo" babengenasisiseko okanye bajwayele ukuthwebula i-vanilla, kwaye abo banomdla wokuzihlambalaza babethanda ukucola ngokugqithisileyo kunokuba balala kunye nomntu onyanisekileyo. Ukubeka ngokucacileyo bekungenasisiseko (isalathiso esifanayo sobungozi) kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto ezenziwayo kumvuzo wendalo onamandla kakhulu (ubulili obudibeneyo). Ayikho indlela yokuyichaza ezi ziphumo njengento yokukhohlisa utywala. Iziphumo zixhasa umzekelo wokuxhatshazwa.

10) Ngaba amaNqanaba oTshintshayo oKwaboniswa kuManyhadala oManyhadala kunye nobundlobongela aba nefuthe ekuPhakanyisweni okungahambelani naMadoda emadodeni (2020)

Amazwana: Ukungazi Prause et al .'s isihloko esingasasetyenziswayo, ababhali bamkele eyona nkcazelo ichazwe apha Prause et al., 2015: "Umthandazo et al. Ucebise ukuba oku kungafunyanwa kungalindelekanga kunokubangelwa yindawo yokuhlala, njengabathathi-nxaxheba ababonise nge-LPP waveformform albafumana amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kwiiyure abazichithe bebukele iphonografi. ”

Ukukhankanywa okukhankanyiweyo okqhubekayo., 2015:

Izifundo eziphanda ngeempawu ze-neural ekusebenziseni ingxaki okanye izinto ezibonisa amanyala rhoqo zinqabile. Ukusetyenziswa okungalawulekiyo okanye okungekho sikweni kwezinto ezingamanyala kubangela ukuba kuphuculwe i-LPP waveform xa abantu beziswa ngolwazi olungelulo oluvakalayo (Umthandazo et al., 2015). Amplitude enkulu i-LPP sisalathiso sokuqhubekeka kokuqhubekeka kwesimilo esifanelekileyo kwaye iphawula ukubaluleka kokukhuthaza (Voon et al., 2014). Ngokwahlukileyo, ngokubhekisele kwiziphumo ze-ERP zokujonga ingxaki zesondo ezibonakalayo, uncwadi olukhoyo ngoku lubonakalise icandelo le-amplitude LPP. Umthandazo et al. zivelise abantu abathi baxela okanye bakukhaba, ukusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala, kunye nemifanekiso ekhuthaza ukuqhubekeka ngokweemvakalelo (kubandakanya nemifanekiso ebonisa amanyala). Abantu abathe baxela iingxaki zokuba ngamapolisa ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kwaye babenomnqweno onamandla wokuba neentlobano zesini babonisa ukungazinzi kweLPP ekuphenduleni kwimifanekiso ebonisa ngesondo. Umthandazo et al. Ndicebise ukuba iziphumo bezingalindelekanga. Izifundo ezininzi zabantu abaziphethe kakubi basebenzise imisebenzi yeemvakalelo eyandisiweyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ezi zifundo zifumene ukukhula kweLPpl xa zivezwa ngemifanekiso yokuchaphazeleka kwesiyobisi (iMinnix et al., 2013). Umthandazo et al. Ucebise ukuba oku kungafunyanwa kungalindelekanga kunokubangelwa yindawo yokuhlala, njengabathathi-nxaxheba ababonise nge-LPP waveformform albafumana amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kwinani leeyure abazichitha bebukele izinto ezingamanyala.