Indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo: I-Prefrontal kunye nomthamo wesibindi kunye nokusebenzisana (2016)

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IMIBUZO: Ngelixa isifundo sisebenzisa igama elithi "Ukuziphatha ngokunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo (CSB)," izifundo zazingamakhoboka eziyobisi ezingamanyala (jonga le nto yokushicilelwa). Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni lwezifundo ze-CSB zazinyusele umthamo we-amygdala kunye nokuncitshiswa kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo phakathi kokuphumla phakathi kwe-amygdala yasekhohlo kunye ne-bilateral dorsolateral preortal cortex DLPFC. Ababhali baqukumbela:

Iziphumo zethu zangoku zibalaselisa imiqondo ephezulu kummango ophenjelelwa sisifo esishukumayo kunye nokuphumla okungathungelwanga okuphakathi kukonxibelelwano olusebenzayo olusebenzayo olukumgangatho ophambili. Ukuphazamiseka kothungelwano olunjalo kunokuchaza iindlela zokuziphatha ezigwenxa kumvuzo osingqongileyo okomnye okanye uphuculo olwenziwe ngokutsha kwiimpawu zenkuthazo ezibambekayo. Nangona iziphumo zethu zevolumetric ziphikisana nezo zikwimeko yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (i-SUD), ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zinokubonakalisa umahluko njengomsebenzi wempembelelo ye-neurotoxic yokuveza isigulo esinganyangekiyo.

Ukufumana inguqulelo #1): "Umsebenzi omncinci wokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-amygdala kunye ne-dorsolateral preortal cortex." I-amygdala idlala indima ephambili ekusetyenzisweni kweemvakalelo, kubandakanya impendulo yethu kuxinzelelo. I-amygdala inyanzeliswa ngamandla kwiinkalo ezininzi zokulutha ezinje ngeminqweno, ukubuyela kwakhona kwi-cue kunye neempawu zokurhoxa. Ukuncitshiswa kokunxibelelana kokusebenza phakathi kwe-amygdala kunye nokuhambelana kwangaphambili kwecortex kunye neziyobisi. Kucingelwa ukuba ukunxibelelana okungathathi ntweni kunciphisa ulawulo lwangaphambili lwecortex ngaphezulu kwempembelelo yomsebenzisi yokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuluthayo.

Ukufumana inguqulelo #2): "Ukunyuka kwevolumu ye-amygdala" (oko kuthetha ukuba kungwevu ngakumbi). Uninzi lwezifundo zokulutha iziyobisi zichaza i-amygdalae encinci kwizidakamizwa (into engwevu). Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba ubuthi beziyobisi bunokukhokelela kwinto engwevu kangako kwaye ke kunciphise umthamo we-amygdala kwiziyobisi. Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kudlala indima. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-amygdala ihlala isebenza ngexesha lokujonga iphonografi, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuvezwa kokuqala kwesondo. Umzekelo, ukucofa kwithebhu ukuya kwithebhu okanye ukukhangela ividiyo okanye umfanekiso kunokukhanyisa i-amygdala. Mhlawumbi rhoqo zesondo ukubuka izinto ezintsha kunye nokukhangela kunye nokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezizodwa kwi-amygdala kubasebenzisi bezesondo ezinyanzelekileyo.

Ingcaciso engaphezulu yevolumu enkulu ye-amygdala kwiziyobisi ze-porn: Iminyaka yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-porn ngokuqinisekileyo kunokuba luxinzelelo. Ngaphezu koko, ezi zifundo ze-CSB zazingezizo iziyobisi ezingamanyala kuphela; Baye bafumana imiphumo emibi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa koononophelo (ukulahleka komsebenzi, iingxaki zobudlelwane, ukuphuhliswa kwe-ED). Nali inqaku eliphambili: Uxinzelelo lwentlalo olungapheliyo luhambelana nokunyuka kwe umthamo we-amygdala:

Nangona iindlela ezichanekileyo zepulasitiki zingaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, Ukuphakathi ukuya koxinzelelo olunzima kubonakala kukonyusa ukukhula kwamacandelo aliqela eamygdala, ngelixa iimpembelelo hippocampus kunye preortal cortex zihlala zichasene.

Sithathela ingqalelo oku kungasentla kokufumana oku Uphononongo luka-2015 oluye lwafumanisa ukuba "iziyobisi ezisesichengeni" zine-axis ye-HPA engasebenziyo (inkqubo yokufumana uxinzelelo). Ngaba uxinzelelo olungapheliyo olunxulumene nokulutha kwe-porn / ngesondo, kunye nezinto ezenza ukuba ulalane lukhethe, kukhokelela kumthamo omkhulu we-amygdala? Okokugqibela, umthamo ongezantsi we-amygdala unokuba yimeko ebekho ngaphambili kwiziselo ezinxilisayo, njengoko inzala kwiintsapho ezinomngcipheko omkhulu wotywala zinama-amygdalae amancinci.

LINK UKUFUNDA EZIQHELELEYO

UCasper Schmidt,1,2,3 ULaurel S. Morris,1,4 UTimo L. Kvamme,1,2,3 Iholo likaPaula,5 I-Thaddeus Birchard,5 kunye noValerie Voon1,4,6 *

Imephu yeBongo yoBuntu

Ababhali bavakalise ukuba akukho kungqubana kwezinto abanomdla ekuziseni.

Abstract

imvelaphi

Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo okunyanzelekileyo (CSB) kuqhelekile kwaye kunxulunyaniswa nokudakumba okukhulu komntu kunye noluntu. Isiseko se-neurobiology asikaqondwa kakuhle. Isifundo esikhoyo sivavanya umthamo wobuchopho kunye nokuphumla kokunxibelelana kwesimo se-CSB xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya asempilweni (HV).

tindlela

Idatha ye-MRI yoLwakhiwo (MPRAGE) yaqokelelwa kwizifundo ze-92 (i-23 CSB yamadoda kunye ne-69 yamadoda aneminyaka eyi-HV) kwaye yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-voxel-based morphometry. Ukubuyisela idatha yokusebenza ye-MRI esebenzayo yenqanaba isebenzisa ukulandelelana kwe-echo yocwangciso kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto ezizimeleyo (ME-ICA) kuqokelelwe kwizifundo ze-68 (izifundo ze-23 CSB kunye ne-45-age-matched HV).

iziphumo

Izifundo ze-CSB zibonise imixholo engaphezulu ye-amygdala engwevu yomthamo (elincinci elilungisiweyo, iBonferroni elungisiweyo P <0.01) kunye nokuncitshiswa kokuphumla kokunxibelelana kokusebenza kukarhulumente phakathi kwembewu ye-amygdala yasekhohlo kunye ne-dorsolateral preortal cortex yangaphambili (ingqondo iphela, iqela elilungisiweyo le-FWE P <0.05) xa kuthelekiswa ne-HV.

izigqibo

I-CSB inxulunyaniswa nomthamo ophakamileyo kwimimandla eneengalo ezihambelana nokuthambeka kokunyanzeliswa kunye nokusebenza kwemvakalelo, kunye nokunxibelelana kokusebenza okungasebenzi kakuhle phakathi kwemimandla yolawulo lwangaphambili nolawulo lwamalungu. Izifundo ezizayo kufuneka zijolise ekuvavanyweni kwamanqanaba obude bokuphanda ukuba ingaba ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zingumngcipheko obeka phambili kwendlela yokuziphatha okanye ziziphumo zendlela yokuziphatha.

izifinyezo

  • I-ACC yangaphandle ye-cingate cortex
  • I-CSB inyanzeliso lwezesondo
  • I-CSF fluid fluid
  • I-DLPFC dorsolateral preortal cortex
  • Umba o-grey grey
  • Imodeli yomgca ngokubanzi we-GLM
  • Amavolontiya enempilo e-HV
  • I-MPRAGE umazibuthe ulungiselelwe i-gradient-echo
  • I-OFC orbitofrontal cortex
  • Umda we-ROI wenzala
  • Imephu ye-Statistical Parametric Parametric
  • Ixesha lokuphindaphinda
  • Ixesha le-TE
  • I-VBM voxel-based morphometry
  • Umcimbi omhlophe weWM.

INTSHAYELELO

Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo okunyanzelekileyo (CSB), okwaziwa ngokuba yi-hypersexual disorder okanye ukulutha ngokwesondo, yinto eqhelekileyo (eqikelelwe kwi-3% -6%) [Kraus et al., 2016] kwaye zidibene nokudakumba okukhulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kubandakanya ukubonakaliswa ngokulangazelela, ukungakhathali, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwentlalo kunye nomsebenzi [Kraus et al., 2016]. Izifundo zamva nje zijolise ekuqondeni okuphantsi kwe-neurobiological ulungelelwaniso [Kraus et al., 2016] nangona ubuncinci bezifundo busenza umda ukuqonda kwethu ngeendlela ezisisiseko kunye nendlela esinokuthi siyiqonde ngayo le ngxaki. I-CSB iye yaqondwa njengengxaki yokulawula ukunganyanzelekanga okanye umlutha wokuziphatha [Kraus et al., 2016]. Nangona kunjalo, nangona iikhrayitheriya zokungahambi kakuhle kwe hypersexual zacetywayo ze-DSM-5 kwaye zaqinisekiswa kulingo lwenkundla [Reid et al., 2012], le ngxaki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi okanye ividiyo yeevidiyo, ayifakwanga kwicandelo eliphambili le-DSM-5, ngokwenxalenye yedatha emiselweyo. Ke, ukuqhubekeka nezifundo kwi-CSB ziyimfuneko yokuphuhlisa ukuqonda okungakumbi kwezi ziphazamiso. Nangona i-CSB inokuba neendlela zokuziphatha, apha sijonga kwiqela elinika ingxelo ngobunzima obukhulu ngokunyanzelwa kokusebenzisa iphonografi. Sisebenzise ibinzana le-CSB ngengcinga yokuba "inyanzelekileyo" ichaza ubuchule obuphindaphindwayo kwaye ayijoliswanga ekuchazeni naluphi na uqikelelo lobugcisa okanye lokucinga.

Siqhube uphononongo loncwadi ngokuchasene nokuziphatha usebenzisa i-voxel-based morphometry (VBM) okanye ubukhulu be-cortical. Sisebenzise la magama okhangelo alandelayo kwiPubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): '[("Voxel-based morphometry" okanye "cortical thickness") kunye],' ilandelwe ngu "[pathological gambling]," "[intanethi umlutha]," "[intanethi disorder]," "," okanye " [iziyobisi]. ” Lilonke, izifundo ze-13 zafunyanwa ngaphakathi kweziyobisi ngokuziphatha okunxulumene nokungcakaza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, okanye umdlalo wevidiyo ovavanye i-VBM okanye ubukhulu be-cortical. Ukuphononongwa koncwadi kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1 kwaye kuxoxwe ngezantsi.

Itheyibhile 1. Uphononongo loncwadi lwezifundo zevolumetric kunye ne-cortical thickness kwizilingo zokuziphatha

isihloko

Umlutha wokuziphatha

Izifundo (P / HV)

Ukulinganisa

Imimandla inyanzelisiwe

  1. Izifinyezo: HV, amavolontiya asempilweni; P, abaguli; r, kunjalo; l, ekhohlo; bl, amazwe amabini; GM, ngwevu; I-WM, imicimbi emhlophe; I-ACC, i-cortex yangaphandle yangaphandle; I-CB, ingqolowa; CG, cingate gyrus; I-CN, i-nucleus ye-caudate; I-DLPFC, dortolateral preortal cortex; I-HIPP, i-hippocampus; I-IC, i-insort cortex; IFG, gyrus engaphantsi esezantsi; I-IPC, i-portetal cortex ephantsi; I-ITG, i-gyrus yexeshana eliphantsi; UKUGQIBELA, i-lingual gyrus; I-LOFC, i-cortex ye-oral engaphambili; I-MFC, icala eliphambili langaphakathi; I-MOFC, i-medial orbitofrontal cortex; MTG, gyrus yokwexeshana esembindini; I-OFC, i-cortex ejikelezayo; I-PCC, i-cortex yecala elingasemva; I-PCG, i-post-central gyrus; I-PCUN, i-precuneus; I-PrCG, i-gyrus yangaphambili; I-PFC, indawo yokuqala; I-PHG, i-parahippocampal gyrus; I-RACC, i-rostral engaphandle kwangaphandle cingrate cortex; I-RMFC, i-rostral ephambili yangaphakathi ye-cortex; I-SFC, eyona cortex iphambili yangaphambili; I-SMA, indawo eyongezelelweyo yeenqwelo; I-SPC, i-portetal cortex ephezulu; I-VS, i-ventral striatum.
[Isibonelelo et al., 2015]Ingxaki yokungcakaza16/17Ubukhulu be-CorticalUkuncipha kobukhulu be-cortical kwi-r-SFC, RMFC, MOFC, PCG kunye ne-blC
[UJoutsa et al., 2011]Ngcakazo12/12I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelAkukho mahluko we volumetric kwi-GM okanye kwi-WM phakathi kwe-HV kunye nezigulana
[Koehler et al., 2013]Ngcakazo20/21I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelUkunyusa umthamo we-GM kwi-bl-VS kunye ne-r-PFC
[van Holst et al., 2012]Ingxaki yokungcakaza40/54I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelAkukho mahluko we volumetric kwi-GM okanye kwi-WM phakathi kwengxaki yokungcakaza kunye ne-HV
[Hong et al., 2013]Umlutha we-Intanethi15/15Ubukhulu be-CorticalUnciphiso lobunzima be-cortical kwi-r-LOFC
[Yuan et al., 2011]Umlutha we-Intanethi18/18I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelYehlisiwe umthamo we-GM kwi-DLPFC, SMA, OFC, CB, RACC
[UZhou et al., 2011]Umlutha we-Intanethi15/18I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelUkuncipha koxinano lwe-GM kwi-l-ACC, PCC, IC, UKUPHILA
[Il et al., 2014]Isiyobisi somdlalo we-Intanethi35/36I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelUkuncipha koxinano lwe-GM kwi-IFG, l-CG, IC, kunye ne-r-HIPP                  

Ukuncitshiswa koxinano lwe-WM kwi-IFG, i-IC, i-IPC, i-ACC

[Ilanga et al., 2014]Isiyobisi somdlalo we-Intanethi18/21I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelUkunyusa umthamo we-GM kwi-r-ITG, MTG, PHG                  

Yehlisiwe umthamo we-GM kwi-l-PrCG

[U-et et al., 2015]Ingxaki yokudlala ye-Intanethi28/28I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelYehlisiwe umthamo we-GM kwi-ACC, PCUN, SMA, SPC, kunye l-DLPFC, IC, CB
[UCai et al., 2015]Ingxaki yokudlala ye-Intanethi27/30Umthamo ongaphantsi, FreeSurferUkunyuka kwevolumu ye-CN kunye ne-VS
[UWeng et al., 2013]Online umdlalo likhoboka17/17I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxelYehlisiwe umthamo we-GM kwi-r-OFC, SMA kunye ne-bl-IC
[Yuan et al., 2013]Online umdlalo likhoboka18/18Ubukhulu be-CorticalUkunyusa ubukhulu be-cortical kwi-l-PrCG, PCUN, MFC, ITG, MTG                  

Ukuncipha kobukhulu be-cortical kwi-l-LOFC, IC, r-PCG, IPC

Ukuqonda ukuphazamiseka kwe-neural kweziyobisi zivela kwizifundo zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (SUD). Abantu abane-SUD bonisa ukwehla kumthamo wengqondo ye-cortical kunye nobukhulu ikakhulu kwimimandla yangaphambili yecortical egcina ulawulo lokuziphatha oluguqukayo. Uhlalutyo lwakutsha nje lwe-meta-yezifundo ze-9 kunye ne-296 exhomekeke kwiziselo ezinxilisayo ezifunyenwe zincitshiswe kakhulu kwimiba engwevu (GM), kubandakanya i-cterex cortex (ACC) [ye-Xiao et al. 2015], kunye nomthamo wangaphambili we-cortical GM GM unxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kotywala [Taki et al., 2006]. Iivolumu eziphambili ze-GM ziye zancitshiswa ngokufanayo kumntu oxhomekeka kwi-cocaine, kubandakanya ne-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) [Rando et al., 2013; UTanabe et al., 2009], i-cortex yangaphambili yangaphambili [Rando et al., 2013] kunye ne-ACC [ICololly et al., 2013], le yokugqibela inxulunyaniswa neminyaka yokusebenzisa iziyobisi [uContolly et al., 2013].

Umahluko weqela kwimigangatho ye-cortical kunye nobungqingqwa bungacacanga kwimikhwa yokuziphatha (ephononongwa kwiTheyibhile 1). Izifundo ezithathu ezincinci zokuphazamiseka kwengcakazo zibonise iziphumo ezingahambelani nazo zinciphise ukuqina kwe-cortical kwiindawo ezininzi zangaphambili kunye neze-parietal [Grant et al., 2015], ukunyuka kweevolontiya eziphambili zecortex yangaphambili [Koehler et al., 2013] okanye akukho mahluko kwiqela [Joutsa et al., 2011]. Kuphononongo olukhulu lweengxaki zokungcakaza ezinqabileyo, akukho mahluko weqela waqwalaselwa kwimithamo yengqondo [van Holst et al., 2012]. Isifundo esinye esincinci kwi-intanethi yeziyobisi zibonisa ukungabi namandla kwe-cortical kwi-OFC [Hong et al., 2013], ngenye inqaku lokunika ingxelo elisezantsi kwi-dorsolateral pre kwangaphambilial cortex (DLPFC) [Yuan et al., 2011] kunye nezifundo ezibini eziphakamisa imixholo engezantsi ye-ACC [uYuan et al., 2011; UZhou et al., 2011]. Izifundo ezibini ezincinci kwi-intanethi yokudlala ukuphazamiseka kuxelwe ukunciphisa inani kwi-OFC [Weng et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013], kunye nezifundo ezibini ezikhulu ezixeliweyo ezincinci kwi-cingate cortex [Lin et al., 2014; U-Wang et al., 2015] ngezifundo ezizodwa ezixeliweyo ziyancipha kwi-DLPFC [Wang et al., 2015], umphambili ongaphantsi [Lin et al., 2014], iparietal ephezulu [u-et et al., 2015] kunye neparietal ephantsi [uYuan et al., 2013] iicortices. Ngokumalunga nezakhiwo ezincinci, isifundo esinye esincinci saxela i-ventral striatal (VS) yevolum yenqanaba lokungcakaza [Koehler et al., 2013] ngaphandle kokungafani ngokwahlukeneyo kwengxelo kuxelwe kwezinye izifundo. Kwingxaki yokudlala kwi-intanethi, iziphumo zaye zahambelana ngokufanayo nakweyiphi enkulu iparahippocampal [Ilanga et al., 2014], i-hippocampal esezantsi [uLin et al., 2014] okanye akukho mahluko [Wang et al., 2015; UWeng et al., 2013]. Uphononongo olunye olunesayizi efanelekileyo yesampulu egxile kumanani angaphantsi kwe-subcortical avakalise i-caudate enkulu kunye nevolthi zeVS ezinxulumene nokusilela kolawulo [cai et al., 2015]. Xa zithathiwe kunye, iziphumo zophando lobuchwephesha okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kwezokungcakaza kungahambelani kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iingxelo zokuxhuzula kwezomzimba ekusebenziseni i-intanethi okanye ukugembula kweintanethi kusoloko kunika ingxelo ethe vetshe yokuhla kwe-ACC kunye ne-OFC yexabiso eliphindwe kabini kwizifundo ezibini.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bukhona ubungqina obunqabileyo bokutshintsha kobume be-neural kubantu abane-CSB. Izifundo zabantu abaphilayo abanokusetyenziswa gwenxa kokusebenzisa iphonografi ngaphandle kokuchongwa kwe-CSB bonisa imilinganiselo ephantsi ye-GM kwi-caudate elungileyo [Kühn naseGallinat, 2014]. Uphazamiso oluncinci lweMRI yokufunda kwabantu abane-CSB (N = 8 ngeqela) ibonakalise ukwehla kokungafaniyo kwimicimbi ephambili emhlophe ephambili (WM) xa kuthelekiswa ne-HV [Miner et al., 2009]. Ngokumalunga nemisebenzi esebenzayo, i-HV yamadoda ibonakalisa iinkqubo ezandisiweyo zokuhlala kunye nomsebenzi ongezantsi wasemva WOKUGQIBELA kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo [Kühn neGallinat, 2014] kunye nokwehla okunokwenzeka okunokwenzeka kwimifanekiso ecacileyo [Prause et al., 2015]. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwisifundo esisekwe kwi-fMRI xa kuthelekiswa ne-CSB ne-HV, iividiyo ezichazayo zesondo ziveze iimpendulo eziphezulu ze-VS, i-amygdala kunye ne-dorsal ACC BOLD impendulo kwi-CSB [Voon et al., 2014]. Ukudibana okusebenzayo phakathi kwale mimandla kudityaniswe nesalathiso somnqweno wesondo okanye "ukufuna" kodwa kungenjalo "ukuthanda" kwizifundo ze-CSB eziphakamisa indima yenkuthazo yokuqhubekeka, ukuhambelana kweziyobisi. Kwangokunjalo, kolunye uphononongo kubuxhakaxhaka beentengiso zephonografi kwi-Intanethi, umfanekiso okhethiweyo wesondo unxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi omkhulu wokungena kwi-intanethi kwaye ulungelelaniswe kuphela neempawu ezixeliweyo zokulutha kwi-Intanethi iphonografi kwaye hayi ngamanye amanyathelo okuziphatha ngokwesondo okanye uxinzelelo [Brand et al., 2016]. Olunye uphononongo lwakutsha nje lukwabonisa ukuba abantu abaneengxaki zokuziphatha gwenxa baye banamava rhoqo kwaye baphucula iminqweno yesini ngexesha lokuchaphazeleka kwisondo, kwaye ukuba kusebenze ngakumbi kwabonwa kwi-caudate, kwi-parietal lobe ephantsi, kwi-dorsal anterior cingate gyrus, thalamus, and DLPFC [Seok noSohn, 2015]. Abantu be-CSB baphinda babonakalise umdla wokuqala kwabasetyhini ekucaciseni ukuba bayazithanda ngokwesini [iMechelmans et al., 2014] ehambelana nokukhetha okukhethayo kwimikhwa ehamba ngemifanekiso yesondo [Banca et al., 2016]. Ukuphendula ukubhencwa okuphindaphindiweyo kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo engaqhelekanga, izifundo ze-CSB zibonise indawo yokuhlala enkulu kwi-ACC kwiziphumo zesondo, ezihambelana nokukhethwa kwimifanekiso yenoveli yesondo [uBanca et al., 2016], isiphumo esinokuthi sichazwe nangayiphi na indawo yokuhlala kodwa sinokuhambelana nombono wokunyamezelana iziyobisi.

Uphononongo lwangoku luhlola i-volumetric GM kwi-CSB kwaye iphonononge uncwadi lwangoku kwizifundo ezinobunzima be-volumetric kunye ne-cortical thickness kwi-intanethi ukungcakaza kunye nakwi-intanethi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezemidlalo. Sikwavavanya ukuphumla kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo kukarhulumente kwabantu abane-CSB kunye nokulinganiswa kwe-HV ngenqaku lezinto ezininzi ezilandelanayo zokucwangciswa kocwangciso kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamacandelo azimeleyo (ME-ICA) apho imiqondiso ye-BOLD ichongwe njengamacandelo azimeleyo kunye nexesha le-echo yexesha (TE) -Ukuxhomekeka kotshintsho lomqondiso ngexa imiqondiso engeyo-BOLD ichongwa njengezinto ezizimeleyo ze-TE [Kundu et al., 2012]. Silindele uthungelwano oluphazamisekileyo wesisistim kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nomvuzo ezixhaswe yi-amygdala, i-VS kunye ne-dorsal ACC.

IINDLELA

nxaxheba

Izifundo ze-CSB zaye zaqeshwa ngeentengiso ezisekwe kwi-Intanethi nasekukhutshelweni kwabanyangi. Indoda endala ene-HV yamadoda yaqeshwa kwizintengiso ezisekwe kuluntu kwindawo ye-East Anglia. Zonke izifundo ze-CSB zenziwa udliwanondlebe nogqirha wezengqondo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bazalisekisa iindlela zokuqonda isifo se-CSB (yahlangabezana neendlela zokuvavanya isifo kuzo zombini i-hypersexual disorder [Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012] kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo [Carnes et al., 2007], kugxilwe ekusetyenzisweni okunyanzelekileyo kwezinto ezikwabelana ngesondo kwi-intanethi. Oku kuvavanywe kusetyenziswa inguqu eguqulweyo ye-Arizona (ama-ASES) [Mcgahuey et al., 2011], apho imibuzo yaphendulwa kwinqanaba le-1-8, elinamanani aphakamileyo abonisa ukukhubazeka okukhulu. Ngenxa yobume beziqulatho, zonke izifundo ze-CSB kunye ne-HV zazingamadoda kunye nesondo. Zonke i-HV zazindala (± 5 iminyaka ubudala) kunye nezifundo ze-CSB. Izifundo zaye zahlolwa ukuba zihambelane nommandla we-MRI njengoko senze ngaphambili [Banca et al., 2016; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014]. Inkqubo yokukhuphela iquka ukungena phantsi kwe-18 yeminyaka ubudala, eneembali ze-SUD, ekubeni ngumsebenzisi oqhelekileyo wezinto ezingekho mthethweni (kuquka i-cannabis), kunye nesifo esibucayi seengqondo, kuquka ukuxinezeleka okukhulu okwexeshana okanye ukuphazamiseka kokunyanzelekayo, okanye imbali ye-bipolar disorder okanye i-schizophrenia (ichongiwe isebenzisa iMigodi ye-International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) [Sheehan et al., 1998]. Ezinye izidakamizwa zokunyanzelisa okanye zokuziphatha nazo zazingekho. Izifundo zavavanywa nguthambo lweengxaki malunga nokusetyenziswa kweengxaki kwi-intanethi okanye kwi-media media, ukugembula kwentsholongwane okanye ukuthenga izinto ezinyanzelisayo, ubuntwaneni okanye umntu omdala ekukhathaleleni ukungathandabuzeki kwimeko yokugula, kunye nokuxilongwa kweengxaki zokutya. Izifundo zagqitywa i-UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [i-Whiteside neLynam, 2001] ukuvavanya ukungahambi kakuhle, kunye ne-Beck Depression Inventory [u-Beck et al., 1961] ukuvavanya. Izifundo ezimbini ze-23 CSB zithatha i-anti-depressants okanye zine-disorbid disorder disorder and social phobia (N = 2) okanye phobia yentlalo (N = 1) okanye imbali yobuntwana ye-ADHD (N = 1). Imvume ebhaliweyo ifunyenwe, kwaye isifundo savunywa yiKomiti yeeNqobo eziseSikweni yoPhando kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge. Izifundo zahlawulwa ngokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba.

Neuroimaging

Ukufumana idatha kunye nokucwangciswa

Ulwakhiwo.

Imifanekiso eqokelelweyo yaqokelelwa kubandakanya umazibuthe opheleleyo olungiselelwe i-gradient-echo (MPRAGE) kusetyenziswa isithwebuli se-Motorola Tim Trio 3T-ene-32-isiteshi se-coil yentloko esebenzisa i-T1 enobunzima bokulandelelana kwe-MPRAGE (176 sagittal slices, 9 skanszuzu; ixesha lokuphindaphinda (TR) = I-2,500 ms; echo time (TE) = 4.77 ms; ixesha lokuguqula = 1,100 ms; ukufunyanwa kwe-matrix = 256 × 256 × 176; i-flip angle = 7 °; ubungakanani be-voxel 1 × 1 × 1 mm). Ukuskena kwenzekile kwiZiko lokuLinganisa i-Wolfson Brain kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge.

Idatha yolwakhiwo yaqwalaselwa nge-Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) (IZiko leTrustcome Trust leNeuroimaging, eLondon, e-UK). Imifanekiso ye-anatomical yayijongwa ngesandla, ibeka imvelaphi kwindawo yangaphambi kokuncoma. Imifanekiso yahlulwahlulwa (kusetyenziswa iSecurity entsha ye-SPM) kwi-GM, WM kunye neCypbrospinal fluid (CSF) ngokusekwe kwimephu yemigangatho yohlobo oluthile lweethishu. Iivolumu ezintathu zeklasi yezicubu zabizwa ukuba zivelise umthamo opheleleyo we-intracranial. Itemplate yangokwezifiso yadalwa kusetyenziswa i-DARTEL [Ashburner, 2007], Echaza iiparameter eziyimfuneko ukulungelelanisa umfanekiso wemvelo womntu ngamnye kwindawo eqhelekileyo, ngendlela ephindaphindayo. Itemplate ye-DARTEL yayibhaliswa kwiimephu ezinokubakho ezinokuguqulwa kwe-affine, izisa imifanekiso kwindawo ye-MNI. Imifanekiso yacocwa ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nobubanzi obugcweleyo kwi-kernel yesiqingatha se-8 mm3.

Isimo sokuphumla.

Idatha yokuphumla ye-fMRI ye-state yafunyanwa kwimizuzu ye-10 ngamehlo avulekileyo nge-Motorola 3T Tim Trio scanner ene-32-channel ye-coil yentloko kwi-Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Ulandelelwano lwe-echo echo yocwangciso lokucwangciswa kwemifanekiso lwasetyenziswa kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwi-intanethi (ixesha lokuphindaphinda, i-2.47 s; i-flip angle, i-78 °; ubungakanani be-matrix 64 × 64; isisombululo sendiza, i-3.75 mm; FOV, i-240 mm; ii-32 ii-oblique sillices ukufunyanwa kwesilayidi ubukhulu be-3.75 mm ngesithuba se-10%; i-iPAT factor, 3; bandwidth = 1,698 Hz / pixel; ixesha le-echo (TE) = 12, 28, 44, kunye ne-60 ms).

Uhlalutyo lwezinto ezizimeleyo ze-Multi-echo (ME-ICAv2.5 beta6; http://afni.nimh.nih.gov) yayisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo kunye nengcaciso ye-fMRI yedatha yokuphumla emininzi. I-ME-ICA ibola idatha ye-fMRI ye-ec-en-centi enamacala azimeleyo nge-FastICA. I-BOLD isenti yokutshintsha kwesiginali ixhomekeka ngokuchanekileyo kwi-TE, uphawu lwe-T2 * ukubola. Oluxhomekeko lwe-TE lilinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-pseudo-F-estatistic, kappa, enamacandelo esikalini esinee-TE ezinamanqaku aphezulu e-kappa [Kundu et al., 2012]. Izinto ezingezizo ze-BOLD zichongiwe ukuzimela kwe-TE okulinganiswa yi-pseudo-F-nomdla, rho. Izinto ezidityanisiweyo zahlulwa ngokwe-BOLD okanye ezingezizo-BOLD ngokusekwe kwi-kappa yabo kunye nexabiso le-rho, ngokwahlukeneyo [Kundu et al., 2012]. Izinto ezingezizo ze-BOLD zisuswe ngokuqikelela, idatha yokususa intshukumo, izinto zomzimba kunye neskena ngendlela eyomeleleyo esekwe kwimigaqo ebonakalayo. Imifanekiso nganye ye-echo engacacanga yomntu ngamnye yayifakwe kwi-MPRAGE yayo kwaye yaqhelekiswa kwitemplate ye-Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Ukuthanjiswa kwendawo kwaqhutywa ngekernel yeGaussian (ububanzi obupheleleyo besiqingatha esipheleleyo = 6 mm). Ikhosi yexesha le voxel nganye yayihluziwe okwexeshana ngebhanti (0.008 f <0.09 Hz). Iskena somntu ngamnye sokuvavanywa komzimba sahlulwa saya kwi-GM, WM, nakwi-CSF. Izinto eziphambili eziphambili zeempawu ezivela kwi-WM kunye ne-CSF zisusiwe.

Uhlalutyo olusebenzayo lokudityaniswa kwemisebenzi lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ummandla wenzala (i-ROI) -indlela yokuhambisa kunye nesixhobo se-CONN-fMRI isiSebenzo seNethiwekhi soQhagamshelo [iWhitfield-Gabrieli neNieto-Castanon, 2012] ze-SPM (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/).

Uhlalutyo lweSatisati

Iimpawu zezifundo kunye namanqaku emibuzo athelekiswa phakathi kwamaqela anemisila emibini tUvavanyo ngaphandle kokuthatha uvavanyo olulinganayo. Lonke uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwenziwa kusetyenziswa inguqulelo ye-R (3.2.0) [Iqela le-RC, 2014].

Zakhiwo

Ukuthelekiswa kweqela, iivolumu ze-GM zezifundo ze-CSB kunye ne-HV zangena kwimodeli yomgama ngokubanzi (i-GLM). Idatha yalungiswa kubungakanani babathathi-nxaxheba bokusebenzisa amandla okulinganisa kunye nemaski ecacileyo kwi-SPM. Ukuthelekiswa kweqela kwahlengahlengiswa kokubini ubudala kunye namanqaku oxinzelelo njengama-covariates. Sijolise kwi kuqala Imimandla ebanzi enomdla echongwe kufundo lwethu lwangaphambili [Voon et al., 2014] kunye nohlalutyo lwe-meta-izifundo zokuphinda kwenziwe kwakhona iziyobisi [Kühn naseGallinat, 2011], eyile i-VS yasekhohlo nasekunene, i-amygdala yasekhohlo nasekunene, kunye ne-ACC esebenzayo esebenzisa ivolm encinci elungisiweyo (SVC) impazamo yobulumko bosapho (FWE) P <0.01 (IBonferroni ilungisiwe ngokuthelekisa okuninzi). Kolu hlalutyo lwe-SVC, sisebenzise i-VS anatomical ROI, echazwe ngaphambili [Murray et al., 2008] eyaye yathatyathwa ngesandla kusetyenziswa iMRIcro esekwe kwinkcazo ye-VS nguMartinez et al. [2003]. I-amygdala ROI ifunyenwe kwi-automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) atlas. I-dorsal ACC yaguqulwa ngesandla kusetyenziswa isixhobo sebhokisi ye-MarsBaR ROI [Brett et al., 2002] kwaye isekwe kwi-cingate cortex ROI esuka kwi-atlas ye-AAL. Kwaguqulwa okunje ukuba umda we-anterior wawungumxholo we-genu ye-corpus callosum [Cox et al., 2014; Desikan et al., 2006] kwaye isiphelo esingasemva sasiyisiphelo esingasemva kwendalo ye-corpus callosum [Desikan et al., 2006]. Uhlalutyo olongezelelekileyo lokulungelelanisa amanqaku e-BDI lwenziwa.

Isimo sokuphumla

Ukuthelekisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwezifundo ze-CSB kunye ne-HV, i-ROI-to-voxel yonke imephu yokunxibelelana kwengqondo yabhalwa kumda wembewu yasekhohlo ye-amygdala enomdla esekwe kukufumana umahluko weqela. Iziphumo zokudityaniswa kwemephu kungeniswe kwi-GLM epheleleyo yokuthelekisa ukunxibelelana kwengqondo okupheleleyo phakathi kwamaqela ahlengahlengisa iminyaka kunye nohlengahlengiso olulandelayo lobudala kunye noxinzelelo. Iqoqo elipheleleyo lobuchopho lilungiswe yi-FWE P <0.05 yathathelwa ingqalelo ibalulekile ngokwahluka kweqela.

IINKCUKACHA

iimpawu

Amadoda angamashumi amabini anesithathu abathandana abesilisa abangatshatanga abane-CSB (iminyaka eyi-26.9; iminyaka ye-SD 6.22) kunye ne-69 iminyaka-ubudala (iminyaka ye-25.6; iminyaka ye-SD 6.55) eyindoda eneempawu zesini ezitshatileyo ezithathe inxaxheba kolu phando (Itheyibhile 2), apho izifundo ze19 ze-CSB kunye ne-55 HV zigqibezele imibuzo yemibuzo. Izifundo ze-CSB zazine-BDI ephezulu (P = 0.006) kunye ne-UPPS-P (P <0.001) amanqaku xa kuthelekiswa ne-HV. Amanye amanqaku okuziphatha kubandakanya ipateni kunye nobukhali bephonografi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi kuye kwaxelwa kwenye indawo [Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014].

Itheyibhile 2. Idatha yabantu kunye nokuziphatha kwezifundo ezinyanzelekileyo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye namavolontiya asempilweni

iqela

ubudala

BDI

UPPS-P

  1. Iingxelo zokuphambuka komgangatho kunye P-imigangatho emibini t-Ivivini zikwibakaki.
  2. a

Ukulahleka kwabathathi-nxaxheba be-4 kwi-23.

  1. b

Ukulahleka kwabathathi-nxaxheba be-14 kwi-69.

  1. Amanqaku e-BDI e-0-13 abonisa uxinzelelo oluphantsi, uxinzelelo lwe14-19, uxinzelelo olukumgangatho ophantsi, i-20-28 ukudakumba okuphakathi, kunye ne29-63 uxinzelelo olukhulu.
  2. Amanqaku e-UPPS-P aqala phakathi kwe-59 kunye ne-236 njengemilinganiselo yokunyanzeliswa (i-59 = ubuncinci bokunyanzelwa; i-236 = eyona nto inyanzeliswayo) ibalwe ukusuka kwizinto ze-59, nganye ikalwe phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-4 kwaye imele izinto ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelwa.
  3. Izifinyezo: I-HV, amavolontiya asempilweni; I-CSB, indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; I-BDI, i-Beck's Depression Inventory; I-UPPS-P, i-UPPS-P yokuziQhelanisa nokuziphatha.
I-CSB (N = 23 XNUMX)26.9 (6.22)14.82 (11.85)a152.21 (16.50)a
HV (N = 69 XNUMX)25.6 (6.55)6.03 (7.20)b124.87 (20.73)b
T-UhloboP-umhlaba)0.88 (P = 0.380 XNUMX)3.04 (P = 0.006 XNUMX)5.81 (P <0.001)

Zakhiwo

Uhlalutyo lwe-ROI lwe-amygdala yasekhohlo nasekunene, i-VS kunye ne-ACC etyhidiweyo yasekhohlo ityhila ukuba i-amygdala grey taba yanyuswa kwi-CSB xa ithelekiswa ne-HV e-SV P = 0.0096, Z = 3.37, Xyz = -28, −4, −15) (iBonferroni ilungiswe ukulungiswa kwe-SVC FWE P <0.01) (Ikhiwane. 1). Lonke olunye uhlalutyo lwe-ROI lwalungekho. Ukulungiswa koxinzelelo akutshintshanga okufumanisileyo kwiqela.

Umzobo 1.

Umzobo 1.

I-morphometry esekwe kwiVoxel ekuziphatheni ngokwesini okunyanzelekileyo. Umthamo omkhulu wesobunxele we-amygdala ubonakaliswa kwiindlela zokuziphatha zesondo ezinyanzelekileyo zokuzithandela. Lo mfanekiso ubunjelwe kuwo P <0.005 ayilunganga ngomzekeliso. [Umbala ongumbala unokujongwa kwi zoneylinlinibib.com]

Ilizwe lokuphumla

Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zesakhiwo, savavanya ukuphumla kokunxibelelana kwesimo sembewu ngembewu kwi-amygdala yasekhohlo. Sifumene ukunxibelelana okuncitshisiweyo kunye ne-DLPFC yamazwe amabini (ngasekunene i-DLPFC: P = 0.012, Z = 4.11, Xyz = 31 42 16; I-DLPFC yasekhohlo: P = 0.003, Z = 3.96, Xyz = -27 52 23) (Ikhiwane. 2). Uhlengahlengiso lwe-BDI aluguqukanga ukubaluleka koko kufunyanisiweyo (Ekunene DLPFC: P = 0.001, Z = 4.54, Xyz = 31 61 23; I-DLPFC yasekhohlo: P = 0.003, Z = 4.26, Xyz = −29 49 35).

Umzobo 2.

Umzobo 2.

Ukubuyisela imeko yokusebenza komnxibelelanisi we-amygdala yasekhohlo. Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo okunyanzelekileyo kunxulunyaniswa nokuncipha kokuphumza okusebenzayo kokusebenza kwe-amygdala yasekhohlo (imbewu, ngasekhohlo) kunye ne-dorsolateral preorsal cortex yesibini (esembindini kunye necala), ezinxulumene namavolontiya asempilweni. Lo mfanekiso ubunjelwe kuwo P <0.005 ayilunganga ngomzekeliso. [Umbala ongumbala unokujongwa kwi zoneylinlinibib.com]

UKUQALA

Siphande ngumahluko wokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwe-neural kubantu abane-CSB ngokuthelekiswa neHV ehambelana noko. Izifundo ze-CSB zonyuse ivolumu ye-amygdala yasekhohlo kunye nokunciphisa unxibelelano olusebenzayo ngexesha lokuphumla phakathi kwe-amygdala yasekhohlo kunye ne-DLPFC yasekhohlo.

I-amygdala iyabandakanyeka kulungiso lwendalo esingqongileyo ehambisa isimilo. I-nuclei ye-amygdala ikhonkco eyayingathathi hlangothi kwindalo esingqongileyo okanye isikhuthazo sangaphakathi kunye nokubonakaliswa okumanyayo kwexabiso elifanelekileyo, ukusasazeka kwe-cue-in susumesa intshukumo yesisusa [Everitt et al., 2003], kunye nokusebenza kolawulo lweemvakalelo [Cardinal et al., 2002; UGottfried et al., 2003]. Ukufunyanwa kwenani le-amygdala elandisiweyo kuyaphikisana nezifundo ezininzi malunga nokuphazamiseka kotywala [Makris et al., 2008; Cima et al., 2008], njengoko izifundo kulo lonke olu hlobo lwengxelo yefomathi yehle yehla iamygdala, apho kuye kwavavanywa amanyathelo angumthamo. Inkcazo enokubakho koku kungangqinelani kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kweziyobisi kukhokelela kutshintsho lwe-neuroplastic ehlala ixesha elide kunye nobutyhefu [Kovacic, 2005; Reissner kunye Kalivas, 2010] enokufaka isandla ekunyamezeleni kwindlela yokuziphatha kweziyobisi [iGass neOlive, 2008]. Ngokuqinisekileyo i-neurotoxicity enjalo inokuba negalelo kububanzi besahlulo esibonakalayo kwikhoboka leziyobisi [Bartzokis et al., 2000; UCarlen et al., 1978; Mechtcheriakov et al., 2007]. Ezo ziyobisi zichasene ne-neurotoxicity inokuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-SUD kodwa iphantsi komba kwimiba yokuziphatha. Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje kwe-CSB kusetyenziswa i-fMRI, ukubhencwa kwimicimbi yezesondo e-CSB xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ezingezizo ze-CSB kudityaniswa nokuvuselelwa kwe-amygdala [Voon et al., 2014]. Nokuba ngaba umahluko kumthamo we-amygdala luphawu oludala umntu othile e-CSB okanye enxulumene nokuveza ulwazi kakhulu kufuneka kusekwe.

Ukusebenza kwe-DLPFC kuyaziwa ukuba kunxulumene nezinto ezibanzi zolawulo lwengqondo [MacDonald et al., 2000kunye nenkumbulo yokusebenza [Petrides, 2000]. Ukufumana kwethu unciphiso olusebenzayo lonxibelelwano phakathi kwe-amygdala kunye ne-DLPFC kujika noncwadi olukhoyo ngokudityaniswa kwezi ngingqi. Olu nxibelelaniso lusebenzayo lubalulekile kulawulo lweemvakalelo, ekuthe kwanikelwa ingxelo ngalo ngaphambili kukuba kuncitshiso lokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-amygdala kunye ne-DLPFC kubantu abanengxaki yokudlala kwi-intanethi inxulunyaniswa namazinga aphezulu okunyanzelwa [Ko et al., 2015]. Olunye uphononongo olulinganisa amandla okuguqula iimpendulo ezingathandekiyo zeemvakalelo kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokuqonda lubonakalisile ukuba imisebenzi kwiindawo ezithile zecortal yangaphambili, kubandakanya ne-DLPFC, eyenziweyo ngomsebenzi we-amygdala, kunye nokunxibelelana okusebenzayo phakathi kwale mimandla kwakuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni ubuchule bengqondo ukulawulwa kweemvakalelo ezingalunganga [iiBhanki et al., 2007]. Ukudityaniswa kwe-Amygdala kunye ne-DLPFC kuye kwafana nokunxulumana noxinzelelo lwe-unipolar [Siegle et al., 2007]. I-CSB inxulunyaniswa neempawu zokudakumba kunye nexinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lunokubangela imisebenzi enjalo; nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zethu zazingadibananga namanqaku oxinzelelo. I-DLPFC nayo yanyanzeliswa kufundo lwe-HV yamadoda apho ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala kunxulunyaniswa nokunxibelelana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-DLPFC kunye ne-striatum xa bejonga imifanekiso engacacanga [Kühn and Gallinat, 2014].

Silumkisa ukuba ezi zinto zifunyanweyo zilungiselelwe kuqala zinikwe isampulu yesayizi yezifundo ze-CSB nangona ngokuthe ngqo silinganisa eli qela kunye nesampulu enkulu yesayizi ye-HV efanisiweyo. Umda omnye wokufunda kukutsala koluntu. Njengoko singafakwanga izifundo ezinolunye uphazamiseko lweengqondo zengqondo ezinokuba nendima enkulu kubuchwephesha, ezi ziphumo kufuneka zigqithiselwe ngobulumko kwizifundo ze-CSB kunye nezinye izinto ezihlekisayo. Ngapha koko, izinto ezigwenxa kunye nokusebenza okubonakalayo phakathi kwezifundo ze-CSB zinokuhambelana neempawu zangaphambili okanye zinokuba ziziphumo zeziphumo ze-CSB, kwaye ngenxa yoko olu phando alunakwenza ugculelo olunokubakho malunga neziphumo ze-CSB. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka zijolise ekuvavanyeni amanyathelo asuka kude ukuze kubonwe umahluko phakathi kwendawo kunye neempawu zomkhwa kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka zangaphambi kokuziphatha okungalunganga kwiisampulu ezinkulu zeesampulu kunye nabafana abaxubileyo.

Iziphumo zethu zangoku zibalaselisa imiqondo ephezulu kummango ophenjelelwa sisifo esishukumayo kunye nokuphumla okungathungelwanga okuphakathi kukonxibelelwano olusebenzayo olusebenzayo olukumgangatho ophambili. Ukuphazamiseka kothungelwano olunjalo kunokuchaza iindlela zokuziphatha ezigwenxa kumvuzo osingqongileyo okomnye okanye uphuculo olwenziwe ngokutsha kwiimpawu zenkuthazo ezibambekayo. Nangona iziphumo zethu zevolumetric ziphikisana nezo zikwi-SUD, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zinokubonisa umahluko njengomsebenzi wempembelelo ye-neurooxic yeziyobisi ezingapheliyo. Ubungqina obuvelayo bubonisa ukugqabhuka okungenzeka ngenkqubo yokulutha ingakumbi ukuxhasa ii -thiyori zezinkuthazo. Sibonisile ukuba umsebenzi kolu uthungelwano lweeseli luye luphuculwe emva kokuvezwa kukhetho olubonakalayo okanye olukhethayo ngokwesini [Brand et al., 2016; Seok noSohn, 2015; Voon et al., 2014] kunye nentsebenziswano eyongeziweyo [uMechelmans et al., 2014] kwaye unomnqweno othe ngqo kwisigxina socansi kodwa kungekhona isifiso sesini esenziwa ngokubanzi [Brand et al., 2016; Voon et al., 2014]. Ukuqwalaselwa okubhekiselele kwisondo ngokucacileyo kuya kuhambelana nokukhethwa kwimiqathango yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngoko kuqinisekisa ubungqina phakathi kwesimo sengxaki yesondo kunye neengxaki zokubambisana [Banca et al., 2016]. Ezi ziphumo zentsebenzo eyongeziweyo enxulumene neenkcukacha zocansi zihluke kweso siphumo (okanye i-stimulus engenakunqunyulwa) apho ukuhlaziywa okuphuculweyo, mhlawumbi kuhambelana nomgaqo wokunyamezela, kwandisa ukhetho lwentando yesini (Banca et al., 2016]. Ngokubonke ezi ziphumo zikunceda ukucacisa i-neurobiology engundoqo ye-CSB ekhokelela ekuqondeni okukhulu kwengxaki kunye nokuchongwa kwamanqaku okuthinteka.

AMAKHODI

Sithanda ukubulela abasebenzi be-WBIC ngobungcali babo nangoncedo lokuqokelela idatha yokucinga, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ngexesha labo kunye nokuzibophelela kwabo. Kwakhona, singathanda ukubulela uThaddeus Birchard kunye noPaula Hall ngokuthumela abaguli kolu phando. IZiko lokuZimela kunye neClinic Neuroscience Institute (BCNI) lixhaswe liBhunga leWellcome Trust kunye neBhunga loPhando lwezoNyango.

IZALATHISO