Ijenali yethiyori yezeMedia Psychology Iindlela kunye nokusetyenziswa
01/2012; 24(2):67-76.
INGXELO: 10.1027 / 1864-1105 / a000063
KWI-ABSTRACT
Izifundo ezininzi ziphonononge ukuba ukubonakalisa imifanekiso engamanyala kuyayanyaniswa nendlela eqhelekileyo yokwabelana ngesondo. Uninzi lolu phando, nangona kunjalo, lungamacandelo ahlukeneyo, kuvavanywa kuphela ukucaciswa okucacileyo- ubudlelwane bezesondo obuqhelekileyo, kwaye usebenzise iisampulu ezilula zolutsha. Olu phononongo lusebenze idatha emele ilizwe lonke evela kuPhando oluBanzi lwezeNtlalontle ukuvavanya ukuba ukuziphatha ngokwabelana ngesondo kuye kwaxelwa kwangaphambili malunga notshintsho lwexesha lokuchazwa kwezamanyala kwabantu abadala e-US kunye nokuba ukuboniswa okungamanyala kuxelwe kwangaphambili malunga notshintsho lwexesha labantu abadala baseMelika. Ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo ngokwesini akuzange kuxele kwangaphambili malunga nokutshintsha kwexesha ekubonakaliseni iphonografi, kodwa ukuboniswa okungamanyala kuye kwaxela kwangaphambili ngokutshintsha kwexesha kwindlela yokuziphatha yesini eqhelekileyo. Ukuvavanya ukuqikelelwa kokufunyanwa kukaWright, ukusebenza, imodeli yesicelo sentlalontle (i-3AM) ukuba amazwe angachaphazeleki enza ukuba kusetyenziswe izikripthi zesini ezinobungozi ezinikezwe yimithombo yeendaba zesini kunokwenzeka (uWight, 2011a) indima yokuvavanya yokungonwabi yaqwalaselwa. Ukuxhasa imodeli, ukuboniswa ngephonografi kwakudityaniswa nokuphindaphindwe kasixhenxe malunga nexesha elandayo lokungavisisani kwabantu abathandana nabantu abangonwabanga, kodwa bezingahambelani nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwabantu abonwabileyo.
I-Hypothesis 2 yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-ponografi kuya kuxela kwangaphambili malunga nokunyuka kwexesha lokuziphatha ngokwesini. I-Hypothesis 2 yaxhaswa. Emva kokulawulwa kwe-T1 indlela yokuziphatha yesondo eqhelekileyo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukubhencwa kumanyala kwi-T1 kudityaniswa ne-1.92 (95% CI [1.01, 3.62]) ukunyuka kwezinga lokuzibandakanya ngokwesini e-T2 kulungelelwaniso lokuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto. D Nagelkerke R2 = .01, N = 525).
I-Hypothesis 3 yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba unxibelelwano olunokubakho phakathi kokubhengeza imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo ngokwesini kuya kumodareyithwa kukungonwabi, okunokwanda kokuziphatha ngokwesini okuqhelekileyo njengoko kuchazwe kwangaphambili ekuvezeni imifanekiso engamanyala kunokubakho ngakumbi kubantu abangonwabanga kunokuba bonwabile. I-Hypothesis 3 yaxhaswa. Emva kokulawulwa kwe-T1 yokuziphatha ngokwesini eqhelekileyo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokongeza ukubonakaliswa kwamanyala e-T1 kunye nokungonwabi kwe-T1 kwimodeli yokuhlengahlengiswa kweLogistic, ukusebenzisana kokubhenca imifanekiso engamanyala ye-T1 kunye nokungonwabi kwe-T1 kwakubalulekile.
Uphengululo lweZiphumo
Ukuzoba ukusebenzisa kunye nokukholisa ithiyori kunye nokuchazwa kwethiyori, kwaqikelelwa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha yesini eqhelekileyo kwi-T1 iya kuxela ngokunyuka kwexesha lokuvezwa kwamanyala kwi-T2. Ngokuchasene noqikelelo, akukho ntlangano ifumanekileyo.
Ukuzoba kwihutori yokufunda ngokwasentlalweni, kwaqikelelwa ukuba ukuboniswa okungamanyala kwi-T1 kuya kuxela ngokunyuka kwexesha lokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwi-T2. Esi sibhengezo saxhaswa, njengoko ukuboniswa okungamanyala kwi-T1 kudityaniswa nokunyuka okuphindwe kabini kwezi ngxaki zokuziphatha ngokwesini kwi-T2. Okubalulekileyo, le ntlangano yafunyanwa nasemva kokulawula indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ye-T1, iminyaka, ubuhlanga, inkolo, imfundo, kunye nesini.
Ukuzoba kwimodeli ka-Wright's (2011a) ye-3AM yesini sentlalontle, kwaqikelelwa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokubhengeza imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-T1 kunye nokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kwesondo kwi-T2 kuya kumodareyithwa kwinqanaba labantu abangonwabanga ngemeko yabo yobomi. Ngokukodwa, kwaqikelelwa ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kokuchazwa kweT1 kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye ne-T2 yokuziphatha eyokwabelana ngesondo kuya kuba namandla xa abantu bengonwabe kakhulu, kwaye buthathaka xa bezona zonwabe kakhulu. Esi siprofetho saxhaswa. Ukuvezwa kwe-pornografi kwi-T1 kudityaniswe nokunyuka okuphindwe kasixhenxe kwizenzo zokuziphatha ngokwesini ezithandekayo kwi-T2 yabathathi-nxaxheba '' ababengonwabanga kakhulu '' ngobomi babo eT1. Ukuvezwa kwamanyala kwiT1 kwakudityaniswa nokunyuka kabini kwezimilo zokuziphatha ngokwesini kwi-T2 yabathathi-nxaxheba ababenolwalamano oluhle kakhulu kwi-T1. Ukuvezwa kwamanyala kwi-T1 bekungahambelani nokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo ngokwesondo kwi-T2 yabathathi-nxaxheba ababenomdla '' wonwabe kakhulu '' ngobomi babo eT1.
Iziphumo ezifanelekileyo
Iziphumo zolu phononongo zinemilinganiselo ebonakalayo, ngenxa yokuba isini esingaqhelekanga sibeka emngciphekweni weziphumo ezibi ezifana nokuxhalaba ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwesondo, ukucuthwa kwe-STI kunye nokusasazeka, kunye nokuzibandakanya ekukhulelweni okungafunekiyo (IBennett kunye neBauman, 2000; IBuss & Schmitt, 1993; UPaul et al., 2000; UShelton et al., 2004). Okokuqala, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa koonografi yinto ebangela ukuba abantu abadala base-US babe sesichengeni ngokwesondo kuba umntu omdala ophakathi kuphela '' uyonwabile '' kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi kwangaphambili kuqikelelwe ukwanda okuphindwe kabini kwizimo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo '' '' Abantu abadala. Okwesibini, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwamanyala iphonografi yeyona nto iphambili kubantu abonwabileyo, iqela esele lisemngciphekweni omkhulu (I-Fielder kunye neCarey, i-2010; I-Grello et al., 2003; IHutton et al., 2004; Iiparsons kunye neHalkitis, 2002 ). Kwakhona, ukubonakaliswa kwephonografi kwakuxhomekeke ekunyukeni okuphindwe kasixhenxe kwiimeko zokuziphatha ngokwesondo kubantu abadala 'ababengonwabanga.'
Lilonke, njengezinye izifundo ezininzi eziphambi kwayo, iziphumo zolu phononongo zicebisa ukuba ukubhengeza kwimithombo yeendaba zokuzonwabisa ezithi zibalaselise isini esingaqhelekanga kwaye zibeke emngciphekweni umngcipheko kunye noxanduva olunxulumene nokwabelana ngesondo kukonyusa umngcipheko wabathengi weziphumo ezichongiweyo njengezingaqondwanga luluntu lwempilo yoluntu (American I-akhademi yePediatrics, 2010; UPeter noValkenburg, 2011; Iwadi, 2003; Wingood et al., 2001; UWright, 2011a, 2011c; UWright et al., 2012). Kwaye, ngokuhambelana nezimvo zabanye abaphengululi bezempilo yezesondo, olu phononongo lucebisa ukuba uthintelo lomngcipheko wesini lubandakanya imfundo yemithombo yeendaba kunye noqeqesho lokufunda nokubhala njengenxalenye yezifundo zabo (Allen, D'Alessio, Emmers, & Gebhardt, 1996; Isaacs & Fisher, 2008 IPinkleton, Austin, Cohen, Chen, kunye noFitzgerald, 2008).
Iziphumo zethiyori
Ngokubanzi, intsingiselo yokuqala yethiyori kolu phononongo lucebiso lwayo lokuba imfundo yezentlalo inokuchaza unxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nendlela eqhelekileyo yokulala ngesondo ngakumbi kunokukhetha ukuboniswa. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka, nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuchazwa kokuchazwa njengoko kusebenza kule meko yokunxibelelana.
Isifundo sesibini sentsingiselo yolu phononongo sisiphakamiso sayo sokuba `` ulutsha olunokuchaphazeleka- abantu abadala abangamkelekanga '' oluye lwakhokelela kuphando oluninzi malunga noonografi kunye nolwalamano ngokwesondo kunokufuneka ukuba luqwalaselwe (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2011, iphe. 751) . Iziphumo zolu phononongo zicebisa ukuba abantu abadala bayachaphazeleka kukuqaqanjelwa, umngcipheko- kunye noxanduva lokuboniswa kwesini esingaqhelekanga kwimifanekiso engamanyala. Olunye uphononongo lwamva nje luxhasa oku kunokwenzeka (UWright, ngokushicilelwa; Wright, 2011c). Abantu abadala (njengolutsha) banokuxhomekeka kwimithombo yokulamla ngolwazi malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye namaxabiso (UWright et al., 2012). Ukongeza, abantu abadala (abakwishumi elivisayo) banokuba nobunzima ekuchazeni inyani malunga nokwabelana ngesondo kwinyani yemifanekiso engamanyala (Malamuth & Impett, 2001; Peter & Valkenburg, 2010). Uphando lwexesha elizayo luyafuneka ukuvavanya ukuba ngaba izinto ezifanayo ezisebenzayo kwimithombo yeendaba ngokwesini kulutsha (Iwadi, 2003) ziyasebenza kubantu abadala (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2011).
Okokugqibela, iziphumo zolu phononongo zixhasa ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli ye-Wright's (2011a) ye-3AM yokunxibelelana ngokwesondo ukuba imeko engathandekiyo inyusa ukubakho kwezikripthi zesondo eziyingozi ezifunyenwe okanye ezenziwa kukuvezwa kwemithombo yeendaba ziya kusetyenziswa kwinqanaba lokuziphatha. Oku kubalulekile ukufumana izizathu ezintathu. Okokuqala, icebisa ukuba umahluko phakathi komntu ngamnye ulinganisa ukubonakaliswa kwamanyala ekuziphatheni ngokwesini kunye nokuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo (Malamuth & Huppin, 2005). Okwesibini, ichonga imodareyitha ethile eyahlukileyo apha engafundiswanga kuphando lwezeendaba kwezoluntu. Okwesithathu, iphakamisa ukuba iithiyori esele zithathela ingqalelo ifuthe elibi njengegalelo ekuziphatheni okubi ngokwesini (umz.
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