Iimiphumo zeZenzo zoHlolo eziHlomelo eziMiselweyo kwiMigwebo yokuziphatha: Ukuqhathaniswa kweNkcubeko (2016)

. 2016; 11 (7): e0158690.

Ishicilelwe kwi-intanethi 2016 Jul 1. ikhonkco:  10.1371 / journal.pone.0158690

PMCID: PMC4930184

UAndreas B Eder, uMhleli

Abstract

Uphando lwangaphambili luchonge iseti yezinto ezingundoqo eziphembelela izigwebo zokuziphatha. Uphononongo lwangoku lujongana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezigqibo zokuziphatha kunye nezinto ezine: (a) iimpembelelo ezingalindelekanga, (b) imeko yentlalontle, (c) uhlobo lwengxaki, kunye (d) nesondo somthathi-nxaxheba. Sacela abathathi-nxaxheba kumazwe amabini ahlukeneyo (iKholombiya neSpain) ukuba bagwebe ukwamkelwa kwezenzo ekuphenduleni iingxaki zokuziphatha zomntu kunye nezingenabuntu. Phambi kwengxaki nganye imbonakalo ethandekayo (imifanekiso evuselela inkanuko, eyonwabisayo okanye engathathi hlangothi) yaboniswa ngokungenamkhethe. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba: a) xa kuthelekiswa nokungakhethi cala, iiprimes ezivuselela inkanuko zonyusa ukwamkelwa kokwenzakala ukuze kulunge ngakumbi (okt, izigwebo eziluncedo ngakumbi), b) xa kuthelekiswa nabantu baseColombia, abathathi-nxaxheba baseSpain balinganiswe ebangela ingozi njengengamkelekanga kangako, c) Iingxaki ezingenabuntu, iingxaki zobuqu zanciphisa ukwamkelwa kokwenzakala, kwaye d) xa kuthelekiswa namadoda, abasetyhini bebengafane bacinge ukuba ukwenzakala kwamkelekile. Iziphumo zethu zihambelana neziphumo ezibonisa ukuba isondo yinto ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuziphatha, kwaye zandisa uphando lwangaphambili ngokubonisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwenkcubeko kunye nezinto ezingalindelekanga ekwenzeni izigwebo zokuziphatha.

intshayelelo

Izigwebo zokuziphatha ziye zaba sisihloko esikhulu sophando kwingqiqo yoluntu. Inzululwazi esakhulayo yengqondo yokuziphatha ibonise ukuba uninzi lwezigwebo zokuziphatha zisisiphumo seenkqubo ezizenzekelayo [- ]. Ngokomzekelo, kuye kwaxoxwa ukuba izigwebo zokuziphatha zihlala ziqhutywa yimvakalelo echaphazelekayo: phambi kwesiganeko sokuziphatha, siziva siziva sivunyiwe okanye singavunyelwa []. Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu edlulileyo, izifundo ezininzi ziye zagxila ekuthambekeni kwezigwebo zokuziphatha kwizinto zomntu kunye nomxholo, ezifana nesini [,], umxholo wentlalontle [, ], uhlobo lwengxaki [] kunye neempendulo ezichaphazelekayo [, ].

Okokuqala, uphando malunga nokuzenzekela kokuqonda kwentlalo lufumene okunokwenzeka okutsha ngophononongo lwendlela iimpembelelo ezizehlo ezichaphazela ngayo izigwebo zokuziphatha. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho kukaLandy noGoodwin [], impembelelo yezinto ezichaphazelekayo kwizigwebo zokuziphatha zivavanywa kakuhle xa i-affective induction ingahambelani nesigwebo sokuziphatha esichaphazelekayo. Ngapha koko, ukukhuthaza iimvakalelo zokwenyanya, ngokusebenzisa i-hypnosis manipulation [], ivumba elibi [] okanye incasa ekrakra [], kwandisa ukuchaneka okucingelwayo kokwaphulwa kokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuqonda kwabathathi-nxaxheba malunga nokukhohlisa kokulinga. Kutshanje, uphando olungapapashwanga oluvela kwilabhoratri yethu lubonise ukuba ukuvuswa kwe-affective priming ngokuvusa kakhulu imifanekiso engathandekiyo (ebonisa ukonakala kwabantu) kunciphise ubungqongqo bezigwebo zokuziphatha kwisampulu yaseSpain yabathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa ayizange ibe nefuthe kwizigwebo zokuziphatha zesampulu yaseColombia, emele abantu abaninzi. uqhelene kakhulu nezivuseleli zobundlobongela. Umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwempembelelo ethile ye-affective priming efunyenwe kolu phando kunye nezifundo zangaphambili ibonakala ingumcimbi womahluko weendlela phakathi kweeparadigms zovavanyo (jonga kwakhona []).

Okwesibini, malunga nendima yokwahlukana kwenkcubeko yentlalo ekugwebeni ukuziphatha, izifundo ezininzi ezivela kwi-anthropology kunye neengqondo zenkcubeko ziye zabonisa ukuba ukuziphatha akunakuqondwa ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo imiba yentlalo yoluntu. Kulo mxholo, uphando lwenkcubeko ehlangeneyo malunga nendalo yonke yokuziphatha ibonise ukuba nangona imiba yokuziphatha iyinto eqhelekileyo (umzekelo; "akulunganga ukuvelisa ingozi ngaphandle kolunye uhlobo lokuthetheleleka"), ukuziphatha kuyahluka kwiinkcubeko ngeendlela ezininzi, ezifana nokuziphatha. iinkxalabo, izithethe, izenzo okanye iinqobo ezisemgangathweni []. Ngokomzekelo, iinkcubeko ezininzi zithatha imimiselo yezesondo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yokukhusela ukucoceka kokuziphatha []. Nakwinkcubeko yanamhlanje yaseNtshona, izenzo zesondo kodwa ezingenabungozi zagwetywa ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yentlalontle yezoqoqosho okanye ukuzibandakanya kwezopolitiko [, ]. Ngaphezu koko, kubonisiwe ukuba izigwebo zokuziphatha ziphenjelelwa ludidi lwentlalo, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abakudidi oluphezulu banokuthi bakhethe ukhetho oluluncedo kwiingxaki zokuziphatha [], ipateni yokuphendula enxulunyaniswa namanqanaba asezantsi ovelwano lokubandezeleka kwabanye [].

Okwesithathu, iqela elikhulayo lezifundo ezivela kwicandelo le-neuroscience licebisa ukuba igalelo elahlukileyo leenkqubo ezichaphazelayo kunye nezokuqonda kwenzeka xa kusenziwa izigwebo zokuziphatha. Ngokwenkqubo yenkqubo-mbini yezigwebo zokuziphatha [], indima yeemvakalelo kunye nokuqonda kwisigwebo sokuziphatha iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile ekuqulunqweni kwengxaki. Ngokubhekiselele kulo mba, iingxaki apho i-arhente ithatha isenzo ngokwayo zithathwa njengeengxaki zokuziphatha "zobuqu". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iingxaki zokuziphatha apho umonakalo ungenziwanga ngokuthe ngqo yi-arhente, zihlelwa "njengezinto ezingenabuntu" [, ]. Ngaphaya koko, kucetyiswa ukuba iingxaki zobuqu zithande indawo ye-deontological (nto leyo ethetha ukuba ubugwenxa besenzo buxhomekeke kumxholo) kunye neengxaki ezingezizo zobuntu zifaka ingqiqo ye-utilitarian (ubugwenxa besenzo bujongwa ngokweziphumo zaso zizonke). Nangona ubunyani obucacisayo bomahluko wobuntu nobuntu bukhe babuzwa [], uphando oluninzi lufumene inkxaso yesi siphakamiso [-].

Okwesine, indima yokwahlukana ngokwesini kwizigwebo zokuziphatha ngumxholo ophambili kuphando lwengqondo yokuziphatha. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, eyona ndlela iphambili yokujongana nesi sihloko ichonga amadoda anendlela esengqiqweni yokwenza isigqibo sokuziphatha kunye nabafazi abaneemvakalelo []. Ngaphezu koko, kuye kwachazwa ukuba izigwebo zokuziphatha zabasetyhini zinovakalelo ngakumbi kwiinkxalabo malunga nenkathalo kunye nokucoceka kokuziphatha, kanti amadoda anovelwano ngakumbi kwimiba enxulumene nobulungisa []. Nangona imeko yangoku yobugcisa ixubene [], uphononongo lwakutsha nje lufumene ukuba abasetyhini babonakalisa imvakalelo enamandla yesazisi sokuziphatha kunye notyekelo olunamandla lwe-deontological kunamadoda, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iyantlukwano ngokwesini kwizigwebo zokuziphatha zilungelelaniswe ngumahluko kwiimpendulo ezichaphazelayo ukulimaza [, ].

Ngokubhekiselele kwezi zinto zifunyenwe ngasentla, uphando lwangoku luzama ukuya phambili ngokuvavanya iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-affective priming kusetyenziswa imifanekiso evuselela inkanuko kwizigwebo zokuziphatha. Izivuseleli ezivuselela inkanuko yolunye uhlobo phakathi kwezivuseleli ezilungileyo, ngengqiqo yokuba zibekwe njengezo zombini ezithandekayo kwaye zivuselela kakhulu ngamadoda kunye nabasetyhini [], kwaye zibonakalise ukuba lolona didi lutsala ingqalelo lwezivuseleli [], kunye nokuba novakalelo kwizinto ezifana nomxholo kunye nesini [; ]. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba, xa ukuvezwa kwe-erotic stimuli ku-subliminal kune-supraliminal, kunokunyusa ukufikeleleka kwengqondo kulwazi olunxulumene nesondo [, ]. Kwelinye icala, iziphumo zangaphambili zicebisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwe-supraliminal kwi-stimuli evuselela inkanuko kubandakanya ukuqhubekeka kwengqondo yezovuselelo (umzekelo, iinkqubo zovavanyo olubanzi) ezikhokelela kwiimpendulo ezingacacanga okanye eziphikisanayo []. Enyanisweni, kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba i-subliminal erotic stimuli inciphisa ukuthambekela kwabathathi-nxaxheba ekusebenziseni iinkqubo zokulawula, kubangela iziphumo ezinamandla kwingqiqo kunaxa ukuvezwa kungaphezulu komda wokuqonda [].

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, izivuseleli ezivuselela amava zinokuvula inkqubo yamava, ikhuthaze abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babone inkululeko kunye noxanduva njengoko zinxibelelene kakubi []. Oku kuvula kubonakala, nangona kunjalo, kuphelela emadodeni []. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo kunokunciphisa ugxininiso lwenkuthazo, kudala uhlobo "lweziphelo zithethelela indlela" yokwenza izigqibo [].

Ngoko ke, kuyathakazelisa ukwandisa uphononongo lwemiphumo ye-erotic stimuli kwi-domain yokuziphatha. Ngale njongo, uphononongo lwangoku lujongana nentsebenziswano phakathi kweentlobo ezine zemiba ebaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izigwebo zokuziphatha: isini, imeko yentlalontle, uhlobo lwengxaki kunye neempembelelo ezingalindelekanga. Ngokukodwa, ngenxa yokuba ezi ntlobo zine zemiba zaziwa ukuba zinefuthe kwizigwebo zokuziphatha, silindele ukufumana isiphumo esiphambili sazo ngamnye ekwamkelweni kwezenzo eziyingozi. Ngaphezu koko, xa kujongwe ubume benkcubeko yolu phando lwangoku, umba obalulekileyo uphathelene nokuba iyantlukwano yenkcubeko iya kuba nefuthe kumathuba okugweba izenzo eziyingozi njengezamkelekileyo. Ukulandela uphando lwangaphambili kwinkcubeko nokuziphatha [, ] silindele ukufumana iyantlukwano kwizigwebo zokuziphatha phakathi kwamazwe amabini ahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ngokuhambelana nophando lwangaphambili olungapapashwanga olubonisa ukuba iimpembelelo zokuziphatha okuchaphazelekileyo kwizigqibo zokuziphatha zihlengahlengiswa yimiba yenkcubeko, sicinge ukuba iziphumo zokubonakaliswa kweempawu ezivuselela inkanuko kumathuba okwamkela ingozi ukuze kulunge ngakumbi (oko kukuthi, umgwebo wokuziphatha osebenzayo. ) iya kuguqulwa zombini ngeempawu zesampulu (isondo, inkcubeko) kunye nenjongo (uhlobo lwengxaki). Okokuqala, kulandela uphando malunga nokwahluka ngokwesondo ekusetyenzweni kwemifanekiso evuselela inkanuko [, ], besilindele ukuba amadoda abe novelwano ngakumbi kwi-erotic primes kunabafazi. Okwesibini, ngokuhambelana nophando lwangaphambili olungashicilelwanga kwibhubhoratri yethu, besilindele ukuba abantu baseColombia bangabi novelwano oluncinci kwindalo echaphazelekayo ye-primes kunabaseSpain. Okwesithathu, besilindele ukuba iingxaki zobuqu (ezaziwa ngokuqesha iisekethe ezichaphazela ngakumbi ingqondo) ziya kuba novakalelo kwiiprimes ezichaphazelekayo kuneengxaki ezingezizo ezomntu.

tindlela

nxaxheba

Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba yayingabafundi baseyunivesithi (N = 224) abamenywe ngeposi yangaphakathi ukuba bajoyine umfuniselo njengenxalenye yeekhredithi zezifundo zabo. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba banike imvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi. Uphononongo luvunyiwe yiKomiti ye-Bioethics yeYunivesithi yaseBalearic Island (eSpain), iYunivesithi yaseValencia (eSpain) kunye neFUNLAM (Colombia). Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babenombono oqhelekileyo okanye olungisiweyo ukuya kwesiqhelo kwaye babephakathi kwe-18 kunye ne-22 yeminyaka ubudala (i-112 yamadoda, ubudala M = 21.32 iminyaka, SD = 1.85). Ukuze senze uthelekiso lwenkcubeko enqamlezileyo sikhethe iisampulu ezivela kumazwe amabini ahlukeneyo: iSpain kunye neColombia (n = 112 kunye n = 112, ngokulandelelana).

Izinto eziphathekayo kunye nezivuseleli

Sibonise i-stimuli kwi-20-intshi yesikrini (izinga lokuhlaziya i-60Hz) i-PC eqhuba i-OpenSesame v. 2.9.1 [] kuMicrosoft Windows 8. Sisebenzise imifanekiso elishumi elinesine evuselela inkanuko yesini (evuselela kamnandi) evela kwi-IAPS [] (ilungelelaniswe kubemi baseSpain [, ] kunye nabemi baseColombia []) njengeentloko ezivuselela inkanuko. Ukuze kulawulwe iyantlukwano kwiminqweno yesini yabathathi-nxaxheba ngokunxulumene nomxholo weeprimes, sikhethe kuphela loo mifanekiso apho amadoda kunye nabasetyhini babandakanyekayo kwisenzo sesondo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iyantlukwano ephakathi phakathi kwesini ihleli kumazinga emifanekiso ye-IAPS kwimilinganiselo yazo zombini i-valence (p <.001) kunye nokuvuselela (p <.001). Njengeeprimiyamu ezimnandi, sisebenzise imifanekiso eli-14 ekhethwe kwi-IAPS (i-1024 x 768 pixels) silandela ikhrayitheriya yokuba babonise amaxabiso aphezulu kwi-valence kunye namaxabiso aphakathi ekuvuseleleni. Sikhethe njengeeprimiyamu ezingathathi hlangothi imifanekiso elishumi elinesine evela kwi-IAPS, silandela inqobo yokuba babonise amaxabiso aphakathi kwi-valence kunye ne-arousal (idatha kwi Isicatshulwa se-S1). Njengokujoliswe kuko, sikhethe iingxaki zokuziphatha ezingama-42, ezenziwe ziingxaki zokuziphatha ezingama-21 kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha ezingama-21 (ukusuka []; iingxaki kwi Isicatshulwa se-S2). Zonke iivignettes zahamba kunye ne-7-point Likert isikali ukusuka kwi-1 (engalunganga ngokupheleleyo) ukuya kwi-7 (ilungile ngokugqibeleleyo).

Procedure

Abathathi-nxaxheba balinganisa iseti yeengxaki ze-42 kwi-2 (Isondo: amadoda vs. abafazi) x 2 (Ilizwe: Colombia vs. ESpain) x 3 (Udidi lweNkulumbuso: ingathathi hlangothi vs. mnandi vs. inkanuko) x 2 (Udidi lweNgxaki: ayinabuntu vs. personal) uyilo oluxubeneyo, nesini somthathi-nxaxheba kunye nelizwe njengemiba ephakathi kwesihloko, kunye nodidi lwentsusa kunye nodidi lwengxaki njengemiba engaphakathi kwisifundo, kunye nezigwebo zokuziphatha njengotshintsho oluxhomekeke. Ngaphambi kweseshoni nganye, sacela bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba basayine ifomu yemvume ebhaliweyo. Kamva, saqhubeka nemiyalelo yokulinga. Sigxininise ukuba besicela abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimpendulo zabo zokuqala kwaye kubalulekile ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza.

Iparadigm yovavanyo yayiquka izilingo ezingama-46. Phambi kwebhetri yeengxaki, sazisa iivignettes ezine ezinemiyalelo, zilandelwa zezinye iivignette ezine ezineengxaki (ezimbini kuzo "zobuqu" kunye nezimbini kuzo "ezingenabuntu"), ukuze siqhelanise abathathi-nxaxheba ngokuguquguquka kovavanyo. Asikhange sithathele ingqalelo iireyithingi zezi ngxaki zine kuhlalutyo olulandelayo. I-paradigm yokulinga yayingumsebenzi wokuzihambela, oyilwe ukuze ingxaki elandelayo ingabonakali de isifundo siphendule kulowo wangaphambili. Ukudityaniswa kwengxaki ethile kuhlobo oluphambili lwenziwa ngokungenamkhethe. Ulingo ngalunye luqale ngokuboniswa komnqamlezo wokulungisa embindini wesikrini kangange-500ms. Emva kokulibaziseka okufutshane (ISI = 100ms), iithagethi (zombini iingxaki zomntu kunye nezomntu) zanikezelwa ngendlela yeevignettes ezibhaliweyo. Sayalela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bacinezele impendulo yesitshixo-cofa (i-space bar) kwi-keyboard bakuba begqibile ukufunda ingxaki nganye. Emva koko, siye sabonisa eyona inkulu ye-16ms, ngoko nangoko ilandelwe yimaski yengxolo engasemva (250 ms). Ubungakanani bemaski yepateni yayiyi-1920 x 1080 pixels. I-7-point Likert isikali esisuka kwi-1 (engalunganga ngokupheleleyo) ukuya kwi-7 (ilungile ngokugqibeleleyo) yanikezelwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-offset ye-mask engasemva. Ngoko ke, iireyithingi eziphezulu zihambelana nokwamkelwa okungaphezulu kokubangela ukwenzakala kukulunga okukhulu (izigqibo eziluncedo) kuvavanyo lweevignettes. Nangona amaxesha enkcazo-ntetho yeeprimes ezigqunyiweyo ayemafutshane kunalawo asetyenziswa kwizifundo zangaphambili ezixela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abakwazanga ukubona iiprimes ezivezwa ngokufihlakeleyo nasemva konikezelo oluphindaphindiweyo [, ], sicele abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baphendule umbuzo wokuzibika ("Ngaba uwubonile umfanekiso ovela kwisikrini?") emva kokuba bewugqibile umsebenzi. Akukho mntu uxele ukuba ubone nantoni na.

iziphumo

Sihlalutye idatha sisebenzisa zombini ipakethe yezibalo ze-R [] kunye ne-SPSS 20.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Sibeka inqanaba le-alpha kwi-.05, ngaphandle kwaxa sithelekisa i-pairwise, apho ukulungiswa kwe-Bonferroni kusetyenziswe khona. I-Eta-squared yayisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa ukungafani kobungakanani besiphumo.

Ngenxa yokuba amaxesha okuphendula amafutshane kakhulu kwaye alibazise kakhulu anokuluchaphazela ngokunzulu uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani kunye nokutolika ngakumbi kwedatha, siqale sajonga iimpendulo kuvavanyo-ngovavanyo, ngokubhekiselele kumaxesha okuphendula ahambelanayo. Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, ngenxa yokuba iimpendulo bekufuneka zisekwe kuluvo lokuqala lwabathathi-nxaxheba, konke uqwalaselo olunamaxesha okuphendula amakhulu kunentsingiselo kunye nee-SD ezimbini azibandakanywanga kuhlalutyo lokugqibela (4.32% yazo zonke iimpendulo). Ngaphezu koko, ukuze sigweme iimpendulo ezilindelekileyo, asizinakanga ezo zilingo kunye nexesha lokuphendula elingaphantsi kwe-300ms (2.12% yazo zonke iimpendulo). Ekugqibeleni, sihlengahlengise idatha eseleyo (i-93.55% yeempendulo) kwifomathi ebanzi, sibeka intsingiselo yamanqaku e-Likert kwindibaniselwano nganye yezimbini ze-intra-subject.s izinto (Udidi lweNkulumbuso kunye noHlobo lweDilemma) njengotshintsho oluxhomekeke. Ukusuka kweli nqanaba ukuya phambili, sisekelwe kuhlalutyo lwedatha ehluthiweyo.

Sihlolisise iingcamango zesiqhelo kunye ne-homogeneity yokwahluka ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ze-Shapiro-Wilks kunye ne-Levene, ngokulandelanayo. Uvavanyo lokujikeleza kukaMauchly lwenziwa kwakhona. Yonke intelekelelo yahlangatyezwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoko ke senze umxube ophakathi-nangaphakathi-izifundo 2x2x3x2 ANOVA ukuvavanya imiphumo yezinto eziphakathi kwezifundo (Ilizwe: eColombia vs. Speyin; Isini: madoda vs. abafazi) kumanqaku athetha ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baphakathi kwimiba yezifundo (Uhlobo lweNkulumbuso: ngokungathathi hlangothi vs. mnandi vs. inkanuko Uhlobo lweNgxaki: ayinabuntu vs. buqu).

Sifumene isiphumo esiphambili seSex, F(1,220) = 11.163, p = .001, η2 = 0.051, 95% CI [0.008, 0.113]. Uthelekiso phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini lubonise umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo (MD) ye-0.518 (95% CI [0.212, 0.824]), kunye namadoda (M = 4.42, SD = 1.18) ebonisa amanqaku aphezulu e-Likert (okt, ubungqina bokwamkelwa ngakumbi komonakalo / izigwebo zokuziphatha eziluncedo) kunabasetyhini (M = 3.902, SD = 1.116).

Kwakukho nefuthe eliphambili leLizwe, F(1, 220) = 5.909, p = .016, η2 = 0.027, 95% CI [0.001, 0.080], ebonisa ukuba amanqaku aphakathi kwabantu baseColombia (M = 4.35, SD = 1.184) yayiphezulu (okt, ukwamkelwa ngakumbi kwengozi / izigwebo zokuziphatha eziluncedo) kunabantu baseSpain (M = 3.97, SD = 1.188), ngenani elibalulekileyo MD of 0.377, 95% CI [0.071, 0.683].

Ngokunjalo, Uhlobo lweDilemma lubonise isiphumo esibalulekileyo ngokwezibalo, F(1,220) = 68.764, p <, 001, η2 = 0.238 95% CI [0.147, 0.327], ebonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanakukwazi ukwamkela umonakalo (umgwebo we-utilitarian) xa begweba iingxaki zomntu (M = 4.04, SD = 1.244) kuneengxaki ezingenabuntu (M = 4.281, SD = 1.194). Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, okubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo MD yayingu-0.241, 95% CI [0.183, 0.3]

Siphinde safumana isiphumo esiphambili soHlobo lweNkulumbuso kwizigwebo zokuziphatha, F(2,440) = 3.627, p <, 027, η2 = 0.027, 95% CI [0.000, 0.063]. Ngokukodwa, sifumanise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banokuvuma ukwenzakaliswa (umgwebo we-utilitarian) xa iingxaki zokuziphatha zandulelwa yi-erotic priming (M = 4.205, SD = 1.24) kune-priming engathathi hlangothi (M = 4.095, SD = 1.21). Okubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo MD kwaba 0.11, 95% CI [0.004, 0.217]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo phakathi kwemeko emnandi yokuqala (M = 4.182, SD = 1.27) kunye nemeko yepriming engathathi hlangothi (M = 4,095, SD = 1.23) (MD = 0.087, 95% CI [0, 0.187]), naphakathi kwemeko ye-erotic priming kunye ne-priming emnandi (MD = 0.023, 95% CI [0, 0.128]).

Ngaphaya koko, sifumene unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo phakathi kweLizwe kunye noHlobo lweDilemma F(1, 220) = 8.669, p = .004, η2 = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.098]. Uthelekiso lwePairwise lubonise ukuba, xa kuvavanywa izigwebo zokuziphatha zobuqu, abathathi-nxaxheba baseColombia (M = 4.271, SD = 1.218) kwakunokwenzeka ukuba bamkele ingozi kunezifundo zaseSpain (M = 3.809, SD = 1.232), F(1,220) = 8.309, p = .004, η2 = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.096], kunye nenani elibalulekileyo MD = 0.463, 95% CI [0.146, 0.779]. Bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo ngokweenkcukacha-manani kwimeko yeengxaki ezingengomntu. Kwelinye icala, bobabini baseColombia, F(1,111) = 12.815, p = .001, η2 = .004, 95% CI [0.000, 0.015], kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba baseSpain, F(1,111) = 69.024 iphe .001, η2 = .018, 95% CI [0.000, 0.047] bebengazimiselanga kakhulu ukwamkela ingozi xa begweba umntu kunokuba bagwebe iingxaki ezingezizo ezomntu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe, nangona kunjalo, ukuba le mpembelelo yentsebenziswano yeendlela ezimbini ifanelekile ngentsebenziswano yeendlela ezintathu ezichazwe ngezantsi.

Ngokwenene, iSex x Country x Dilemma intsebenziswano kathathu yayibalulekile ngokwezibalo, F(1,220) = 4.397, p = .037, η2 = 0.02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.069]. Ukuthelekisa ngokulinganayo kusetyenziswa amanqanaba e-alpha ahlengahlengisiweyo eBonferroni abonise ukuba amadoda aseColombia (M = 4.651, SD = 1.217) babenokuthi bamkele ingozi kunabafazi baseColombia (M = 4.205, SD = 1.139) xa begweba iingxaki ezingezizo zobuntu, nge MD ye-0.447, [0.015, 0.879], F(1,220) = 4.163, p = .043, η2 = 0.090, 95% CI [0, 0.067]. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakungenjalo kwiingxaki zomntu, F(1,220) = 1.384, p = .241, η2 = 0.006, 90% CI [0, 0.042]. Ngaphaya koko, abasetyhini baseColombia babekuphela kweqela leLizwe x lezesondo elibonisa ukungavisisani okubalulekileyo ngokweenkcukacha-manani xa kuthelekiswa izigwebo zokuziphatha kwiingxaki zokuziphatha zobuqu kunye nezingenabuntu, F(1,55) = 0.882, p = .352. Ngokwahlukileyo, amadoda aseColombia (F(1,55) = 4.460, p <, 02, η2 = .001, 95% CI [0.000, 0.021]), abafazi baseSpain (F(1,55) = 49.746, p <.001 η2 = .02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.041]), kunye namadoda aseSpain (F(1,55) = 24.013, p <, 001, η2 = .016, 95% CI [0.007, 0.053]), igcine intsebenziswano ephindwe kabini echazwe ngasentla (bona Umzobo 1).

Umzobo 1 

Iimpendulo ezichanekileyo kwiingxaki zokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nelizwe.

Njengakwimeko yabaseColombia, amadoda aseSpain abonakalise ukwamkelwa ngakumbi kokulimala (izigwebo ze-utilitarian) kunabafazi, bobabini ngenxa yobuntu, F (1,220) = 8.714, p = .004, η2 = 0.040, 95% CI [0.004, 0.099], kunye neengxaki zobuqu, F (1,220) = 9.811, p = .002, η2 = 0.045, 95% CI [0.006, 0.105]. Kwimeko yangaphambili, xa kuthelekiswa amadoda aseSpeyin (M = 4.459, SD = 1.12) kunye nabafazi baseSpain (M = 3.8121, SD = 1.16) i-MD yayingu-0.647 (95% CI [0.215, 1.079]). Xa kugwetywa iingxaki zobuqu, umahluko ophakathi phakathi kwamadoda aseSpain nabafazi baseSpain wawumkhulu ngakumbi (MD = 0.771, 95% CI [0.264, 1.158]). Qaphela ukuba kuzo zombini iindidi zengxaki ubukhulu besiphumo babubukhulu kunobo bufunyenwe eColombia.

Ekugqibeleni, xa sithelekisa amadoda nabafazi phakathi kwamazwe kuhlobo ngalunye lwengxaki, siye safumanisa ukuba, xa ugweba iingxaki zomntu, abafazi baseColombia (M = 4.1378, SD = 1.199) babenokuthi bamkele ingozi kunabafazi baseSpain (M = 3.4532, SD = 1.15), F(1,220) = 9.097, p = .003, η2 = 0.04, 95% CI [0.002, 0.131], ebonisa i MD of 0.685 (95% CI [0.237, 1.132]). Bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo ngokweenkcukacha-manani phakathi kwabasetyhini abasuka kwelinye lala mazwe mabini xa begweba iingxaki ezingenabuntu, F(1,220) = 3.184, p = .076, naphakathi kwamadoda anika umlinganiselo ongengomntu, F(1,220) = 0.762, p = .384, okanye iingxaki zobuqu, F(1,220) = 1.124, p = .29. Akukho okunye ukusebenzisana okufikelele kukubaluleka kwamanani kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo e-alpha (bona 1 Table).

1 Table 

I-Likert Means, i-Standard Deviations kunye noqikelelo lwe-95% yeZithuba zokuzithemba kwindibaniselwano nganye yamanqanaba amanqanaba.

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Eyona njongo yolu phando ibikukuphonononga iziphumo zokuchaphazeleka okunokwenzeka, imeko yentlalontle, uhlobo lwengxaki kunye nesini somthathi-nxaxheba kwizigqibo zokuziphatha. Ngokwesiseko soncwadi oluphononongwayo, oluye lwabonisa ukufaneleka kwezi zinto zikhankanywe ngasentla ekuqondeni ukuziphatha, saxela kwangaphambili ukuba izigwebo zokuziphatha ziya kuthotyelwa ngokuzimeleyo nganye yezinto ezicatshangelwayo. Ukongeza, kwaqikelelwa ukuba isiphumo sempembelelo enganeno kwimithetho yokuziphatha iya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kunxibelelwano neeprofayili zabathathi-nxaxheba (ngokwesini kunye nemvelaphi yenkcubeko yentlalo) kunye neempawu zojoliso (uhlobo lwengxaki).

Iziphumo zethu zixhase i-hypothesis yethu ephambili. Sifumanise ukuba: a) xa kuthelekiswa nokuqala kokungathathi hlangothi, iiprimes ezivuselela inkanuko zonyusa ukwamkelwa kokwenzakala ukuze kulunge ngakumbi (okt, ukugweba okusebenzisekayo ngakumbi); b) ngokunxulumene nabantu baseColombia, abantu baseSpain balinganiswe ebangela umonakalo ongamkelekanga; c) ngokunxulumene neengxaki ezingezizo ubuntu, iingxaki zobuqu zanciphisa ukwamkelwa kwezenzo eziyingozi; kunye d) ngokunxulumene namadoda, abasetyhini bebengafane bacinge ukuba ukwenzakala kwamkelekile.

Okokuqala, nangona impembelelo ye-affective priming kwizigwebo zokuziphatha yayingenalo ulwazelelelo kwezinye izinto, siye safumana isiphumo esiphambili se-affective priming kwizigwebo zokuziphatha. Ngokukodwa, sifumanise ukuba i-erotic (kodwa ayimnandi okanye ingathathi hlangothi) inyuse ukwamkelwa kokwenzakala. Ekuqalekeni, sinokutolika iziphumo zethu kukukhanya kophando olubonisa ukuba impembelelo entle ebangelwe ngokwemeko (efana nolonwabo) inciphisa ukukhetha kwizigwebo zokuziphatha ze-deontological [], okubalelwa kumlinganiselo wokuba isivuseleli esimnandi sinciphise ukusabela okuchaphazelekayo okuya kukwenzakala. Kwelinye icala, ukulandela izifundo zangaphambili ezingahambelani nesizinda sokuziphatha [, ], kunokucingelwa ukuba impendulo enomdla kwi-erotic primes idluliselwe (i-automatically misattributed) kwizigwebo zokuziphatha.

Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zethu azinakucaciswa kuphela ngokweziphumo ezisekwe kwi-valence. Ngokomzekelo, izifundo zangaphambili [] ebonisa ukuba ukuphakama kokuziphatha okunyanzeliswayo (impendulo echaphazelekayo echaphazelekayo) kwandiswe izigwebo ze-deontological zibeka umbuzo ukunyaniseka kwesiphumo esisekelwe kwi-valance kwi-valance-based based to behaviorality. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, into yokuba isiphumo sokuqala sasinomda kwimeko evuselela inkanuko (kodwa ingeyiyo imeko emnandi) inokuba ngenxa yokuqalisa okuvusa inkanuko okunexabiso eliphezulu kumlinganiselo wokuvuka. Inokucaciswa kwakhona ekukhanyeni kophando malunga ne-erotic priming, ebonisa ukuba iziphumo ze-erotic ezivezwe ngokuncinci kwi-cognition zichaneke kakhulu [, , ].

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-hypothesis evuselelayo, idatha ye-neuroimaging icebisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwe-subliminal kwi-erotic stimuli kwandisa ukusebenza kwimimandla yengqondo ehambelana nokuvuswa ngokwesondo []. Okubangela umdla kukuba, kukho ubungqina bokuba ukuvuswa ngokwesondo kuphazamise iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo phantsi kokungacaci [] kwaye ithande ipateni yokuphendula []. Ngenxa yoko, kunokuxoxwa ukuba into yokuba i-erotic priming iququzelela ukwamkelwa kwezenzo ezinobungozi ngenxa yamava (ngokungacacanga) ukuvuswa ngokwesondo kubathathi-nxaxheba, oku, ngokuhambelana neziphumo zangaphambili [] ingaququzelela indlela esetyenziswayo yokugweba ngokuziphatha. Ngenxa yokuba asizange sibandakanye nayiphi na imilinganiselo yokuvuswa ngokwesondo, le ngcamango kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngophando olongezelelweyo.

Ewe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, xa ubonisa izigcawu ezivuselela inkanuko yesini, amaxabiso aqhelekileyo kuzo zombini iivalence kunye nokuvuswa kwemifanekiso ye-IAPS yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini. Ngokukodwa, imifanekiso evuselela inkanuko ibekwe njengeyona nto imnandi kwaye ivuselela ngakumbi emadodeni kunakwabasetyhini (Isicatshulwa se-S1, bona kwakho [-]). Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba asizange sifumane ukuba isondo sabathathi-nxaxheba bahlengahlengisa impembelelo ye-erotic primes kwizigqibo zokuziphatha, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba iziphumo ze-erotic primes azizange zibe nobuntununtunu kwiyantlukwano yezesondo kwi-valence kunye nemilinganiselo evuselelayo yemifanekiso evuselela inkanuko. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kunokutolikwa ngokophando lwangaphambili malunga nezivuseleli ezivuselela inkanuko, ezibonisa ukuba iipateni zonxulumano phakathi kolu hlobo lokuvezwa kwimifanekiso evuselela inkanuko kunye nokulinganisa okuzimeleyo kwakungahambelani [, ]. Ngaphezu koko, into yokuba akukho mahluko phakathi kwee-primes ezivuselelayo kunye nezithandekayo (ezinexabiso elifanayo lokuvusa kunye nezo ze-primes ezingathathi hlangothi), ibonisa ukuba akukho valence okanye ukuvuswa ngokwazo kunokuchaza ngokupheleleyo umphumo ofunyenweyo.

Enye into enokwenzeka kukuba ii-primes ezivuselela inkanuko zaba nefuthe kwindlela yokuziphatha enxulumene nokuqonda kwengqondo. Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba i-erotic stimuli iyanciphisa imbono ye-arhente (kwaye, ngenxa yoko, uxanduva lokuziphatha lwe-arhente) kodwa kwandisa imbono yamava (oko kwandisa ingozi ekucingelwa ukuba ixhoba) []. Ngokusekwe kwezi ziphumo, iziphumo zethu zinokucebisa ukuba iimpembelelo ze-erotic primes kwimbono yengqondo zigxile kubungakanani be-arhente. Ngokukodwa, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ukuncitshiswa koxanduva lokuziphatha olubonwa ngummeli kuya kwandisa ukwamkeleka kokuziphatha kwezenzo eziyingozi ezixeliweyo.

Enye ingcaciso ivela kwindlela yokuqhawula inkqubo, ethi amandla okuthambekela kwe-deontological kunye ne-utilitarian phakathi kwabantu anokulinganiswa ngokuzimeleyo []. Ke ngoko, into yokuba iiprimes ezivuselela inkanuko zonyusa ukwamkeleka kokwenzakala kunokukhokelela ekwenyukeni okanye ekwehleni kokuthambekela kokusebenziseka okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-deontological, ngokulandelelanayo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iziphumo zika-Ariely noLoewenstein [] cebisa ukuba inkanuko yesini icuthe inkuthazo ukuya kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo, nto leyo enokwandisa utyekelo lokusebenzisa. Kungenjalo, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo into enokwenzeka ukuba isivuseleli esivuselelayo sinciphise ukuthambekela kwempendulo ye-deontological kunye ne-utilitarian; ukwandisa ukwamkeleka kwezenzo eziyingozi kwiingxaki zokuziphatha ezingahambelaniyo (ezifaka i-deontological vs. utyekelo lwe-utilitarian) ezifana nezisetyenziswe kolu phononongo [].

Okwesibini, olu phando lwenzelwe ukujongana nendima yeeyantlukwano zenkcubeko kwizigwebo zokuziphatha. Iziphumo zethu ziqinisekisile ukuba iimpendulo kwiingxaki zokuziphatha zichaphazeleka kwinqaku elithi "Ilizwe", ebonisa ukuba kukho ukungafani kwenkcubeko kwindlela yokuphendula kwiingxaki zokuziphatha. Ngokukodwa, sifumanise ukuba nangona bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwe kwizigwebo zokuziphatha ezingenabuntu, abafazi baseColombia babenokwamkela ingozi kunabafazi baseSpain kwimeko yeengxaki zokuziphatha zobuqu. Ngokwenene, izigwebo zokuziphatha zabasetyhini baseColombia ziye zafana kwimeko yeengxaki zomntu kunye nezingenabuntu, ezibonisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo kunesampulu yaseSpain, eyenza umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kweentlobo zombini zeengxaki zokuziphatha.

Okwesithathu, sifumene ukuba uhlobo lwesigwebo sokuziphatha (deontological vs. utilitarian) waphenjelelwa luhlobo lwengxaki, apho abathathi-nxaxheba abafane bamkele ingozi kwimeko yeengxaki zobuqu kunakwimeko yeengxaki ezingengomntu. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kungqamana nophando lwangaphambili kumahluko wobuqu/ongenabuntu. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kucingelwa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa neengxaki ezingezizo zobuntu, izigwebo zokuziphatha kwiingxaki zomntu ziphawulwa ngokubandakanyeka okukhulu kwiisekethe zeemvakalelo, ezikhokelela kwizigwebo zokuziphatha ze-deontological [, ].

Okokugqibela, injongo ebalulekileyo yolu phando lwangoku yayikukuvavanya ukuba ingaba iyantlukwano yezesondo inxibelelana na nezinto ezongezelelweyo ezifana nemvelaphi echaphazelekayo kunye nemvelaphi yenkcubeko (ilizwe) ekwenzeni izigwebo zokuziphatha. Sifumene ukuba isondo sinempembelelo efanelekileyo kwizigwebo zokuziphatha, ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba, kuzo zonke iimeko, abafazi babengenakukwazi ukwamkela ingozi kunamadoda. Iziphumo zethu zixhasa umbono ophambili kuphando malunga nezantlukwano zesini kwizigwebo zokuziphatha, ezibanga ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa namadoda, abasetyhini banenkxalabo yokuziphatha eyomeleleyo malunga nokwenzakala kunye nobungqina bepateni engaphezulu ye-deontological yezigwebo zokuziphatha [, ]. Ngokumalunga neli bango, kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuba, nangona iiyantlukwano zesini kuvelwano zibonakala zinovakalelo kwiingqwalasela zemethodical [], izifundo ezininzi ziye zafumanisa ukuba abafazi bahlala besenza ngcono kwiimvavanyo zovelwano, uvakalelo lwentlalo, kunye nokuqondwa kweemvakalelo kunamadoda [-]. Ngaphezu koko, izifundo ze-neuroimaging zibonisa ukuba abafazi baqesha iindawo ezine-mirror neurons ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu kunamadoda, ebonisa ukuba ii-neural circuits eziphantsi kovelwano zilungiswa ngokwahlukileyo ngokwesondo [].

Uphononongo lwangoku lunemida ethile, kwaye ukuqwalaselwa kwezi kufuneka kuncede ukucokisa uphando lwexesha elizayo. Ngokomzekelo, asizange sibandakanye nawuphi na umlinganiselo wemeko yentlalo-ntle, eyaziwa njengedlala indima ekugwebeni ukuziphatha []. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba, nangona ixabiso le-IAPS eliqhelekileyo lihlala lihambelana phakathi kweColombia neSpain, ukungafani kwachongwa kumlinganiselo wokuvuswa []. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuhlala ulumkile malunga nokumahluko okuqhelekileyo kolu hlobo, ngenxa yokuba imifanekiso evuselela inkanuko eqinisekisiweyo eSpain naseColombia iyiseti encinci kwaye yahluke ngokuyinxenye.

Ukuqukumbela, iziphumo zethu zixhasa ibango lokuba isini, inkcubeko kunye nefuthe elingalindelekanga zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuziphatha, kunye nokuba iindlela ezithile ezisebenzisana ngazo ezi zinto zibumba izigwebo zokuziphatha. Ngokwesiseko sezi ziphumo, uphononongo olongezelelweyo kufuneka luphonononge iziphumo zemiba enjalo kwimimandla engeyiyo yokuziphatha, efana nezigwebo zezentlalo okanye izigwebo zobuhle. Sikwaqwalasela ukuba izifundo zexesha elizayo ezibandakanya abantu bekliniki zinokuphucula ukuqonda kwethu indima yomahluko ngamnye kunye neendlela abasebenzisana ngazo neemeko zomxholo kwinkqubo yokwenza izigwebo zokuziphatha.

 

Ukuxhasa ulwazi

Itheyibhile ye-S1

Idatha yenqanaba lomntu ngamnye:

(XLSX)

Isicatshulwa se-S1

S1 Isihlomelo: Iiprimiyamu ezisebenzayo.

(DOC)

Isicatshulwa se-S2

S2 Isihlomelo: Iingxaki zobuntu kunye nezingezizo ezobuntu.

(DOCX)

Imibulelo

Olu phononongo luxhaswe yiprojekthi yophando yeFFI2013-44007-P exhaswa ngemali nguMphathiswa we-Economía y Competitividad kaRhulumente waseSpain (http://www.mineco.gob.es) .Singathanda kwakhona ukuvuma u-Astrid Restrepo, uJuliana Medina, uLaura Betancur, uLuisa Barrientos, uLuis Felipe Sarmiento kunye no-Arnau Centelles ngoncedo kwiinkqubo zovavanyo. Sikwabulela uGordon Ingram kunye noMarcos Nadal ngezimvo zabo eziluncedo.

Ingxelo Yenkxaso

Olu pho nonongo luxhaswe yiprojekthi yophando yeFFI2013-44007-P (uRhulumente waseSpain: UMphathiswa wezoQoqosho kunye noKhuphiswano). Abaxhasi bemali babengenayo indima ekuyilweni kokufunda, ukuqokelela idatha kunye nohlalutyo, isigqibo sokupapasha, okanye ukulungiswa kombhalo wesandla.

Ukufumaneka kweDatha

Yonke idatha efanelekileyo ingaphakathi ephepheni kunye neefayile zayo zoLwazi oluxhasayo.

Ucaphulo

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