Ukuphuculwa kweNkcazo ekubhekiselele kwiiNkcazo eziCacileyo zoBuntu kwiBantu kunye nabangenazo izinto ezithintekayo ngokwesondo (2014)

Yunivesithi yaseCambridge logo

Amazwana: Olu luhlolisiso lwesibini lweYunivesithi yaseCambridge kwizilonda ze-intanethi ("CSB" kwisifundo). Olu pho nonongo luhlolisise i-cue-reactivity ngokusebenzisa ingqalelo. Ngokungafani nale nto Ucwaningo lwe-2013 EEG apho izifundo zazingamadoda, ababhinqileyo kunye nabangengabo abesini esahlukileyo, kwaye zazingakhange zivavanyelwe imeko zengqondo okanye ezinye iziyobisi, olu phononongo lwalandelwa ngocoselelo iinkqubo zomgaqo we-neuroscience. Izifundo zazingamadoda kunye nesini esahlukileyo (iminyaka yobudala engama-24). Izifundo zavavanywa ngebhetri yovavanyo kunye namaphepha emibuzo ukunqanda ukudideka. Amaqela amabini olawulo ayenamadoda aphilileyo abesini esahlukileyo ababeneminyaka yobudala, isini, kunye ne-IQ. Iziphumo zesipili iziphumo zibonwe ngabaxhaphazi beziyobisi, kunye ne-dovetail ene ukufundiswa kwangaphambili kobuchopho kwizilonda zoonwabo. Kule sifundo:

Ukufunyaniswa kwethu kweengcamango ezigxininisiweyo kwizifundo ze-CSB kukhombisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukugqithiswa ngokugqithiseleka kwenkcazo ebonakalayo kwiziphumo zezilwanyana kwizidakamizwa. Ezi ziphumo ziguqulwa kunye nokufunyanwa kwangoko kwindlela yokwenza izixhobo zecala ngokubhekiselele kwisondo kwi-CSB kwintanethi efana neyo echaphazelekayo kwizifundo ze-drug-cue-reactivity kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yokukhuthaza abantu ukuba baxhomekeke kwisigxina kwi-CSB.

LINK UKUFUNDA.

PLoS One. 2014 Aug 25;9(8):e105476. I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476. eCollection 2014.

Mechelmans DJ1, Irvine M1, Banca P1, Porter L1, Mitchell S2, I-Mole Mole TB2, Lapa TR1, Harrison NA3, Potenza MN4, Vonon V5.

Abstract

Ukuziphatha ngokunyanisekileyo ngokwesondo (CSB) ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye kuye kwadibana nokukhathazeka okukhulu kunye nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. I-CSB iye yacatshulwa njengengxaki yokulawula ingqondo okanye ukungaziphatheki komzimba. Ukusetyenziswa kwezidalwa zixhaphazeleka ngokuqhelekileyo ezihambelana nokunyaniseka kwimiba yeziyobisi ezikholelwa ukuba zibonise iinkqubo zokukhuthaza.

Apha sihlola iinjongo ze-CSB zesintu ngokuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kwamanqanaba okudala okunempilo ngokusebenzisa umsetyenzana wenkcazelo yenkcazo ukuze uhlolisise ingqalelo kwizinto ezichazwe ngokwesondo. Sibonisa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya aphilileyo, izifundo ze-CSB zandise ukugxilwa kweengcamango ezicacileyo kodwa zingathathi hlangothi ngokukodwa kwi-latmu latency yokuqala. Iziphumo zethu ziphakamisa ukunyanzeliswa kweengcamango ezicacileyo ezinxulumene nokuphendula kwangaphambili.

Oku kufunyaniswayo kuboniswe ngokubonile kwangoku ukuba iivideo ezicacileyo zobulili zidibene nomsebenzi omkhulu kumnatha womnatha ofana nezo zifunyenwe kwizifundo zonyango-reactivity. Umnqweno omkhulu okanye ukufuna kunokuthanda ukuxhamla uhambelana nomsebenzi kule nethiwekhi yomnatha. Ezi zifundo zinikela kunye nenkxaso ye-incentive i-motivation ofory of addiction ephantsi kweempendulo ezithintekayo kwizinto zesondo kwi-CSB.

Amanani

Citation: UMechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, et al. (2014) Ukuphuculwa kweeNkcazo ngokubhekiselele kwiicandelo ezicacileyo zobulili kuBantu ngabanye kunye nangaphandle kokuthintela ngokwesondo. I-PLoS ONE 9 (8): e105476. I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476

umhleli: ULeonardo Chelazzi, iYunivesithi yaseVerona, eItali

I funyenwe: Matshi 12, 2014; Zamkelwa: Julayi 20, 2014; Yashicilelwe: Agasti 25, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Mechelmans et al. Le ngxelo evulelekileyo yokufikelela ekhutshwe phantsi kwemiqathango ye Ilayisenisi yeCreation Commons Licribution, evumela ukusetyenziswa, ukuhanjiswa, nokuvelisa okungahambisani naluphi na uhlobo, ukuba unobumba bokuqala kunye nomthombo baxelwe.

Ukufumaneka kwedatha: Ababhali baqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinkcukacha eziphantsi kweziphumo zifumaneka ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuthintela. Zonke iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zikwiphepha.

Inkxaso: Olu pho nonongo lwaxhaswa ngemali evela kwisibonelelo sobudlelwano be-Wellcome Trust (093705 / Z / 10 / Z). UDkt. Potenza waxhaswa ngeenxalenye zezibonelelo ze-P20 DA027844 kunye ne-R01 DA018647 kwiiNational Institutes of Health; Isebe leNtshona Koloni leSebe lezeMpilo yengqondo kunye neenkonzo zoLungiso; Iziko lezeMpilo zeMental Connecticut; kunye neZiko loPhumelelo kwiNgcali yoPhando lweNgcalizo kwiSizwe sikaZwelonke seGeba eliLawulayo. Abaxhasi babenalo nxaxheba kwiplani yokufunda, ukuqokelela idatha kunye nohlalutyo, isigqibo sokupapasha, okanye ukulungiswa kweso sikripthi.

Injongo yokunyanzela: Ababhali baye bavakalisa ukuba akukho mfuno ekhuphisanayo.

intshayelelo

Ukuziphatha ngokunyanisekileyo ngokwesondo (CSB), okubizwa ngokuba yi-hypersexual disorder okanye ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, kuyafana kwaye kuhambelana nokukhathazeka okukhulu kunye nokukhubazeka kwengqondo [1]. Ubume be-CSB buqikelelwe ukuba buhluke kwi-2% ukuya ku-4% kubantu abadala kunye nabakhulile abasezikolweni, ngokulinganisela okufanayo kwizigulane zengqondo [2]-[4]. I-CSB iye yacatshulwa njengengxaki yokulawula ingqondo okanye ukungabi yintsi okanye "ukuziphatha okubi" [5]. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha ekhoyo, ukugembula kwentsholongwane (okanye ingxaki yokugembula) yatshaniswa kwakhona kwi-DSM-5 njengengxaki yokuziphatha [6]. Nangona kunjalo, nangona iimfuno zokuxhatshazwa kwe-hypersexual kunye nezinye izimo ezigqithisileyo zacetywayo kwi-DSM-5 [7], iziphazamiso ezinxulumene nokubandakanya ngokweqile kwi-intanethi, ukudlala kwevidiyo okanye ubulili akufakiwe kwi candelo eliphambili le-DSM-5, ngenxa yecandelo elincinci kwiimeko [8]. Ngaloo ndlela, uphando olongezelelweyo kwi-CSB kunye nokuba lunokubonisa njani ukufana okanye ukungafani nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kunokuncedisa imizamo yokwenza uphuhliso kunye nokuphuhliswa kokuthintela nokunyango. Apha sihlola ingqalelo kwizinto zesini ngokubhekiselele kwizesondo ngabantu abangenawo ngaphandle kwe-CSB, ukubeka iziphumo kwimeko yokuqwalaselwa kweengcamango kubantu abanesifo sokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa.

Ukuphazamiseka komlingo kubonakaliswa ngenyameko ekuqwalaselweni okukhethiweyo kwizilwanyana zamachiza [9]-[15]. Izifundo ezinokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zibonisa ukulahlekelwa kweenkcukacha ngokubhekiselele kwi-stimuli enxulumene neziyobisi [16]. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqalelo kunokuchazwa nje ngokuba ukuthambekela kweengcinga kuchatshazelwa ngumgaqo othile wangaphakathi okanye wangaphandle. Enye indlela eyenzeka ngayo ingqalelo kwiingcamango zonyango kwizidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ziye zafakwa ukuba zibonise inzululwazi yokufunda. Ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yeklasiki, kunye nokudibanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweziqulatho kunye neziyobisi, ezi zixhobo zonyango ziphuhlisa ixabiso lokukhuthaza kwaye zifumane iipropati zokukhuthaza. I-incentive salience ithetha ukuba izidakamizwa ziba zikhangele ngakumbi, ngaloo ndlela zithatha ingqwalasela, zenze indlela yokuziphatha ngokubanzi kwaye ibe 'yifuna' [16]-[18]. Ukukhathazeka ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezinxulumene neziyobisi eziboniswe kwizinto ezibonisiweyo ziboniswe kwizidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, i-nicotine, i-cannabis, i-opiate kunye ne-cocaine (kuhlaziywa kuyo [19], [20]-[22]). Iipaldidi ezininzi ziye zaphuhliswa ukuze zilinganise ukulahlekelwa kweengxaki ezibandakanya imisebenzi yokunyuka kwamehlo, umsebenzi we-Posner, iinguqu ezinxulumene neziyobisi zesenzo seStroop kunye nomsebenzi weprojektti. Izibhengezo zengqwalaselo kwamehlo ezinxulumene neziyobisi ziye zaboniswa kubashushu [23] kunye nabantu abaneenkozo ze-cocaine [24]. Ukuguqulwa komsebenzi weStroop, umlingo weStroop [19], uvavanya ingqwalasela yeziganeko ezichaphazelekayo ngokufaka endaweni yamagama embala ngamagama avuselelayo [25]. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba umlingo weStroop unokudideka ngamehlo okunciphisa ingqalelo okanye ukunciphisa iinkqubo ezinokwenkcazo ngenxa yokukhanga kunokuba kunzulu [26], [27]. Imilingo yeStroop ihlola imizamo yokunciphisa okanye yokuvimbela ukunyanzelisa okanye ukuphendula iimpendulo ezixhomekeke kwimingcipheko kwaye ayihlolisisi iimpawu eziphambili ezigxininiso, njengengqwalasela ebalulekileyo okanye ubunzima bokuxhatshazwa [28], [29]. Ngokwahlukileyo, umsebenzi wesicatshulwa seenkcukacha [30], [31] apho isikhundla sesicatshulwa okanye icaciswe ngokubhekiselele kwisikhundla sesicatshulwa sokubonisa izidakamizwa okanye imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi, sivumela ukuvavanywa kokuququzelela kunye nokuchithwa kweenkqubo [29], [32]. Amanyathelo okunyamekela amanyathelo ahlolwe nguStroop kunye nomsebenzi weprojeythi yamacandelo awanxulumani [28], [33] ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo egxile kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokumelana nokumelana nokuphendula ngokulandelana. Ngaloo ndlela, nangona imisebenzi eyahlukileyo nganye ihlola iimpendulo kwiziqendu ezingundoqo, iinkqubo ezilinganiselwe ziyahluka.

Saqhathanisa izifundo ze-CSB kunye nezivolontiya ezempilo ezihambelana nokusebenzisa umsebenzi weprojekti yecwecwe ukuvavanya ingqalelo kwiingcamango ezibhekiselele kwisondo ngokubhekiselele kwimigqaliselo yokulawula kunye nokungahambelani kwamanye amazwe ngokubhekiselele kwimigqaliselo yokulawula. Njengoko i-latency ye-stimulus iboniswe ukuba idlale indima nokuba ngaba izifundo zibandakanya impendulo yokulungiselela ukulungiselela ukuqala okanye ukuphendula okulandelayo [34], [35], iimpendulo zahlula kwixesha elide kunye nexesha elidlulileyo lokuvuselela. Sifumanisa ukuba okufana nokugqithisileyo okubhekiselele kwimichiza yezidakamizwa kubantu abanezidakamizwa, abantu abane-CSB xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya aphilileyo baya kuphucula i-bias okanye ixesha lokusabela ngokukhawuleza ngokubhekiselele kwizesondo ngokubhekiselele kwintliziyo engahambisani nento kodwa kungabikho kumntu ongathathi hlangothi xa kuthelekiswa ukukhuthazwa kokungathathi hlangothi kwexesha lokuqala lokuvuselela.

tindlela

Ukuqeshwa kunye novavanyo

Izifundo ze-CSB zifunyenwe ngezaziso zise-intanethi kunye nokudluliselwa kweengcali. Amavolontiya anempilo atyathwa kwiimpapasho ezisekelwe kuluntu e-East Anglia. Ukuhlolwa kwesabelo se-CSB kwenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi yokuHlola i-Sex (ISST) [36] kunye ne-questionnaire eyenzelwe uphando. Iingxoxo ze-CSB zaxoxwa ngumbono wezifo zengqondo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zizalisekisa iinkqubo zokuxilonga kwi-CSB [7], [37], [38]), egxininise ekusebenzisweni ngokunyanzeliso kwezinto eziphathekayo zobulili kwi-intanethi.

Zonke izifundo ze-CSB kunye namavolontiya anempilo ahambelana neminyaka ayenamadoda kunye nesini esinikwa ngokwesini esinikwe ubunjani beengongoma. Amavolontiya anempilo afanelwe kwi-2: umlinganiselo we-1 kunye nezifundo ze-CSB. Inkqubo yokungabikho kubandakanya ukubangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 ubudala, imbali yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, umsebenzisi oqhelekileyo wezinto ezingekho mthethweni (kubandakanya i-cannabis), kunye nokuba nesifo sengqondo esinzulu, kubandakanya nokudakumba okukhoyo ngokuqatha (Beck Depression Inventory> 20) okanye ukunyanzelisa Ukuphazamiseka, okanye imbali yesifo se-bipolar okanye i-schizophrenia (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) [39]. Ezinye izibandezelo ezingenangqondo / ezinyanzelekileyo okanye ukuziphatha kakubi (kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki kwi-intanethi okanye kwimidiya yoluntu, ukugembula kwentsholongwane okanye ukuthenga izinto ezinyanzelisayo, ubuntwaneni okanye umntu omdala ukukhathazeka ngengxaki yokuxhatshazwa komzimba kunye nokukhathazeka kwesidlo) njengoko kuhlolwe ngu-psychiatrist.

Izifundo zagqitywa i-UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [40], I-Beck Depression Inventory [41] kunye neNkqubo yeSizwe Ukuxhalabisa ngeMpahla [42] ukuvavanya ukungahambi, ukuxinezeleka nokuxhalabisa ngokulandelanayo. I-Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-R ihlolwe iimpawu eziphosakeleyo kunye novavanyo lweNkunkuma yokuThengiswa koTywala (i-AUDIT) [43] kuvavanywe isimilo esiyingozi. Ukusetyenziswa gabalala kwe-Intanethi kuvavanywe kusetyenziswa uVavanyo lwe-Intanethi loTywala kwi-Intanethi (YIAT) [44] kunye neComputer Internet Use Scale (CIUS) [45]. Uvavanyo lweSizwe lokuFunda abantu abadala [46] yayisetyenziselwa ukufumana isalathisi se-IQ. Kufunyenwe imvume enolwazi, kwaye isifundo savunywa yiKomidi yeCommridge Research Ethics Committee. Izifundo zahlawulwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba.

Dot umsebenzi

Izifundo zijonge kwikhompyutheni yekhomputha ngenkathi zifaka iminwe yomnxeba wekhohlo kunye ne-l 'yebhodibhodi. Izifundo zaxelelwa ukuba ziza kubona imifanekiso emibini (kuquka imifanekiso ecacileyo) elandelwa yicwecwe elihlaza (Umzobo 1). Injongo yalo msebenzi yayikubonisa ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka kwinqanaba apho idiza eliluhlaza lwenzeka khona. Izifundo zaboniswa umda wokumisela ophakathi (ubude be-500-1000 msec), ilandelwa yimifanekiso emibini engaphendulwanga kwinqanaba le-cross crossing (ubude be-150 msec). Imifanekiso yanyamalala emva komnye umda wokumisela ophakathi (ubude be-100-300 msec), kunye nejolisi eluhlaza (150 msec). Uluhlu oluluhlaza lubonakala ngakwesobunxele okanye ngasekunene kwesikrini phakathi kwendawo apho imifanekiso ibonakaliswe ngaphambili. Oku kwalandelwa yinye imingcele yokulungiswa kwe-1750 msec ukuvumela ukuphendula impendulo. Imifanekiso emibini yayiqulethwe kunye ne-image control control. Kwakukho iziganeko ze-3: isicatshulwa esicacileyo (imifanekiso ecacileyo yokusebenzisana ngokwesondo phakathi kwendoda nomfazi), isiqhelo se-Erotic (umfazi osetyhini) kunye nomntu ongathathi hlangothi (umfazi ogqobileyo). Kuzo zonke iziganeko ezi zihloko zazibambisene nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi ifenitshala equkethe imifanekiso yezitulo ezingatshatanga. Umsebenzi ngokulandelelana uhamba ngeemeko ezintathu kunye ne-15 imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ukusuka nganye kwiimeko zeemeko. Umsebenzi ngokulandelelana uhamba ngee-30 ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwezitulo. Uluhlu oluluhlaza lubonakala ngokukhawuleza ngapha nangapha kwesikrini. Izifundo ezenziwa zilingo ze-5 zilingo ezilandelwa yizilingo ze-40 ngokwemiqathango yezilingo ze-120. Lo msebenzi wawukhowudiwe usebenzisa isoftware ye-E-Prime 2.0.

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Umzobo 1. I-Dot umsebenzi wokuphonononga kunye nenkcazo.

Dot umsebenzi. Iziqendu (A, B) zimela ukuba isondo esicacileyo, esinobuchopho okanye esingathathi hlangothi esibambene nesicatshulwa seshishini esingathathi hlangothi esikhatywe ngapha nangapha. Izifundo zifunwa ukuba zibonise kwicala apho kubonakala khona uluhlu oluluhlaza usebenzisa enye yee-press ezimbini eziphambili. Igrafu ibonisa ukunyaniseka kwexesha (i-Reaction time (RT) yokulawula - i-RT cue test) / (RT control + cue test cue) . Iimpazamo zempazamo zimela impazamo eqhelekileyo yentsingiselo.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476.g001

Iziphumo eziphambili ziyimpumelelo ngexesha lokusabela (RTdiff) phakathi kweengcamango (umntu onobuso, ocacileyo, ongathathi hlangothi) kunye neenkcukacha zeshishini ezingathathi hlangothi (RTneutral - RTcue) / (RTneutral + RTcue)) kule miqathango emithathu. Njengoko i-latency ye-stimulus phambi kokuba kujoliswe (i-stimulus astchyony; i-SOA) iboniswe ukuba ithathe indima nokuba ngaba izifundo zibandakanya impendulo yokuqala okanye i-response inhibitory response [34], [35], iimpendulo zahlula kwiindidi ezimbini ezahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kwi-stimulus latency (ekuqaleni kwe-SOA: 150 ms stimulus kunye ne-100-200 ms msingqi wexesha = 250-350 ms; ekupheleni kwe-SOA: 150 ms stimulus kunye ne-200-300 ubude besikhathi = 350-450 Nksk).

Uhlalutyo lwesatisatisti

Iimpawu zesifundo kunye namanqaku emibuzo athelekiswa kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo ezizimeleyo ze-t okanye iimvavanyo zesikwere. Idatha ye-RTdiff ihlolwe ukuba ithengise abathengisi bangaphandle (amanqaku> i-3 SD ngaphezulu kweqela lithetha) kwaye kuvavanyo lokuqhutywa kwesiqhelo kwenziwa ngoShapiro-Wilkes (P> 0.05 yathathelwa ingqalelo njengesiqhelo). Njengokuba amanqaku e-RTdiff ezinto ezingacaciswanga ebengaqhelekanga ukusasazwa (P = 0.007 ye-250-300 msec; P = 0.04 ye-350-450 msec), uhlalutyo olungelulo lweparametric lwenziwa. Sithelekise i-RTdiff phakathi kwamaqela asebenzisa uvavanyo lweKruskal-Wallis egxile kwi-SOA yokuqala. Sijolise kwi kuqala I-hypothesis yokuba ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kwi-SOA kwangoko kuya kuba phezulu kwiiNkcazo ezichaseneyo nokungathathi hlangothi kodwa hayi kumntu ongathathi hlangothi ngokuchaseneyo nolawulo lokungathathi hlangothi kwizifundo ze-CSB xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya asempilweni. P <0.05 yathathelwa ingqalelo ibalulekile. Olunye uhlalutyo olufana ne-Erotic ngokuchaseneyo nolawulo lokungathathi hlangothi kwi-SOA yangaphambi kwexesha kunye nohlalutyo lwe-SOA kade lwenziwa kuphononongo. Ukuvavanya impembelelo ye-SOA, sikwathelekisa kwangoko xa kuthelekiswa ne-SOA yangaphambi komntu ocacileyo usebenzisa iisampulu ezinxulumene novavanyo lweKruskal-Wallis kwiqela ngalinye ngokwesiseko sokuhlola.

iziphumo

Amadoda angamashumi amabini anesibini abesilisa kunye ne-CSB (iminyaka engama-25.14 (SD 4.68) ubudala kunye ne-44 yobudala (ebudeni beminyaka eyi-24.16 (i-SD 5.14) ubudala abavolontiya abanezilwanyana ezinempilo ngaphandle kwe-CSB bavavanywa. Izifundo ezimbini ze-22 CSB zithatha i-anti-depressants okanye zine-disorbid disorder disorder and social phobia (N = 2) okanye i-phobia yentlalo (N = 1) okanye imbali yengane ye-ADHD (N = 1). Iziganeko zezifundo ze-CSB zichazwe kuyo 1 Table. Kwiimvavanyo ezizimeleyo zeKrkalkal-Wallis ezijolise kuyo kuqala i-hypothesis, izifundo ze-CSB zineenkxalabo ezigqithiseleyo kwi-Explicit stimuli (P = 0.022) kodwa kungekhona kumntu ongathathi hlangothi (p = 0.495) ekuqaleni kwe-SOA (Umzobo 1). Ukuhlalutya ukuhlola, kwakungekho nantlukwano kwinkcazo ye-Erotic stimuli (p = 0.529) kwi-SOA yokuqala okanye kwi-SOA, i-Erotic okanye iNtral person's cues ekupheleni kwe-SOA (p = 0.529, p = 0.382, p = 0.649) (Umzobo 2).

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Umzobo 2. I-Stimulus latency kunye neempembelelo zokusasaza ngexesha.

A. Stimulus latency. Amanqaku athatyathwayo kuboniswa ngenxa yezifundo ezinokuziphatha ngokunyanzela ngokwesondo (CSB) kunye namavolontiya anempilo (HV) njengomsebenzi we-stimulus latency (Ekuqaleni: 250-350 msec; emva kwe350-450 msec). B. Ixesha lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza ixesha lokubhala kunye nokulawulwa kwenkqubo ye-CSB ne-HV. Iimpazamo zempazamo zimela impazamo eqhelekileyo yentsingiselo.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476.g002

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Ithebula 1. Iimpawu zezifundo.

I-doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0105476.t001

Kuhlalutyo lokuhlola, amavolontiya asempilweni ayekhathalele ngakumbi ukucacisa okucacileyo emva kwexesha xa kuthelekiswa ne-SOA kwangoko (p = 0.013) kodwa kwakungekho mahluko phakathi kokuhamba kade kwizifundo ze-CSB (p = 0.601). Kwangokunjalo kwakungekho mahluko phakathi kwee-SOAs zecala lokungathathi hlangothi ngokuthelekisa kwangoko xa kuthelekiswa ne-SOAs yamva nje yamavolontiya asempilweni (p = 0.404) okanye izifundo ze-CSB (p = 0.550). Kwakungekho nantlukwano ebalulekileyo phakathi kwamaqela kuzo zonke ii-RTs eziluhlaza kwiimpawu okanye ulawulo olungathathi hlangothi kuzo zonke iimeko kunye ne-SOAs (zonke p> 0.05) (Umzobo 2).

Izifundo ze-CSB (amanqaku okukhangisa: i-8.16, i-SD 1.39) inokulinganisa okufana nomntu ongathathi hlangothi malunga namavolontiya anempilo (7.97, SD 1.31; p = 0.63). Zonke izifundo zichazwe ukuba azizange zijonge ngaphambili i-stimuli.

ingxoxo

Ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wesicatshulwa seenkcukacha, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuvavanya ingqalelo kwiingxaki zokuxhatshazwa, sibonisa ukuba izifundo ze-CSB ziye zandisa ukunyaniseka kwezinto ezenzelwe ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kodwa kungabandakanyekanga kwi-SOA zangaphambili. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba inxaxheba kwindlela yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza ekuqwalaseleni i-CSB kunye neengcamango ezicacileyo zesini.

Iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukucatshulwa kwezinto kunye nokukhathazeka kwezinto ezinokubakho zingabonakalisa isimo sengqondo esingahambi ngaso (ukuvuselelwa kwesimo esifanelekileyo) ngokuphindaphindiweyo kubambisene neempembelelo ezingenakunqwenelekayo okanye umvuzo wezesondo), okokuba ukuvuselelwa kwesimo esifaneleko ekugqibeleni kubangela impendulo ehambelana nesimo esifana nesimo somzimba okanye ukuthanda. Ukulandela imeko, ezi ziqulatho okanye izixhobo zonyango zifumana iipropati ezikhuthaza abantu ukuba zenze i-salience, ingqwalasela kunye nokuba 'zifuna' [16], [17]. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ezigxininisa indima yokumiswa kwezimo kwi-CSB ziboniswa.

Esi sihlandlo esilungelelweyo esicwangcisiweyo sikholelwa ukuba senze impendulo yokuqala ingqalelo. Umsebenzi wethu wenza inzame yokulungisa oku kuhamba ngokukhawuleza kokutshintshwa kweengqalelo. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ezinikezelwe ngaphantsi kwe-200 msec ziyakwazi ukubonisa ingqwalasela yokuqala. Izifundo zifuna ubuncinane i-50 msec ukutshintsha ingqwalasela kwisicatshulwa [47] kwaye ubuncinane i-150 msec ukuba ikhuphe kwisicatshulwa esilula kumnye esivela kwindawo eyahlukileyo [48]. Ngokwahlukileyo, ixesha elide le-500 kwi-1000 msec lingabonakalisa ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezininzi [49], kubonakalisa ukukhatyathwa kunye nokugcinwa kwengqalelo, nangona kungenjalo zonke izifundo zibonise oku [50]. Esi sifundo sethu, isiqendu sakhishwa kwi-150 msec elandelwa yinqanaba lokulungisa i-250 ye-XMUMX ukuya kwi-350 msec kwangoko-SOA kunye ne-350 ukuya kwi-450 msec malunga ne-SOA. Siyabonisa ukuba izifundo ze-CSB zinomdla ogqithiseleyo kwi-cue ecacileyo kodwa kungekhona isigqibo sokungathathi hlangothi kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo kwi-SOA yokuqala kodwa akukho mahluko eqela kwi-SOA. Siyaqhubeka sibonisa ngokuhlolisisa ukuba amavolontiya anempilo anyuke kwiinkcazo zokujonga ingqalelo kwixesha elisondeleyo kwi-SOA yokuqala. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwamaqela ekuqaleni kwe-SOA inokuthi ihambelane nokuphucula iindlela zokuqhelanisa kwangaphambili kwiqela le-CSB. Ukungabi nantlukwano phakathi kwamaqela ngexesha le-latency stimulus elihambelanayo lihambelana nokunyanzeliswa kwezinto ezithintekayo kwizisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinokuthi zithatha ixesha elide kwaye zingabonakali ukuphendula kwangaphambili. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ezilungiselelwe ukujongana neendlela zokuqala ezingaphantsi kwe-100 ukuya kwi-200 msec ziboniswa. Indima yokuzilahla inokuthi ifumane impembelelo ngexesha lokujonga. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abathile ekunyanga ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala baboniswe ukuba banomdla wokubakho kwixesha elincinci lokusetyenziswa kotywala (i-100 msec) kodwa ukunyamekela ingqalelo ngokuphendula ixesha elide ixesha elide (500 msec) [34], [35]. Ukutolikwa kweziphumo ezivela kumlutha we-Stroop imisebenzi inokuba nzima kwimizamo yabantu yokucinezela okanye ukuthintela ukuthathelwa ingqalelo okanye ukucothiswa kweenkqubo zokuqonda njengesiphumo sokunqwenela [26], [27]. Ezi zinto ziphazamisayo zingabandakanyekanga nomsebenzi weprojektti, ngokukodwa kwi-SOA ezincinane, nangona kwizifundo ezichaphazelekayo nganye zichazwe kwisicupho esichukumisayo esinokubangela ukuvusa okanye ukukhanga. I-SOA inikezela isalathisi sempembelelo ekubonweni kwembonakalo kunye nokukhathalela okubonakalayo. Uphononongo lwethu lokuqala lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezingavumelekanga zingabandakanyeki kwizifundo ze-CSB ubuncinane kwi-latency ye-450 msec. Izifundo zexesha elizayo ziquka ixesha elide elide le-500 msec ziboniswa ukuba zihlolwe iimbopheleleko ezinokuthi zichithwe kunye nokugcinwa kwengqwalasela kunye neenkqubo zokuvimbela.

Ngaphandle koko, iziphumo zingabonisa imiphumo yokuqhelanisa nesigaba se-stimuli ecacileyo kwizifundo ze-CSB. Inxaxheba enokusetyenziswa ngokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo iphakanyisiwe ngokusekelwe kukungabikho umahluko phakathi kokunyanzelisa ingqalelo ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi weStroop kwizigulane kunye neqela lolawulo labasebenzi kwindawo yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi [51]. Uphononongo olutshanje luye lwaphakamisa ulwalamano oluphakathi kokunyaniseka kwinqanaba kwisondlo sokubonakala kwipharadimm ebonakalayo ehambelanayo nokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo [52]. Nangona kunjalo, isifundo esisebenzisa umsebenzi wesicatshulwa samacwecwe owazama ukungazixhamli ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa ukufunda abadlali bezemidlalo ngokubhekiselele kubantu abathandeki bezemidlalo abahluleki ukubonisa nantoni na ukungafani kwi-SOA yokuqala kwimibala yezemidlalo kanti kuboniswe ubonkqo obalulekileyo kubantu ababhemayo abasebenzayo. kwi-SOA yokuqala yezinto zokutshaya. Olu pho nonongo olujoliswe ngokukodwa malunga nokuxhatshazwa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo lubonisa ukuba ukukhawulelwa kwangaphambili kwintsebenziswano ekubhekeleni abantu ababhemayo njengoko kulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi weprojektti yenkcazelo kungekudala ukuba inxulumene nolwazi [53]. Ngaloo ndlela, nangona ulwalamano lweqela lokukhuthaza ludlala indima, kungenako ukuba kuncinci ukuba kubandakanyeke ekuthinjweni kwangaphambili kwenkcazo ebonakalayo kwi-probe yomsebenzi wenkcazelo.

Ukuba ukuphendula kwangaphambili kwindlela yokunyusa iimeko ezifanayo kukufana phakathi kwezifundo ze-CSB kunye namavolontiya anempilo ayengalindelekanga, ekugqibeleni isalathiso sesistim. Amavolontiya angamadoda aphilileyo abonise ukuphuculwa kokuqhelaniswa kokuqala kunye nokugcinwa kwengqalelo njengoko kulinganiswe ngumbalo wokulungiswa kokuqala kunye nexesha lokumisela isihlobo ngexesha lokulandelwa kwamehlo ukuya kwisicatshulwa esithandwayo ngokwesondo xa kuthelekiswa nesistim [54]. Ngokufanayo, amadoda namabhinqa aphilileyo agxininise kwiimigangatho kunokuba kubhekene nesistim [55]. Amadoda asempilweni abuye aboniswe ukuba agxininise ekubonweni kwabasetyhini xa kuthelekiswa namadoda xa bebukela isistim [56]. Ngokufanayo, usebenzisa umsebenzi weprojektti ye-dot nge-SOA ye-500 msec, ukunyaniseka kwezinto eziphathekayo ngokwesini kwizisebenzi zokuzithandela ezinempilo kuye kwaboniswa ukuhambelana nomnqweno ophezulu wesondo [57]. Ngaloo ndlela, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba i-stimuli ecacileyo iqhutywe ngokwahlukileyo ukusuka kwizifundo ezikhuselekileyo kwizifundo ze-CSB kunye namavolontiya anempilo. I-stimuli ecacileyo inokubamba njengeziqulatho ezimiselweyo ezifana nezo zifundo zokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa-iziphumo, ngoko ke kukhuthaza ukuqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokuphendula kwangaphambili kwimiba yabantu abane-CSB, nangona kwiivolontiya eziphilileyo, i-stimuli ecacileyo ayinakusebenza njengeziqulatho ezimiselweyo kodwa njengento echaphazelekayo ngokwesondo, isakhuthaza ukuphucula ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-stimuli ye-erotic ingatshintshwa ngokufanayo kumacandelo omabini njengemifanekiso echaphazelekayo ngokwesondo.

Iziphumo zethu zangoku zihambelanayo kunye nokuqwalasela kwethu kwangoko ukuba izifundo ze-CSB zenze umsebenzi ophuculweyo kwizinto ezibhekiselele kwisondo kwi-ventral striatum, i-amygdala kunye ne-dorsal yangaphakathi engumsebenzi wokusebenza, inethiwekhi efanayo isebenze kwi-drug cue reactivity kwiingxaki zomlutha [58]. Ukuba le ntanethi ye-neural ihambelana nezifundo ze-CSB kunye nomnqweno ophuculweyo okanye ukufunayo nokungathandi ukubonelela ngenkxaso yeengcamango zokukhuthaza izizathu ezisebenzayo kwi-CSB. Uhlalutyo oluninzi lweemeta zophando kwi-cue reactivity kuzo zonke izinto zokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala, i-nicotine kunye ne-cocaine kubonisa umsebenzi ogqithisiweyo kwiziqhamo zamachiza kwi-ventral striatum, ukukhwabanisa kwangaphambili kwe-caculate (dACC) kunye ne-amygdala, kunye nomsebenzi ogqityiweyo kwi-cue-incuted unqwenela kwi-DACC, i-pallidum kunye ne-ventral striatum [59]. Ukusebenzisa umsebenzi weprojektti ochitshiweyo ukuhlola ukunyamekela, izifundo ezixhomekeke kutywala ziboniswa ukuba zineenkalo ezibhekiselele kwiimpawu zonyango kunye nomsebenzi ophuculweyo kwi-cortex ye-orbitofrontal, i-ventral ne-dorsal striatum kunye ne-amygdala [60]. Ababhali bacacisa ukuba ubungakanani beengqalelo kwizinto ezinxulumene neziyobisi ezihambelanayo nomsebenzi kwimimandla enxulumene nomvuzo njengengxelo ye-ACC kunye ne-striatum, ngenxa yokusebenziselwa ukukhutshwa kule mihlaba. Iziphumo zethu zangoku zenkqubela phambili kunye neempendulo zokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwizesondo kwizifundo ze-CSB zinika inkxaso engakumbi kwiindlela zokukhuthaza izibonelelo ezisetyenziswa kwi-CSB.

Uphononongo lunemiqathango emininzi. Kuphela izifundo ezifundiswa ngabantu abesilisa nabesilisa, kwaye izifundo ezizayo zifanele zihlolisise abantu ngabalingani bezocwangciso ezahlukeneyo zesini kunye nabesifazane [61]. Nangona izifundo zizalisekile iinkqubo zokuxilonga kwesikhashana kwaye zibonakalise ukukhubazeka okusebenzayo ngokuphathelele isondo ngokusebenzisa izikali ezininzi ezivunyelweneyo, ngoku akukhokho iimeko ezichanekileyo zokuxilongwa kwe-CSB, oko kukunciphisa ukufunyaniswa kweziphumo. Ucwaningo lwexesha elizayo lufanele luhlolisise ukuba ngaba amanyathelo angaba ngumgangatho okanye umgangatho. Ububanzi beminyaka yobudala banokuthi banciphise ukudala. Njengemimandla embalwa eyahlukileyo yokuLawula imifanekiso yayibonakaliswa ngezikhathi ngezihambelana nemifanekiso eyahlukileyo, ixabiso lokwazisa imifanekiso yeCandelo lokuLawula ngokungathathi hlangana liza kuba ngaphantsi kweemifanekiso zengqungquthela njengoko zenziwa rhoqo. Uyilo lusetyenziswe ngokufanayo kwiimpawu eziqingqiweyo ezinikezelweyo ukuba iziqalo zifana nabantu xa kuthelekiswa nezinto. Uyilo lwexesha elizayo lufanele lufanisane nexesha lokubonisa umfanekiso kunye nokulawulwa kwemiyalelo kunye nokudibanisa kwiindidi zabantu kunokuba izinto (umz., Abantu ababini bebenzisana njengomdlalo weMeko ecacileyo).

Ukuqwalasela ingqalelo yinto ebonakalayo kuyo yonke imichiza kunye nemivuzo yemvelo ibonisa indima enokuthi ibonelele ingqalelo njengento ebalulekileyo ekwakheni indlela yokujonga iingxaki [62]. Ukufunyaniswa kwethu kweengcamango ezigxininisiweyo kwizifundo ze-CSB kukhombisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukugqithiswa ngokugqithiseleka kwenkcazo ebonakalayo kwiziphumo zezilwanyana kwizidakamizwa. Ezi ziphumo ziguqulwa kunye nokufunyanwa kwangoko kwindlela yokwenza izixhobo zecala ngokubhekiselele kwisondo kwi-CSB kwintanethi efana neyo echaphazelekayo kwizifundo ze-drug-cue-reactivity kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yokukhuthaza abantu ukuba baxhomekeke kwisigxina kwi-CSB.

Imibulelo

Sithanda ukubonga bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ababambe inxaxheba kwisifundo kunye nabasebenzi kwiziko le-Imaging Wolfson Brain Imaging. Isiteshi se-4 sabandakanyeka ekuncedeni ngokuqashwa ngokubeka izipapasho zentengiso ye-intanethi yesifundo.

Ingxelo Yenkxaso

Olu pho nonongo lwaxhaswa ngemali evela kwisibonelelo sobudlelwano be-Wellcome Trust (093705 / Z / 10 / Z). UDkt. Potenza waxhaswa ngeenxalenye zezibonelelo ze-P20 DA027844 kunye ne-R01 DA018647 kwiiNational Institutes of Health; Isebe leNtshona Koloni leSebe lezeMpilo yengqondo kunye neenkonzo zoLungiso; Iziko lezeMpilo zeMental Connecticut; kunye neZiko loPhumelelo kwiNgcali yoPhando lweNgcalizo kwiSizwe sikaZwelonke seGeba eliLawulayo. Abaxhasi babenalo nxaxheba kwiplani yokufunda, ukuqokelela idatha kunye nohlalutyo, isigqibo sokupapasha, okanye ukulungiswa kweso sikripthi.

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