ULeonhardt, uNathan D., noBrian J. Willoughby. "Unxibelelwano olude phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi, ukubaluleka komtshato, kunye neentlobano zesini zokuvumela ngexesha lokukhula kwabantu abadala." Umtshato kunye noPhononongo loSapho yamkelwe nje (2017).
UNathan D. Leonhardt & UBrian J. Willoughby
Umtshato kunye noPhononongo loSapho, 14 Aug 2017
KWI-ABSTRACT
Uphando oluncinci lukhona malunga nempembelelo yephonografi kwiindlela zobudlelwane bomntu omdala osakhulayo, ngaphandle kophando oluphonononga ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kuqikelela njani iinkolelo zabantu abadala abasakhulayo ngomtshato. Uphononongo lubandakanya iziphumo ezinqamlezayo zabantu abadala abasakhulayo be-568 kunye neziphumo zexesha elide zabathathi-nxaxheba be-142 abalandelwa kwisampuli yasekuqaleni. Uhlalutyo lwe-regression lufumene ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwakudityaniswa ngokunqamlezileyo kunye nokubaluleka okuphezulu okubekwe kukulungela ngokwesondo ngaphambi kokutshata kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo. Uhlalutyo lwexesha elide lubonisa ukuba iphonografi isetyenziselwa ukuqikelelwa komtshato ophantsi kunye nezimo zengqondo ezivumelayo ngokwesondo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi akudityaniswanga kuphela kwimibhalo yezesondo yabantu abadala abasakhulayo, kodwa kunokuthi kube nefuthe kwizikripthi zobudlelwane obubanzi.
UKUQALA
Nangona imibutho esisiseko ibonise ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nazo zonke izinto ezixhomekeke kuzo, emva kokubandakanya iinguqu zokulawula, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwakudityaniswa kuphela neendlela zokulungela ngokwesondo kunye nokuvumela ngokwesondo. Ubudala, isini, uhlanga, inkolo, kunye nemeko yomtshato yabazali zonke yayilulawulo olubalulekileyo lwendlela ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwayanyaniswa nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kuzo.
Unqulo lwalululawulo olubonakala lunempembelelo enamandla yokulamla phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo zomtshato ngokubanzi. Oku kuphakamisa umphumo oqinileyo wokukhetha phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo zomtshato apho abantu abadala abasakhulayo benkolo banokuthi baphephe iphonografi kwaye baxabise umtshato.
Nangona kunjalo, kunye nolawulo, unxulumano lwahlala phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezikripthi ezithile zesini, kubandakanywa nezikripthi zesondo ngokumalunga nomtshato ngeenkolelo ezithile kummandla womtshato, njengoko kubonisiwe ngokubaluleka kwesikali sokulungela ngokwesondo.
Olu phando olutsha lubonisa ukuba abantu abadala abasakhulayo abajonga imifanekiso engamanyala ngokuphindaphindiweyo bakholelwa ukulungela ngokwesondo kunye nekhemistri yezesondo yinto ephambili yokulungela umtshato kunabo bangaboni imifanekiso engamanyala. Ngenxa yokuba abasebenzisi bephonografi babeka kubaluleke kakhulu ukulungela ngokwesondo kunye nekhemistri, oku kulindelekileyo kunokukhokelela abantu abadala abasakhulayo ukuba bafune amaqabane amaninzi angaphambi komtshato kunye namaqabane esondo angazibophelelanga, nto leyo enokunciphisa ngokumangalisayo amathuba abantu abadala abasakhulayo okuba bafumane ezinye zeziphumo ezilungileyo zomtshato ezichazwe ngasentla.
Njengoko kunye nedatha ye-cross-sectional, inyathelo lokuqala leemodeli zokunciphisa ibonakaliswe ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nazo zonke izinto ezixhomekeke kuzo, nangona ukulawulwa kweembono zeXesha le-1. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokongeza ulawulo olongezelelweyo kwi-Time 1 imbono, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwakudityaniswa kakhulu kuphela kwiinguqu zombini zomtshato kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo okuvumelekileyo.
Kwakhona, njengoko bekulindelekile ngenxa yophando lwangaphambili (Braithwaite et al., 2015), ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwanxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokuziphatha okuvumayo ngokwesondo. Oku kongeza ubungqina obubambekayo kwithiyori yeskripthi, exhasa uluvo lokuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunempembelelo kwiindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo, hayi nje unxibelelwano lombutho.
Ngenxa yokuba indlela yokuziphatha evumela ngakumbi ngokwesondo ibonakala inxibelelene nokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngokwesondo (Braithwaite et al., 2015), kubandakanya nenani eliphezulu lamaqabane ngesondo (Willoughby et al., 2014), ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunokwehlisa amathuba eziphumo ezilungileyo zomtshato impembelelo yayo ekuvumeleni ukuziphatha ngokwesondo (Busby et al., 2010; Busby, Willoughby, & Carroll, 2013; Sassler et al., 2012).
Oko kusetyenziswa koonografi ngexesha elinye lahluleka ukuqikelela ngokucacileyo utshintsho kwintlalo yomtshato xa kusetyenziswe iinguqu zokulawula, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo ukuqikelela ukuba utshintsho kwi-central yomtshato kukufumanisa okuthakazelisayo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi ngexesha lokukhula okukhulayo akutshintshi imbono yomntu omdala osakhulayo malunga nokubaluleka komtshato, inxulumene nokuncipha kokubaluleka kokubaluleka okwabelwe indima yomntu yomtshato wexesha elizayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kubonakala ngathi
banempembelelo enkulu kwiimbono zabantu abadala abasakhasayo ngomtshato ngokunxulumene neminye imiba yobomi, ngokuchaseneyo nokuphembelela iimbono zabo ngokubaluleka ngokubanzi kweziko. Abo babukela amanyala babonakala bebambelele kwinkolelo yokuba umtshato ubalulekile; noko ke, babonakala beqalisa ukugqala umtshato njengongabalulekanga kangako xa uthelekisa nezinye izinto eziza kuqala ebomini. Oku kuqinisekisa uphando lwangaphambili oluye lwaphakamisa ukuba ubuphakathi bomtshato kunye nobudlelwane bomtshato bumele izakhiwo ezibini ezihlukeneyo ezinokuhamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokukhula kwabantu abadala (Willoughby, Medaris, James, & Bartholomew, 2015).
Ngaphandle kwemida, uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi, iinkolelo zomtshato, kunye nezimo zengqondo zokuvumela ngokwesondo zinxulunyaniswa, kunye nendalo yobude bedatha ebonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunempembelelo ekhokelayo kumbindi womtshato ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kuneempembelelo ezisebenzayo kubafundisi-ntsapho abalungiselela ukutshata kwabantu abadala abasakhulayo, ukuqwalasela izinto ezingamanyala zinokuzisa imibhalo yezesondo. Ukuqonda ngakumbi ukuba umxholo wephonografi ukwazisa njani okulindelweyo emtshatweni, ngakumbi ngokwesondo emtshatweni, kunokunceda abafundisi-ntsapho ukuba banike ulwazi oluhambelana neminqweno yabantu abadala abasakhulayo ngomtshato wabo, ngakumbi ubudlelwane babo bezesondo emtshatweni.
Ngokubanzi, imifanekiso engamanyala ibonakala inempembelelo efihlakeleyo kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngesondo kunye nobudlelwane ngokubanzi, obunokuthi buqhubele phambili kwiimpawu ezibanzi zenkcubeko (Schumm, 2015). Ngokudibeneyo, ithiyori yeskripthi sezesondo, kunye nethiyori yeparadigms yomtshato ibonelela ngemvelaphi yethiyori kunye nolwakhiwo olufunekayo ukuphuhlisa ukuqonda okubanzi kwempembelelo yephonografi kwiinkolelo zomtshato kunye nezikripthi zobudlelwane. Oku kunokunceda ukwazisa uphando lwexesha elizayo kunye nezigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo malunga nokulawulwa koonografi.
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