(Musa) Jonga kum! Ukuhanjiswa kweLungelo lokuSasazwa kweMvume yokuGqibela okanye ukuNgahambelani neMida kukuChukumisa njani ukuBonwa nokuVavanywa kweMifanekiso ye-Sexting (2019)

Iimpendulo: Amadoda achithe ixesha elininzi ejonge imifanekiso ethunyelwa ngefowuni xa ecinga ukuba le mifanekiso isasazwa ngokungahambelani. Isicatshulwa:

Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba imbonakalo yokuziphatha kunye nokuvavanywa kokuthumela iifoto kuphenjelelwa yindlela yokuhambisa. Ngokungqinelana nethiyori yengqondo yamadoda acinga ukuba le mifanekiso isasazwe ngokungachaphazeleki ixesha elininzi ejonga umzimba womntu obonisiweyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba 'kukujonga okuqinisekileyo' kukwachaziwe kubathathi-nxaxheba abanemikhwa ephezulu yokwamkela intsomi malunga nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo okanye imikhwa eqhelekileyo yokujonga abanye abantu.

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J. Clin. IMed. 2019, 8(5), i-706; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050706

by UArne Dekker I-1, *, †, UFrederike Wenzlaff I-1, †, UAnne Daubmann 2, UHans O. Pinnschmidt 2 kwaye I-Peer Briken 1
1Iziko loPhando ngezeSondo kunye ne-Forensic Psychiatry, iZiko lezeMpilo kwiYunivesithi Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
2Iziko le-Biometry yoNyango kunye ne-Epidemiology, iZiko lezeMpilo kwiYunivesithi Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
Imbalelwano: [imeyile ikhuselwe]

Abstract

Ukwabelana ngokungekho mthethweni komfanekiso osondeleyo kukwaphulwa okukhulu kwelungelo lomntu lokuba yimfihlo kwaye kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi zengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluncinci lwenziwe kwizizathu zokutya imifanekiso esondeleyo ekwabelwana ngayo ngokungahambelani. Olu phononongo lujolise ekuphandeni indlela ukuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso yothumelo nge-imeyile okuchaphazela ukujonga kunye nokuvavanywa kwale mifanekiso. Abathathi-nxaxheba babelwa ngokulandelelana kwelinye lamaqela amabini. Imifanekiso efanayo esondeleyo yaboniswa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Nangona kunjalo, elinye iqela lalicinga ukuba iifoto zabiwa ngokuzithandela, ngelixa elinye iqela laxelelwa ukuba iifoto zasasazwa ngokungahambelani. Ngelixa abathathi-nxaxheba begqibe ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi efana nokulinganisa umdla wesondo lomntu obonisiweyo, iintshukumo zamehlo zabo bezilandelelwa. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ukuba imbonakalo yokuziphatha kunye nokuvavanywa kokuthumela iifoto kuphenjelelwa yindlela yokuhambisa. Ngokungqinelana nethiyori yengqondo yamadoda acinga ukuba le mifanekiso isasazwe ngokungachaphazeleki ixesha elininzi ejonga umzimba womntu obonisiweyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba 'kukujonga okuqinisekileyo' kukwachaziwe kubathathi-nxaxheba abanemikhwa ephezulu yokwamkela intsomi malunga nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo okanye imikhwa eqhelekileyo yokujonga abanye abantu. Ukuqukumbela, ezi ziphumo zicebisa ukuba amaphulo othintelo akhuthaza 'ukuthunyelwa kwemifanekiso engcolileyo' kwaye ke ukubonakalisa uxanduva lokusasazwa kwemifanekiso enjalo kwabo bantu babonisiweyo abonelanga. Endaweni yoko, kuyimfuneko ukugxininisa ukungabikho semthethweni kokusasazwa kwemifanekiso yokuthumela iifoto, ngakumbi phakathi kwabathengi abangamadoda.
Amagama aphambili: ukulandela iliso; ulwahlulo-mfanekiso imifanekiso esondeleyo; ukuzimela ukujonga ngamehlo ukwamkela intsomi ukuthumelelana iifoto

1. intshayelelo

Ukuthumela iifoto zothumelo, ukuthunyelwa kwemifanekiso ebukhali okanye ecacileyo yobuqu, iividiyo, okanye izicatshulwa [1], yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela yobudala obahlukeneyo [2,3,4,5]. Iincazelo ziyahluka, kwaye ukungqubana kwemiyalezo engqinelaniyo kunye ne-non-concensual thumela ubungqina bokuba yingxaki ephambili yomxholo. [6,7]. Ngelixa ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo ethunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe kubhekiswa kuthumelwano olunenjongo, olusebenzayo, kwaye oluyonwabisa kakhulu lokuthumela imifanekiso, ukungabelani ngemvisiswano ngemifanekiso yothumelo ngefowuni yenzeka ngokuchasene nentando yakhe okanye ngaphandle kolwazi lomntu obonisiweyo [8]. Olu lwabiwo lungahambelani kolunye lolunye umngcipheko oxutyushwa rhoqo kwimeko yokuthumela imiyalezo [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwemifanekiso ethunyelwa ngaphandle kuthunyelwa ngokuchasene nentando yomntu obonisiweyo (umzekelo, kwisangqa sabahlobo) okanye epapashwe kwi-intanethi, oku kubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu kwimpilo yengqondo. Iimeko apho amaxhoba achaphazeleka ukuba ahlazeke esidlangalaleni kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwi-intanethi kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi zengqondo, kwezinye iimeko ade azibulale [3,7].
Hayi kuphela kwingxoxo kawonkewonke kodwa nakwimikhankaso 'yokuthunyelwa kwemifanekiso engcolileyo' [19] Imiyalezo ethunyelwa ngefowuni, ngokubanzi, ithathwa njengeyingozi [20]. Ukungathathi hluli phakathi kokuthumelelana imiyalezo ngomnxeba kunye nokungahambelani kungakhokelela ekugxekwa sisisulu ukuba abavelisi bezithombe baboniswe uxanduva lokusabalalisa ngokungacwangciswanga [7]. Le nkqubo igxekwe kwimeko yethiyori 'yenkcubeko yokudlwengula' [21,22,23] nokunxulunyaniswa nengqondo ebanzi 'yeengcinga zesini' [24,25,26,27] kunye 'nodlwengulo lokwamkela intsomi'26,28,29]. Ithiyori yokwenziwa kwesigqibo icacisa ukuba kwimimandla yasentshona abantu basetyhini bayathandwa ngokwesini, baphathwe njengezinto kwaye zithathwa njengelifanelekileyo kangangokuba imizimba yabo iyazonwabisa kwabanye [29] (uphononongo [28,30]). Ukungathandani ngokwesini kunokubonwa njengento eqhubekayo eqala kwizenzo zobundlobongela ukuya kwizenzo ezifihlayo ezinje ngemibono egadayo [30,31]. Ezi zinto zibukhali, zibonakaliswe njengezinga lokujonga (amalungu ezesondo) amalungu omzimba, zibonakalisiwe ngokufanelekileyo zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yokulandela iliso [32]. Ukongeza, abantu abajongela abanye ngokwesini kubonisiwe ukuba bangakwazi ukwamkela intsomi yodlwengulo [24,25], esebenza ukulungisa ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, umzekelo, ngokugxeka ixhoba (uhlolo [27,33]). Ezi ntsomi zifihliweyo ziye zachazwa njengezikim zokuqonda [34] kwaye yabonakaliswa ukuba nefuthe kwiintshukumo zamehlo [35,36].
Nangona uphando luvele malunga nokuthumela imiyalezo engahambelaniyo kunye nokuhambelana kwayo [7,9,20], kwenziwe umgudu omncinci ukuphanda izizathu zokutya imifanekiso enjalo. Umbuzo uphakamisa ukuba kutheni abantu bedla ngokuthumela imifanekiso engasasebenziyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezibonakalayo kungabonisi mahluko obonakalayo kumxholo womfanekiso. Ngaba kukho umtsalane othile ekungafunekini ngokwawo, kubathengi abathile? Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, sivavanya umbuzo wokuba ingaba indlela yokuhambisa (yemvumelwano vs. engahambelaniyo) iyiphembelela njani imbonakalo yemifanekiso yothumelo. Ke, isifundo sithembisa iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuzama kwixa elizayo.
Ngokuhambelana nenkcazo-thethwano (the conceconcology theory) silindele ukwahluka kuvavanyo kunye nembono yokuthumela iifoto ngokuxhomekeke kwimigqaliselo yazo yokuvuma okanye ukungahambelani. Ngokuhambelana nophando lwangaphambili, sithetha ukuba ukonyuka kokungqamana kunxulunyaniswa nokulinganiswa okuphezulu komntu onembono [37] nokujonga okungakumbi okucacileyo [32]. Siphinda sigqithise ulwazi lokuba imifanekiso engathunyelwanga kwangaphambili igqalwa njengezondelelene ngakumbi kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwazo ngokungaphaya kungathandekiyo. Imikhwa ebanzi yokujonga ezinye izinto kunye nokwamkelwa kwengqondo ephezulu yodlwengulo kulindeleke ukuba yonyuse ukuzithemba.
Inxalenye enkulu yoncwadi lwezenzululwazi ekuthumeleni imiyalezo ngemifanekiso ethunyelweyo kugxila ekuziphatheni kolutsha. Oku kunokubonisa ukwanda koluntu ekuhlaleni, kodwa, enyanisweni, amava okuthumela imiyalezo aphakamileyo aphakamileyo phakathi kwabantu abadala kunakwishumi elivisayo. Kuphononongo lwenkqubo yangoku [3] uqikelelo loqikelelo kwizifundo zolutsha oluthumela imiyalezo enezibhalo ezibonisa isini okanye iifoto zafunyanwa njenge-10.2% (95% CI (1.77-18.63)), ngelixa iqikelelo elibonakalayo lokuxhaphaka kwizifundo zabantu abadala yayiyi-53.31% (95% CI ( I-49.57-57.07)). Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, kwaye kwakhona ngenxa yokuba uvavanyo lwangoku lokujonga alugxili kumfanekiso omele inani labasebenzisi, sithathe isigqibo sokuhlola isampulu yabantu abadala. Sicinga ukuba iindlela ezibonisiweyo ziyaqhathaniswa nakwishumi elivisayo, kodwa oku kufuneka kuboniswe kuphando lwamva.

2. Impahla nenkqubo

2.1. Abathathi-nxaxheba

Inani labathathi-nxaxheba be76 (i-57% yabasetyhini, Mubudala = 31.99, SDubudala = I-10.28) yaqeshwa ngeeleta zeendaba zaseyunivesithi. Baxelelwa ngemisebenzi nangomxholo wovuselelo kodwa bagcinwa banolwazi oluzeleyo lweenjongo zovavanyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba banike imvume ebhaliweyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kufundo. Akukho mbuyekezo inikiweyo. Ikomiti yokuziphatha kwimigangatho yombuso ye-psychotherapists yaseHamburg (Psychotherapeutenkammer Hamburg) yamkele umthetho olandelwayo wesifundo esikhoyo (03 / 2015-PTK-HH).

2.2. I-Stimuli kunye nezixhobo

Amavolontiya ayaziwa ngababhali kodwa engaziwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba kufundisiso anike imifanekiso ye-14 semi-nude ukuthumela imifanekiso [38]. Omnye umfanekiso ongezelelweyo kwisini ngasinye ufunyenwe kwimithombo ye-intanethi efumaneka ngokukhululekileyo ngeenjongo zokubonisa esidlangalaleni, okubangela ukuba iseti yemifanekiso ye-16 (i-50% yabasetyhini).
Ukuboniswa kwe-Stimulus kunye nokuqokelelwa kwedatha kuqhutywa kwiscreen esise-22-intshi ebanzi (i-1680 × 1050 pixels) kusetyenziswa izixhobo zeSensoMotoric (SMI GmbH, Teltow, Germany) IsoftwareCenterTM. Isikhangeli samehlo esikude (i-SMI, inkqubo ye-RED) erekhodiweyo yokuhamba kwamehlo kwi-120 Hz ukusuka kwi-50 cm yokujonga umgama usebenzisa ukuphumla kwentloko.

2.3. Amaphepha emibuzo

Ukuzimela komntu ngamnye kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa inguqulelo yaseJamani yoluhlobo oluhlengahlengisiweyo lwePhepha laMibuzo elungiselelwe wena [39] ngolunye ulungelelwaniso (Olunye uphawu lokuCanya, OOS [40]). Isikali siqukethe iimpawu zomzimba ze-10, ubuchule obuhlanu-based (okt, amandla) kunye nesihlanu zibonakala-zisisiseko (okt, ukubonakala komzimba). Abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwe ukuba babeke uphawu ukuba lubona njani uphawu ngalunye (i-10 = "eyona ibaluleke kakhulu"; 1 = "engabalulekanga kakhulu") ngokwahlukeneyo kumadoda nabafazi. Amanqaku anokwenzeka ukusuka ku-−25 ukuya kwi-25 ngamanqaku aphezulu abonisa amanqanaba aphezulu okucaciswa.
Abathathi-nxaxheba baphinde bagqiba i-11-into emfutshane yencwadi eyamkelweyo yeJamani yeeNtsomi zangoku malunga neSondo leAgression yeZesondo (AMMSA) [41] esele isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwezinye izifundo zokulandela umkhondo wamehlo [35,36]. Into nganye ibekalwe kwisikali senqaku le7 (1 = "ngokupheleleyo andivumi"; 7 = "ndiyavuma ngokupheleleyo").

2.4. Inkqubo

Abathathi-nxaxheba bafunda isicatshulwa sentshayelelo esibonisa ukuba isifundo sijolise ekuqondeni ngakumbi malunga nokuvavanywa kokuthumelelana imifanekiso. Kuxhomekeka kwimeko, ukuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso kuchazwa njengokuzithandela (imeko yemvisiswano) okanye njengento engafunekiyo, ngokuchasene nentando yomntu obonisiweyo (imeko engahambelaniyo). Ukukhohlisa kuqiniswe ngokucela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baxele iimvakalelo ezintathu ukusasazwa komfanekiso okwakudlulisile kubantu abonisiweyo. Ukulandela, abathathi-nxaxheba babona imifanekiso kathathu ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Imifanekiso yayifakwatwe ngaphakathi kweebhloko, iqala ngemifanekiso yamadoda. Imifanekiso ibonakaliswe ngokukodwa kwisikrini esigcweleyo semizuzwana ye-5, eyandulelwa ngumnqamlezo wobumnyama omnyama kwicala lasekhohlo eliboniswe i-1 yesibini. Umsebenzi wokuqala yayikukujonga ngokukhululekileyo imifanekiso. Okwesibini, abathathi-nxaxheba balinganise umtsalane wesondo lomntu obonisiweyo. Kumsebenzi wesithathu, abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba bavavanye ukuba bakuthathela ingqalelo kangakanani umxholo womfanekiso kunye nendlela engathandekiyo yokuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso eya kubakho kumntu obonisiweyo (ukusuka kwi1 = "hayi nakanye ..."; 7 = "sana ..."). Emva kokugqitywa kolwazi oluhlangeneyo loluntu, kunye nemibuzo, abathathi-nxaxheba babulelwa kwaye baxelelwa.

2.5. Ukuncitshiswa kwedatha kunye nohlalutyo lweDatha

Ukuphendula ngamanyathelo aphindaphindiweyo awenziweyo kwisifundo esinye, kwasetyenziswa indlela yemodeli eyahlukeneyo. Siphonononge iziphumo ezisisigxina zemeko eziguquguqukayo ezizimeleyo (ukuvumelana ngokuchaseneyo / ukuhanjiswa okungahambelaniyo), isini (abasetyhini kunye nabesilisa), isini somfanekiso (imifanekiso yabasetyhini kunye nabesilisa), yokusebenzisana kwabo abathathu kunye nababini be-OOS amanqaku kunye ne-AMMSA kumgangatho we (1) umtsalane ngokwesondo, (2) ukusondelelana komxholo womfanekiso, kunye (3) baqonda ukungathandeki kokuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso. Unxibelelwano olungekho semthethweni lwacingelwa abathathi-nxaxheba. Sixela iindlela ezisecaleni kunye namaxesha abo e-95% -confidence. Senza iziphumo zeemodeli zokugqibela emva kokushenxiswa ngasemva kweziphumo ezingabalulekanga ngokwe Kleinbaum et al. [42]. Zonke iimvavanyo zezibalo zazine-tais ezimbini (α = 0.05).
Idatha yokulandelela iliso yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa imodeli efanayo njengoko ichaziwe ngentla kunye nembonakalo yokujonga njengombala oxhomekekileyo. Umbono obonakalayo wawusebenza njengexesha elichithwe ekuchitheni umzimba xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elichithwe ukujonga ubuso [32]. Sidale iindawo ezimbini ezinomdla (AOI) kumfanekiso ngamnye, enye inentloko kunye nenye equkethe wonke umzimba. Ixesha elipheleleyo lokuhlala kuzo zombini ii-AOI, okt, ixesha elipheleleyo lokujonga umntu obonisiweyo, lisetelwe kwi-100%. Oluhlalutyo olulandelayo, sigxile kwipesenti yelo xesha lijolise emzimbeni. Ngokuhambelana, ukwanda kwexesha lokujonga emzimbeni kuhlala kubangela ukwehla kwexesha lokuhlala ebusweni, kuba zombini amaxabiso ahlala esongeza kwi-100%. Ke ukujonga oku komelele kunokubhekisa kwixesha elifutshane lokujonga emzimbeni kunye nexesha elifutshane lokujonga ebusweni.
Uqulunqo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-GENLINMIXED (Imodeli ejikelezileyo yomxokelelwano oxutyiweyo) we-SPSS version 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) kunye nokucutha ukulandelwa kwedatha.TM (I-SMI, Teltow, Jamani), inikezela ngolwazi lokujonga njengobungakanani bexesha (ukuhlala ixesha).

3. Iziphumo

3.1. Abathathi-nxaxheba

Ngaphambi kohlalutyo lwedatha abathathi-nxaxheba bebekhe babandakanywa ngenxa yokurekhodwa okungalunganga (n = 5), ukuqhelanisa nomntu ongafaniyo naye (n = 3), okanye ngenxa yeempendulo ezingonelanga kwisiseko sokutshekisa (n = 10) ikalwe ngeereyitha ezine ezizimeleyo. Inani labathathi-nxaxheba be58 (i-57% yabasetyhini, Mubudala = 31.45, SDubudala = 10.18) ihleli kuhlalutyo lwedatha (jonga 1 Table). 1 Table ikwabonisa iindlela zabathathi-nxaxheba ze-AMMSA kunye namanqaku e-OOS. Kule meko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba amaxabiso athethwayo ala maqela mabini esifundo awangafani.
Ithebula 1. Iimpawu ezithatha inxaxheba kunye nedatha yemibuzo.
itafile

3.2. Amanqanaba

Imodeli ezahlukileyo zaqhutywa kulwaziso ngalunye kwezi zintathu zicacileyo, oko kukuthi, umdla wesondo lomntu obonisiweyo, ukuqonda ubudlelwane bomxholo womfanekiso, kunye nokungathandeki kokuhanjiswa kwakhona. Iziphumo ezizodwa zeemodeli zokugqibela zichazwe apha.
Kumgangatho wokutsala umdla, asifumananga loo meko (iyahambelana nonaniselwano ngokuvumelanayo; bona 2 Table) wayenazo naziphi na iziphumo. Nangona kunjalo, sifumene ukuba isini sinempembelelo kunye nesiphumo sokunxibelelana phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba besini kunye nesini somfanekiso. Ngokubanzi, amadoda alinganise imifanekiso yamadoda njengokubukeka ngakumbi (M = 4.17, SE = 0.32) kunokuba ababhinqileyo benzile (M = 3.02, SE = 0.31; t(924) = 3.25, p <0.001). Abasetyhini bayilinganise imifanekiso yamadoda njengengathandekiyo kunemifanekiso yabasetyhini (M = 4.46, SE = 0.32, t(924) = 9.36, p <0.001). Akukho ziphumo zifikelele kubaluleka.
Ithebula 2. Imodeli yokugqibela yeempembelelo kumgangatho wokutsala umdla wesini, ukusondelelana, kunye nokuthathwa njengento engathandekiyo yokuhambisa.
itafile
Ngokumalunga nokulinganisa okusondeleyo, sifumene isiphumo sokunxibelelana phakathi kwemeko kunye nesini (p = 0.008, yabona 2 Table). Ukuthelekiswa kwePairwise kubonise ukuba abasetyhini abacinga ukuhanjiswa okungahambelaniyo bajonga imifanekiso njengento esondeleyo (M = 4.86, SE = 0.25) kunabafazi ababecinga ngokusasaza ngokuvumelanayo (M = 4.56, SE = 0.26; t(924) = 2.58, p = 0.01).
Ukuphonononga iimpembelelo zendlela enye into engathandekiyo eyathathelwa ingqalelo kumntu obonisiweyo, safumanisa ukuba imeko (ukuvumelana ngokuchaseneyo nokusasazwa kwemvumelwano; p <0.001) inefuthe elibalulekileyo (jonga 2 Table). Ukuthelekiswa kwePairwise kubonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba thatha ulwabiwo olungahambelaniyo baqwalasele ukuhanjiswa okungathandekiyo (M = 4.63, SE = 0.28) kunabathathi-nxaxheba abaye bacinga ngokwabelana ngokuvumelanayo (M = 4.26, SE = 0.28; t(924) = 3.74, p <.001). Sikwafumene isiphumo sokudibana phakathi kwesini kunye nomfanekiso wesini. Abasetyhini balinganisa ukungathandeki kokuqhubeka kokuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso yamadoda (M = 4.08, SE = 0.40) kunabathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda (M = 4.41, SE = 0.40; t(924) = 2.50, p = 0.013). Ngapha koko, amanqaku e-AMMSA afikelele kubaluleko (coeffanele = −0.13, p = 0.002), ebonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaphakamileyo bafumene amanqaku kwisikali se-AMMSA, abangonwabi kangako bakuthatha ukuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso kumntu obonisiweyo.

3.3. Uhlalutyo lokulandelela iliso

Ngokumalunga nokuhamba kwamehlo, sinomdla kwimbonakalo yamehlo, isebenza njengexesha lokujonga umzimba. Sifumene intsebenziswano ebalulekileyo yemeko kunye nesini (F(1,834) = 8.36, p <0.001). Amadoda akwimeko engavumelaniyo abonisa umbono oqinisekileyo wokujonga njengoko ejonge ixesha elide emzimbeni (M = 54.37, SE = 8.99) kunamadoda akwimeko yokuvumelana (M = 46.52, SE = 9.01; t(834) = 4.25, p <0.001) (bona Umzobo 1). Ngaphakathi kwimeko engekhoyo yemvumelwano, amadoda abonakalise ukujonga okungaphaya komfazi kunokuba enze abafazi, echitha ixesha elininzi ejonge imizimba kunakwabasetyhini (M = 49.53, SE = 8.97; t(834) = 3.07, p = 0.002). Ngokukhethekileyo, kwakungekho mahluko wesini phakathi kwemvumelwano (p > 0.05).
Jcm 08 00706 g001 550
Umzobo 1. Uqikelelo lwecandelo elisisiseko (kunye nempazamo esemgangathweni) yexesha lokuhlala elichithwe emzimbeni ngokwesiqhelo nangokwesini. *** p <0.001; ** p <0.01.
Iziphumo zenqaku le-OOS kunye nenqaku le-AMMSA zazibalulekile (p <0.001), ebonisa ukuba ixesha lokuhlala elinxulumene nomzimba lonyuka ngamanqaku aphezulu. Ngamanye amagama, oku kutyhila umbono ocacileyo ojolise kutyekelo oluphezulu lokujolisa kunye nokwamkela iintsomi malunga nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo (jonga 3 Table).
Ithebula 3. Impembelelo kumyinge wexesha lokuhlala lichithwe ujonge umzimba.
itafile

4. Ingxoxo

Sibonisa ukuba kungekuphela nje imigangatho ecacileyo kodwa kunye nokuziphatha okungabonakaliyo okuphenjelelwa kukucingelwa kokuvumelanayo okanye ukungahambelani kwemvume yokuthumela imiyalezo.

4.1. Uvavanyo lomfanekiso

Abathathi-nxaxheba abaqwalasele ukungahambelani kwemifanekiso ethunyelwa nge-sext, oko kusenziwa ngokwabelana nentando yomntu obonisiweyo, ukukala ukuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso njengento engathandekiyo. Olu phando lubonisa ukuba kungekuphela komxholo ngokwawo okanye iimvakalelo zobuqu malunga nokuthumelelana iifoto kodwa kunye nolwazi olujikelezileyo lujongwa xa kuqikelelwa ukungathandeki kokuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso engaphezulu. Into enomdla kukuba, abantu basetyhini bakalile ukungathandeki kokusasazwa okuncinci kwimifanekiso yamadoda kunabantu abathathi-nxaxheba besilisa. Ukubona imifanekiso yamanye amadoda, ubungozi bokungabi lixhoba kunye nokuba nemifanekiso ekwabelwana ngayo kungahambelani kumadoda kunokukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okungathandeki. Ngenxa yamabali aqhelekileyo okuthumelelana imiyalezo engafezekisi ebandakanya abantu basetyhini, abathathi-nxaxheba basetyhini banokubazi ubungozi bomntu ngalo naliphi na ixesha ezimeleyo. Iziphumo ezinokubakho zokuhambisa phambili zinzima ngakumbi kubafazi [43,44], Abathathi-nxaxheba basetyhini banokuthatha ukuqhubela phambili njengento engathandekiyo ngenxa yeziphumo ezibi kakhulu kumadoda. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imifanekiso yamadoda nabasetyhini akufuneki ithelekiswe ngokuthe ngqo kunye nomnye kolu phando njengoko iingoma zemifanekiso zahlukahlukene. Amadoda ayedla ngokubuza ngesini esincinci kunabafazi, ngenxa yendalo yemifanekiso, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba nefuthe ekulinganisweni okungathandekiyo.
Ngokubanzi, ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwentsomi yodlwengulo kukhokelele kwizilinganiselo eziphantsi zokuqonda ukungathandeki kokuhanjiswa okunye kuzo zombini iimeko. Ukuqinisekiswa okuphezulu kwentsomi yodlwengulo luphawu olubonisa ukubakho kokugxekwa okukhulu kwexhoba, nto leyo ihambelana neencoko zomngcipheko oxhaphakileyo ngokuthumela imiyalezo nge-sext [7,12,22,45]. Ngokuhambelana nako, ukuthathela ingqalelo ukungabelani ngemvisiswano umngcipheko wokuthumelelana imiyalezo nemiyalezo ethunyelwa ngefowuni ivumela ukunciphisa inqanaba elilindelekileyo lokungathandeki kokuhanjiswa kwakhona. Umntu obonisiweyo uthathwa njengoxanduva lokuthatha umfanekiso ukuqala kwaye ngenxa yoko usisidenge okanye akanantlonelo. Ngamanye amagama, ukungaqiniseki okungaqondakaliyo kuyancipha xa ukwanda kokugxekwa. Oku kubalulekile njengoko le patheni ingaqhelekanga kuphela kumatyala okuziphindezela [46] kodwa kunye nezinye iindlela zokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo [26,47kwaye ide yafumana indlela yayo kwiiphulo 'zokuthumelelana imiyalezo elumkisayo'20]. Malunga nokuqonda okusondeleyo kwemifanekiso, abafazi abajonga ukuhanjiswa okungahambelaniyo bakala imifanekiso njengezondelelene ngakumbi kumakhwenkwe namabhinqa kunokuba ngathi bayabelana ngokuvumelanayo. Amadoda, nangona kunjalo, ayengafani phakathi kokuhanjiswa okuvumelanayo okanye okungangqinelani kwemifanekiso yamadoda okanye yamadoda. Oku kunokuchaphazeleka kukuba abantu basetyhini ikakhulu bangamaxhoba okuthumela imiyalezo engahambelani [3] kwaye ube lixhoba ngokubanzi kwiindlela ezininzi zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwisini esikwi-intanethi [19,48]. Ukwazi ubungozi obunokubakho kunokubangela ukuba abasetyhini babe nolwazelelelo ngakumbi kwinjongo zomntu obonisiweyo kunye nokophula imfihlo.
Ngokungafaniyo obekulindelwe, indlela ecingelweyo yokusasaza ayichaphazelekanga indlela abathathi-nxaxheba abalilinganise ngayo umtsalane wesini. Uphando lwangaphambili oludibanisa ukujonga ubungakanani kunye nokulinganisa okunomtsalane kubonisiwe kwabasetyhini abanxibe ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nabasetyhini abafanayo kwi-bikinis [46]. Ukukhohlisa okunamandla okuvumela umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemeko. Ukusebenzisa imifanekiso efanayo yobunqunu kuzo zombini ezi meko njengoko zenziwe kwisifundo sethu kungenzeka ukuba bekungazinto zinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukwenza impembelelo zomonakalo ocacileyo. Isiphumo sokunxibelelana okubonisiweyo phakathi kwesini kunye nesini somfanekiso, ukulinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo okuphezulu kwemifanekiso yamadoda ngabantu, kusenokwenzeka ngenxa yezinto ezihambelana nemifanekiso hayi umxholo. Ke ngoko, asizithathi njengezifanelekileyo kolu phando.

4.2. Umehlo oMbiba

Imehlo eqinisekileyo, echazwa njengexabiso lexesha lokujonga emzimbeni, yachukunyiswa yimeko kunye nesini esithathe inxaxheba. Amadoda athabatha ukuhanjiswa okungahambelaniyo kubonise imbonakalo eyijonga ngokungaphezulu kunamadoda ecinga ngokwabelana ngokuzithandela nangaphezulu kwabasetyhini abajonga enye indlela yokuhambisa. Yiyo loo nto, sakwazi ukubonisa okokuqala ukuba indlela yokuhanjiswa enefuthe kwindlela abathathi-nxaxheba abajonga ngayo imifanekiso kunye nendlela abayibonisa ngqongqo ngayo imbonakalo efanelekileyo. Uphando lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba ikakhulu abantu basetyhini banokwabelana ngesondo kwimithombo yeendaba [26,49,50] nangexesha lokudibana kwabantu [51,52]. Ukujonga okuqinisekileyo kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokuzibona kakubi kwezaseburhulumenteni, de umntu, kunye nokuzijonga [53,54,55]. Ngelixa inkangeleko yokujonga kwabasetyhini inxulunyaniswe nembono ezimbi zentlalo [54,55] kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo [55], akukho phando lokuthelekisa lwamadoda akhoyo.
Nangona kuxutyushwa kakhulu ikakhulu ngamadoda, abafazi bacinga ukuba bawenza amehlo abo ngokungathi babone kakhulu ukuba babonisa abanye abantu basetyhini [56]. Nangona kunjalo, kwisifundo sethu, ngamadoda kuphela athabatha ukungahambelani ngemvumelwano eyahlukileyo kwamanye amaqela athabatha inxaxheba, nangona kunjalo engafumani sini sesini salowo ubonisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izifundo [57,58,59,60], asifumananga iimpembelelo zenkqubo yesini kwisimo sokujonga. Sicebisa ukuba ubuqhetseba bethu bunokuba buvuselele ezinye iimfuno zomsebenzi ezikhokelela ekuboneni iipatheni ezahlukileyo kwiimeko zokujonga ngokukhululekileyo, ngokunokwenzeka zigubungela iimpembelelo zesini somfanekiso [61]. Ngokuhambelana nophando lwangaphambili, iindlela eziphezulu eziphezulu zokugweba abanye, kunye nokwamkelwa okuphezulu kwiintsomi zodlwengulo, zazinxulumene nokujonga gca okucacileyo [35]. Inani lezinto ezichaziweyo ngesini kunye neziphumo zichaziwe zokwamkelwa kweentsomi zodlwengulo (uphononongo jonga [62]). Ukanti, ngenxa yeenguqu zenkcubeko, iintsomi zodlwengulo kunye neenkolelo zesini ziye zangena ngokufihlakeleyo njengoko zithathelwa ingqalelo kwaye zilinganiswa ngokwamkelwa kwentsomi yanamhlanje malunga nenqanaba lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo elisetyenziswe apha [63]. Olu phononongo lolokuqala ukuqwalasela iimpembelelo zazo zombini iinethagekiso kukuhamba kwamehlo kwaye iphakamise ukuba izimo zengqondo ezifihlakeleyo ziyayichaphazela imbonakalo. Ezi mpembelelo kunye neziphumo zazo kufuneka ziphandwe ngakumbi kwimeko yobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo.

4.3. Izithintelo kunye nophando lwexa elizayo

Isifundo sethu senziwe kwilabhoratri kunye nabantu abafundileyo, abathathi-nxaxheba abangafaniyo bejonga imifanekiso yabantu abancinci, abanomtsalane abadala ababenobunqunu, ngokungafaniyo nakwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu zokwabelana ngemifanekiso.64]. Ngokuhambelana, ukubakho ngokubanzi kweziphumo zethu kufuna ukuqhubeka nophando. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo iimpembelelo ezihamba phakathi (umzekelo, umbala wolusu okanye ubudala), njengoko ezi zinto zibalulekile kwimeko yokucaciswa [50]. Malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba, ukunxibelelana nako kubalulekile, njengeempembelelo zenkcubeko ngokubhekisele ekuhambeni kwamehlo [65], ukuzithemba ngokwesondo [66], kunye neSexual Harassment [67,68] ifunyenwe. Ezinye izizathu zokulungiswa ngakumbi kwimizimba (umzekelo, ukuthelekisa ngokwasentlalweni) okanye ukuphepha ubuso (umzekelo, ihlazo) kufuneka ziphononongwe ngokunjalo.
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, kolu phando sigxile kubadala abathathe inxaxheba kwizizathu ezibini eziphambili: Okokuqala, ukuxhaphaka kokuthumelelana imiyalezo nge-imeyile phakathi kwabantu abadala ngokwenene kuphakamile kunaphakathi kolutsha. Okwesibini, sasingenamdla kumfanekiso omele inani labasebenzisi, kodwa kuthelekiso lovavanyo lwamaqela amabini alinganayo. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba unxibelelwano olubonisiweyo alukho phakathi kwabasebenzisi abafikisayo. Ngesi sizathu, ukuphindwaphindwa kolu phando kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abakwishumi elivisayo kuya kuba yimfuneko.
Nangona sibonisile ukuba indlela yokuhanjiswa ichaphazela umbono wokuthumela iifoto zothumelo, uphando olusemgangathweni libuza abathengi bokuthumela imiyalezo engahambelani ngeenjongo zabo kubonakala ngathi linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuchonga iinkolelo ezingemva kokuziphatha, umz. [69]. Enye into yinarhente eqondakalayo yomntu obonisiweyo enokuncitshiswa ngokungathumeli imvumelwano, nokuya kuthi kube lula ukwenza izigqibo. Le ngcinga ifuna ukuqhubeka kophando.
Kuba ukuziqhelanisa nesondo mihla le kuqhelekile [70], kubalulekile ukuba kuhlolwe kwaye kuphuhliswe ii -thiyori ngokubhekisele kwiziphumo ezinokubakho kwaye siphonononge ngakumbi ukufana phakathi kohlaselo ngokwesondo kunye ne-non-concessual porn, okanye ubuchwepheshe obukhokelwa kugonyamelo ngokubanzi.
Njengoko utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lobume bethekhinoloji rhoqo zidibanisa iintlobo ezintsha zokuziphatha (umz., Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngokungekho mthethweni) kwithiyori ekhoyo (umzekelo, ngokubhekisele kwisini) banokwazisa ngokudalwa kweenkqubo zokuthintela [46,71]. Umbono ophandwe kakuhle 'wemilinganiselo ephindwe kabini yesini' ucebisa ukuba iintlobano zesini zabasetyhini zihlala zibonwa njengezicocekileyo kwaye zinokonakala ngomnqweno osebenzayo, ukubamba abantu ababhinqileyo abanoxanduva lokuzikhusela kubudlova besini esinamadoda [72,73]. Oku kukhokelela kwimeko yokumanyanisa yabasetyhini yokufumana uxinzelelo lwentlalo nenkcubeko ukuba babe zi-sexy ngelixa kwangaxeshanye bezibeka emngciphekweni ongendawo kwiziphumo zentengiso xa bezibonisa ngale ndlela kwi-intanethi [74,75]. Ukujonga imigangatho yokuziphatha ngokwesondo iphinda isivumele ukuba siqonde imiyalezo engacacanga kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iindima zesini zibeka amabhinqa phantsi kolawulo lwamadoda [53,55]. Njengoko amantombazana kunokwenzeka ukuba azibandakanye kwizini zokuzibonakalisa ngokwesondo kwiiwebhsayithi zokunxibelelana kwaye ingqalelo ikakhulu ihlawulelwa kwinkangeleko yabo yomzimba kunale yamakhwenkwe [76], izinto ezitshatileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe [17,77]. Ngelixa iimpikiswano zenziwe ukuba zithathele ingqalelo ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo ethunyelwe ngefowuni njengemveliso yokuxhobisa (yentlalo) [78,79] kunye nokubukeka kwesakhelo esibonakalayo njengesenzo sowasetyhini ukumelana neziphumo ezibi zokungagungqi [80], olu hlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo luthwala isiphumo esibi esinokubakho sokukhathalela inkanuko yesini engafunekiyo, enokugquma izibonelelo ezinokubakho zokuzigcina [71].

5. Izigqibo

Ukuqukumbela, sabonisa ukuba ukujonga indlela ojonga ngayo kunye nokuvavanywa kwemifanekiso ethunyelwa ngefowuni kuphenjelelwa kukusasazwa kwabo ngokuvumelanayo okanye abangavumelaniyo. Ngokuhambelana ithiyori yokungqinelani, 'ukujonga izinto ngokungacacanga' kwabhengezwa ngakumbi kumadoda awayecinga ukuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso engangqinelaniyo, okuthetha ukuba bachitha ixesha elide bejonge umzimba womntu obonisiweyo. Lo 'mboniso ubonakalayo' waphinda wabhengezwa ngakumbi kubathathi-nxaxheba abanotyekelo oluphezulu lokwamkela intsomi malunga nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo okanye utyekelo lokujonga abanye abantu. Iziphumo zicebisa ukuba amaphulo othintelo ajolise kumyalezo oqhelekileyo wokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokubonakalisa uxanduva lokusasazwa kwemifanekiso enjalo kwabo bantu babonisiweyo abonelanga. Endaweni yoko, kuyimfuneko ukugxininisa ukungabikho semthethweni kokusasazwa kwemifanekiso yokuthumela iifoto, ngakumbi phakathi kwabathengi abangamadoda. Oku kunokwenziwa, umzekelo, kwimeko yezifundo zesikolo, kodwa ke kukho nomzekelo omnye ubuncinane wephulo elifanelekileyo lokuthintela uluntu: http://notyourstoshare.scot/. Ngala kuphela okanye la manyathelo athelekiswayo anokuthintelwa kakhulu kwiziphumo zengqondo zokuthotywa esidlangalaleni kunye nokuxhaphazwa kwi-intanethi ixesha elide.

Umbhali Wemivuzo

Conceptualization, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, kunye ne-PB; indlela yokusebenza, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; isoftware, ayisebenzi; uhlalutyo ngokusesikweni, FW, AD (Anne Daubmann), HOP; uphando, FW; izixhobo, AD (Arne Dekker), PB; i-data curation, FW; Ukubhala-ulungiso lokuqala lwedrafti, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; Ukubhala-uphononongo nohlelo, i-AD (Arne Dekker), FW, PB; imbonakalo, FW; ukubeka esweni, PB; ulawulo lweprojekthi, AD (Arne Dekker); Ukufunyanwa kwemali, PB

Inkxaso

Olu phando luxhaswe yi-Federal Ministry yaseJamani yezeMfundo kunye noPhando (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, 01SR1602).

Imibulelo

Sithanda ukubulela bonke amavolontiya ngokunikezela ngemifanekiso yabo.

Iimbambano Zomdla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano.

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