Izithintelo ze-Neural zesifiso soSondo kubantu ngabanye abaneNqobo yoBuchule boBucala (2015)

IMIBUZO: Le ngxelo ye-fMRI yaseKorea ichaza ezinye izifundo zobuchopho kubasebenzisi bezononografi. NjengesiCwangciso seYunivesithi yaseCambridge sifumane iikhompyutheni zokusebenzisa ubuchopho zengqondo kwizilonda zesondo ezibonisa imodeli yezilwanyana eziluthayo. Ngokuhambelanayo nezifundo eziliqela zaseJamani zifumene utshintsho kwi-correx ye-prefrontal ehambelana neenguqu ezichazwe kwizilonda zamachiza.

Ngelixa liphindaphinda ezinye iinkalo zezifundo, eli phepha laseKorea longezelela oku kulandelayo:

1. Uhlolisise iziganeko ezingaphezulu zengqondo ezibandakanyeka ekusebenziseni i-reactivity, kwaye zifumene zonke izinto ezinamandla kunokuba zilawulwe kakuhle. Iindawo ezongezelelweyo zengqondo: i-thalamus, i-nucleus ye-caudate ekhohlo, i-gyrus eyi-supramarginal grey, kunye ne-right backing cingulate gyrus.
2. Yintoni entsha kukuba iziphumo zihambelane ngokuchanekileyo neepateni zangaphambili zecortex eziqwalaselwe kwikhoboka leziyobisi: Eyona nto iphambili ekwenziweni kwakhona kwimifanekiso yezesondo, kodwa kuthintelwe impendulo kolunye uvuselelo oluqhelekileyo. Kwikhoboka leziyobisi, imikhombandlela enxulumene nesiyobisi ikhokelela ekubeni ikortex yangaphambili iqhume isekethe yomvuzo kunye "nokuyifumana" imiqondiso. Ikwakhokelela kukonwaba okuncinci ekuphenduleni kumvuzo oqhelekileyo wemihla ngemihla. Oko kukuthi, ukungakhuthazi kangako ukulandela umvuzo oqhelekileyo.

Ngaphambili. Behav. I-Neurosci., 30 Novemba 2015

LINK UKUFUNDA EZIQHELELEYO

Ji-Woo Seok kwaye Jin-Hun Sohn*

• ISebe lezeNzululwazi, i-Brain Research Institute, i-Chungnam National University, iDaejeon, yaseMzantsi Korea

Izifundo ezimalunga neempawu zabantu abane-hypersexual disorder ziye zaqokelelwa ngenxa yokunyuka kwenkxalabo malunga nokuziphatha okuneengxaki ne-hypersexual (PHB). Okwangoku, kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nokuziphatha kunye neendlela ze-neural zomnqweno wesini. Isifundo sethu sijolise ekuphandeni ulungelelwaniso lwe-neural lomnqweno wesini kunye nokucinga okuhambelana nomnyhadala wokucinga ngemagneti (fMRI). Abantu abangamashumi amabini anesithathu abane-PHB kunye ne-22 yolawulo oluhambelana nobudala olulinganisiweyo baskenwe ngelixa bejonga ngokungathandabuzekiyo isini kunye nokuziphatha okungathandekiyo. Amanqanaba ezifundo zomnqweno wesini zavavanywa ngokuphendula kwisistim ngasinye sesini. Inxulumene nolawulo, abantu abane-PHB banamava rhoqo kunye nokuphucula umnqweno wesini ngexesha lokuchaphazeleka kwisini. Ukusebenza okuthe kratya kwajongwa kwi-caudate nucleus, ipharietal lobe engaphantsi, i-dorsal anterior cingate gyrus, thalamus, kunye ne-dorsolateral preortal cortex kwiqela le-PHB kunakwicandelo lolawulo. Ukongeza, iipateni zehemodynamic kwiindawo ezenziweyo zahlukile phakathi kwamaqela. Ngokuhambelana neziphumo zophando lobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha bokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha gwenxa, abantu abaneempawu zokuziphatha ze-PHB kunye nomnqweno ophuculweyo obonakalise ukwenziwa kusebenze kwindawo yangaphambili yecortex kunye nemimandla engaphantsi. Ukuqukumbela, iziphumo zethu ziya kunceda ekubonakaliseni isimilo kunye neendlela ezinxulumene ne-neural zabantu abane-PHB.

intshayelelo

Ukuziphatha okuxhatshazwayo ngokobuxhatshaxhaka (PHB) ichazwa nje ngokuba kuthatha inxaxheba ekuqhubeni ngokwesondo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kokulawula ukunyanzelisa ukuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nokuziphatha ngaphandle kokwaziswa kweziphumo ezingalunganga ezihambelanayo (Goodman, 1993; Amakha, 2001, 2013). Abo bafumana i-PHB banokufumana ubunzima obunzima kwiintlalontle zabo zentsapho kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi. Ukongeza, banomngcipheko omkhulu wokufumana izifo ezidluliselwa ngesondo okanye ukukhulelwa okungafunekiyo ubudlelwane bezesondo (Schneider noSchneider, 1991; Kuzma noMnyama, i-2008). E-US, i-3-6% yabafundi kunye nabafundi beekholeji bafumana i-PHB (Coleman, 1992; Abamnyama, i-2000; Ababonisi, i-2003). EKorea, malunga ne-2% yabo bonke abafundi beekholeji bane-PHB (UKim noKuva, i-2011). Ngenxa yokuxhaphaka kwayo ephezulu kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nalo mngcipheko, iingozi ezinxulumene nazo ziyabonakala ngokubanzi kuluntu njengoko iziganeko ze-PHB zibonakala zikhula.

Nangona ubunzima be-PHB buya kuqatshelwa ngoku, ayizange ifakwe kwi-DSM-5 (Umbutho we-Psychiatric Association, i-2013) Iingxabano ziyaqhubeka ngokubhekiselele ekubeni ingxaki yokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kufuneka ihlelwe njengesifo; Ngoko ke, akukho mvumelwano malunga nencazelo yayo, udidi, okanye inkcazo yokuxilonga. Oku kubonisa ubunzima ekumiseni imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuhlelwa ngenxa yokungahambi kwezifundo kunye neengcamango ezinxulumene nokuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo.

Nangona, ukuhlelwa kwe-PHB njengesifo kusasazo, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba umsebenzi wesondo ogqithiseleyo kufuneka uhlelwe njengoluhlu lweengxaki zomlutha kuba i-PHB ifaka iimpawu ezifana nezinye iindlela zokulutha (Goodman, 2001; Kor et al., 2013). Umnqweno ophuculweyo unxulumene ngokukodwa kwimimandla echaphazelekayo ekliniki yokukhathazeka komlutha. Ukuphonononga okuye kwabonisa ukuba umsebenzi weengingqi zengqondo ezibandakanyekayo kwiminqweno ziguqulwa kulabo abanomlutha weziyobisi (Garavan et al., 2000; Tapert et al., 2003; Franklin et al., 2007;McClernon et al., 2009). Izilingo zokuziphatha, ezifana nokugembula, umdlalo we-intanethi, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ezingabandakanyi ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kweziyobisi zibandakanya umnqweno ophakamileyo obonakala uhambelana nemisebenzi eguqulelwe kwimimandla yengqondo echaphazelekayo (Crockford et al., 2005; Ko et al., 2009;Kühn noGallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014).

Izifundo zobomi be-Brain yokufuna ukukhwela izidakamizwa kunye nokuziphatha okubi komzimba ziye zabonisa utshintsho olwenziwa kwi-prefrontal cortex (PFC) kunye neesekethe ezivuzayo ezihamba kwizifundo ezilezi ngxaki (I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2011). Ngokukodwa, ezi zifundo zifumene ukubandakanyeka okubalulekileyo kwe-PFC ekugqithiseni, kokubili ngokulawula kwayo imimandla yomvuzo kunye nokubandakanyeka kwayo kwizinto ezikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokuziphatha okunyanzelisayo. Ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwe-PFC kubangela ukuphazamiseka ekuphenduleni ukuphazamiseka nokuphazamiseka kwezakhono, ezifana nokunikezelwa kwesigxina esingafanelekanga kwisicatshulwa somlingo, njengento ephathekayo kunye nokuziphatha okubi, kunye nomnqweno wokunciphisa isisombululo esifanelekileyo (I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002; I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2011).

Ngokuhambelana nale miphumo, iziphumo zesifundo se-neuroimaging kwi-PHBs ziphakanyisile ukuba abantu abane-PHB banesifiso esithile sokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nokulawulwa kwempilo kunye nokuba umnqweno ongezelelweyo unxulumene neepatheni ezahlukeneyo zeempendulo ze-neural kwi-arrowal-outral-ventral-amygdala inethiwekhi esebenzayo (Voon et al., 2014). Kwisakhiwo sengqondo kunye nokufundiswa kokusebenza, UKühn noGallinat (2014) wabonisa ukuba ukufunyanwa kwezitho zoononophala rhoqo kuhambelana nokuguqulwa kwesimo sengqondo kunye nokusebenza kwiinkalo ze-PFC kwaye kunokukhokelela ekuthambekeni kokukhangela iveli kunye nezinto ezingaphezulu zocansi.

Ezi zifundo zibonelela ubungqina bokuthi umnqweno ophakamileyo kunye nokusebenza okungaqhelekanga okubandakanyekayo kumnqweno kubandakanyeka kwi-PHB, nangona ukuziphatha ngokwawo kungenzi umonakalo ochaphazelekayo.

Ngelishwa, idatha yecandelo leempendulo zengxowanxu ehambelana nomnqweno wesini kunye nabantu abane-PHB ayinelisekile. Izifundo zangaphambili kwiindlela zobuchopho ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni isifiso sesondo kubantu ngabanye abane-PHB ziye zasebenzisa iipaldidimi zesiqhelo eziqhelekileyo ngexesha lokusebenzisa i-imagination magnetic resonance (fMRI) kunye nokubonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwexesha elibi. Kwizifundo zesifiso sesini, ubude bokubonisa kubonakala bubalulekile kwindlela yokujonga kwendlela kunye nangenxa yokungafani kolwazi lokusetyenziswa (Bühler et al., 2008). Kwiimpawu zokubloba, ubude bokuveliswa kwenkqubela buhlala ixesha elide, kwaye ukuvela kwesigxina esiqhubekayo kwibhloko kuqikelelwa ngokupheleleyo (Zarahn et al., 1997). Ngako oko, i-block designs isebenze ukuba isebenze iinkalo ezinxulumene neenkqubo zengqondo, ezifana nokugcinwa kwengqalelo, ukulawula okuphezulu, kunye nokuvinjelwa kwesondo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukubandakanyeka komzwelo kwaye ngoko utshintshe umsebenzi we-neural (Schafer et al., 2005). I-Methodologically, iiplani ezinxulumene neziganeko zingaphantsi kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zeblokhi zokufumana indawo ezinengqondo ezisebenzayo, ngelixa ziphakamileyo ekuqikeleleni umsebenzi wempendulo ye-hemodynamic (Birn et al., 2002).

Ngoko ke, iinjongo zale sifundo zifuneka

(1) uphinde uphendule iziphumo zokuziphatha ezidlulileyo zesifiso sezesondo ephakamileyo kubantu abane-PHBs,

(2) ukuchonga utshintsho kwimisebenzi yengqondo kwimimandla eyaziwayo ukuba inxulumene nomnqweno ophuculweyo, kwaye

(3) ziqonda ukungafani kwimpendulo ye-hemodynamic yale ndawo yengqondo ngokuhamba kwexesha kubantu abane-PHB ngokusebenzisa i-FMRI enxulumene nesiganeko.

Sifumanisa ukuba abantu abane-PHB banakho ukubonisa iminqweno yesondo ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kwempilo kunye neengingqi zengqondo, ezifana ne-PFC kunye nezijikelezo zemivuzo, kubonisa imisebenzi eguqulelwe kunye nezimpendulo ze-hemodynamic xa kuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kwempilo.

tindlela

nxaxheba

Olu pho nonongo luquka I-23 abathathi-nxaxheba besilisa abathatyathwa ngokwesini kwi-PHB iqela [ithetha iminyaka yobudala = i-26.12, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo (SD) = iminyaka eyi-4.11] kunye ne-22 abathathi-nxaxheba abesilisa abathathu kwiqela elilawulayo (i-age age = 26.27, SD = I-3.39 iminyaka). Ngokumalunga nabathathi-nxaxheba be-70 babesetyenziswe kwizibonelelo zonyango zokuziphatha ngentsholongwane yesondo kunye ne-Sex Addiction. Inkqubo yokubandakanywa yayisekelwe kwiinkqubo ze-PHB zokuxilonga zezifundo zangaphambilini (Itheyibhile yeS1; Carnes et al., 2010; Kafka, 2010). Tiinjongo zokungabikho ezi zilandelayo: iminyaka engaphezu kwe-45 okanye phantsi kwe-18; ingxaki yokugula kwengqondo, njengengxaki yokusetyenziswa kotywala, ukungcakaza kwengcakazo, ingxaki enkulu yokudandatheka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okanye ingxaki yokunyanzela; njengamanje athabatha amayeza; kwimbali yokulimala kwentloko; ubungqingili; irekhodi lobugebengu; okanye ukungafanelanga ukucinga (oko kukuthi, unesinyithi emzimbeni wakhe, njenge-astigmatism enzima, okanye i-claustrophobia). Iiklinikhi zenze i-intanethi yodliwano-ndlebe kuzo zonke izifundo, kwaye iqela lokugqibela labesilisa be-23 abadibana ne-criteria yokungeniswa kwaye kungekho imigaqo yokukhutshwa yonyulwa kwiqela le-PHB. Kwiqela elilawulayo, abathathi-nxaxheba be-22 abaneempawu zabantu (ubudala, ubulili, izinga lezemfundo kunye nenqanaba lemali engenayo) ehambelana neqela le-PHB. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babonelela ngokubhaliweyo ngokubhaliweyo emva kokuba iziqulatho zezifundo ezikhoyo zichazwe kubo. IBhodi yokuHlola iNkcazo yeChungnam yeSizwe iChungnam National ivume inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nenkqubo yokuvuma (inombolo yokuvunywa: 201309-SB-003-01). Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana imbuyekezo yemali (i-dollar ye-150) ngokuthatha inxaxheba.

Izixhobo zokulinganisa

Abathathi-nxaxheba bazalise uphando oluqulethe imibuzo kwiimpawu zabantu kunye nemisebenzi yezesondo kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo ze-6 kunye nezikali ezilinganiselweyo, ezifana ne-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (Patton et al., 1995), Imibuzo yeBuss-Perry yokunyanzelisa (UBuss noPerry, i-1992), I-Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), Beck Ukuxhalabisa Inventory (Beck et al., 1996), Uvavanyo lweSilly Screening Test-R (SAST-R; Carnes et al., 2010), kunye ne-Hypersexual Resence Inventory (HBI; Reid et al., 2011; itafile 1). Imibuzo malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesondo yayineminyaka yobudala bokulala ngokwesini kunye nobuhlobo bezesondo obukhoyo. An imeko yesondo ekhethekileyo yachazwa nje ngolwalamano apho abantu ababini kuphela ababandakanyeka kwisondo ngesondo kuphela. A ulwabelana ngesondo kwachazwa nje ngokuba kugcinwa ubudlelwane obuninzi bezesondo kunye nabalingani beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesini ngaphandle kokugcina nayiphi na indlela yolwalamano olusenyongweni.

Imibuzo ephathelele iziganeko ezinxulumene nezo zesini zibandakanya ubude besondo ngesonto, ukuphindaphindiweyo kwe-masturbation ngeveki, ubukhulu bokubukela iphonografi ngeveki, kunye nenani lamalingani ezesondo kwixesha elidlulileyo le-6. Ngaphezulu, i-SAST-R (Carnes et al., 2010) kunye neHBI (Reid et al., 2011) zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya umgangatho we-PHB kubathathi-nxaxheba. I-SAST-R inemibuzo ye-20 eyenzelwe ukuvavanya umlinganiselo wesilonda socansi. Amanqaku amanani ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwii-20, ngamanqaku aphezulu abonisa ukuxhatshazwa kwezesondo ezinzulu. I-HBI iqukwe nemibuzo ye-19, kunye namanqaku ukusuka kwi-19 ukuya kwi-95. Amanqaku amaninzi e-53 okanye ngaphezulu abonisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual. Ukungqinelana kwangaphakathi (ukungalingani kweCronbach α) ye-SAST-R kunye ne-HBI zii-0.91 kunye ne-0.96, ngokwahlukeneyo (Carnes et al., 2010; Reid et al., 2011).

I-Stimuli yovavanyo kunye nePardigm yovavanyo

Ubuqhetseba beqhutyelwa kumadoda e-130 nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yesondo engazange athathe inxaxheba ekuhlolweni kwe-FMRI ukwenzela ukuba akhethe isistim sokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nobudlelwane be-fMRI (Ifayile yeS1). I-stimuli ebonakalayo iqukethe iifoto ze-20 eziqokelelwe kwi-International Affective Picture System (iifoto ze-6; Lang et al., 2008) kunye neewebhusayithi ze-intanethi (iifoto ze-14). Isistim sezesondo sasiquka iifoto ezibonisa abafazi abazimeleyo kunye nomsebenzi wesondo. Ukongeza, iifayile ze-20 ezingazange zifake nasiphi na isifiso sesondo esakhethwa njengesiqhelo sesithandana. Baye baxhatshazwa ngesistim sezesondo kwizinga labo lobumnandi. Iingcambu ezingathandabuzekiyo zibonise imifanekiso ephakamisa kakhulu, njengemisebenzi yemidlalo yamanzi, ukubhiyozela ukunqoba, kunye nokweqa. Ezi khetholi zanyulwa ukwenzela ukuchonga umsebenzi wengqondo owawunxulumene nomnqweno wesondo ngokulawula umsebenzi oye wabangelwa yimvakalelo kunye nokuvusa.

Kwi-paradigm yokuhlola ye-fMRI, imiyalelo emfutshane malunga nokulinga yanikezelwa kwi-6 ekuqaleni kwelo vavanyo, elandelwa yinkcazo engacwangciswanga yenkqubo yesini okanye isini esithandwayo nganye ye-5. Ixesha elilodwa le-interstimulus laliyi-7-13 (umyinge, i-10 s) ukunceda umntu othabatha inxaxheba ukuba abuyele kwilizwe lawo elisezantsi. Ukugcina abo bathathi-nxaxheba bagxininise kwi-stimuli, bacelwa ukuba bacinezele iqhosha lokuphendula xa iqwalaselo elingalindelekanga linikezelwe malunga ne-500 ms ubuninzi bamaxesha e-12 ngeliphi na ixesha. Ixesha elipheleleyo elifunekayo lovavanyo lwenziwa ngu-8 min kunye ne-48 s (Umfanekiso 1).

ISIGABA 1

                      

 

 

Umzobo 1. Isiqendu esichaphazelekayo kwisiganeko somnqweno wesini.

Emva kokugqiba uvavanyo lwe-FMRI, abathathi-nxaxheba babebukele isicatshulwa esifanayo esabonakaliswa kuvavanyo lwe-FMRI, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba baphendule kule mibuzo emithathu elandelayo ukuhlolwa kwengqondo.

Okokuqala, bacelwa ukuba baphendule "ewe" okanye "hayi" xa babuzwa ukuba baziva benqwenela ngesondo xa beboniswa ukuvuselela nganye.

Okwesibini, kwafuneka ukuba bayilinganise umnqweno wabo wesini kwisilinganiselo se-Likert yesihlanu esivela kwi-1 (ubuncinci) ukuya kwi-5 (inzulu kakhulu).

Okwesithathu, ukulinganiswa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwimilinganiselo ye-valence kunye nokuvuselelwa kukhuthazo ngalunye kumiselwe ngokwamanqanaba asixhenxe e-Likert.

Izilinganiso zenziwe ngeendlela ezimbini. I-Valence, eyayinomdla okanye engafanelekanga, isuka kwi-1 enobungozi kakhulu, kwaye ivuselelo leemvakalelo lalivela kwi-7 ukuzola / ukuvusa kwi-1. Ekugqibeleni, abathathi-nxaxheba bekufuneka baxelele nayiphi na imvakalelo abaye bafumana ngaphandle komnqweno wesondo ngexesha lokuvavanya kwabo kwi-stimulus nganye.

UkuFunyanwa kweZithombe

Ukuthengwa kwesithombe kwenziwa nge-3.0 T Philips i-scontic resonance scanner (i-Philips Healthcare, i-Best, i-Netherlands). Inkqubo yokukhangela i-fMRI eyodwa-shot shot-imagar [iinguqulelo zokucinga: ixesha lokuphindaphinda (TR) = 2,000 ms, ixesha le-echo (TE) = 28 ms, ubungqimba besilinganisi = 5 mm kungekho gap, matrix = 64 × 64, indawo (FOV) = 24 × 24 cm, i-flip angle = 80 °, kunye ne-plane resolution = 3.75 mm] yayisetyenziselwa ukufumana i-35 imiqolo eqhubekayo yegazi le-oxygen-dependent level (BOLD). Imifanekiso ye-anatomical e-T1 efunyenwe yenziwe nge-3-dimensional-backtenated inversion recovery sequence (TR = 280, TE = 14 ms, flip angle = 60 °, FOV = 24 × 24 cm, matrix = 256 × 256, kunye nobukhulu bokwakhe = 4 mm).

Uhlalutyo lweSatisati

Ukuze kuphandwe iimpendulo zokuziphatha kunye neendlebe ezisekelwe kuphela kwiminqweno yesondo, ukucinga kunye neengqondo zedatha emithathu, eyabangela ezinye iimvakalelo, ezinjengokunyaniseka, umsindo, okanye ukumangaliswa, ngaphandle kokuvuswa kwesondo kwakungabandakanywa ekuhlaleni kwedatha . Ezizimeleyo tIziphumo zeenqwelomoya kunye nobuchule bezesondo phakathi kwamaqela amabini zenziwa nge-SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, eU.SA). Isiqhelo somnqweno wesondo sasijongwa njengenani lezinto ezenziwa ngumntu ngamnye othatha inqweno yesini phakathi kwe-20 yesistim yezesondo, kwaye ukunyaniseka kokuvuswa kwesondo kwakuyinqanaba eliphakathi kwesifiso sokuziphatha ngokwesini kwimifanekiso ye-20.

I-SPM8 (iSebe eliLungileyo lokuCinga i-Neuroscience, eLondon, UK) lisetyenziselwe ukuhlalutya idatha ye-FMRI. Kwisigaba sokuqala, ukuthengwa komfanekiso we-MRI kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukulungiswa kwexesha lokuthengwa kwempahla, ukulungiswa kwesindululo kunye nokusekwa kwendawo kwisitemplate esifanelekileyo esibonelelwe yi-Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Emva koko, imifanekiso eqhelekileyo yahlanjululwa ne-8-mm Gaussian kernel.

Emva kokugqiba ukuqaliswa kokuqala, iimpawu zeempawu kunye neemeko ezimbini (imeko yesondo kunye nesimo esingaxhatshazwayo) zenziwe ukuba ngamnye uthatha inxaxheba ukuchonga indawo kunye nokusebenza komnxeba. Ukuhlalutya kwamanqanaba okuqala okubhekiselele kwimeko yesondo ngaphandle kwesimo esingaxhatshaxwanga kwasetshenziselwa uhlalutyo lwemiphumo engahlawuliyo, kwaye imifanekiso imele isetyenziswe kwisifundo ngasinye. Isampuli enye t-izinto ezithetha imifanekiso zetshenziselwa ukuvavanya imiphumo ebalulekileyo yeqela kwiqela ngalinye kwiimifanekiso ezahlukileyo ezidalwe ngumntu ngamnye. Iisampuli ezimbini t-Izifundo zaqhutyelwa ukuchonga umahluko phakathi kwamaqela amabini kwiimpendulo zengqondo kwisimo sesini esichaphazelekayo. Ukongezelela, ukuhlalutya ngokubambisana kwaqhutyelwa kuphela kwiqela le-PHB ukuchonga imimandla yokusebenza ehambelanayo nobunzima bokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini ngokoMthetho we-SAST-R. Ngenxa yokuba ukungafani kwimibuzo yamanqaku kungase kube phantsi kakhulu ukubonisa ukudibanisa okubalulekileyo kwiqela lokulawula, ukuhlalutya ngokuhambelanayo akuzange kwenziwe kwiqela lolawulo. Ixabiso leeP lingaphantsi kwe-0.05 (UkuQaphela kobuNkokeli bobuxoki, ukulungiswa, ubungakanani beqoqo ≥ 20) okanye i-0.001 (ubungakanani obungabonakaliyo, ubungakanani beqoqo ≥ 20) babonwa njengento ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yengqondo njengoko la manqanaba avunywa ngokubanzi kwizifundo ze-FMRI. Zonke iinqununu zee voxel zenziwe ziboniswa njenge-MNI idibanisa kwiiTables 3, 4.

Utshintshi lomqondiso wepesenti lukhishwe kwiiNdawo zeNzala (i-ROIs) ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-group-and-correlation analysis (ie, thalamus ephakathi kwamanye amazwe, i-correx ye-quarteral cortex (DLPFC), i-nucleus ye-caudate efanelekileyo, i-gyrus efanelekileyo ye-supramarginal, kunye nelungelo ukukhwabanisa i-cingulate gyrus] ne MarsBaR (http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/marsbar). Ii-ROI zadalwa ngokubeka i-5-mm sphere ngokujikeleza izilungiso ezichazwe kwiiTables 3, 4. Ukuze uhlolisise iimpawu zesimo seempendulo ze-hemodynamic, ikhosi yexesha le-BOLD yesikhombi yachithwa kwakhona kwi-ROIs ngexesha lokunikezelwa kwesistim ngasinye sezesondo (inani le-12; 5 kunye ne-7 emva koko) kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Iikhosi zexesha zaze zalinganiselwa kuwo onke amanqaku kwiqela ngalinye.

Njengovavanyo lokulandelelanisa ukulungelelanisa ukubala ukulingana, ulwalamano phakathi kwamanqaku kwi-SAST-R ne-HBI kunye neenguqu zeepesenti zenguqu kwi-ROI esekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lolungelelaniso (Itheyibhile 4) zahlaziywa kwiqela le-PHB nge-SPSS 22.

iziphumo

Iziphumo zeeMvavanyo zeZengqondo

Kwizinto ze-20 zokulawula impilo enempilo, zimbini ezinye iimvakalelo ezichazwe ngaphandle kokuvusa isondo ngokuphendula kwisitatimende sesithathu sezesondo. Omnye uthabatha inxaxheba kwiqela lolawulo wabika ukuba izinto ezimbini zesinikwa phakathi kwe-20 isenzo esithintekayo ngokwesini kunye nobushushu, ngelixa elinye iqela kwiqela elilawulayo lilinganise ukuba umfanekiso omnye wesondo unxungule. Imifanekiso emithathu yezesondo ezenza iimvakalelo ngaphandle kokuvuswa kwesondo zazingabandakanywa kwi-analysis analysis.

Ezizimeleyo t-iyona nto iboniswe ukuba akukho mahluko eqela kwiimilinganiselo ze-valence kunye nokuvuswa ekuphenduleni kwizesondo [i-valence: t(43) = 0.14, p> 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.042; ku vuleka: t(43) = 0.30,p> 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.089]. Ukongezelela, ipesenteji yesenzo sezesondo phakathi kweemifanekiso ze-20 ezikhuselekileyo ezikhupha umnqweno wesiniwaqaphela ukuba iqela le-PHB livakalelwa umnqweno wesini ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuneqela elilawulayo ngexesha lokutshatyalaliswa kwesondo[it(43) = 3.23, p <0.01, yeCohen d = 0.960]. TUkunyaniseka kokuvuthwa kwesondo kubonisa ukuba iqela le-PHB lafumana ukuvuthwa kancinci kwezesondo kunokuba iqela lokulawula ekuphenduleni iifoto ezivuselela ngesondo [t(43) = 14.3, p <0.001, yeCohen d = 4.26]. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwengqondo ziboniswe kwiThebhile 2.

Iziphumo zeFMRI

Kwiqela le-PHB, usebenziso lwalujongwa kwi-gyri ephakathi nendawo engaphantsi. [I-Brodmann indawo (BA) 9], i-cuneus / precuneus (BA 7, 18, ne-19), i-striatum, i-thalamus, kunye ne-cingulate gyri (BA 24 kunye ne-32 ) ekuphenduleni isenzo sezesondo xa kuthelekiswa nesisongelo esithandana nabo. Ii-group control, i-activation iboniswe kwi-gyri (BA 9) ephakathi nendawo engaphantsi (BA 7), i-cuneus / precuneus (BA 18, 19, ne-24), i-striatum, i-thalamus, kunye ne-left cingulate gyrus (BA XNUMX) Umlinganiselo,p <0.05).

Kuhlalutyo lwamaqela phakathi kweqela, i-PHB iqela ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwi-right backorge cingulate cortex (i-DACC; i-BA 24 kunye ne-32), i-thalami ephakathi kwamanye amazwe, i-nucleus esele ihamba, i-DLPFC (BA 9, 46), kunye ne-gyrus ye-supramarginal (BA 40) enxulumene nokusebenza kwiqela lokulawula ngexesha lokuchasana nesistim sezesondo xa kuqhathaniswa nesistim Akukho ndawo zengqondo kwiqela elilawulayo libonisa ukusebenza okukhulu kuneqela le-PHB. Zonke izilungelelaniso zee voxel zenziwe ziboniswa njenge-MNI idibanisa kwiiTables 3, 4. Umzobo 2 ibonisa iinguqu zeepesenti zenguqu ekulawuleni nakwiqela le-PHB kwimeko nganye yokuhlola (oko kukuthi, izimo zesini kunye neengxaki zesini) kwii-ROI ezikhethiweyo kunye neMifanekiso 3 ibonisa intsingiselo yexesha lentsingiselo kwiqela ngalinye leengxelo zentshukumo zepesenti ngexesha ngalinye kwi-ROI ngexesha lokunikezwa kwesistim ngasinye sezesondo (inani le-12; i-5 kunye ne-7 emva koko) ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lwamaqela.

Uhlalutyo lolungelelaniso lwemimandla enxulumene namanqaku e-SAST-R lubonise ukuba i-thalamus efanelekileyo kunye ne-DLPFC (BA 9) yahambelana nama-SAST-R amanqaku (p <0.001, engachanekanga) kwiqela le-PHB ngexesha lokuchasana nesistim sezesondo, njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 4. TUphumo lohlalutyo olulandelayo lubonise ukuba utshintshi lwangaphakathi lwepesenti olususwe kwi-thalamus elungileyo kunye ne-DLPFC ehambelana ngokubaluleka ngokuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzekeliso 4. Iinguqu yeepesenti zenguqu kwi-thalamus elungileyo kunye ne-DLPFC eyiyo ihambelanise kakuhle kunye nee-SAST-R izikolo kwiqela le-PHB ngexesha lokuchasana nesistim sezesondo (ilungelo le-thalamus: r = 0.74, n = 23, p <0.01; i-DLPFC yasekunene: r = 0.63, n = 23, p <0.01). Ukongeza, utshintsho lwepesenti kwi-DLPFC elungileyo kunye ne-thalamus yasekunene zazinxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo namanqaku e-HBI kwiqela le-PHB (ekunene thalamus: r = 0.65, n = 23, p <0.01; i-DLPFC yasekunene: r = 0.53, n = 23, p <0.01), njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 4.

ingxoxo

Uphononongo lwangoku luhlolisise ukuba ngaba kukho umahluko kumanqanaba wesini somnqweno phakathi kwabantu abane-PHB kunye nokulawula okunempilo kwaye, ukuba kunjalo, ukuba ngaba lo mmahluko wawunxulumene nokuguqulwa komsebenzi kwimigqaliselo ye-neural yesifiso sobulili kula bantu. Njengoko kuqikelelwe, iqela le-PHB libonise kakhulu iminqweno yesini kunye nokusebenza kwintsebenziswano kwi-PFC kunye neendawo ezincinci eziqhathaniswa nokulawula. Ezi ziphumo ziphakanyisile ukuba utshintsho olusebenzayo kwisiphaluka se-neural oludibanisa umnqweno wokukhwabanisa ngesimo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo lufana nalabo abasabelayo ekuqwalaseleni ukunikezelwa kwabantu ngabanye abanomlutha weziyobisi (Garavan et al., 2000; Tapert et al., 2003; Crockford et al., 2005; Franklin et al., 2007;Ko et al., 2009; McClernon et al., 2009). Voon et al. (2014) umnqweno ongaqhelekanga kunye noshintsho olusebenzayo kwimimandla ehambelana nomnqweno ophakamileyo kubantu abanomsebenzi wokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Siphinde saphinda sandisa le miphumo ngokuphanda amaxesha amanqaku ekusebenziseni ngexesha le-12 epheleleyo kwimimandla enxulumene nesifiso sesondo.

Njengengqiqo, ukuhlaziywa kweziphumo zovavanyo lwengqondo kubonisa ukuba iqela le-PHB libonise umnqweno wesondo oqhelekileyo kunokuba iqela lokulawula ngexesha lokuxhatshazwa kwezesondo, nto leyo eyacetyiswa ukuba leli qela linomda ongaphantsi wesifiso sesondo. Xa umnqweno wezesondo waxhaswa, iqela le-PHB libonisa ubunzulu obuphezulu besifiso sesondo kunokuba iqela lolawulo lenzile. Esi siphumo sasihambisana neziphumo ezidlulileyo kubantu abaneqela le-PHB (Laier et al., 2013; I-Laier kunye neBrits, i-2014; Voon et al., 2014), ngokukodwa kubonise ukuba umnqweno woononografi ungadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni i-cybersex.

Iziphumo kwiimpendulo zengqondo kwisigxina sezesondo ngokucacileyo kunye nokufumanisa kwangaphambili kweengcamango ezibonisa ukuba umsebenzi ubonakala kwingingqi yengqondo echaphazelekayo ekufunweni ngokwesini okanye ekukhuthazeni / ukulindela, kunye nokuthanda ngokwesondo okanye ukuvuswa komzimba, xa bonke abathathi-nxaxheba zityhila kwisondoi (UGeorgiadis noKingelbach, i-2012). Iziphumo zeqela eliqhathaniswa neengcinga zobuchopho ziye zabonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-DLPFC (BA 9) kunye neendawo ezincinci, kuquka i-DACC efanelekileyo (BA 24 kunye ne-32), i-nucleus ye-caudate ekhohlo, i-right-supramarginal gyrus (BA 40), kunye nelungelo thalamus, kwaye ezi zinguqu zinokuthi zihambelane neempawu zokuziphatha zeqela le-PHB. Ukongezelela ekusebenziseni ubuchopho, sasihlolisise ixesha elithile leempendulo ze-hemodynamic kule ndawo kunye nangemva kokuvusa isifiso sesondo kule mimandla.

Phakathi kwezi mimandla, i-nucleus ye-caudate kunye ne-ACC (i-X XLUMX kunye ne-24) kunye ne-DLPFC inyanzeliswa ukuba inxulumene nenxalenye yokukhuthaza isondo. Ukubandakanyeka kwenucleuc caudate ekukhuthazeni nasekusebenziseni umvuzo kungabangela ingxelo yempendulo yawo kwisini (Delgado, 2007). I-storum ye-dorsal ivuliwe ngexesha lokulindela umvuzo (Delgado, 2007), oko kusenokwenzeka kubonakalisa umnqweno onxulumene nalolu hlobo. Kuhlolisiso lweempendulo ze-neural ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingamanyala, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo ngenxa ye-pornography kungabangela ukuba ugqoke kunye nokunciphisa i-striatum, kubandakanywa nenucleus ye-caudate, ekulawuleni okunempilo (Kühn noGallinat, 2014). Nangona kunjalo, kwisifundo sangoku, kusebenze ngakumbi kwi-nucleus kwi-PHB iqela, nangona iqela le-PHB libukele iphonografi rhoqo. Ukwahlukana phakathi kweziphumo zesifundo samanje kunye nezo UKühn noGallinat (2014) inokuchazwa ngokwahlukileyo kubathathi-nxaxheba. Okokuthi, ngokuphambene nokusetyenziswa kwabantu abadala abasempilweni kwisifundo esedlulileyo, isifundo sethu senziwa ngabantu abane-PHB. Ukuqokelela ubungqina kubonisa ukuba i-nucleus ye-caudate ibalulekile ekufundeni umkhuba wokuziphendulela kunye nokugcinwa kokuziphatha okuluthayo (UVanderschuren no-Everitt, i-2005). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nucleus yecaudate kulolu cwaningo kungacetyisa ukuba u-cue-reactivity uqulunqwe emva kokuvalelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumava esondo.

I-DACC yaziwa ukuba ihambelana nezindlela zokukhuthaza isondo (I-Redouté et al., 2000; Arnow et al., 2002; Hamann et al., 2004; Ferretti et al., 2005; Ponseti et al., 2006; UPaul et al., 2008). Ukufunyaniswa kwethu kwe-DACC kusebenze kubonisa ukuba inendima kwisifiso sesini, kwaye ezi ziphumo zifana nezo zifundo malunga nomsebenzi onxulumene nomnqweno onxulumene nomnqweno kwizifundo ezinokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini (Voon et al., 2014). Ukongezelela, i-DACC yaziwa ukuba ibalulekile ekuqhutyweni kokuqala kokuziphatha okujoliswe kuko kugxininiso ngokubambisana nokujongana noxinzelelo phakathi kokufuna ukubonakalisa ukuziphatha nokunciphisa eso sibongozo (Devinsky et al., 1995; Arnow et al., 2002;Karama et al., 2002; Moulier et al., 2006; Safron et al., 2007). I-neuroanatomically, iiprojekthi zeDACC kwi-DLPFC kunye ne-parietal lobe (Devinsky et al., 1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001). Kule sifundo, ukusetyenziswa kwi-DACC kwiqela le-PHB kungabonakalisa ukungquzulana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwesifiso sokuveza iimvakalelo zesondo njengoko kwenzayo kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhusela iimpembelelo ngenxa yeemeko zesimo ngexesha lokunikezelwa kwesicatshulwa sesini.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-gyrus yesigxina kuhambelana nokuqwalaselwa okongeza kwiithagethi ezibonwa njengezocansi (I-Redouté et al., 2000; Stoléru et al., 2012). Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lucebise ukuba ukunyusa ingqalelo kwisenzo esithintekayo ngokwesini kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni isifiso sesini (Barlow, 1986; Janssen no-Everaerd, i-1993) kwaye inxulumene nokufunwa kwezesondo zesondo (Kagerer et al., 2014). Ekufundweni kwangoku, ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi wesigxina kungabonakalisa ingqwalasela enkulu eyayihlawulwa kwii-PHB kwizifundo zesini kunye nokuba negalelo eliphezulu lezesondo xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo.

Phakathi kweemimandla ezazisetyenziswa ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kweziphumo zeqela, i-DLPFC kunye ne-thalamus ngokuhambelana ngqo nexinzelelo lobunzima bezesondo kwizifundo ze-PHB. Sibone ukusebenziselwa okukhulu kwe-thalamus, ehambelana nokufunyaniswa kwangaphambili kwezifundo malunga nokuvuswa kwesondo (I-Redouté et al., 2000; Moulier et al., 2006). Ngokwezifundo zangaphambili malunga nomnqweno wesondo, ukusetyenziswa kwethalamus kuhlobene nezimpendulo zomzimba (oko kukuthi, ukulungela umsebenzi wesondo) obangelwa ngumnqweno wesondo kwaye uhambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kwe-penile (MacLean kunye nePloog, 1962; I-Redouté et al., 2000; Moulier et al., 2006). Kuyathakazelisa, safumanisa umzekelo ophezulu kunye nobubanzi obuninzi be-hemodynamic kwi-thalamus xa kuthelekiswa naleyo ekulawuleni. Le mpendulo ephakamileyo kunye nobubanzi obungabonakaliyo ingabonisa ukuba ukuvuswa kwezesondo kunamandla kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide kubantu abane-PHB.

Ngokufanayo neziphumo zophando malunga nomsebenzi we-neural kubantu abanomlutha ngexesha lomnqweno wokukhutshwa, sifumene satshintshile umsebenzi we-PFC kwiqela le-PHB. I-PFC idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo nokucwangciswa kwemisebenzi (Bonson et al., 2002). I-neuroanatomically, i-PFC iyadibanisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa i-DACC, i-nucleus ye-caudate kunye ne-parietal lobe (Devinsky et al., 1995; Pizzagalli et al., 2001; I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002). Izifundo zangaphambili malunga nokulutha ziye zabonisa ukuba ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwale nethiwekhi, kubandakanya ne-PFC, kunxulumene nommiselo we-PFC wemimandla yomvuzo we-limbic kunye nokubandakanyeka kwayo kwimisebenzi ephezulu yolawulo, kubandakanya ukuzilawula, ukubonakaliswa kwesibindi, kunye nokwazisa (I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002; Feil et al., 2010; I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2011; Kühn noGallinat, 2014). Ngokukodwa, ezi zifundo zifumene umsebenzi ophazanyiswayo we-DLPFC njengobunzima kwi-attribution salience, ekhokelela kwizibonakaliso, ezifana nokuqonda okungaqhelekanga kwimeko yokulutha njengokwenyama kunye nokuziphatha okubi kunye nokunciphisa umdla kwi-stimuli evamile. (I-Goldman-Rakic ​​neLeung, i-2002; I-Goldstein neVolkow, i-2011). Kuphononongo lwangoku, ukuqwalasela ukusebenza okukhulu kweDLPFC kwiqela le-PHB xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula lingabonakalisa ubunzima obuninzi kwiinkalo zesondo.

Isishwankathelo, iqela le-PHB libonisa umnqweno omkhulu wesondo ohambelana nomsebenzi wengqondo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iqela le-PHB lingahlawula ingqalelo ngokugqithiseleyo kwisicatshulwa sesini kunye nokuba lube neempendulo ngokuzenzekelayo kuba impendulo enemibandela kwisenzo sezesondo ayikwazanga ukudibaniswa kakuhle. Ukukhawulelwa kweso sifundo solu hlobo lulandelayo. Okokuqala, uhlanga lwabantu be-Asia. Okwesibini, lo mbhalo uququzelele kuphela izifundo zezifundo zesintu, kunye nezifundo ezizayo ezibandakanya amabhinqa kunye nezifundo zesini zesini, zifanele zibe luncedo ekuqondeni ngcono i-PHB. Izifundo ze-PHB kunye neengxaki zengqondo ezingabhalwanga ngokungahambisani nokufundiswa kwangoku, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphando lwe-neural dysfunction olusekelwe kuphela kwi-PHB. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwalowo uphando Weiss (2004), I-28% yabesilisa abane-PHB banenkxalabo enkulu yokudandatheka. Ukuthabatha le miba kunye kunye nokunciphisa ukuzaliswa kweziphumo zophando kwi-jikelele yoluntu jikelele. Ekugqibeleni, amaqela amabini angase ahluke ngokubhekiselele ekuzileni kunye / okanye ukuvakalelwa kwengqondo ngenxa yonyango lwabathathi-nxaxheba be-PHB. Sizama ukunciphisa ukungafani phakathi kwamandla kunye namaqela e-PHB ngokudibanisa ngokubaluleka kwemimandla yabantu, kubandakanywa ubudala, izinga lemfundo kunye nokunikezelwa, ngenjongo yokuthelekisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezikhanyelayo zokukhutshwa, ezifana nokufumaneka kwezifo zengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwangoku amayeza e-psychotropic, kumaqela amabini. Emva koko, siceba ukuhlolisisa indlela iimpawu ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokonyango okanye uhlobo lonyango oluchaphazela iimpendulo zemizwelo, kuquka iimpendulo ezibhekiselele kwisondo, ngabantu abane-PHB.

Nangona kukho ukulinganiselwa, iziphumo zolu pho nonongo zixhasa kakhulu uncwadi kwaye zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo malunga nophando olusasa. Siqaphele iinkalo ezithile zobuchopho ezixhamene ngqo nomnqweno wesondo kunye noshintsho lwexeshana kwimisebenzi yale mimandla phakathi kwezifundo nge-PHB. Njengoko uphando lwezobuchopho zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okubi, i-PHB yayixhomekeke ekutshintsheni okusebenzayo kwi-PFC nakwiindawo ezincinci, nangaphandle kwe-neurotoxicity yamachiza. Iziphumo zethu zinobuchule ekubonakaliseni iimpawu kunye neendlela ezinxulumene ne-neural zabantu ngabanye abane-PHB, kwaye uhambe inyathelo elingaphaya kweenkcazo zeempawu njengezifundo zangaphambili.

Inkxaso

Lo msebenzi wawuxhaswa yi-Korea Basic Science Institute (No. E35600) kunye nengxowa yophando ye-2014 Chungnam National University.

Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

Imibulelo

Ababhali bangathanda ukubonga i-Korea Basic Science Institute ukwenzela ukuba le sifundo iqhutywe kwiSebe leZiko loLwazi lokuBantu ngokusebenzisa i-3T MRI scanner (Phillips).

Izinto ezongezelelweyo

Ingcaciso eyongezelelweyo kule nqaku ingafumaneka kwi-Intanethi kwi: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00321

Ucaphulo