Isimo sokuThuthukiswa kwesisombululo kunye ne-Neural Ukudibanisa kwiZifundo kunye noKhuseleko lwezesondo (2016)

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IMIBUZO: Kule sifundo, njengabanye, igama elithi "Ukunyanzeliswa koBuchule boSondo" (CSB) mhlawumbi kuthetha ukuba amadoda ayengumlutha wezobisi. Nditsho oku kuba izifundo ze-CSB zilinganise phantse iiyure ezingama-20 zokusetyenziswa gwenxa ngeveki. Ulawulo lilinganise imizuzu engama-29 ngeveki. Into enomdla kukuba, i-3 yezifundo ze-20 CSB ezihlupheke "kwi-orgasmic-erection disorder," ngelixa kungekho nanye kwezifundo zolawulo ezichaze iingxaki zesini.

Iziphumo eziphambili: I-correlates yama-neural of conditioning attesting and neural connectivity yaguqulwa kwiqela le-CSB.

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, utshintsho lokuqala - ukunyusa ukusebenza kwe-amygdala-kunokubonakalisa imeko yokuqhutywa (enkulu "yocingo" kwiindawo ezingathathi hlangothi ngaphambili ezazichaza imifanekiso engamanyala). Utshintsho lwesibini-ukunciphisa ukudityaniswa phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-correx yangaphambili-inokuba luphawu lokungakwazi ukulawula iimpembelelo. Abaphandi bathi, “Ezi [zinguqu] zihambelana nezinye iiphando zophando lwe-neural correlates yeengxaki zokuxilwa komlutha kunye nokulawulwa kokunyanzelisa. ” Iziphumo zokuvuselelwa kwe-amygdalar enkulu kwizikhokelo (ku khuthazwa) kunye nokunciphisa uxhumano phakathi kwesikhungo somvuzo kunye ne-prefrontal cortex (ukungazenzisi) zimbini zenguqu ezinzulu zengqondo ezibonwe ngokutsha kweziyobisi.

Tim Klucken, PhDlelana, USina Wehrum-Osinsky, iDipl-Psych, J Schweckendiek, PhD, Onno Kruse, MSc, URudolf Stark, PhD

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013

Abstract

intshayelelo

Kuye kwaba nomdla okhulayo ekuqondeni okungcono kwe-etiology yokuziphatha ngokunyanzela ngokwesondo (CSB). Kucingelwa ukuba ukuququzelela isimo sokondla kungabonakala kuyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphuhliswa nokugcinwa kwe-CSB, kodwa akukho sifundo ngoku sele siphando ngale nkqubo.

injongo

Ukuphonononga ukungafani kweqela kumsebenzi we-neural ochaphazelekayo kunye nesimo sokunxibelelana kwizifundo nge-CSB kunye neqela elilawulayo eliphilileyo.

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Amaqela amabini (izifundo ze-20 kunye ne-CSB kunye ne-20 controls) zavezwa kwiparadim yesimo esithintekayo ngexesha lokuvavanya kwe-imagination magnetic resonance (i-CS +), okuyi-stimulation (CS +) engabonakaliyo kunye ne-second stimulus (CS-).

Iziphumo eziPhambili

Igazi le-oxygen-response response and psychophysiologic interaction.

iziphumo

Njengomphumo oyintloko, sithole ukwandiswa komsebenzi we-amygdala ngexesha lokunyanzeliswa kwesimo se-CS + vs CS- kunye nokunciphisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-prefrontal cortex kwi-CSB neqela lolawulo.

isiphelo

Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-correlates yama-neural of conditioning stability kunye ne-neural connectivity ishintshwe kwizigulane ezine-CSB. Ukwandiswa kwe-amygdala kusebenze kungabonakalisa iinkqubo zokulungiswa kwezimo kwizigulane ezine-CSB. Ukongezelela, ukuphawula kokunciphisa ukudibanisa kungachithwa njengommakishi wokuphumelela komgaqo-mpawu wempembelelo yemvakalelo kweli qela.

Amagama abalulekileyo: Amygdala, Isimo, Umoya, Positive, Ibuyiselo, Ukuvuswa kwezesondo

intshayelelo

Ukuphuhliswa kweenkonzo ze-intanethi kunye nokuthungatha (umz., Nge-smartphones) uye wanikela iindlela ezintsha, ezikhawulezayo nezingaziwayo zokufikelela kwizinto ezichaziweyo ngokwesini (SEM). Ukubonakaliswa kwi-SEM kuhambelana nezimpendulo ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo, ezizimeleyo, zokuziphatha, kunye ne-neural.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Uhlalutyo eBrithani kwi-2013 lubonise ukuba malunga ne-10% ye-intanethi ye-intanethi kwakukho kumasayithi amakhulu abantu abadlulileyo kwizithuthi zentlalo.8 Umbuzo we-intanethi uhlola uphando lwe-intanethi ye-intanethi ibone izinto ezine-ulwalamano, ukuphathwa kwemizwelo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo, kunye nefantasy.9 Nangona ininzi yabasebenzisi besilisa abangenayo ingxaki kwi-SEM yabo yokusetyenziswa, abanye abantu bachaza indlela abaziphatha ngayo njengendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, i-CSB) ebonisa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo, ukulahleka kolawulo, nokukwazi ukunciphisa okanye ukuyeka ukuziphatha okunengxaki, okubangelwa iziphumo eziphathekayo kwezoqoqosho, emzimbeni, okanye emzimbeni. Nangona la madoda esoloko echaza ngokwabo ngokuthi "isondo okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwezilonda," kukho iingcamango ezikhuphisanayo malunga nohlobo kunye nokuqonda i-CSB. Abanye abaphandi bayichaze le mpawu njengengxaki yokulawula ingqondo,10 ukulahleka kwemiqathango yemoya, ingxaki yokunyanzelisa,11 ingxaki yokuziphatha,12 kanti abanye baye bagwema ubudlelwane be-etiologic ngokusebenzisa ixesha ingxaki yokungaxhatshazi ngesondo.13 Abanye abaphengululi banomngeni wokufuna ukuxilongwa ngokubanzi ngokubanzi.14, 15 Ngoko ke, uphando lwe-neurobiological ukuphanda i-neural correlates ye-CSB kubalulekile ukufumana ingqiqo ngakumbi kwiindlela eziphantsi.

Kuye kucetyiswa ukuba kubekho ukulungiswa kwemimiselo yokhuselo kunokuba yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphuhliswa kunye nokugcinwa kwezidakamizwa kunye nezinye iingxaki zengqondo.16, 17 Kwiiparadigms zesimo esithintekayo, i-stimulus engathathi hlangothi (CS +) idibene ne-stimulation (UCS), ngelixa i-second-stimulus stimulus (CS-) ixela ukungabikho kwe-UCS. Emva kwezilingo ezimbalwa, i-CS + icela iimpendulo ezimiselweyo (i-CRs) njengezimpendulo zendlela yokunyuka kwesikhumba (SCRs), utshintsho kwimilinganiselo yokukhetha, kunye nokuguqulwa kwemisebenzi yesikhokelo.16, 18, 19 Ngokubhekiselele kwi-correlates yama-neural of conditioning stings, i-network eye yachongwa ibandakanya i-ventral striatum, i-amygdala, i-orbitofrontal cortex (i-OFC), i-insula, i-cortex yangaphambili ye-cingulate (ACC), kunye ne-cortix yecipipital.20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Ngenxa yoko, i-striral striatum ibandakanyeka kwimeko yokunyanzelisa ngenxa yendima yayo ephambili ekulindeni, ukuphumelela umvuzo kunye nokufunda.25, 26 Nangona kunjalo, ngokuchasene ne-ventral striatum, indima ye-amygdala yokumelana nesimo esithintekayo isicacile. Nangona ezininzi izilwanyana kunye nezifundo zabantu ziqinisekisile ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-amygdala njengommandla ophakathi ukwesaba imeko,27 ukubandakanyeka kwayo kwimeko yokunyamezela kuye kwaphandwa kuphela. Kungekudala, uphando lwezilwanyana kunye noluntu luye lwabonisa ukuba i-amygdala ibandakanyeke ekusebenziseni isisombululo esithintekayo, ukunyanzelisa imeko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-CSB usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuyila.28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Umzekelo, uGottfried et al29 ifumene ukwanda kokuvuselelwa kwe-amygdala kwi-CS + vs i-CS- ngexesha lokutya komntu kusetyenziswa ivumba elimnandi njenge-UCS. Ukusebenza kwi-OFC, i-insula, i-ACC, kunye ne-occipital cortex zihlala zichazwa njengeziqondayo kunye / okanye iinkqubo zovavanyo olunzulu lwesistim.16

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zimbini kuphela izifundo ezisebenza ngemagneti yokuphononongwa kwemifanekiso (fMRI) ezenze uphando kwi-neural correlates ye-CSB kwaye zafumanisa ukwanda kokusebenza kwi-amygdala kunye ne-ventral striatum kunye nokutshintsha kokunxibelelana kwe-neural kwizifundo ezine-CSB ngexesha lokuboniswa kweziqulatho ezinxulumene (zesondo).35, 36 Ezi zakhiwo zihambelana nolunye uphononongo oluphanda ulungelelwaniso lwe-neural lokuphazamiseka kweziyobisi kunye nokusilela kulawulo lwempembelelo.37, 38 Umzekelo, iziphumo ze-meta-analytical zibonise unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokuvuselelwa kwe-amygdala kunye namandla okulangazelela.37 Olunye uphando oluthatyathelwano olusisiseko lweengcamango oluthatywayo lufumene umbandela omhlophe umgaqo-nkqubo we-microstructure kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo kwizifundo nge-CSB kunye nokungahambelani phakathi kwe-CSB kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo kwi-lobe yangaphambili.39

Ukongeza kokubaluleka kweenkqubo zokunyanzelisa izimo, ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubalulekayo kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezifo ezininzi zeengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okungasebenzi.40, 41 Ezi ngxaki zinokuthi zichaze ukulahleka kolawulo lwezifundo nge-CSB xa zijongene neziqulatho ezihambelanayo. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-correlates yama-neural of behavior impulsive kunye nomgaqo wayo, i-ventral striatum kunye ne-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) ibonakala ibaluleke kakhulu abaphikisanayo: i-ventral striatum ithathwa njengento efanelekileyo ekuqaliseni ukuziphatha okuphambanisayo, ngelixa i-downregulation yayo iqhutyelwa yi-vmPFC ngokuphindaphindiweyo uqhagamshelwano.42 Ngokomzekelo, iziphumo zangaphambilini ziye zadibanisa ukungaxhamli kokuxhamla kunye ne-prefrontal ukuxhomekeka ekusebenziseni ukungafuneki kunye nokuziphatha okungathandekiyo.42, 43

Nangona kunjalo, akukho uphando okwangoku luye lwaphanda i-correlates yama-neural of systems learning appetitive okanye ukulahleka kolawulo kwizifundo nge-CSB ngokuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kwempilo. Ngokusekelwe kwiincwadi ezikhankanywe ngaphambilana, injongo yokuqala yokufunda okwangoku kwakukuphonononga iimpendulo zendalo kunye nezimo ezixhasayo kulezi zifundo xa kuthelekiswa neqela elilawulwayo. Sifumene ukunyusa ukusebenza kwi-amygdala kunye ne-ventral striatum kwizifundo nge-CSB xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo. Injongo yesibini yayikuphonononga ukungafani kokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Ukuchonga i-neural substrate ye-conditionedening stingitive condition and connectivity kulezi zifundo bekuya kuba nefuthe kuphela ekuqondeni ukuphuhliswa nokugcinwa kwezi mpawu kodwa kunye neendlela zokwenza unyango, ngokubhekiselele ekuguquleni ukuziphatha ngokufumana amava okufunda (isb unyango).44

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nxaxheba

Amadoda angamashumi amabini ane-CSB kunye ne-20 ehambelana nolawulo aqeshwa ngokuzithumela emva kwesibhengezo kunye nokuhanjiswa kweklinikhi yokunyanga ngaphandle yokunyanga ngokuziphatha (Itheyibhile 1). Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babenombono oqhelekileyo okanye olungelelanisiweyo ukuya kwinto yesiqhelo kwaye basayina imvume enolwazi. Isifundo senziwe ngokungqinelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana udliwanondlebe nolwakhiwo lweklinikhi lokuchonga isifo i-Axis I kunye / okanye isifo se-Axis II. Abathathi-nxaxheba abachazwe njenge-CSB kwafuneka bazalisekise zonke iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesini ezihlengahlengiswe kwi-CSB13:

1. Ngeenyanga ubuncinane ze-6 iinyanga, iingcamango zesondo eziphindaphindiweyo nezobukhulu, ezikhuthaza, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kufuneka zidibaniswe ubuncinane kwizinto ezilandelayo zintlanu:

a. Ixesha eligqithiseleyo lixhaswa ngeengcamango zesondo kunye nokucebisa kunye nokucwangcisa nokubandakanya ukuziphatha ngokwesondo

b. Ukuphindaphinda ngokuzibandakanya kwezi ngcamango zesondo, izibongozo, kunye nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni iimeko zesifo sengqondo esichukumisayo

c. Ukuphindaphinda ngokubandakanyeka kwiingcamango zesondo, ukukhuthaza, kunye nokuziphatha ekuphenduleni iziganeko zobomi ezixinzelelekileyo

d. Ukuphindaphinda kodwa imizamo engaphumelelanga yokulawula okanye ukunciphisa kakhulu le ngcamango yezocansi, ukukhuthaza, nokuziphatha

e. Ukuphindaphinda ngokuzibandakanya kwisenzo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngelixa ungayinaki ingozi yokulimala ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo kwabanye kunye nabanye

2. Ubunzima bokukhathazeka ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ukuphazamiseka kwintlalo, emsebenzini, okanye ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza ezihambelana nokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nobukhulu beengcamango zesondo, uxolo kunye nokuziphatha

3. Ezi zengqungquthela zesini, izibongozo kunye nokuziphatha akubangelwa yimpembelelo ye-physiologic ngqo yezinto eziqhelekileyo, izimo zonyango, okanye iziqephu zenyama

4. Ubuncinane ubuncinane be-18 iminyaka

1 Table XNUMX Imilinganiselo yeDemographic kunye nePsychometric ye-CSB kunye namaQela oLawulo*

Iqela le CSB

Iqela lo lawulo

Statistics

ubudala34.2 (8.6)34.9 (9.7)t = 0.23, P = .825
BDI-II12.3 (9.1)7.8 (9.9)t = 1.52, P = .136
Ixesha elichithe ukubukela ixesha le-SEM, min min / wk1,187 (806)29 (26)t = 5.53, P <.001

I-Axis I disorder

 Isiqendu se-MD41
 Ukuphazamiseka okwenzeka rhoqo kwi-MD4
 Social welfare1
 Ukulungiswa kwengxaki1
 I-phobia ethile11
 Ingxaki yokunyusa umzimba3
 Ingxaki yeSomatoform1

Ingxaki yeAxis II

 Ukuphazamiseka kubuntu bukaNarcissistic1

Iiyeza zengqondo

 Amitriptyline1

I-BDI = Uluhlu lwexinzelelo lwe-Beck II; I-CSB = indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; MD = uxinzelelo olukhulu; I-SEM = izinto ezichazayo ngokwesini.

*Iinkcukacha zenziwa njengengqondo (SD).

Inkqubo yokuBamba

Inkqubo yokujonga imeko yenziwa ngelixa kusenziwa i-fMRI (jonga ngezantsi iinkcukacha). Inkqubo yokuma okwahlukileyo kunye nezilingo ezingama-42 zazisetyenziswa (21 nge-CS). Izikwere ezibini ezinemibala (enye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enye emthubi) zasebenza njenge-CS kwaye zalinganiswa njenge-CS + kunye ne-CS- kwizifundo zonke. I-CS + yalandelwa yi-1 ye-21 yemifanekiso engamanyala (i-100% yokuqiniswa). Yonke imifanekiso ibonise izibini (kuhlala indoda enye kunye nomfazi omnye) ebonisa imiboniso yesini ecacileyo (umz., Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo) kwaye yaziswa ngombala ngesisombululo sepikseli esingu-800 × 600. Inkuthazo yayiqikelelwa kwiscreen ekugqibeleni kwesikena (indawo ebonakalayo = 18 °) kusetyenziswa iprojektha yeLCD. Imifanekiso yayijongwa kwisipili esibekwe kwikhoyili yentloko. Ixesha le-CS yayiyimizuzwana eyi-8. Imifanekiso ye-erotic (UCS) yavela kwangoko emva kwe-CS + (100% yokuqiniswa) kwimizuzwana ye-2.5 elandelwa lixesha lokuphumla kwemizuzwana eyi-12 ukuya kwi-14.5.

Zonke izilingo zinikezwa ngolu hlobo lwengqondo: I-CS efanayo ayifakwanga ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ngokulandelana. Ezi zimbini ze-CS zinikezelwa ngokulinganayo kwixesha lesibini kunye neyesibini zokufumana. Izilingo zokuqala ezimbini (isilingo esisodwa se-CS +, esinye isilingo se-CS) sasingabandakanywa ekuhlalutheni kuba ukufunda kwakungazange kwenzeke okwenzekayo, kubangelwa izilingo ze-20 kwi-CS nganye.45

Izilinganiso ezingaphantsi

Phambi kovavanyo kwaye kwangoko emva kwenkqubo yokumisa imeko, abathathi-nxaxheba bakala i-valence, ukuvusa inkanuko yesini kunye ne-CS +, CS-, kunye ne-UCS kwinqanaba le-9-point Likert kunye nokulindeleka kwabo kwi-UCS kwinqanaba le-10-point Likert. Ukulinganiswa kwe-CS, uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwenziwa ngohlalutyo lokwahluka (ANOVA) kwi-2 (uhlobo lwe-CS: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (ixesha: ngaphambi vs emva kokufunyanwa) × 2 (iqela: CSB vs iqela lolawulo) uyilo olulandelweyo ngovavanyo lweposti kwi-SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, eArmonk, NY, eUSA) kumgangatho ngamnye. Iiposti ze-hoc t ezifanelekileyo zaqhutywa ukuhlalutya iziphumo ezibi ngakumbi. Imifanekiso engamanyala, iisampulu ezimbini t -senzelwa ukuhlalutya umahluko weqela.

UkuPhathwa koPhulo lweKhumba

I-SCR zatshintshiwe zisebenzisa i-Ag-AgCl i-electrodes egcwele i-isotonic (i-NaCl 0.05 mol / L) i-medium electrolyte ibekwe kwisandla esingasigxina. I-SCR ichazwe njengempendulo eyodwa yepasic emva kokuvuselela. Ngako-ke, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kobuncinci kunye nobuninzi obuncinane ngaphakathi kwe-1 ukuya kwi-4 imizuzwana emva kokuqala kwe-CS kuchazwa njengempendulo yokuqala yexesha (i-FIR), ukuba ngaphakathi kwe-4 ukuya kwi-8 imizuzwana njengempendulo ye-interval ye-second (SIR), kwaye 9 kumasekhondi angu-12 njengempendulo yexesha lesithathu (TIR). Iimpendulo ngaphakathi kweeskrini zohlalutyo zatshitshiswa ngeLedalab 3.4.4.46 Ezi mpendulo zi-log (μS + 1) eziguqulweyo ukuze zilungele ukwaphula ukuhanjiswa kwesiqhelo kwedatha. Izifundo ezintlanu (ezintathu ezine-CSB kunye nolawulo ezimbini) khange zibonise naziphi na ii-SCRs (akukho zimpendulo zandisiweyo kwi-UCS) kwaye azifakwanga kuhlalutyo. Kuthetha ukuba ii-SCRs zahlalutywa yi-ANOVA kwi-2 (uhlobo lwe-CS: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (iqela: CSB vs iqela lolawulo) uyilo olulandelwe luvavanyo lweposi kusetyenziswa iSPSS 22.

Ukujonga umfanekiso weMagnetic Resonance

Umsebenzi weHemodynamic

Umsebenzi kunye nemifanekiso ye-anatomic yafunyanwa nge-1.5-Tesla yomzimba wonke we-tomograph (i-Nokia Symphony kunye nenkqubo ye-gradient ye-quantum; i-Nokia AG, i-Erlangen, iJamani) ngekhoyili yentloko esemgangathweni. Ukufunyanwa komfanekiso wolwakhiwo kubandakanya imifanekiso eyi-160 T1 enobunzima be-sagittal (i-magnetization elungiselelwe ukufunyanwa ngokukhawuleza kwe-gradient echo; ubukhulu be-slice ye-1-mm; ixesha lokuphindaphinda = imizuzwana ye-1.9; ixesha le-echo = 4.16 ms; indawo yokujonga = 250 × 250 mm). Ngexesha lenkqubo yokujonga imeko, imifanekiso eyi-420 yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa ulandelelwano lwe-T2 * -weighted gradient echo-planar imaging sequence ngamashumi amabini anesihlanu agubungela ubuchopho bonke (slice thickness = 25 mm; gap = 5 mm; ukwehla kwesilayidi; ixesha lokuphindaphinda = 1 imizuzwana; ixesha le-echo = 2.5 ms; i-flip angle = 55 °; intsimi yokujonga = 90 × 192 mm; ubungakanani bematrix = 192 × 64). Iivolumu ezimbini zokuqala zalahlwa ngenxa yokungagqitywa kwemagnethi. Idatha yahlaziywa kusetyenziswa iMephu yeStatistical Parametric (SPM64, iSebe laseWellcome leCognitive Neurology, London, UK; 8) yaphunyezwa kwiMATLAB 2008 (Mathworks Inc., Sherbourn, MA, USA). Ngaphambi kwalo lonke uhlalutyo, idatha yayilungiselelwe kwangaphambili, ebandakanya ukulungiswa kwakhona, ukungaphazanyiswa (b-spline interpolation), ukulungiswa kwexesha lesilayidi, ukubhaliswa ngokudibeneyo kwedatha esebenzayo kumfanekiso womntu ngamnye othatha inxaxheba, kunye nokubekwa kwimeko yesiqhelo kwindawo yobuchwephesha beMontreal Neurological Institute. Ukuthanjiswa kwendawo kwenziwa nge-isotropic ye-Gaussian filter eneempawu ezintathu ezinobubanzi obugcweleyo kwisiqingatha se-7.5 mm ukuvumela ulungiso lweenkcukacha-manani.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ukuhlukisana okulandelayo kwahlaziywa kwisifundo ngasinye: CS +, CS-, UCS, kunye ne-non-UCS (ichazwe njengexesha le window emva kwe-CS- intetho ehambelana nexesha le-presentation ye-UCS emva kwe-CS +47, 48, 49). Umsebenzi wentonga ukhethwe kwirejista nganye. I-regressor nganye yayizimeleyo kwezinye, ingabandakanyi ukwahluka okwabelwanayo (i-cosine angle <0.20), kwaye yagqitywa ngomsebenzi wokuphendula we-hemodynamic. Iiparamitha zentshukumo ezintandathu zenguqu yomzimba engqongqo efunyenwe yinkqubo yokulungelelanisa kwakhona zaziswa njengee-covariates kwimodeli. Uthotho lwexesha le-voxel lucocwe ngesihluzi esipasayo (ixesha rhoqo = imizuzwana eyi-128). Umahluko womdla (CS + vs CS-; CS- vs CS +; UCS vs non-UCS; non-UCS vs UCS) zachazwa kwisifundo ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo.

Ukuhlalutya kwinqanaba lesibini, ukuhlolwa kweesibini kunye neyesampula ezimbini kwenziwa ukuphanda umphumo omkhulu womsebenzi (CS + vs CS-; UCS vs non-UCS) kunye nokwahlukana phakathi kwamaqela. Ukulungiswa kwesitatimende sokuhlalutya kwendawo-ye-interest (ROI) kuqhutywe ngokubaluleka komda P = .05 (engachanekanga), k = 5, kunye nomqobo obalulekileyo (P = .05; ilungisiwe kwimpazamo yosapho, k = 5), kunye nohlalutyo lobuchopho obupheleleyo lwenziwa ngomqobo e P = .001 kunye k> ii-voxels ezili-10. Lonke uhlalutyo lwalwenziwe nge-SPM8.

Nangona kungekho mahluko phakathi kweqela kwi-UCS zokulinganisa kunye neengxelo ze-BDI ziye zabonwa, saqhuba ngokuhlalutya ngokubanzi ukubalwa kwee-UCS kunye namaBDI njengama-covariates kwiakhawunti ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kweziphumo ze-UCS kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Iziphumo zahlala zizinzile (akukho mnye ulwahlulo lwamaqela; ulwahlulo lwamaqela oluchazwe luhlala luphawuleka). Imaski ye-Anatomic yokuhlalutya kwe-ROI ye-amygdala (2,370 mm3), i-insula (10,908 mm3), i-coripon cortex (39,366 mm3), kunye ne-OFC (10,773 mm3) zathathwa kwi I-Harvard-Oxford Ii-Atlases eziKhuselekileyo kunye neeStransform Structures (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Atlases) (25% kungenzeka) enikezelwa yiHarvard Centre ye-Morphometric Analysis kunye ne-ventral striatum mask (3,510 mm3) kwiziko ledatha leProjekthi yoBongo yaBantu ngokusekwe kwiziko ledatha leBrainMap. I-atlas yaseHarvard-Oxford yitlasi enokwenzeka esekwe kwimifanekiso enobunzima be-T1 yezifundo ezinempilo ezingama-37 (N = 16 yabasetyhini). Imaski ye-vmPFC (11,124 mm3) yenziwe ngeMARINA50 kwaye isetyenziswe kwizifundo ezininzi zangaphambili.51, 52, 53, 54

I-Psychophysiologic Uhlalutyo lokusebenzisana

Uhlalutyo lwe-Psychophysiologic (PPI),55 ephonononga ukulandelelaniswa koqhagamshelwano phakathi kwendawo yembewu kunye nezinye iindawo zobuchopho ngomsebenzi wokulinga, okubizwa ngokuba yi-CS + vs CS-). Imimandla yembewu, i-ventral striatum kunye ne-amygdala, yayigxininiswe ngokuhlalutya ezimbini ezihlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwii-ROI ezisetyenziswayo (jonga ngasentla). Kwisinyathelo sokuqala, sakhupha i-eigenvariate yokuqala kwindawo nganye yembewu njengoko isetyenziswe kwi-SPM8. Emva koko, ixesha lokusebenzisana ladalwa ngokuphindaphinda i-eigenvariate kunye noguquguquko lwengqondo (CS + vs CS-) kwisifundo ngasinye kwaye uyayigxotha kunye nomsebenzi wokuphendula nge-haemodynamic. Ukuhlalutya kwinqanaba lokuqala kuqhutyelwe kwisifundo ngasinye kubandakanywa nekota yokusebenzisana njengomlawuli wezinto eziphambili (PPI regressor) kunye ne-eigenvariate kunye ne-regressor yokusebenza njengongqongqo.55 Kwinqanaba lesibini, sahlalutya umahluko weqela kunxibelelwano (i-PPI regressor) phakathi kweqela le-CSB kunye neqela lolawulo usebenzisa iisampulu ezimbini t-iimvavanyo kunye ne-vmPFC njenge-ROI. Izilungiso zamanani zazifana nohlalutyo lwe-fMRI lwangaphambili.

iziphumo

Izilinganiso ezingaphantsi

I-ANOVA ibonise imiphumo ebalulekileyo ye-CS uhlobo lwe-valence (F1, 38 = 5.68; P <0.05), ukuvusa inkanuko (F1, 38 = 7.56; P <.01), inkanuko yesini (F1, 38 = 18.24; P <.001), kunye nenqanaba lokulindelwa kwe-UCS (F1, 38 = 116.94; P <.001). Ukongeza, uhlobo olubalulekileyo lwe-CS × Iziphumo zokunxibelelana kwexesha zafunyanwa kwi-valence (F1, 38 = 9.60; P <.01), ukuvusa (F1, 38 = 27.04; P <.001), inkanuko yesini (F1, 38 = 39.23; P <.001), kunye nenqanaba lokulindelwa kwe-UCS (F1, 38 = 112.4; P <.001). Thumela uvavanyo lwe-hoc luqinisekisile imeko yempumelelo (umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwe-CS + kunye ne-CS-) kula maqela mabini, ebonisa ukuba i-CS + ibalwe njengeyona inomdla kakhulu, ivusa ngakumbi, kwaye ivusa isondo ngakumbi kune-CS- emva (P <.01 kuko konke ukuthelekisa), kodwa hayi ngaphambi kwenqanaba lokufumana, ebonisa imeko yempumelelo kula maqela mabini (Umzobo 1). Uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lubonise ukuba le ntlukwano isekelwe kumanqaku aphezulu e-CS + kunye nokuhla kweengxelo ze-CS kwixesha (P <.05 kuko konke ukuthelekisa). Akukho mahluko weqela wafunyanwa malunga ne-valence (P = .92) kunye nokuvusa (P = .32) izilinganiso ze-UCS (i-stimuli ebonakalayo yesini).

Umfanekiso omncinci womzobo 1. Ivula umfanekiso omkhulu

Umzobo 1

Iziphumo eziphambili zovuselelo (CS + vs CS-) kwizilinganiso ezizimeleyo ngokwahlukeneyo kula maqela mabini. Imida yempazamo ibonisa iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zentsingiselo. CS- = isishukumisi esimiselweyo -; CS + = imeko evuselelayo +; I-CSB = indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo.

Jonga umfanekiso omkhulu | Landa iSilayidi ye-PowerPoint

Izimpendulo Zokuziphatha Ngezikhumba

I-ANOVA ibonise umphumo oyintloko wohlobo lwe-CS kwi-FIR (F1, 33 = 4.58; P <.05) kunye neTIR (F1, 33 = 9.70; P <.01) kunye notyekelo kwi-SIR (F1, 33 = 3.47; P = .072) ebonisa ii-SCR ezongeziweyo kwi-CS + naku-UCS, ngokulandelanayo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-CS-. Akukho miphumo ebalulekileyo yeqela eyenziwa kwi-FIR (P = .610), SIR (P = .698), okanye iTIR (P = .698). Ukongeza, akukho CS uhlobo × Iziphumo zokunxibelelana kweqela zafunyanwa kwi-MOTO (P = .271) kunye neTIR (P = .260) emva kokulungiswa kwemilinganiselo emininzi (i-FIR, i-SIR, ne-TIR).

Ukuhlalutya kweFMRI

Impembelelo ephezulu yomsebenzi (CS + vs CS-)

Xa uhlalutya isiphumo esiphambili sokubeka imeko (CS + vs CS-), iziphumo zobuchopho obupheleleyo zibonise iimpendulo ezandisiweyo kwi-CS + ngasekhohlo (x / y / z = -30 / -94 / -21; ubuninzi z [zmax] = 5.16; ilungisiwe P [Pcorr] <.001) nasekunene (x / y / z = 27 / -88 / -1; zmax = 4.17; Pcorr <.001) ii-cortices ze-occipital. Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe-ROI lubonise ukwanda kokusebenza kwi-CS + xa kuthelekiswa ne-CS- kwi-ventral striatum kunye ne-occipital cortex kunye neendlela ezihamba ngayo kwi-insula nakwi-OFC (Itheyibhile 2), ebonisa ukulungelelaniswa kwemeko yeempendulo ze-hemodynamic kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba.

Itheyibhile 2Localization kunye neeNkcukacha manani zeeVoxels zePeak zeSiphumo esiPhambili seStimulus kunye Umahluko weQela lokwahluka kwe-CS + vs CS- (uhlalutyo lommandla-lomdla)*

Uhlalutyo lweqela

Ulwakhiwo

icala

k

x

y

z

Ubuninzi b

Ukulungiswa P inani

Impembelelo enkulu yokuvuselelaVentral striatumL19-15-1-22.80.045
Occipital cortexL241-24-88-84.28<.001
Occipital cortexR23024-88-54.00.002
OFCR491241-22.70.081
InsulaL134-3617173.05.073
CSB vs iqela lolawuloAmygdalaR3915-10-143.29.012
Ulawulo ngeqela le-CSB††

I-CSB = indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; k = ubungakanani beqela; L = ikhweyitha yekhohlo; OFC = i-orbitofrontal cortex; R = i-hemisphere yasekunene.

*Umda wawunjalo P <.05 (ilungisiwe kwimpazamo yosapho; ukulungiswa kwevolumu encinci ngokwe-SPM8). Lonke ulungelelwaniso lunikwe kwindawo yeMontreal Neurological Institute.

†Akukho misebenzi ebalulekileyo.

Ukwahluka kweqela (CS + vs CS-)

Ngokubhekisana nokungafani kweqela, iimvavanyo ezimbini zeesampuli azibonisi ukungafani ngokupheleleyo kwiingcamango zengqondo kodwa zibonise ukwanda kweempendulo ze-hemodynamic kwiqela le-CSB xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo kwi-amygdala elungileyo (Pcorr = .012) ye-CS + vs CS- (Itheyibhile 2 kwaye inani 2A), ngelixa iqela lokulawula alizange libonise ukusebenza ngokunyanisekileyo ngokuqhathaniswa neqela le-CSB (Pcorr > .05 kuko konke ukuthelekisa).

Umfanekiso omncinci womzobo 2. Ivula umfanekiso omkhulu

Umzobo 2

Iphaneli A ibonisa ukunyuka kweempendulo ze-hemodynamic kwizifundo ezinokuziphatha ngokunyanisekileyo kwezesondo xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo zolawulo ngokuchasene no CS + vs CS-. Iphaneli B ibonisa ukunciphisa iinkqubo zokudibanisa i-hemodynamic phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-prefrontal cortex kwizifundo ezinokuziphatha ngokunyanzela ngokwesondo ngokumalunga nezifundo zolawulo. Umbala wemibala ubonisa ixabiso lalo mzekelo.

Jonga umfanekiso omkhulu | Landa iSilayidi ye-PowerPoint

UCS vs non-UCS

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-UCS vs engekho i-UCS, ukungafani kweqela kuhlolisiswe usebenzisa iimvavanyo ezimbini zeesampuli. Akukho ntlukwano phakathi kwamaqela okwenzeka kule mpahla, ebonisa ukuba ukungafani kwii-CRs akusekelwe kwimimandla engaphenduliyo.

I-Psychophysiologic Interaction

Ukongeza kwiziphumo zokutya, sisebenzise i-PPI ukuphonononga unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-ventral striatum, i-amygdala, kunye ne-vmPFC. I-PPI ifumanisa ukwakheka kwengqondo okunxulumene nembewu ye-ROI ngendlela exhomekeke kumsebenzi. I-ventral striatum kunye ne-amygdala zazisetyenziswa njengemimandla yembewu kuba ezi ndawo zinxulunyaniswa nolawulo lweemvakalelo kunye nokulawulwa kokunyanzelwa. Iziphumo zobuchopho obupheleleyo zibonise ukwehla kokudibana phakathi kwe-ventral striatum njengommandla wembewu kunye nomphambili wasekhohlo (x / y / z = -24 / 47/28; z = 4.33; Pi-uncorr <.0001; x / y / z = -12 / 32 / -8; z = 4.13; Pi-uncorr <.0001), kwicala lasekunene, kunye nokuphambili (x / y / z = 57 / -28 / 40; z = 4.33; Pi-uncorr <.0001; x / y / z = -12 / 32 / -8; z = 4.18; Pi-uncorr <.0001) ii-cortices kwiqela le-CSB ngokulawula iqela. Uhlalutyo lwe-ROI lwe-vmPFC lubonise ukwehla konxibelelwano phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-vmPFC kwizifundo ezine-CSB xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo (x / y / z = 15/41 / -17; z = 3.62; Pcorr <.05; Itheyibhile 3 kwaye inani 2B). Akukho mahluko eqela kwi-amygdala-prefrontal yokudibanisa.

Itheyibhile 3 Ubeko lwasekhaya kunye neeNkcukacha manani zeeVoxels zePeak zeNtsebenzo yePsychophysiologic (ummandla wembewu: i-ventral striatum) yomahluko weQela (uhlalutyo lwommandla nomdla)*

Uhlalutyo lweqela

Ukudibana

icala

k

x

y

z

Ubuninzi b

Ukulungiswa P inani

CSB vs iqela lolawulo††
Ulawulo ngeqela le-CSBvmPFCR1371541-173.62.029

I-CSB = indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; k = ubungakanani beqela; R = i-hemisphere yasekunene; vmPFC = i-cortex yangaphambili yangaphakathi.

*Umda wawunjalo P <.05 (ilungisiwe kwimpazamo yosapho; ukulungiswa kwevolumu encinci ngokwe-SPM8). Lonke ulungelelwaniso lunikwe kwindawo yeMontreal Neurological Institute.

†Akukho misebenzi ebalulekileyo.

ingxoxo

Iingcamango zangaphambilini ziye zatsholwa ukuba imeko yokubangela ukondla yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphuhliswa nokugcinwa kweendlela eziziphatha ngayo kunye nezifo ezinxulumene neengqondo.16 Ngoko ke, injongo yolu pho nonongo ukuphanda ama-neural correlates of conditioning appetitive in subjects with CSB xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula kunye nokufumanisa ukungafani kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-amygdala kunye ne-vmPFC. Ngokubhekiselele kwimpembelelo ephambili yeemeko ezikhuselayo, sithole i-SCR eyongeziweyo, izilinganiso ezizimeleyo kunye neempembelelo ze-oksijini ye-oxygen-response dependant, i-OFC, i-occipital cortex, kunye ne-insula kwi-CS + vs CS-, ebonisa imeko yokuphumelela yesiganeko kuzo zonke izifundo .

Ngokubhekiselele kwiintlukwano zeqela, izifundo ze-CSB zibonise ukwanda kweempendulo ze-CS + vs CS- kwi-amygdala kuthelekiswa nokulawula. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuhambelana nokuhlalutya kwe-meta-yamuva ebonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-amygdala kudla ngokunyuka kwizigulane ezineengxaki zokuxhatshazwa komlingo xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula37 kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo, ezixutyushwa kumxholo we-CSB. Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwakhona kwanikezela ubungqina bokuba i-amygdala ingadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufuneni kwizigulane.37 Ukongezelela, i-amygdala ibonisa uphawu olubalulekileyo lokuqiniswa kwesignali yokufunda.16 Ngaloo ndlela, ukunyuka kwe-amygdala ekwenzeni i-reactivity kungasetyenzwa njenge-correlate yenkqubo yokufumana inzuzo, eyenza ukuba i-CS + ibe yinto engafanelekanga ekuthandeni ukuziphatha ngendlela kwi-CSB. Ngokuvisisana nale ngcamango, ukwanda kwe-amygdala reactivity kuye kwabikwa ukuba yinto egcinayo kwiintlobo ezininzi zeengxaki zengqondo ezinxulumene neziyobisi nezixhomekeke kwiziyobisi.56 Ngako oko, umntu unokuyicinga ukuba ukwandiswa kwe-amygdala kwimeko yesimo esithintekayo kunokubaluleka ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwe-CSB.

Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo ezikhoyo zivumela ukucinga ngokuphathelele kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-amygdala ngokwesaba kunye nesimo sengxaki esithintekayo. Siyicinga ukuba indima eyahlukileyo ye-amygdala kwimeko yokutya kunye nesimo sokukhupha isenokubangelwa ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwayo kwii-CRs ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukwanda kwe-startle amplitude ngenye ye-CRs echanekileyo ngexesha lokwesaba imeko kwaye ixoxisana ngokuyinhloko yi-amygdala. Ngako oko, i-amygdala isebenze ukufumana ngokukhawuleza ngexesha loloyiko lwesifo kunye nezilonda ze-amygdala zikhokelela ekudakaleni kweemeko eziqulathiweyo zendlela yokutya.57 Ngokwahlukileyo, i-startle amplitudes iyancipha ngexesha lokunyamezela, kunye namanye amanqanaba ompendulo ezifana nezimpendulo zentsapho (ezingabonakaliyo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-amygdala) zibonakala zizibonakaliso ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi zesimo sengqondo sesondo.58 Ukongezelela, i-amygdala i-nuclei eyahlukeneyo inokubandakanyeka kwimoyiko kunye nesimo sengxaki esithintekayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela inokusebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxhatshazwa kunye nokwesaba isimo.16

Ngaphezu koko, sifumene ukunciphisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-vmPFC kwizifundo nge-CSB xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo. Ukubambisana okutshintshileyo phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye neendawo ze-prefrontal kuye kwaxelwa kwimeko yokudityaniswa kwemvakalelo, ukuphazamiseka kwezidakamizwa kunye nokulawulwa kokungafuneki kwaye kuye kwaphawulwa ngongcakazo.43, 59, 60, 61 Ucwaningo oluninzi luye lwaphakamisa ukuba iinkqubo zokudibanisa ezingasebenziyo zingabakho ukulungelelanisa ukuphazamiseka kwemimiselo kunye nokulawulwa kwemoto.41, 43 Ngako oko, ukudibanisa ukunciphisa kungabonakalisa iindlela zokulawula ezingasebenzi, ezihambelana kakuhle neziphumo zangaphambili ezibonisa ukuguqulwa okuguqukileyo kwizigulane ezinokukhubazeka ekulawuleni ukuvimba.62

Siye sabona ukuhlukahlukana okuphawulekayo phakathi kweS CS + kunye ne-CS- ngokulinganisa okuzimeleyo nakwi-SCR kumacandelo amabini, ebonisa ukulungiswa kwemeko ephumelelayo, kodwa akukho mahluko phakathi kweqela kule nkqubo yesibini yokuphendula. Oku kufunyaniswayo kuyahambelana nezinye iingxelo zokubika iingxelo ezizimeleyo njengemakishi enokwethenjelwa kwimiphumo yesimo (oko kukuthi, ukungafani okuphawulekayo phakathi kwe-CS + ne-CS-), kodwa kungekhona ukufumana ukungafani kweqela kwisimo. Ngokomzekelo, akukho mahluko phakathi kweqela atholakala kwiingqinisiso ezizimeleyo nakwi-SCR ngexesha lokuxhaswa22, 23, 24 okanye aversive48, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65 imimiselo phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo, kanti ukungafani kweqela kwagqalwa kwezinye iindlela zokuphendula ezifana ne-startle okanye i-oxygen response-level response responses.22, 23, 24, 63 Ngokubalulekayo, ukulinganisa okuzenzekelayo akubonakali nje ukuba kungabonakali kumakishi weengxaki ezahlukeneyo zeqela kodwa kubonakala kungabonakali noluhlu olubanzi lwezinye iindlela zokulinga, ezifana nokuqedwa okanye ukusibekela.66, 67 Siye sabona umzekelo wempembelelo efanayo kwi-SCRs, kunye nokuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwe-CS + kunye ne-CS- kodwa akukho miphumo exhomekeke kwiqela. Ezi ziphumo zixhasa ingcamango yokuba izilinganiso ezizimeleyo kunye ne-SCR zingabonwa njengezikhombisi ezizinzile zokumisela imeko, ngelixa ezinye izilinganiso zibonakala zilungele ukubonisa ukungafani komntu ngamnye. Enye inkcazelo ingaba ukuba izilinganiso ezizimeleyo kunye ne-SCR zifumana ngaphezulu i-amygdala-ezizimeleyo (umz., Ii-cortical okanye i-ACC) iingingqi zengqondo ngokuchaseneyo neenkqubo zokuphendula ezifana nesimo esiphezulu se-startle-amplitude, esilungelelaniswa ngokuyinhloko ngeempendulo ze-amygdala.68 Ngokomzekelo, kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ii-SCRs ezimiselweyo, kodwa kungekhona izimpendulo zengqungquthela, ezibonakalayo kwizigulane ezinezilonda ze-amygdala.69 Ucwaningo lwexesha elizayo lufanele luhlolisise iindlela ezisisiseko ezingabangela uxanduva lokuhlukana kweenkqubo zempendulo ngokubanzi kwaye kufuneka zibandakanye i-startle amplitude njengomlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokuvavanya ukwahlukana kweqela.

Ukongezelela, kuya kuba lunomdla ukuthelekisa i-neural correlates yezifundo nge-CSB kunye neqela lokulawula elibonisa amanqanaba aphezulu okugqiba i-SEM kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuziphatha engasebenzi. Le ndlela yayiza kunceda ukuqonda okungcono imiphumo ebanzi yezinga lokunyusa kwe-SEM ekwakheni iinkqubo ze-neural ze-SEM.

Imida

Ezinye iimida kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Asizange sithole ukungafani kwi-ventral striatum phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Enye inkcazo yile nto inokuthi ukuba iziphumo zelitha zinokuthintela ukungafani kweqela. Ucwaningo oluninzi luye lwaxela ukuba iingcamango zesondo zingaphuthukisa ukudluliselwa kwe-dopaminergic ngaphezu kweminye imivuzo evuzayo.1, 58, 70 Ukongezelela, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-vmPFC ayikho indawo echazwe kakuhle kwaye ingaba neziqephu ezihlukeneyo ezichaphazelekayo ezibandakanya kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yemvakalelo. Ngokomzekelo, iqoqo le-vmPFC yokusebenza kwezinye iinjongo liphezulu nakwixesha eliphambili kwisiphumo sethu.43 Ngako oko, ukufumana oku kwangoku kunokubonisa iinkqubo eziliqela kuba i-vmPFC ibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukileyo efana nokuqwalaselwa okanye ukuhlaziywa komvuzo.

Isiphelo kunye nempembelelo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunyuka kwe-amygdala kwenzelwe ukunyuka komsebenzi kunye nokunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe kwe-PF-coupling-PFC ukuvumela ukucatshungulwa malunga ne-etiology kunye nokunyangwa kwe-CSB. Iimfuno ze-CSB zibonakala zilungele ukuseka imibutho phakathi kwamacandelo angathathi hlangothi kunye nesicoco sokusingqongileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ezi zifundo ziyakwazi ukuhlangabezana neengongoma ezenza ukuba kuqhutywe ukuziphatha. Ingaba oku kukhokelela kwi-CSB okanye umphumo we-CSB kufuneka uphendulwe ngophando olusasa. Ukongezelela, iinkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezingakhuselekanga, ezibonakaliswe ekunciphiseni ukuxhunywa kwe-prefrontal yokunciphisa i-ventral, zingase ziqhubeke nokuxhasa ukugcinwa kokuziphatha okunzima. Ngokubhekiselele kwimpembelelo yekliniki, sabona ukungafani okukhulu kwiinkqubo zokufunda kunye nokunciphisa uxhulumaniso phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-vmPFC. Iinkqubo zokufunda ezinokubambisana ezihambelanayo kunye nomgaqo-myalelo ongasebenziyo unokuthintela unyango oluphumelelayo. Ngokuhambelanayo nale mbono, ukufunyaniswa kwakutshanje kuye kwandula ukuba ukudibanisa kwe-PFC yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-ventral kungakhuphula kakhulu imiphumo yokuphindaphinda.71 Oku kunokubonisa ukuba unyango olujolise kulawulo lweemvakalelo lunokusebenza nakwi-CSB. Ubungqina obuxhasa olu luvo lubonakalisile ukuba unyango lokuziphatha kwengqondo olusekwe kwezi ndlela zokufunda kunye neemvakalelo, lunyango olusebenzayo kwizifo ezininzi.72 Ezi ziphumo zenza ukuba kuqondwe ngcono iindlela eziphantsi kwe-CSB kwaye ibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka njani unyango lwayo.

Ingxelo yo kubhala

Udidi 1

  • (a)

UkuCwangciswa kunye nokuDalwa

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; URudolf Stark
  • (B)

Ukufunyanwa kweDatha

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek
  • (c)

Uhlalutyo kunye nokuchazwa kwedatha

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; URudolf Stark

Udidi 2

  • (a)

Ukuqulunqwa kweSiqendu

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; URudolf Stark
  • (B)

Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kwiNkcazelo yoBuchule

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; URudolf Stark

Udidi 3

  • (a)

Ukuvunyelwa kokugqibela kweCandelo eligqityiweyo

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; UJan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; URudolf Stark

Ucaphulo

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Ukugqubana kwemidla: Ababhali babika ingxabano yomdla.

Inkxaso: Olu pho nonongo lwaxhaswa nge-Foundation Research Foundation (STA 475 / 11-1)