Ukuhlolisisa indlela izinto ezibhekiselele ngesondo ngokokwazisa ngesondo, ukuqonda kunye nezenzo zabaselula: uphando lwekhwalithi (2018)

UCharles, uP. kwaye UMeyrick, uJ. (2018)

Ijenali yezeMpilo Psychology. I-ISSN 1359-1053

Abstract

Injongo

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukubhencwa kwiZinto eziSobala ngokweSondo (SEM) kunefuthe elibi kwinkolelo, izimo zengqondo kunye nezenzo zabafana abancinci, kodwa uphando oluncinci luye lwaluhlola ukuba inokwenzeka njani le nto. Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikukujongana nale ngxaki ivelayo kwaye iphonononge iimpembelelo ezizezayo zokuchazwa kweSEM kumadoda amancinci ukuze aqonde ngcono iimpembelelo zokukhuthaza impilo yezesondo.

indlela yokwenza

Isampulu 'ekhephuke ikhephu' yabathathi-nxaxheba kumadoda aneminyaka ephakathi kwe-18-25 aqeshwe kwindawo enye yokusebenza. Kwaba-40 abamenyiweyo, abali-11 baphendule kuvavanyo olusemgangathweni. Idatha yophando yavavanywa kusetyenziswa uHlaziyo loMxholo.

Iziphumo kunye nezigqibo

Imixholo ephambili evela kwidatha yayi: - ukwandiswa kwamanqanaba okufumaneka kwe-SEM, kubandakanya ukunyuka komxholo ogqithileyo (Yonke indawo ojonga kuyo) ezibonwa ngamadoda aselula kolu phando njengempembelelo ezimbi kwisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha (Iziphumo ezibi - Ayilunganga). Idatha iphakamisa ukujonga okubhidekileyo (Iivesi zokwenyani Umbono) ujikeleze amadoda alindelekileyo ukuba abe nempilo entle ngokwesondo (Ubomi boSondo obunempilo). Imfundo yosapho okanye yesondo inokunika 'ukhuselo' (Iibuffers) kwimigangatho yengxaki abantu abancinci abayibonayo kwi-SEM

intshayelelo

Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo yeyona ngxaki iphambili yezempilo yoluntu (Towl, 2018) inqanaba lamva nje olusekwe kuphando olususela e-USA lubonisa ukuba i-81% yabasetyhini kunye ne-43% inika ingxelo yamaxhoba okuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo (Kearl, 2018), ezineziphumo zobomi eziphambili ebomini amaxhoba kunye aboni.

Ubungqina bamva nje bujongwa kwiziphumo zoononografi ebantwaneni nakubantu abancinci (iQuadara, i-El-Murr kunye neLatham, i-2017) ithi "eyona mifanekiso iphambili, ithandwa kakhulu kwaye ifikelelekayo inemiyalezo kunye nokuziphatha malunga nesini, isini, amandla kunye nolonwabo inengxaki enkulu ”.

Uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lweminyaka ye-20 yophando olujikeleze amakhonkco phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuziphatha (uPeter neValkenburg, i-2016) bonisa iziphumo kubo bobabini abatshati, kwaye ngokunxulumene nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, bafumana ukona okukhulu ngokwesondo, ngokubhekisele ekuphambukeni nasekuxhatshazweni.

Isifundo sase-Australia (Davis, Carrotte, Hellard kunye ne-Lim, 2018) ye-N = 517 yabantu abathandana nabasetyhini abatshatileyo bayatsala ingqalelo yeendlela zakwantu abaziphethe kakubi kwimifanekiso engamanyala zibonwa kwaye zichongwe ngabaphulaphuli abancinci abathandanayo.

Ukuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo (Wright okqhubekayo, 2016) yophando oludibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-ponografi kunye nezenzo zokwenyani zesondo zifumene ubungqina obufanelekileyo kwizifundo kwaye umxholo onogonyamelo unokuba yinto eyandisayo. Uphando lufuna ukujongana nomba ovelayo wokwanda kokufumaneka koonografi ngakumbi kumaqonga edijithali (iDavis, 2018). Uphando sele lubonakalisile ifuthe kuphuhliso lolutsha nakwinkcubeko yolutsha ngeendlela ezininzi ezingazange zibonwe nakwimida yenkcubeko nakwihlabathi liphela (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2016).

Izifundo ezinqamlezayo zicebise ukuba abantu abancinci bafunde indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokubona i-SEM (Häggström-Nordin et al, 2006; UAlexy, uBurgess noPrentky, 2009) kwaye oku kungakhokelela kulindelo olugwenxa ngokwesini (Tsitsika, Critselis, IKormas, iKonstantoulaki, iConstantopoulos kunye neKafetzis, 2009). UPeter & Valkenburg, (2010) Ukufumana ukubonakaliswa rhoqo kwe-SEM kukhokelele kwinkolelo eyandayo yokuba iyafana nokwabelana ngesondo ngokwenyani (ubunyani bezentlalo) kunye nomthombo wolwazi malunga nesini (into eluncedo).

Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi osemgangathweni wokukroba iindlela ezisusela kolu nxibelelaniso ulinganiselwe (UPeter noValkenburg, 2016. ILöfgren-Mårtenson neMansson, (2010) iqaphele ukuba kuphela ngabantu abathile abatsha abayiqondayo imeko ye-SEM engenye. Olunye uphando olusemgangathweni lubonisa ukuba abantu abancinci basebenzise Iphonografi 'yeenjongo zokufundisa' kunye nokutya iphonografi baziva ngathi bayayinyanzela (Rothman okqhubekayo ngo-2015) .Ukuba sesichengeni kunokuluqinisa olu lwalamano njengoko kubonisiwe kwidatha yodliwanondlebe evela kwi-BME MSM encinci e-US (Arrington-Sanders okqhubekayo 2015) ababenemali encinci ukufikelela kwimfundo efanelekileyo yesondo.

Injongo yolu phando yayikukuqalisa ukuphonononga izinto ezibonisa ukuba SEM inenkolelo zesini, ukuqonda nezenzo zabafana abancinci kwiiakhawunti zabo.

tindlela

Uvavanyo olusemgangathweni lwalusetyenziselwa ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM. Isixhobo sophando esenziwa kwi-Intanethi sonyulwa ukuba siqinisekise ukungazichazi komthathi-nxaxheba kunye nokunciphisa ukuthanda kwezentlalo kwiimpendulo. Ikhweshine khange lisebenzise inkcazo engundoqo ye-SEM kodwa libuze abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bachaze abakubonileyo. Imibuzo apho yenzelwe ukuba iphonononge ngeli xesha isacacisa ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nemithombo yokusetyenziswa, imfundo ngesondo kunye nokuqonda ukuba bunjani ubomi besondo obuphilileyo.

Sebenzisa indawo yokusebenzela (indawo yokutsalela umnxeba) kuqeshwe ubukhulu becala abafana abancinci, isicwangciso esili sampuli esijolise ekufumaneni abafana abancinci abanokubonakalisa amava okufikisa e-SEM kodwa banike nengxelo ngendlela oku okubuchaphazele ngayo ubudlelwane bezesondo ebudaleni (18-25 yrs) Bafunwa kwakhona ngoqhakamshelwano lwebhola ekhatywayo kunye nesampulu zaqhubeka ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho kungabikho lwazi lwenoveli oluvelayo. Amadoda angama-40, aphakathi kweminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu amenywa ukuba athathe inxaxheba kolu phando, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba abali-11 bagqibe kuvavanyo (Jonga iSihlomelo A).

Abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe ikopi eprintiweyo (ibuyisiwe ngemvulophu engaziwayo) okanye inguqulelo ekwi-intanethi (ebuyiswe nge-imeyile) yovavanyo olungaziwayo. Uhlalutyo lwedatha lwenziwa ngendlela yamanqanaba amathandathu kuhlalutyo lwe-inductive (IBraun & Clarke, 2006), iphonononga ixabiso ledatha ngokudala iikhowudi zokuqala ngaphambi kokukhangela kunye nokuchonga imixholo ephambili, Isihlomelo B sinikezela umkhondo wophicotho-zincwadi ovela kwidatha kumxholo ngokukhutshwa kwetafile yokufaka iikhowudi kunye nedayagramu eneenkcukacha ngakumbi yemixholo kunye nemixholo engezantsi (Isihlomelo B). Ubunzima bokutolika buxhaswe kukuphuhliswa kwengxelo yomntu ebonakalayo ngumphandi kunye nesuphavayiza yokuqinisekisa imixholo (Meyrick, 2006)

Ukuthotyelwa kweMigangatho yokuHlola

Ibhodi yeYunivesithi yaseNtshona yeNgilani yezeMpilo kunye nezoBomi yezeNzululwazi ibonelele ngemvume yokuziphatha kolu phando zonke iinkqubo ezenziweyo kolu phononongo zihambelana nemigangatho yokuziphatha njengoko ibekiwe kwisibhengezo sika-Helsinki sowe-1964 kunye nohlengahlengiso lwayo lwamva okanye imigangatho yokuziphatha. Imvume eyazisiweyo yafunyanwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ababandakanyiweyo kolu phando. Ungqubano lweNzala: Ababhali bavakalise ukuba akukho kungqubana kwemidla.

iziphumo

Abathathi-nxaxheba baquka amadoda angama-11 aphakathi kweminyaka ye-18-25 iminyaka yonke esebenza kwindawo enye yokusebenza. Banikwe i-pseudonyms yokungaziwa.

Uhlalutyo lwe-thematic lokufaka ulwazi olusetyenzisiweyo kwezi mpendulo zovavanyo olusemgangathweni luye lwaphakamisa imixholo emithandathu ephambili eyayikho kwidatha. Le mixholo ibonwa ibalulekile ekumiseleni iinkolelo, ukuqonda kunye nezenzo zabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Imixholo ibhalwe iilebhile kwaye yandlalwa ngokulandelelana kwayo “Yonke indawo ojonga kuyo","Iziphumo ezibi-Ayilunganga","I-Buffers, imfundo yesondo kunye nosapho","Iivesi zokwenyani Umbono"Kwaye"Ubomi boSondo obunempilo". Imixholo iboniswe ngolu hlobo oluthile ukubonisa ibali elihamba phambili elihamba ngedatha kunye nokwazisa ngeendlela ezinokubakho. Umzobo 1, uceba imixholo ephambili (eblowu) ngokunxulumene namanyathelo endlela kwaye ukwabonisa imixholo engezantsi efanelekileyo.

1. Yonke indawo ojonga kuyo

Lo mxholo ucaciswa ngeepatheni zokuvezwa kwe-SEM echazwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nobungqina bokulula kunye nomgangatho apho lo mxholo ubonakala ufikelela kwi-intanethi njengowona mthombo ukhankanyiweyo.

"Eyona nto ndiyibonileyo kwi-porn engasukiyo endiyifumana kwiiwebhusayithi ezikhululekileyo kwi-intanethi" - uSid

“Iphepha 3, iimagad (Zoo & Amandongomane)” - UTom

“Iividiyo zomculo ezivakalayo, amantombazana eTV apho ufowuna khona” - URichard

            "I-Instagram" - Mo      

Abathathi-nxaxheba babonakala bebonakalisa umda wokwamkeleka ekujongeni kwe-SEM ngamadoda akwishumi elivisayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, bebona indlela yokuziphatha njengenxalenye yenkqubo yesiqhelo yophuhliso.

"Ndicinga ukuba yinxalenye yokukhula". - Ross

Nangona kunjalo, abanye babonakala ngathi babona iziphumo ezinokuba yingozi, eziphembelela ulingelo ngokwesondo kumadoda afikisayo.

"Ndixhalabile malunga nefuthe elinalo kubantu abancinci, ngenxa ye-porn ndizamile ngesondo ukuzama ukukopa izinto endizibonileyo kwaye ayingawo onke amava amnandi (amaqela ezesondo, iqela lesini njlnjl."). -Gaz

"Xa ndingazange ndinyamekele, ndazifumana ndilikhoboka lamanyala ngenxa yokukhululeka endinokuyifumana kunye nomvuzo ovela kwiikhemikhali kwingqondo yam". -Alfie kunye

2. Iziphumo ezingalunganga- Ayilunganga loo nto

Abathathi-nxaxheba babonakala ngathi banokwazi ukuqonda iingxaki ezinokubakho ngokusetyenziswa kwe-SEM.

“Ndingatsho ukuba yomeleza izimvo eziyingozi kulawulo lwesini. Abasetyhini bahlala beboniswa njengabathobekileyo kwaye baphenjelelwa lula ngamadoda. Amadoda ahlala ebonakaliswa njengabalawulayo nanjengowesini esomeleleyo. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba oku kuye kwabachaphazela abantu abasesichengeni kuluntu lwethu, kuqinisa ubukho babantu kuluntu lwethu, kwenza ukuba isimo sengqondo sabasetyhini esomeleleyo singanqweneleki. ” -Ubob

“Ukwabelana ngesondo njengemveliso enokufikelelwa ngokulula kunye nokuthengwa. Itshintsha indlela abajonga ngayo amantombazana nabafazi, inkcaso, amantombazana hayi njengabantu ”- Mo

Kweli qela, i-stereotypes zesini eziboniswe kwi-SEM ikwabonakala ngathi iyatshintsha indlela amadoda amancinci aziqonda ngayo.

"Ingenza amanye amadoda azive engakhuselekanga malunga namandla abo ezesondo njengoko bengenako ukuhlala ixesha elide njengamadoda amanyala angamanyala". - URichard

"Iphonografi indenze ndaziva ndingonelanga njengendoda- inefuthe elibi kwindlela endizibona ngayo." - UTom

Ukongezelela, abathathi-nxaxheba bathetha malunga namanqanaba okwandayo ekupheleni kweemfuno ze-SEM kwi-intanethi. I-SEM ingabonwa njengamandla anokuthintela ekwakheni izinto ezikhethiweyo zesondo.

"Ngenxa yokwanda kokufumaneka kwe-porn, iividiyo ziya zisiba mandundu ngakumbi kwaye ziyothusa ukuze zihambisane nemfuno yokuba ibonwa inomdla". - UJay

“Ngokuqinisekileyo kuye kwandenza ndaba lukhuni. Kuthatha okuninzi ukundothusa ngoku, ngenxa yemali endiyibonileyo ayisandichaphazeli njengakuqala ”- UTom

Le mfuno inyukayo yamanqanaba aphezulu okukhuthaza anokukhokelela kulindelo kumntu ngamnye lokuhambelana nento enokuthathwa njengesiqhelo.

3. Iibuffers

Ukulinganisa okanye iindlela ezizezinye zokuziphatha ezibonelelwa ngumzekelo: indlela yokuziphatha kosapho okanye imfundo yezesondo zichazwe ngokwegalelo elifanelekileyo okanye njengethuba elilahlekileyo.

“Imfundo yam yesini esikolweni yayiyoyikeka. Iphonografi ayigutyungelwanga konke konke kwaye kwakubonakala ngathi benza ubuncinci…. Bathe kraca kuzo naziphi na iinkcukacha ezingakunika ukuqonda okukuko ukuba nesini kuya kuba njani “uJay

“Uhlobo lomntu aluzange lube yinto ekuthiwa yintsapho yam ekukhuleni kwam, ngoko ke ndicinga ukuba oku kwandinika ithuba elingenakuba ngabo bonke. Umsebenzi kamama wobugcisa ngokuqinisekileyo undinike umbono olungileyo wokuba abafazi basenyanisweni bajongeka kanjani ”. -Ubob

Izimo zengqondo ezivulekileyo zosapho ezikwabelana ngesondo zinokusebenza njenge-``buffer '' ngokuchasene neziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho zokujonga i-SEM kunye nemfundo yezesondo ithuba elilahlekileyo lokubonelela ngomthombo wokulinganisa 'wemilinganiselo' esempilweni. Inkqubo yezi 'buffers' inokuba kukunceda abantu abancinci ukuba bahlule phakathi kwenyani kunye nokuzonwabisa ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo.

4. Iivesi zokwenyani Umbono

Abathathi-nxaxheba baxela ukujonga usetyenziso lwephonografi njengangoku olungenanciphiso, kwaye njengenxalenye eqhelekileyo yobomi, ekuxoxwa ngayo ngokukhululekileyo kubudlelwane.

            Ngoku sele iqhelekile. Ngaphantsi kwetaboo. Kungathethwa ngayo namaqabane ”. - UTom

I-SEM yabonwa njengemithombo yokufunda yolwazi 'ethembekileyo', kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba baxela ifuthe elingafaniyo le-SEM 'kwimilinganiselo'.

            "Ndifunde lukhulu kwi-porn-intshukumo-into elindelweyo kum njengendoda". - UTom

"Ndingathi inika abafana abancinci umbono onobungozi malunga nokuba yintoni isondo kwaye yintoni ebonelela ngayo". -Ubob

"Ikwachaphazela nembonakalo yomzimba kunye nembono yam ngendlela umntu amele ukujongeka ngayo nokuba ujongeke njani ngokwesondo". - UHarry

"Ezi zinto zicacileyo bezinempembelelo encinci kwindlela yam yokujonga imeko yomntu kwaye ndicinga ukuba oku ikakhulu kungenxa yolwazi lokuba ibonisa ilizwe eliyintsomi, apho abantu ababoniswayo phantse bengabalinganiswa behlabathi lokwenyani". -Ubob

I-SEM esetyenziswe njengesiqhelo inokuba negalelo ekudidekeni malunga nokulindelwa ngokwesini. Kweli qela, amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuqonda okanye ukuqonda ukuba ingaba i-SEM imele 'okwenyani' indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo.

5. Ubomi boSondo obunempilo

Abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa malunga nokuba bubomi obunjani besini obuphilileyo. Ukuhamba rhoqo kunye nomgangatho yayizizintambo eziqhelekileyo ngaphakathi komxholo wedatha.         

"Rhoqo kwaye uzalisekise nomntu onomdla wesondo ofana nowakho" -UJay

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamava ezesondo axelwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba njengabalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ubomi besondo obunesidima,

            “Ukuzimasa kwigumbi lokulala kunye nokulala ngesondo rhoqo” - URichard

Ngokwahlukileyo, abanye abaphendulayo baphakamise imiba eyathatha ingqalelo yamaqabane kunye nobudlelwane.

"Unxibelelwano lubalulekile kwisini kwaye iphonografi ihlala ifundisa iindlela zokubangela ulonwabo olungabonisi into efunwa liqabane". - UHarry

“Ukuba kubudlelwane obuzinikeleyo okanye ukunyaniseka malunga nokuba ungubani xa kufikwa kumba wokuzibandakanya kwisondo. Kubonisa ukuba unentlonipho esempilweni ngesinye isini ”. - Ross

            "Xa kukho ukudibana ngokweemvakalelo- ndiyalibala ukuba neentlobano zesini ezingenantsingiselo". - UTom           

Unxibelelwano, ukuthembeka, intlonipho kunye nesidingo sokuncamathiselwa ngokweemvakalelo konke kuxeliwe ekuchazeni impilo esempilweni yesondo kodwa hayi izinto eziqhelekileyo ze-SEM. Inqanaba apho abafana abakweli qela bakwamkela oku kwahlukile.

ingxoxo

Iziphumo zibonisa ezinye zeendlela ezinokubakho kubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kweSEM kunye neenkolelo zesini, ukuqonda kunye nokuziphatha kwamadoda aselula, kubandakanya ukungafani kwemiphumo emibi ye-SEM kunye nezinto ezinokubumba oko. 

Igalelo lolu phando kukuphonononga indlela abafana abancinci ababona ngayo unxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa kwabo i-SEM kunye nokuziphatha kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu, oko bakubonayo njengokukhusela ngaphakathi kwamava abo.

Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwamkelwa kwe-SEM kwathiwa kuyakhula, oku kuqinisekiswa zizifundo zobuninzi (UMatebo okqhubekayo 2013). Abathathi-nxaxheba baxela ukwanda kokusetyenziswa komxholo ogqithileyo kunye nokungafuneki kulo mxholo. Ngale nto inyukayo yokufumaneka kwedatha iphakamisa ukuba kuqheleke okanye kugqithiswe ukusetyenziswa kwe-SEM nje 'njengenxalenye yobudala beli xesha' (UPeter noValkenburg, 2016). Ngaba le yingxaki, imbono ye-SEM 'njengeyokwenyani' eyahlukileyo kweli qela, amanye amadoda aselula anokuthi angene ngaphakathi kwimikhwa yesini ye-SEM. . URothman okqhubekayo, (2015) uqinisekisa ukuba abantu abancinci basebenzisa iphonografi 'ngeenjongo zokufundisa' kunye nokutya iphonografi baziva ngathi bakuxelisa. Ke ngoko, sinokubona ukuba ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwandisa umxholo ogqithisileyo kunokubangela ukudideka kunye nokulindeleka okungenakwenzeka okunokuthi kuchaze amakhonkco kubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo emadodeni (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2016)

Nangona kunjalo, esi siphumo sinokuhluka kakhulu. Abafana abancinci kolu phononongo, bavumile ukuba neziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho ze-SEM kwiindlela zokuziphatha kodwa kuphela kwi-abstract, hayi ngokunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwabo .. Idatha iphakamisa imibono ephikisanayo okanye edidekileyo kulindelo lwabantu abancinci ngobomi besini obuphilileyo kunye neenkolelo ezifanelekileyo kunye indlela yokuziphatha. Umahluko wokuqonda ukuba i-SEM 'yokwenyani' ikho, efumaneka kule sampulu inokuchazwa ngokulamla ngokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-SEM ngokusebenzisa umngcipheko osele ukhona (umz. Ukwaphuka kosapho kunxulunyaniswe nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kuncwadi oluninzi lwamazwe aphesheya (Hielman, et al, 2014) kunye novavanyo olubanzi lophando lukwachonge umsebenzisi oqhelekileyo "oyindoda, ophambili phambili, ofuna imvakalelo, nosapho olubuthathaka okanye olunengxaki. ubudlelwane ”(Peter + Valkenburg, 2016). Ukuncitshiswa kokulimala okunokubakho kunokufuna ungenelelo olujolise kwabo basemngciphekweni omkhulu.

Kwicala elifanelekileyo, ukuvuleka kosapho malunga nokwabelana ngesondo okanye ngemfundo yezesondo kwakwenziwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba njengokunika 'ukhuseleko' okanye ibhalansi kwimiboniso ye-SEM yesini. Iziphumo zibonisa ukubaluleka kokujongana nokungafikeleli kwimfundo yesini yangoku (UBrown okqhubekayo, 2009). Idatha kolu phononongo ikwabonakala ngathi lubonisa ubudlelwane obusungulwe ngaphambili bokumodareyitha kwendima yosapho okanye ukungavuleki kweendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuziphatha, izimo zengqondo kunye nezimvo ngabanonopheli bokuqala kwimicimbi efana nokuthatha umngcipheko ngokwesondo kulutsha (iSebe lezeMpilo, i-2013).

Ixabiso lemfundo yesondo libhalwe kakuhle kulo lonke uncwadi lwangoku (iSebe lezeMpilo, i-2013) kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba baxela imfundo yabo yezesondo njengengonelanga ngokubanzi kodwa ngakumbi ingagubungeli umba we-SEM. Ke ngoko, iinkqubo ezinje 'lixesha esithethile ngalo' (Crabbe okqhubekayo, 2011) ejongene ngqo nemifanekiso engamanyala nabantu abancinci ifuna uvavanyo lwenzululwazi.

Uphando ngakumbi

 Nangona izinto eziqaqanjiswe ngumsebenzi ngokunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwengxaki ye-SEM ziqinisekisiwe kuncwadi olubanzi, iindlela zokuziphatha ngaphakathi kunye nokuba semngciphekweni okhoyo okanye i-buffers ziya kuxhamla kuphando oluninzi lobungakanani. Umsebenzi wongenelelo ojongana nemifanekiso engamanyala kwimfundo yesondo kufuneka yakhe ubungqina obomeleleyo kuvavanyo olomeleleyo. Kwimeko yezindululo zeKomiti yaBafazi kunye nokuLingana yokuLingana (iNdlu yeeNgxoxo, i-2016) yokwenza ukuba imfundo yesondo inyanzeliswe kwingxelo yabo ye-Sexual Harassment eSikolweni, urhulumente ukwenzile oko kwaye kungoku nje uthetha-thethana nomxholo. Iinkqubo ezintsha kufuneka ziphononongwe ngokwenzululwazi kunye nemilinganiselo yesiphumo enokuthelekiswa ukuze kuqokelelwe ubungqina obukhulu.

Ukushokoxeka kwesifundo

Ngaphakathi kokulinganiselwa komgangatho kwaye ngenxa yoko isampulu engenakwenziwa ngokubanzi, imixholo inokuxhamla kwisampulu enkulu yokuqinisekisa. Abathathi-nxaxheba baphinde bachongwa ngokubhabha ikhephu koqhakamshelwano ngomfundi / umphandi kwindawo enye yokusebenza, oko ke kunokubangela iyantlukwano encinci. Oku ngekhe kuthathe ubungqina obubonakalayo beendawo ezihluthwayo kunye neengxaki zobudoda (uLorimer, McMillian, McDaid, Milne noHunt, 2018) Imibuzo kolu phando inokuba yenze eminye yemixholo echongiweyo kwaye mhlawumbi indlela evulekileyo yodliwanondlebe yenza uphando olukhulu. Iziphumo ziyahanjiswa kunokuba zenziwe ngokubanzi Ukutolikwa kwemixholo evela kwidatha kunokuchaphazeleka ngabaphandi ngamava obomi babo, ukuseka ukuziqhelanisa nokucinga, unxantathu kunye nokusebenzisa ukubekwa kweliso ekuqinisekiseni ukutolikwa zizo zonke iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukuphucula ubungqongqo obulungileyo (UMeyrick, 2006).

Amanqanaba asasazekileyo esiqhelo sesincwaso anokuxhunyaniswa nokwanda kokufumaneka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezichaza ngokwesini. Sebenza ukulungisa le mfuno ukuphonononga ukuqonda kwabafana ngendima yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi kunye nokufumana iindlela zokunciphisa iziphumo ezinobungozi. Ezi zinto ziphononongwayo ziphononongayo ukuze zidibanise kunye indlela yengozi kwaye iqinisekise indima enokubakho yemfundo ekhuselekileyo yesondo.

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ISihlomelo A:

IsiHlomelo B: Ukuhlolwa kwezikhombisi zeenkcazo-kuya kukhutshwa kwitheyibhile yokubhaliweyo / kwimephu ebanzi yemixholwana imixholo.