J Behav Addict. I-2019 Jun 1; 8 (2): 234-241. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.8.2019.31.
Sklenarik S1, Potenza MN2,3,4, Gola M5,6, IKor A7, Kraus SW8,9, I-Astur RS1.
Abstract
IMBALI YANGAPHAMBILI NEENKOLO:
Abantu abathetha iziyobisi bahlala bebonakalisa utyekelo oluzenzekelayo lokuphendula kwisimo esinxulumene nomlutha, apho basondela khona kunokuba baphephe ukubhebhetheka. Olu phononongo luvavanye ukuba ingaba indlela ethile ethathayo yokuvuselela inkanuko yesini ikhona phakathi kwamadoda amadala aseKholejini aneminyaka yobudala enza ingxelo esebenzisa iphonografi.
IINDLELA:
Sivavanye abafundi be-72 abangamabanga aphantsi abafundi besebenzisa umsebenzi wokuthintela indlela, besebenzisa ithuba lokukhuthaza u-erotic, ngexesha apho abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba batyhalele okanye bathathe iqhosha lokuphendula xa bejonga umfanekiso. Ukulinganisa indlela yokuhamba kunye nokuthintela iintshukumo, ukutsala isithsaba esandisiweyo somfanekiso kunye nokusongela umfanekiso. Ukuvama nobungqnqa bokusebenzisa iphonografi kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa iScreen seMifanekiso engamanyala engamanyala kunye neNgcaciso yeMifanekiso engamanyala.
IINKCUKACHA:
Abathathi-nxaxheba babonakalise indlela ebonakalayo ethe ngqo yokuvuseleleka okungaqhelekanga xa kuthelekiswa nokukhuthaza ukungathathi hlangothi, kwaye le ndlela ithanda ukuhambelana kakhulu nemilinganiselo yokusebenzisa iphonografi.. Ngaphaya koko, abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi enengxaki (njengoko ichongwe yi-PPUS) babonisa ngaphezulu kokuphinda-phindwe kabini kwale ndlela kunokuba benze njalo abo bangengxaki.
ISIQINISEKISO NOXANDUVA:
Ukuqwalaselwa kokukhetha okungafaniyo kwesimo esishukumisayo kubantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi kubonisa ukufana phakathi kokuziphatha kunye neziyobisi.
IINJONGO ZENGQESHO: umlutha indlela eya ngqo ukuthintela; umkhethe ngokwengqondo; iphonografi
PMID: 31257916
intshayelelo
Izifundo zeenkqubo zokuqonda ezisisiseko seempendulo kwisikhuthazo somnqweno (umzekelo, imifanekiso yotywala okanye iziyobisi ezinxulumene nokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni iziyobisi) zibonelele ngokubaluleka kokuphazamiseka, ukuchonga iimpendulo ezingacacanga kunye nokukhetha okunokuba negalelo kuphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kweendlela zokuziphatha (Intsimi & Cox, 2008). Unxibelelwano phakathi kocalucalulo wokukhumbula okukhoyo kunye nokuziphatha okuluqilima kufunyenwe kusetyenziswa iindlela ezinqamlezayo kunye novavanyo oluyilindle lokusebenzisa iindlela ngeendlela, kubandakanya imisebenzi yovuyo (ICousijn, iGoudriaan, kunye neWiers, ngo-2011; IKrieglmeyer kunye ne-Deutsch, ngo-2010; IWiers, Eberl, Rinck, Becker, kunye neLindenmeyer, ngo-2011), isivuseleli-impendulo yokuphendula (SRC) imisebenzi (Intsimi, iKiernan, i-Eastwood, kunye noMntwana, ngo-2008; IKrieglmeyer kunye ne-Deutsch, ngo-2010), kunye nemisebenzi yophandoUMechelmans et al., 2014; IPekal, iLaier, iSnagowski, iStark, kunye neBrand, i-2018; Abenzi beSchoenmaker, iWiers, uJones, uBruce, kunye noJansen, ngo-2007). Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kokukhetha ngokwasengqondweni, okunokubonakalisa utyekelo lwenxalenye lwenxalenye yemibutho efundileyo, kunye nokuziphatha okubonakalayo kuthathelwe ingqalelo kokubini eklinikhi nakwindawo engeyiyo yezonyango kumaqela abudala obahlukeneyo ukusuka kubantwana abadala kunye nakwishumi elivisayo ukuya kwabadala (I-Stacy kunye neWiers, ngo-2010).
Inkqubo yokuqonda ephambili ebandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okuluthayo kukukhetha icala, okanye isenzo esizenzekelayo sokufuna ukushukumisa umzimba othile (okanye ukuhambisa umzimba uye kwicala elithile) kunokuba kude nalo (Intsimi et al., 2008). Ngokweemodeli ezimbini zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, izimilo ezigwenxa ziphuhliswa ngenxa yokungalingani phakathi kwenkqubo yokuphembelela, "yokunganyanzelekanga" nenkqubo yolawulo (yolawulo lwenkqubo yolawulo)UCousijn et al., 2011; I-Stacy kunye neWiers, ngo-2010; IWiers et al., 2007; I-Wiers, Rinck, Dictus, kunye ne van den Wildenberg, 2009). Inkqubo yokutya iphikisana neenkqubo zomzimba ezichaphazelekayo ekuqwalaseleni nasekwenziweni, ezinokuthi zikhokelele umntu ngamnye ukuba ahlole isishukumiso ngokubhekisele kubaluleko lwesishukumiso kwaye aqale ukukhula kwemikhwa yenyathelo lokuzenzekelayo yokusondela kwisishukumisi somlutha (UBradley, uCodispoti, uCuthbert, kunye noLang, 2001; IWiers et al., 2009). Ukuzibandakanya okuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuhlala ixesha elide kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezinamandla kunokuqinisa iimpendulo ezilungileyo, ngaxeshanye kwandise iimpendulo ezizenzekelayo kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuphatha okulawula iimpembelelo; Lilonke, indlela yokuziphatha enxulumene neziyobisi inokuthi ikhawuleze, kungabi lula, kungabi nzima ukulawula, kwaye ilawulwa ikakhulu ngaphandle kolwazi (I-Stacy kunye neWiers, ngo-2010; UTiffany kunye neConlin, 2000; IWiers et al., 2007).
Ewe kunjalo, iindlela zokukhetha icala ziye zachaphazeleka kwiindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo. Umzekelo, i-Field et al. (2008) usebenzise umsebenzi we-SRC- apho isuselwa khona indlela yendlela yokuthintela (i-AAT)-ukubonisa ukuba iziselo ezinxilisayo (kodwa bangasebenzisi iziphuzo ezikhaphukhaphu) bakhawulezisa ukuhambisa umntu ngendlela, endaweni yokude notywala. Imisebenzi ye-SRC ikwachonge indlela yokutshaya abo batshayayo (IBradley, Intsimi, iMogg, kunye neDe Houwer, 2004) kunye nabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo be-cannabis (Intsimi, i-Eastwood, iMogg, kunye neBradley, ngo-2006). Ngokufanayo, iWiers et al. (2011) ifumanise ukuba ngexesha lotywala-i-AAT, iziselo ezinxilisayo zazikhawuleza ukusondela kunokuba ziphephe imifanekiso yotywala, kodwa ingezizo ezonxibeleleneyo notywala. Lilonke, olu phononongo licebisa ukuba abantu ababhabhayo baphendule kwiindlela ezinxulumene neziyobisi ngeempendulo zendlela, kwaye ezo ndlela zinokuthi ke zikhokelele kwindlela yokusetyenziswa kwabasebenzisi rhoqo (Intsimi et al., 2008).
Ngaphaya koko, indlela yokuthathela ingqalelo indlela enokubakho inokunxibelelana nolunye ucalucalulo lokuqonda, njengokukhetha ingqalelo kunye nokuvavanya, ukwenza inkqubo ekhuthazayo ejolise kumlutha egcina isimilo sokuziphatha. Uncwadi lucebisa ukuba ukongeza ekuboniseni indlela ezenzekelayo yeendlela ezinxulumene neziyobisi, abantu abakhobokisayo banakho ukuba babakhathalele ngokukhethekileyo (okt, bachithe ixesha elininzi bejongile) kwaye babavavanye njengabanomdla kunye nokuvuselela kunezinye iindlela ezikhoyo indlela eyiyo (UCousijn et al., 2011; Intsimi & Cox, 2008; I-Stacy kunye neWiers, ngo-2010). Ukudibana kwezi ntlobo zocalu-calulo kucaciswe yithiyori yenkuthazo yovuselelo, ethi ifezekise ubuntu kwiziphumo ezinxulumene nomlutha ezivelisayo ezivelisa ukuchasana kwezi zinto, inkuthazo yengxaki yokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuchasene noko kunye nokusebenza kwendlela yokuziphatha (I-Stacy kunye neWiers, ngo-2010). Ngokucacileyo, ukujongana nokhetho olukhethekileyo lwezinto ezinxulumene nomlutha kunxulunyaniswe rhoqo nobungakanani kunye nokuxhaphaka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nobunzima bokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa iziyobisi, ukongeza kumngcipheko onokubakho wokuphinda ubuye emveni kokuyeka; Iziphumo zifunyenwe ngokubhekisele ekusebenziseni utywala, icuba, i-cannabis, i-opiates, kunye necocaine (Intsimi & Cox, 2008; Abenzi beSchoenmaker et al., 2007). Ke ngoko, ucalu-calulo lokucinga, ukushukuma kwengxaki, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwiimpawu zokuziphatha zibukeka zinxibelelane.
Idatha iphakamisa ukuba isimilo okanye iziyobisi ezingekho kweziyobisi (umz., Ukungcakaza ukungangqinelani) zabelana ngeempawu kunye neendlela zokwenza iziyobisi (Isibonelelo, iBrewer, kunye nePotenza, 2007; Isibonelelo, Potenza, Weinstein, kunye neGorelick, 2010). Ukuziphatha okukhobokisa kufana nokulutha kweziyobisi kwi-phenomenology (umzekelo, ukunyamezelana kunye nokurhoxa), imbali yendalo, ukungahambi kakuhle nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, igalelo kwimfuza, ulungelelwaniso lwe-neurobiological, iziphumo ezibi (ezinje ngoxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yokusebenza), kunye neempendulo kunyango (UGrant et al., 2010; I-petry, i-2015; Umkhuhlane, i-2006). Imikhwa emibi yokuziphatha ekwabelwana ngayo nezinye izinto zekliniki zineziphazamiso zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, kubandakanya ukunciphisa isimilo sokuziphatha, ukuthanda inkanuko, kunye nobunzima bokunciphisa okanye ukuyeka ukubandakanyeka kuhambo lokuziphatha kakubi nangona kuneziphumo ezibi (UGrant et al., 2007, 2010).
Ngokuhambelana, ucalucalulo lokucalula lubonakalisiwe kuzo zombini iindlela zokuziphatha nakwisiyobisi.Umkhuhlane, i-2014). Umzekelo, abantu abongcakazo lwe-pathological basebenze kakubi kakhulu kumanqanaba okhathalelo oluphezulu kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezinye kodwa hayi zonke izifundo, kunye nokufumana okungqinelanayo okufumana ukuhlangana okungcakaza kunye nokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni iziyobisi kwimisebenzi ebandakanya imirhumo ye-cortical yangaphambili ye-ventromedial.UGrant et al., 2007; ULawrence, uLuty, uBogdan, iSahakian, kunye noClark, ngo-2009; Umkhuhlane, i-2014, 2017). Njengoko iinkqubo zecortical yangaphambili yecortical yangaphambili iye yanyanzeliswa ekuqhubeni iziphumo ezinomvuzo kunye nokwenza izigqibo (ILeeman kunye nePotenza, 2012; Umkhuhlane, i-2017), ukucalucalucalulo ngokokufana okubandakanyekileyo kubabandakanyeka kwiziyobisi kunokuchaphazeleka kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezona nkqubo ziphambili zokuchazwa kwamagama ezichaza ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo [okt., Uhlelo lwesihlanu lwe- I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities kunye nohlelo lwe11th loHlelo lweHlabathi lweZifo (i-ICD-11)] chaza kuphela iziyobisi ezingezozinto ezinxulumene nongcakazo kunye nemidlalo (I-petry, i-2015; Umkhuhlane, i-2018). Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki yemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo okunyanzelekileyo kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kuthathwe njengeziyobisi kunye nokwabelana ngeempawu ze-neurobiological kunye ne-neurocognitive ngeziyobisi.IGola kunye neDraps, 2018; UKowalewska et al., 2018; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, kunye neStrahler, 2018), nangona inyanzelo yokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo icetywayo njengengozi yokulawula ukunganyanzelekanga kwi-ICD-11 (UKraus et al., 2018). Okwangoku, uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukuvavanya ubungakanani benkqubo ethe rhoqo okanye enengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi enokubonisa ukufana ngokweklinikhi okanye umahluko kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha. Ukusetyenziswa koyilo lokuyila kunokunceda ukukhanyisela amanqaku ekliniki okanye iindlela zokuziphatha ezinxulunyaniswa nokusebenzisa rhoqo iphonografi.
Ke ngoko, injongo yolu phononongo yayikukufumanisa ukuba ingaba indlela ethile ithathwa njengekhoyo phakathi kwabantu abahamba ikholeji abasebenzisa iphonografi kunye nobungakanani bokunxaxha okunokubangelwa yingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi. Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kobugwenxa yindlela yokuziphatha exhaphakileyo phakathi kwabantu abakwiminyaka yasekholejini. UGiordano noCashwell (2017) Xela ukuba i-43.1% yabafundi beekholeji babukela iphonografi kube kanye ngeveki; ngaphezulu kwe-10% yaba bafundi bahlangabezana neekhrayitheriya zokulutha kwe-cybersex. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ponografi kuxhaphake kakhulu kubantu abancinci xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala nakwamadoda ngaphezulu kwabasetyhini (UBrown, uDurtschi, uCarroll, kunye noWilloughby, 2017). Iziphumo ezingalunganga ezinxulumene nengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi zibandakanya indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi ngokwesini (umz.IBraithwaite, iCoulson, iKeddington, kunye neFincham, 2015; ISchiebener, iLaier, kunye neBrand, 2015; IWright, iTokunaga, kunye neKraus, 2016). Ukujonga ukufikeleleka, ukubakho, kunye nokufikeleleka kweephonografi (Cooper, Delmonico, kunye neBurg, 2000) kunye nenyaniso yokuba zonke iinkqubo zentshukumo kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu aziyi kuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo kulutsha okanye kubantu abadala abancinci (Amagumbi, iTaylor, kunye nePotenza, 2003), abantu beekholeji banokuba semngciphekweni ophezulu wokusebenzisa iphonografi.
Kubonakala ngathi iinkqubo zengqondo ezinobuchule zisebenza ekusebenziseni ingxaki zamanyala kunye neziyobisi. Ewe, izifundo ezininzi zibonisa ukuba abantu abaziphatha ngokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesini babonisa zombini ezo zinto ziqwalaselayo (UMechelmans et al., 2014) kunye neendlela zokuthintela nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zophando zidibene. Umzekelo, uSnagowski kunye noBrand (2015) iguqule i-AAT enemifanekiso engamanyala kwaye yaqaphela ukuba abantu abazichaze kakhulu iimpawu zobugwenxa be-cybersex bathambekele kuyo nayiphi na indlela okanye baphephe ukukhuthaza iphonografi, kodwa hayi ukubandlulula. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa i-curvilinear kunobudlelwane oburhangqileyo phakathi kweempawu zokusebenzisa iphonografi okuyimpazamo kunye neendlela zothintelo zokuthintela, ezinokuthi uphawu olukhulu ngakumbi lunxulunyaniswe nendlela ethe kratya or imikhwa yokuthintela, kunye neempawu eziphakathiI-Snagowski kunye neBrand, 2015). Ngokwahlukileyo, uStark et al. (2017) ifumaneke kuphela ulwalamano oluluqilima phakathi konengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi kwi-Intanethi kunye neendlela zokuphepha ukuthintela into kwi-AAT eguqulwe ngezinto ezibonisa ukuba uyabelana ngesondo. Ngaphaya koko, kuphando oluqhutywa ngokubonakalayo, abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwimikhombandlela yokuxela imifanekiso engamanyala kunakuqikelelo lwenzuzo, kwaye le ndlela yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza yayihambelana nokufumana amandla okuqala kunye nobungqwabalala beempawu zonyango. uxinzeleloUGola et al., 2017). Imikhwa yokulutha kakhulu kwi-cybersex ikwayanyaniswa nobunzima bokulawula ukuqonda kwengqondo ngemeko yokubandakanya izinto ezininzi ezibandakanya imifanekiso engamanyala kunye neyezesondo.USchiebener et al., 2015). Ezi datha zibonisa ukuba ulawulo olungalunganga lunokunxulumana nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yeephonografi njengeziyobisi kunye neziyobisi. Xa sidibene kunye, kubonakala ngathi kuyenzeka ukuba ucalucalulo ubenakho ukubakho malunga nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yemifanekiso engamanyala, ubukhali bokusebenzisa, kunye nomnqweno wokuzibandakanya (UMechelmans et al., 2014; I-Snagowski kunye neBrand, 2015; Stark et al., 2017).
Olu phononongo lujolise ekulinganiseni indlela kunye nokuthintela ukuthintelwa kwabafundi beekholeji ezingamadoda asebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala besebenzisa i-AAT eguqulweyo nexhokonxayo; into yokusondeza edibene nokwandiswa kwengalo kunye nothintsho kwibala lokuvuya i-AAT inokulinganisa indlela yokwenyani kunye notyekelo lokuthintela (UCousijn et al., 2011; IWiers et al., 2009). Kwimeko yeziphumo zangaphambili, siye saqonda ukuba abafundi beekholeji abangamadoda abaye baxela ukusebenzisa iphonografi babonisa indlela yokuthatha inyani ngokuchaseneyo nokungathathi cala kwezopolitiko kwaye amanyathelo okusebenzisa ingxaki yamanyala ayingxaki ayahambelana nenqanaba lokuza.
tindlela
Amashumi asixhenxe anesibini abafundi abangamabanga aphumelele kwiDyunivesithi yaseConnecticut (iminyaka ephakathi = iminyaka ye-19.5, SD = 2.4) abazichonga njengabasebenzisi boononografi baqeshwa kwiSebe lezeengqondo kwi-Intanethi. Ukhetho lwezesondo lwavavanywa kusetyenziswa umbuzo kwisikali seKinsey (IKinsey, iPomeroy, kunye neMartin, ngo-1948/1988). Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana ikhredithi yeklasi ngokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba. Olu phando lwamkelwe yiBhodi yokuHlola amaZiko kwiDyunivesithi yase-Connecticut.
Abathathi-nxaxheba babehleli phambi kwekhompyuter kwaye bacelwa ukuba bagcwalise amaphepha emibuzo ngaphambi kokuba benze i-AAT ekhompyuter. Amaphepha emibuzo avavanya ukuqhunga kunye nobungqnqa bokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye neendlela zokujonga iphonografi. Izikali zibandakanya iNqaku leNgcaciso yeTV lokuThengiswa kweMifanekiso engamanyala (i-PPUS) kunye nescreen Screenra pornis (BPS), zombini eziphelisa ukusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala kunye nezimo ezinxulumene nazo. I-PPUS (Kor et al., 2014) linqanaba le-12-nto ebuza abantu ukuba bahlole ingxelo malunga nokusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kunyaka ophelileyo kwinqanaba le-6-point Likert isukela ku "soze yinyani"Ukuba"phantse iyinyani. "Isikali siquka iinkcazo ezinje," Andiphumelelanga kumzamo wokunciphisa okanye ukulawula ukuxhaphaka kokusebenzisa kwam iphonografi "kunye" ndichitha ixesha elininzi ndicinga ngephonografi "(Kor et al., 2014). Ngokufanayo, i-BPS icela umntu ngamnye ukuba aphendule kwiimeko ezintlanu ngokubhekisele ekusebenziseni kwabo amanyala kwiinyanga ezi-6 ezidlulileyo kwinqanaba le-3-point Likert ukusuka "ze"Ukuba"qho, "Kwaye iqulathe izinto ezinje nge,"Uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo zesondo nangona uziva unetyala ngayo"(UKraus et al., 2017). I-BPS yinqanaba lokuvavanya elibonisa kuphela indawo yokusebenzisa iphonografi enengxaki - ulawulo okanye ukungabikho kokuziphatha - kwaye kunokuba luncedo ekuchongeni abantu abasemngciphekweni wokusebenzisa iphonografi onengxaki okanye njengenyathelo lommiselo. Xa kuthelekiswa, i-PPUS sisikali esineemvavanyo ezibonisa iingxaki ezine zokusebenzisa iphonografi kwaye sinokunika umfanekiso obanzi wokusetyenziswa kweempawu ezingamanyala.Kor et al., 2014).
Sisebenzise ingxelo eguqulweyo ye-AAT esetyenziswe nguWiers et al. (2011), apho abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba batyhale okanye batsale ulonwabo ekuphenduleni imifanekiso esekwe kwiipropathi ezingabalulekanga zomxholo womfanekiso (umzekelo, nokuba umfanekiso ujolise nkqo okanye ngokuthe nkqo). Ikhompyuter nganye yayixhotyiswe ngemidlalo esemgangathweni yokuziyolisa kunye neefowuni kwaye yonke isoftware yayibhalwe ngokwesiko ngumbhali waseMzantsi Afrika. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba indlela yokuphepha yokuthintela ulonwabo yindlela efanelekileyo yokwenza indlela engacacanga yokuthintela isimilo esekwe kwi-valence yeempawu zokubonisa (IKrieglmeyer kunye ne-Deutsch, ngo-2010). Ngapha koko, iWiers okqhubekayo. (2009) cebisa ukuba xa umohluko othembekileyo osondeleyo kwindlela yokuhamba kunye nezothintelo kufunyenwe uphendulwa kwizinto ezingafanelekanga zemifanekiso (njengoko kuthelekiswa neempawu ezifanelekileyo), iimpendulo zinokwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zilawulwa ngaphandle kolwazi.
Umsebenzi we-AAT kolu phando uqulathe imifanekiso ye-50 erotic yabasetyhini, abantu abathandanayo, kunye nabatshatileyo kunye nemifanekiso ye-50 yokungathathi hlangothi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo zasekhaya, ezinje ngesibane okanye iwotshi. Inkuthazo yesidalwa ikhethwe ngokuhambelana nezifundo ezininzi ezixela ukuba i-erotica ebonisa abantu ababhinqileyo okanye abatshatileyo (eyindoda / eyindoda kunye neyasetyhini / eyabhinqileyo) ilinganiswe ngokungagungqiyo njengovusa kakhulu kwaye ivuselela inkanuko yokomelela eyomeleleyo, ibonakaliswa yimpendulo yomzimba (UBernat, uPatrick, uBenning, kunye noTellegen, ngo-2006; UBradley et al., 2001). Isiqingatha semifanekiso yayiyi-pixels ze-600 × 800 kwaye zaziswa ngokuthe nkqo (imbonakalo yomfanekiso), kwaye esinye isiqingatha yayiziiphikseli ze-800 × 600 kwaye zaziswa ngokuthe tye (ukubonwa kwendawo).
Emva kokubonelela ngemvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi, abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba bazalise iikhweshine ezenziwa ngeQualtrics, inkonzo yophando ekwi-Intanethi. Ukulandela oku, abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ngendlela yokugcwalisa i-AAT. Abathathi-nxaxheba babehleli phambi kwekhompyuter kwaye bayalelwa ukuba batsale uvuyo ekuphenduleni imifanekiso ejolise ngokuthe nkqo (umzobo - iiphikseli ezingama-600 × 800) kunye nokutyhala uvuyo ekuphenduleni imifanekiso ejolise ngokuthe tye (imbonakalo yomhlaba - 800 × 600 pixels) . Ukutsala i-joystick kwenza ukuba umfanekiso ukhule ngobukhulu, uvelise imvakalelo yendlela; Ukutyhala i-joystick kwenza ukuba umfanekiso unciphise ubungakanani, ukulinganisa intshukumo yokuphepha. Ubungakanani bokuqala bomfanekiso ngu-3 in. × 4 in. Yemifanekiso ethe nkqo kunye no-4 ngaphakathi. × 3 ngo. Kwimifanekiso ethe tyaba. Ukusondela kukhokelele kumfanekiso ekukhuliseni ngokuqhubekayo ngosayizi de wagcwalisa isikrini kwaye wanyamalala kwisithuba se-1-s. Ukuthintela kukhokelela kumfanekiso wokuncipha ngokuqhubekayo de kube unyamalale kwisithuba se-1-s. Isiqingatha sazo zombini ezi ntlobo zezinto ezikhuthazayo siboniswa njengemifanekiso yemihlaba kunye nesiqingatha esinye sanikezelwa njengemifanekiso yomzobo. Abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba baphendule ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo kangangoko kulo lonke uthotho lwe-2 yovavanyo lwe-100. Ixesha lokuphendula labalwa njengenani leemillisecond ukusuka xa umfanekiso wawunikwa kwiscreen ukuya xa kwaqaliswa intshukumo yovuyo. Uthotho lokuqala lwaqala ngezilingo ezingama-20 zokuziqhelanisa kusetyenziswa uxande olunemibala, kwalandela i-50 erotic kunye ne-50 ye-stimuli engathathi hlangothi eboniswe ngokulandelelana. Uthotho lwesibini lwenzekile emva kwekhefu le-60 kwaye saqala ngovavanyo olu-2 olulandelwa lulingo lwe-100 lovavanyo. Iimpendulo ezingachanekanga zachazwa yingxolo ebhabazayo kwii-headphone. Ibloko nganye yezilingo ithathe malunga nemizuzu emi-5 ukugqiba. Emva kokugqiba i-AAT, abathathi-nxaxheba baxutyushwa kwaye bagxothwa.
Idatha yokuqonda okhathalayo yabalwa ngendlela efanayo neyafunyanwa nguWiers et al. (2011) ye-AAT, iimpendulo ezazingachanekanga / ziphosile kunye namaxesha okuphendula ngaphezulu kwamathathu SDNgaphezulu intsingiselo alahliweyo ngokusekwe kwinxaxheba yomdlali ngamnye. Amanqaku okuvavanywa kwendlela ebalwa ngokukhupha amaxesha ajikelezayo aphakathi:
[(I-erotic push - ukutsala okuxakileyo) - (ukungathathi hlangothi - ukungathathi hlangothi)]. |
Yiyo loo nto ixabiso elibonisiweyo libonakalisa uthambekele ekuqondeni inkuthazo engafanelekanga. Ukugxekwa okungakumbi kwendlela-yokuthintela ulonwabo lomsebenzi wokuba inokuba novelwano kubathengisi (IKrieglmeyer kunye ne-Deutsch, ngo-2010); Ngokuhambelana, amaxesha okusabela kwangaphakathi asetyenziswa kuba awuthathelwa ingqalelo kakhulu kubathengisi kuneendlela (URinck kunye no-Becker, ngo-2007; IWiers et al., 2009).
Emva kokubonelela ngemvume ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo, isifundo savunywa yiBhodi yokuPhononongwa kweZiko kwiDyunivesithi yase-Connecticut.
iziphumo
Amashumi asixhenxe anesibini abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe kuvavanyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abasibhozo babandakanywa ngenxa yokubonisa ukhetho lwezesondo olwalungelulo ukhetho ngokwesini (okt, babenamanqaku aphezulu kune-1) kwisikali seKinsey (IKinsey et al., 1948/1988), Kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba abongezelelweyo abathandathu ababandakanywa ngenxa yedatha engaphelelanga okanye egqithileyo (okt, ingaphezulu kwesithathu SDs ngentla kwentsingiselo). Oku kubangele ukuba i-58 iseti yedatha epheleleyo.
Umzekelo omnye t-uvavanyo lubonakalise ukuba kukho indlela ebalulekileyo yokukhetha i-81.81 ms (SD = 93.07) yemifanekiso engamanyala, t(57) = 6.69, p <.001, xa kuthelekiswa nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi (Umzobo 1). Ukongeza, xa kuhlolwa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kovavanyo kunye nendlela yokujonga amanqaku, sifumene ulwalamano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-BPS kunye namanqaku okusondela, r = .26, p <.05, ebonisa ukuba amanqaku aphezulu e-BPS, omelele kwindlela yokujonga indlela (Umzobo 2). Ukudibana phakathi kwe-PPUS kunye neendlela zokulandelela ibingabalulekanga, r = .19, iiseti. Kwakukho unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kwamanqaku eBPS kunye nePPUS, r = .77, p <.001.
Umzobo 1. Kwakungekho ndlela yokufuna ukukhetha kwisimo sokungathathi hlangothi, kodwa ebalulekileyo (p <.001) indlela yokujonga izinto ezikhuthazayo. Amanqaku okhetho lubalwa ngokususa amaxesha okusabela phakathi: (RTpush - RTTsala)
Umzobo 2. Bekukho unxibelelwano oluqinisekileyo phakathi kwamanqaku kwi-BPS kunye nokusondela kwendlela (r = .26, p <.05), ebonisa ukuba amanqaku aphezulu e-BPS, omelele kwindlela yokujonga indlela
Ukuvavanya ukungakhathali kwengqondo kwabo basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi, amanqaku amanqaku e-28 okanye nangaphezulu kwi-PPUS asetyenziswa njengomqobo wokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala njengoko kucetyisiwe ngumbhali u-AK. Ngokuhambelana, abathathi-nxaxheba abane kwisampulu yethu bahlulwe njengabasebenzisi boononografi abanengxaki ngokusekwe kule meko. Senze uhlalutyo lwendlela enye yomahluko (ANOVA) ukumisela ukuba amanqaku okhetho lokuqonda ahluke kakhulu phakathi kwala maqela mabini. Abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi babonisa indlela eyomeleleyo yokufumana amanqaku [186.57 ms (SD = 135.96), n = 4] ngokuthelekiswa nabantu abangenangxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi [74.04 ms (SD = 85.91), n = 54], F(1, 56) = 5.91, p <.05 (Itheyibhile 1). Ngenxa yomehluko kwiisayizi zeqela, kukho inkxalabo malunga nokuhluka komahluko phakathi kwamaqela. Ngokuhambelana, siqhube kuvavanyo lwe-Levene lwe-homogeneity yeyantlukwano kwaye safumanisa ukuba akukho mehluko mkhulu phakathi kwamaqela, kungoko sicebisa ukuba i-ANOVA iyasebenza kule meko (i-Levene's stat = 1.79, df1 = 1, df2 = 56, p = .19).
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Ithebula 1. I-avareji ye-BPS kunye ne-PPUS yamanqaku kunye ne-RTs yeemeko ezine zabasebenzisi bokwabelana ngesondo kwiisampulu (N = 4), ichazwa njengabantu abafumene amanqaku angama-28 okanye ngaphezulu kwi-PPUS
| Iminyaka (iminyaka) | Inqaku le-BPS | Inqaku lePPUS | Inkqubo engathathi cala ye-RT (ms) | Ukuthintela ukungathathi cala kwi-RT (ms) | Indlela ye-erotic RT (ms) | Ukuthintela i-RT (ms) | Indlela yempazamo ethathayo (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19.5 (1.3) | 10.25 (2.2) | 29.75 (0.9) | 968 (263.3) | 985 (304) | 1,106 (366.7) | 1,310 (494.9) | I-187 (136) * |
Phawula. I-BPS: Isikrini esibonisa iphonografi; I-PPUS: Ingxaki yeephonografi enengxaki RT: ixesha lokuphendula.
*p <.05.
ingxoxo
Iziphumo zixhasa i-hypothesis yokuba abafundi beekholeji abesilisa nabasetyhini abasebenzisa iphonografi bayakhawuleza ukusondela kunokunqanda isikhuthazo ngexesha lomsebenzi we-AAT. Kwakukho indlela ebalulekileyo yokukhetha i-81.81 ms ye-erotic stimuli; Oko kukuthi, abathathi-nxaxheba bakhawuleza ukuya kwimifanekiso engamanyala xa kuthelekiswa nokuhamba kude nemifanekiso engamanyala. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakhawuleza ukutsala uvuyo kunokuba balutyhalele ekuphenduleni inkanuko yesini, kodwa kwa le nkanuko yayingekho malunga nokukhuthaza ukungathathi hlangothi. Iindlela ezifanayo ezichasayo zixeliwe kwizifundo kusetyenziswa ii-AATs eziguqulweyo, ezinje ngeStark et al. (2017Sebenzisa i-erotic-AAT kunye neWiers okqhubekayo. (2011) ukusebenzisa i-AAT yotywala. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zikwangqinelana nemisebenzi eliqela ye-SRC ebonisa ukuba abantu ababhadileyo babonisa umlinganiso wesenzo sokusondela kunokuba baphephe ukukhuthaza umlutha (UBradley et al., 2004; Intsimi et al., 2006, 2008).
Ngokubanzi, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba indlela yokuluthathekisa inokuba ngumpendulo okhawulezileyo okanye olunge ngakumbi kunothintelo, olunokuchazwa ngokudluliswa kolunye uhanahaniso lokuziphatha kwindlela yokuziphatha eyikhobokisayo. Njengoko kucetyisiwe loncwadi (UCousijn et al., 2011; Intsimi & Cox, 2008; I-Stacy kunye neWiers, ngo-2010), Abantu ababonisa iindlela ezizenzekelayo zendlela yokunxibelelana neziyobisi banomdla wokujonga ixesha elide (eneneni, ngokomndilili, abathathi-nxaxheba bajonge imifanekiso engamanyala ngaphezulu kwe-100 ms ixesha elide kunemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuba bayilahle; 2) kunye nokuzivavanya njengezintle ngakumbi kwaye zivusa ezinye iindlela, ezinje ngokungathathi hlangothi. Ngokuhambelana, iziphumo ezixeliweyo nguMechelmans et al. (2014) bonisa ukuba abantu abaneendlela zokuziphatha zesini ezinyanzelekileyo babonisa umkhethe okhuthaza umdla. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka ziphonononge iindima, ngokwahlukeneyo kunye kunye, indlela yokusondela, ingqalelo, kunye novavanyo lovavanyo ekusebenziseni iphonografi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba le ndlela yokuthathwa kwesizathu sokuziphatha okubi ayisiyiyo umngcipheko wokulutha; Kuyacaca ukuba abasebenzisi be-pornography banesimo sengqondo esihle ngokubanzi malunga nokukhuthaza i-erotic okanye bayayikhetha ngaphezulu kwesizathu sokungathathi hlangothi. Ewe, inkuthazo engathethekiyo inobuzaza obungaphezulu kweemvakalelo kunezinto eziqhelekileyo zasekhaya, ezinje ngesibane okanye idesika. Ngapha koko, inkuthazo evusa inkanuko.UBradley et al., 2001), ecebisa ukuba abantu banokuthi batyekele ekunxibeleleni inkuthazo engaqhelekanga.
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Ithebula 2. I-avareji ye-BPS kunye ne-PPUS yamanqaku kunye ne-RTs kwiimeko ezine kwisampulu yonke (N = 58 XNUMX)
| Iminyaka (iminyaka) | Inqaku le-BPS | Inqaku lePPUS | Inkqubo engathathi cala ye-RT (ms) | Ukuthintela ukungathathi cala kwi-RT (ms) | Indlela ye-erotic RT (ms) | Ukuthintela i-RT (ms) | Indlela yempazamo ethathayo (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19.5 (2.4) | 7.59 (1.9) | 17.98 (5.5) | 865 (168.6) | 855 (157.1) | 915 (216.6) | 987 (261.6) | I-82 (93.1) * |
Phawula. I-BPS: Isikrini esibonisa iphonografi; I-PPUS: Ingxaki yeephonografi enengxaki RT: ixesha lokuphendula.
*p <.001.
Ngaphaya koko, amanqaku ewonke kwi-BPS alungelelaniswe kakuhle namanqaku okusondela kwendlela, ebonisa ukuba ubukhulu bokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yeephonografi, kokukhona kuqina amanqanaba okusondela kwinkqubo evuselela inkanuko. Lo mbutho uxhaswe ngakumbi ziziphumo ezibonisa ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi, njengoko kuchongwe yi-PPUS, babonisa indlela engaphaya ye-200% yomgaqo oqinisekileyo wokukhuthaza ukujonga amanyala xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangasebenzisi ngxaki. Nangona kunjalo, okuokugqibela kokugqibela kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngononophelo xa kunikwa inani elincinci lokuhlangabezana neekhrayitheriya zokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziyahambelana nezo zikwizifundo zoburheletyo ezibonisa ukuba indlela yokuthantamisa enxulumene nesiyobisi yinto eqhelekileyo ekhoyo ebantwini abanakho ukuba likhoboka (UBradley et al., 2004; UCousijn, et al., 2011; Intsimi et al., 2006; IKrieglmeyer kunye ne-Deutsch, ngo-2010; IWiers et al., 2011). Ngokuhambelana nophando olubonisa ukuba ukhetho olukhethekileyo lokuqwalaselwa kwezinto ezihambelana nomlutha zinxulunyaniswa nobungqwabalala beendlela zokuziphatha ezichaseneyo (Intsimi & Cox, 2008; Abenzi beSchoenmaker et al., 2007), sifumanise ukuba indlela yokuthatha amanyathelo axa lithile inxulunyaniswa ngokuqinisekileyo namanqaku kwi-BPS, enokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo esibonisa umngcipheko wokusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala.
Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zethu zahlukile kwezo zibonisa ubudlelwane be-curvilinear phakathi kweempawu zokulutha kwe-cybersex kunye nendlela yokuthintela iindlela zokuthintela iisampuli zabafundi kunye nezo zingezozabafundi eJamani (I-Snagowski kunye neBrand, 2015). Kuyafana nokufunyenwe nguStark et al. (2017), abantu abaneengxaki ezikhulu zokusebenzisa iphonografi kolu phando babonisa kuphela indlela yokuthatha intsholongwane engavakaliyo, hayi ukuthintela umkhethe. Enye inkcazo enokubakho ngalo mahluko kukuba iSnagowski kunye neBrand (2015) ndisebenzise umyalelo onxulumene nomsebenzi (okt, shukumisa uvuyo ngokomxholo womfanekiso), ngelixa olu phononongo kunye nolo lwesifundo esenziwe nguStark et al. (2017Usebenzise imiyalelo-engabalulekanga kwimisebenzi (okt, hamba ngokokuqhelaniswa nomfanekiso okanye umbala weefreyimu zemifanekiso) Imiyalelo efanelekileyo yomsebenzi inokuthi inyanzelise abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baqhubekeke nenkuthazo ngokunzulu, enokuthi ikhokelele ekuphepheni kwindlela yokuziphatha phakathi kwabasebenzisi abaziva benetyala okanye boyika iziphumo ezibi ezinxulumene nokuziphatha kwabo (Stark et al., 2017). Ngelixa imiyalelo-engenamsebenzi ingangagunyazisi inqanaba elifanayo lokuqhubekeka, iWiers okqhubekayo. (2009) Yachaza ukuba iintshukumo zendlela ezifunyenwe ziphendulwa kwimifanekiso yemifanekiso engafanelekanga zichaphazeleka zizenzekelayo kwaye zingazi. Lilonke, xa kunikwa umahluko obonakalayo kuzo zonke izifundo ezenziweyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yolawulo, iisampulu ezahlukeneyo (umfundi ngumfundi / umfundi / ongeyena umfundi), kunye neendlela ezichanekileyo, uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuthintela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, kusetyenziswa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ze-AAT . Nangona kunjalo, i-4 yezifundo ze-58 (i-6.89%) yadibana nomda wamanqaku e-28 isebenzisa i-PPUS, kwaye oku kufumanisayo kuyahambelana nezifundo zangaphambili ezichaza malunga ne-10% yokuxhaphaka kweziyobisi kwi-cybersexIGiordano kunye neCashwell, 2017).
Kuthatyathwe ndawonye, iziphumo zibonisa ukufana phakathi kwezilwanyana kunye nezilingo zokuziphatha (UGrant et al., 2010). Ukusetyenziswa koonografi (ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi) kwaxhunyelelwa kwiindlela ezikhawulezayo zesishukumiso sokushushumbiswa kwezinto ezingathandabuzekiyo, ukungathandabuzeki kwendlela efanayo neyokuboniswa kwezidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kotywala (Intsimi et al., 2008; IWiers et al., 2011), ukusebenzisa i-cannabis (UCousijn et al., 2011; Intsimi et al., 2006), kunye neengxaki zokusebenzisa icuba (UBradley et al., 2004). Ukuqhekeka phakathi kweempawu zengqondo kunye neendlela ze-neurobiological ezibandakanyeka kwizidakamizwa zeziyobisi kunye neengxaki zoononophala ezisetyenziswayo kubonakala ngathi, ezihambelanayo nezifundo zangaphambili (UKowalewska et al., 2018; Stark et al., 2018). Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezongeziweyo zivumelekile ngokwamanqaku okuqonda kwengqondo, ngakumbi kwamanye amaqela asebenzisa iphonografi (kuzo zombini iindlela zonyango kunye ezingezizo ezonyango kubandakanywa nabasetyhini, abantu abangafananga abathandanayo, kunye namaqela eminyaka yobudala ngaphandle kwekholeji eneminyaka yobudala), njengoko kunjalo kwizifundo I-neurobiological kunye neklinikhi yolungelelaniso.
Ukushokoxeka kunye nezikhokelo zekamva
Imida kufuneka iqatshelwe. Okokuqala, olu phononongo luvavanye idatha evela kubathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda nabafazi abathandanayo abajonga iphonografi. Izifundo ezizayo kufuneka zivavanye ukungakhathali okunokubakho kumadoda kolunye ulwabelana ngesondo (umzekelo, ubufanasini kunye nabesini esahlukileyo), abantu ababhinqileyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zesini, kunye ne-transgender kunye namanye amaqela (umz., Kink kunye ne-polyamorous). Ezinye izinto ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe ekukhetheni kwengqondo (njengokuqala kokusebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo okanye ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwephonografi phakathi evekini kunye naphambi kwesifundo) zange ziqokelelwe kwaye kufuneka zivavanywe kwizifundo ezizayo. Izifundo ezongezelelekileyo kufuneka zivavanye nokukhetha okunokubakho ngokuzimeleyo ekuboneni iphonografi (umzekelo, kwiqela labantu abangaboniyo iphonografi).
Ukongeza, ukubuza imibuzo ngokubhekisele ekusebenziseni iphonografi kunokuba nefuthe ekuphenduleni ngexesha lomsebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, imibutho phakathi kwamanqaku esikalini ukuvavanywa okanye ukuvavanywa kwengxaki yephonografi iphakamisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwendlela eyahlukileyo kunye nobungakanani boonografi basebenzisa iingxaki, ukunciphisa kwezi nkxalabo kunye nokucebisa ukuba ucalucalulo lokuqonda kufuneka luvavanywe ngakumbi kwizifundo ezizayo. Kananjalo, uhlalutyo lwethu lwendlela yokukhetha ekusebenziseni ingxaki yamanyala ifuna isampulu enkulu yabantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi. Uphononongo lokuvavanya indlela yokujonga ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi kunokukhanyisa ngcono iindima zokukhetha kwengqondo kwikhosi yayo (umzekelo, ngexesha lonyango kunye nokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo). Izifundo ezongezelelekileyo zinokuphanda nonyango olusekwe kukhetho lokuqonda, unikwe idatha exhasa ukusebenza kwabo kweziyobisi (Gu et al., 2015; IWiers et al., 2011). Umzekelo, i-inpatient eneengxaki zokusebenzisa utywala yayiqhutywa ngokungqongqo okanye ngokucacileyo iqeqeshelwe ukuphepha ivuselela yotywala kunokuya kuyo kusetyenziswa iparigigm. Oku kuxhaphaza umkhwa wesenzo sokusondela kuhlobo lotywala kukhokelele kuthintelo olutsha lokungaseli utywala kunye nokunciphisa ukusela utywala; ngaphezulu, isiphumo sonyango esingcono sabonwa kwi-1 ngonyaka kamva (IWiers et al., 2011). Ngokubakho, iinkqubo zokubuyisela engqondweni kwengqondo zinokuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo zekliniki kunyango lokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi, kwaye oku kungenzeka kuvavanywe ngokuthe ngqo kwizifundo ezizayo.
URSA noGqr MNP bacwangcise uyilo lophononongo. Umsebenzi waseRSA usebenzile. I-MG yaxoxa kwaye yanikezela ngemifanekiso efanelekileyo kwisikhuthazo esingamanyani. I-SWK kunye ne-AK ziphuhlise kwaye zibonelela ngolwazi malunga novavanyo lwephonografi olusetyenziswe kuphando. I-SS ifumene inkxaso kwaye yaqokelela idatha. I-SS ngokusebenzisana ne-RSA yavelisa uyilo lokuqala lombhalo obhaliweyo. Bonke ababhali banikeze igalelo, bafunda, kwaye bayijonga kwakhona imibhalo ebhaliweyo ngaphambi kokungeniswa.
Ukugqubana kwemidla
Ababhali abanazo nakuphi na ukungqubana komdla ngokubhekisele kumxholo wokubhaliweyo obhaliweyo. Ugqirha MNP ufumene inkxaso yemali okanye imbuyekezo koku kulandelayo: uthethile neengcebiso kwi-RiverMend Health, Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics, kunye neJazz Pharmaceuticals; Ufumene inkxaso yophando engavinjelwanga kuMogan ka-Khasino weLasino kunye nenkxaso-mali (kwiYale) kwiZiko leSizwe leNtengiso yoGayo nePfizer; Uthathe inxaxheba kuphando, ukuthunyelwa ngeposi, okanye ukubonisana ngefowuni okunxibelelene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukuphazamiseka nolawulo lwempembelelo, okanye ezinye izihloko zezempilo; Ucebise amaziko asemthethweni kunye nongcakazo malunga nemiba enxulumene nokuphazamiseka kolawulo lokuphembelela kunye neziyobisi kubandakanya nokujonga iziyobisi dopaminergic; unike ukhathalelo lweklinikhi kwiCandelo le-Connecticut lezeMpilo yeNgqondo kunye neeNkonzo zeeNkozo zoNgcakazo ngeNgozi; enze uphononongo lwesibonelelo kumaZiko eSizwe wezeMpilo nakwamanye arhente; uhlele amaphephandaba kunye namacandelo eendaba; unike intetho yokufunda kumjikelo omkhulu, imicimbi ye-CME nakwezinye iindawo zekliniki okanye zenzululwazi; kwaye wavelisa iincwadi okanye izahluko zeencwadi zabapapashi bezicatshulwa zempilo yengqondo.
Ucaphulo
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