IINKCUKACHA: Ii-voirie prairie zenza iibhondi ezimbini. Zimbalwa kuphela izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikwindawo enye ezinomntu omnye. Isakhono sokwenza iibhondi ezimbini sixhomekeke kwimijikelezo ye-neural nakwimichiza ye-neurochemicals. Uhlobo oluthile lunendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo yokudibanisa ibhondi, okanye ayenzi njalo. Ayisiyo indlela yokuziphatha efundwayo. Uninzi lwabantu lunokudibanisa amaqhina, ngenxa yoko njengohlobo esinezixhobo zobuchopho. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ii-voles ezitshatileyo zikhuselekile kwikhoboka leziyobisi, ngelixa ii-voles ezingatshatanga zichaphazeleka likhoboka leziyobisi. Uvavanyo lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba iintlobo zokubopha ezibhangayo zifumana i-buzz enkulu ye-dopamine etywaleni nakwi-amphetamine, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba babe likhoboka.
Uthando kunye nomlutha Othandwayo Othandweni Uthi Hayi Ukukhawuleza
Ngu Maia Szalavitz, i-Time Magazine
NgoLwesithathu, Juni 1, 2011
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Ngelixa uthando lungasoloko luloyisa konke, inokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokulutha, ngokuka komzimba okhulayo wophando. Isifundo samva nje ngalo mbandela sivavanye indlela yokuziphatha kwendoda eyindumasi, ukufumanisa ukuba abo babebopheleleke kwiqabane labasetyhini babengenamdla wokuthatha i-amphetamine kunee-bachelor voles.
"Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba amava okudibanisa izibini anciphise iipropathi ezinomvuzo ze-amphetamine," utshilo uKimberly Young, umbhali wophando kunye nomfundi osele efundele ubudokotela eFlorida State University.
Ngokungafaniyo neempuku okanye iimpuku, ii-prairie voles zenza amaqhina obomi bonke kunye namaqabane abo, ngokuthe kratya ekuziphatheni kwabantu ekuhlaleni, yiyo loo nto izazinzulu zithanda ukuzifunda. Kuphando lwangoku, olwapapashwa kwiJenali ye-Neuroscience, abaphandi bajonge ngokusondeleyo kwindlela ukubopha kunye ne-amphetamine ezichaphazela ngayo iingqondo ze-voles.
(Ngakumbi nge-TIME.com: Ukuxhamla kweMithi: iMeth yenza ukuba uzive ukhangeleka njengeCuddly njenge-Ecstasy)
Uvavanyo lokuqala lwalubandakanya ii-voles ezingamadoda ezingama-30, ezili-17 zazo zazivunyelwe ukuba zidibane kwaye zenze iibhondi ezimbini; abanye babeziintombi ezinyulu. Ii-voles zavunyelwa ukuba ziphonononge iseti yeekheji ezimbini, ezidityaniswe yityhubhu, ukubona ukuba yeyiphi ikheji ebayithandayo. Emva koko, izilwanyana zanikwa i-amphetamine okanye inaliti yesaline kwindawo ababengayithandi. Umbono yayikukufumanisa ukuba ii-voles ziya kuqala ukukhetha ikheyiji apho bafumana khona ichiza elonwabisayo. Kuphela zii-voles ezinyulu ezinikwe i-amphetamine.
Ngokwesibini uvavanyo, abaphandi bafunda umsebenzi wengqondo kwiimoto ezidibeneyo kunye nezibini. Bafumanisa ukuba ii-singleton zithandwa ngakumbi kwi-amphetamine kunezilwanyana ezilwanyana. Kwi-bachelor voles, i-amphetamine yandise ukufumaneka kwe-dopamine i-D1 receptors kwi-nucleus accumbens, indawo ehambelana nokuzonwabisa. Ngeentambo ezibophekileyo, nangona kunjalo, ukufumaneka kwezi receptors kwehle.
Ukuvezwa kwe-Amphetamine kwakuneempembelelo ezichaseneyo ne-neurobiological kwi-naïve yesondo nakwi-voles-bonded voles, ”utshilo u-Young.
Kodwa umphandi wexesha elide uLarry Young waseYunivesithi yase-Emory, owayengadibani nophando lwangoku, wabonisa isilumkiso. "Ngelixa olu phononongo lunomdla kakhulu, kuyakubaluleka ukufumanisa ukuba ii-voles-bonded voles azinamathuba okuba zisebenze kwiziyobisi zokuphathwa gadalala ukuba zinikwe ukufikelela okungenamda," utshilo kwingxelo. Njenge "ndawo ekhethiweyo," ukumisela ukuba isilwanyana siza kusebenza nzima kangakanani ukufumana iziyobisi yenye indlela yokulinganisa ukuba iyonwabisa njani - okanye, njengoko abalawuli besitsho, "unoxanduva lokusebenzisa gadalala" - into injalo.
Sekunjalo, uphando oludlulileyo kubantu luye lwacebisa ukuba iintlabathi zentlalo zinceda ukunciphisa amathuba okusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Abaselula abanxulumano olusondeleyo nabazali babo abanamathuba okuba babe ngumlutha, ngokukodwa. Kubantu ababuyiselwa kwimilutha, ukuxhaswa kwentlalo kubalulekile ukuba kuphephe ukuphindaphinda. Enyanisweni, iimpembelelo zentlalo yoluntu zingabangela ingxelo yokuba abo bazinikela ngokuzithandela ngamaqela okunceda abafana neenkqubo ze-12 emva kokunyangwa kweziyobisi ziba neziphumo ezingcono.
Olunye uvavanyo lwamandulo lwezilwanyana oluye lwasetyenziswa njengobungqina bokuba iziyobisi ezinje ngecocaine kunye neheroin ngokungathandabuzekiyo zilikhoboka ngenxa yokuba izilwanyana zovavanyo zazibekwa zodwa ekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba zichanabeke kwiziyobisi. Abagxeki kwezi zifundo bathi loo nto ifana nokunika amabanjwa avalelwe odwa ukuze abonise ukuba likhoboka lotywala kakhulu.
(Ngakumbi nge-TIME.com: Ukufunda Kwengqondo: Indlela iNgcaciso eNtsha yeSixikethi Yabantu Abadala inokuphucula ngayo Uthando Lwakho Ubomi)
Iziphumo ezintsha zikhumbuza ulingo oludumileyo lwe "Rat Park" ukusukela phaya emva kweminyaka yoo-1970 nakwiminyaka yama-80s eyayiqhutywa ngugqirha wezengqondo waseCanada uBruce Alexander, owayenomdla wokuba iimeko zentlalo zingabuchaphazela njani ubukhoboka kwiigundane. Uthelekisa indlela yokuziphatha kwiigundane ezazigcinwa kwiikhetshi ezixineneyo, ezingenanto kunye nezizimeleyo okanye ezivunyelwe ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo nezinye iigundane kwi-95-sq.-ft. indawo ezaliswe zizinto ezinqwenelekayo kwiintonga (njengokutya, iibhola kunye namavili ahambayo) awabiza ngokuba yi "Rat Park."
Iziphumo zavula amehlo. Ngokunikwa ukhetho phakathi kwamanzi acocekileyo kunye namanzi afakwe i-morphine, abahlali be "Rat Park" bakhethe eyokuqala, nokuba amanzi ane-morphine enziwe amnandi kakhulu. Iigundane ezivalelweyo, nangona kunjalo, zikhetha isiselo esineziyobisi.
Nangona emva kokuba iifos zinyanzeliswe ukuba zisele isisombululo se-morphine ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba zixhomekeke emzimbeni, zaphinde zakhetha amanzi alula kwi-Rat Park, nangona bebuhlungu ukuxothwa. I-cage, iirati ezizimeleyo, nangona kunjalo, zahlala zithandwa kakhulu.
Ukususela ekufundweni kwe-Rat Park, olunye uphando oluthile lubonise ukuba izibophelelo ezifudumele zentlalo zivame ukulwa nomngcipheko wokulutha. Izifundo zamagundane anonophala zifumanisa ukuba zikhetha ukuthatha i-cocaine ngaphantsi kweentombi eziyintombi, kwaye zibonisa ubuncinci beempendulo ze-dopamine kwi-drug. Olunye uphando lubona ukuba iifos eziphakanyiswayo zodwa zithatha i-cocaine okanye i-amphetamine ngaphezulu kunezo zikhuliswe kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zentlalo-kwaye ziyeke ukufuna izidakamizwa ngokukhawuleza kunezigulane ezodwa.
Le miphumo iphinda isebenze ngendlela eyahlukileyo: kwisifundo esasishicilelwe ngaphambili ngabafundi abancinci kunye nabalingane bakhe, iintombi zendoda eziyintombi eziyintombi zahluleka ukudibana nabasetyhini emva kokulalana nesondo xa bekade befumene i-amphetamine imihla ngemihla iintsuku ezintathu. Amanqaku amancinci ukuba ukufunyaniswa okunjalo kunokubangela ukuba kusetyenziswe ukwelashwa kwe-amphetamines kubantu-ngokomzekelo, ukuphatha abantwana ngokungabikho kwengxaki yokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki (ADHD), okuqikelelwa ukuba ifuthe i-6% ukuya kwi-16% yabemi.
"Ngenxa yokufumanisileyo kwethu malunga nefuthe elibi lokuvezwa kwe-amphetamine kwizibini ezidibanisa ii-voes prairie, uphando ngeziphumo zonyango lwe-amphetamine ekuziphatheni kwezentlalo kunye nokudibana kwezoluntu ebantwini kunokuba luncedo, utshilo.
(Ngakumbi kwi-TIME.com: Luphi uPhando lweMeth olunxulumene noNyango kunye noNyango lweAustism? (YiOxytocin))
Ngokucacileyo, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-voles nabantu. Kwaye amayeza asetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-ADHD sele efundwe kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka yokusebenzisa. Ewe kunjalo, bukhona ubungqina bokuba unyango lwakwangoko lwe-ADHD ngama-amphetamines lunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokulutha kamva, okuhlala kuphezulu kubantu abane-ADHD.
Ubungqina bucacile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukungabikho kothando kuyabonyusa abantu emngciphekweni wokuba likhoboka, kwaye abaphandi kufuneka bahlale bezikhumbula iziphumo zokungahoywa komntwana kunye nokuzahlula eluntwini xa befunda umngcipheko kunye nokuchacha.
Read more: http://healthland.time.com/2011/06/01/love-and-addiction-voles-in-love-just-say-no-to-speed/#ixzz1O4poOSLl
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ISIFUNDO: Ukubambisana kweNtlalo kunciphisa iipropati ze-Amphetamine nge-Dopamine D1 Receptor-Mediated Mechanism
Yan Liu1, *, Kimberly A. Young1, *, J. Thomas Curtis2, Brandon J. Aragona3, kunye noZuoxin Wang1
+ Ukubambisana Kwombhali
1.1Department of Psychology, Inkqubo kwi-Neuroscience, kwiYunivesithi yaseFlorida State, eTallahassee, eFlorida 32306,
I-2.2Department of Pharmacology ne-Physiology, iZiko lezeSayensi zezeMpilo, iYunivesithi yase-Oklahoma State, iTulsa Oklahoma 74107, kunye
I-3.3Department of Psychology, iNkqubo kwi-Neuroscience, kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan, uAnner Arbor, eMichigan 48109
I-1. Iminikelo yombutho: I-BJA kunye ne-ZW yenzelwe uphando; I-YL kunye ne-JTC yenza uphando; YL, KAY, kunye ne-ZW idatshulwa idatha; YL, KAY, BJA, kunye no-ZW babhala iphepha.
2.↵ * YL noKAY banikele ngokufanayo kulo msebenzi.
Abstract
Nangona iziphumo ezikhuselekileyo zokubambisana kweziluntu ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi / ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezilwanyana ziye zabhalwa kakuhle, asiyazi nto malunga neendlela ezisetyenziselwa i-neural. Ukusebenzisa i-voire prale (Microtus ochrogaster) -yintonga engumntu oyedwa onomntu owenza izibophelelo zexesha elide emva kokuqhathaniswa-sibonisa ukuba isimo se-amphetamine (AMPH) senze indawo ekhethiweyo yendawo yokuhlala (CPP) kwi-Sexual Abuse (SN) zibophelelwe (PB), amadoda. Nangona unyango lwe-AMPH luchukumise ubukhulu obufanayo bokukhululwa kwe-dopamine kwi-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) ye-SN kunye ne-PB yamadoda, kwaba nemiphumo eyahlukileyo kwi-NAcc D1 receptor (D1R) ebophayo. Ngokukodwa, unyango lwe-AMPH lwandise i-D1R ebophayo kwi-SN, kodwa iyanciphisa i-D1R ebophayo kwi-PB. I-NAcc i-D1R, kodwa ingeyi-receptor ye-D2, ukuchasana kuvaliwe i-CPP eyenziwe ngu-AMP kwi-SN yamadoda kunye nokusebenza kwe-NAcc ye-D1R phambi kokulungiswa kwe-AMPH kwanika i-CPP eyenziwe ngu-AMPH kumadoda ase-PB. Ngokubambisana, idatha yethu ibonisa ukuba amava adibanisa amabini anciphisa iipropati ezixhamlayo ze-AMPH ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-D1R-mediated.
• Ifunyenwe ngoFebruwari 11, 2011.
• Uhlaziyo lufunyenwe ngoAprili 12, 2011.
• Yamkelwa ngoAprili 14, 2011.
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