IINKCUKACHA: Nangona uhlolo olulungileyo, luye lwayeka ezininzi izifundo eziqokelelwe kule khasi: Izifundo zeBongo kwiBoncessers. Mhlawumbi iphepha langeniswa ngaphambi kokupapashwa kwesifundo. Ukongeza, uphononongo alwahluli "u-hypersexuality" kwi-intanethi yeziyobisi. Oko kwathiwa, isiphelo sicacile:
Xa zidityanisiwe, ubungqina bubonakala ngathi buthetha ukuba utshintsho kwi-lobe yangaphambili, i-amygdala, i-hippocampus, i-hypothalamus, i-septum, kunye nemimandla yobuchopho eqhuba umvuzo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuveleni kwesini. Izifundo zofuzo kunye neendlela zonyango lwe-neuropharmacological zibonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-dopaminergic iyabandakanyeka. ”
Isixhumanisi ekufundeni ngokupheleleyo (ukuhlawula)
Ukuphononongwa ngamazwe ngamazwe nge-Neurobiology
S. Kühn*, †, , , J. Gallinat*
- * IYunivesithi yaseYunivesithi yaseHamburg-Eppendorf, iKlinikhi kunye nePolyclinic ye-Psychiatry ne-Psychotherapy, eHurgham, eJamani
- † Isiko se-Lifespan Psychology, i-Max Planck Institute for Development Human, eBerlin, eJamani
Iyatholakala kwi-intanethi i-31 Meyi 2016
Abstract
Kuze kube ngoku, ukuxhatshazwa kobulili obufanayo akufumananga ukungena kwiinkqubo zokuhlalutya eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo yinto exutyushwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo enokudla kwesondo ngokweqile oko kukuthi i-maladaptive yomntu. Uphando lokuqala luhlolisise i-neurobiological underpinnings of hypersexuality, kodwa iincwadi zangoku asikabi ukufikelela kwizigqibo ezingenangqiqo. Kuphononongo lwangoku, sishwankathela kwaye sixoxe ngeziphumo ezahlukeneyo: uphando lwe-neuroimaging kunye nezilonda, izifundo kwezinye iingxaki zeengxaki zegazi ezingamaxesha athile zihamba kunye noxhatshazo, ubungqina be-neuropharmacological, i-genetic kunye nezifundo zezilwanyana. Ukuthatyathwa ndawonye, ubungqina bubonakala bubonisa ukuba utshintsho kwi-lobe yangaphambili, i-amygdala, i-hippocampus, i-hypothalamus, i-septum, neengqondo zengqondo ezenza umvuzo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuveleni koxhatshazo. Izifundo ze-Genetic kunye neuropharmacological indlela yokwelapha kwindlela ekubandakanyekeni kwenkqubo ye-dopaminergic.
Internet: Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo; Indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; Uxhatshazo; Ukuziphatha ngokwezesondo okungapheliyo ngeparaphili
ZIINTLOKO ZEMISEBENZI
4. UKUHLAWULWA KWE-NEUROIMAGING KWI-HYPERSEXUALITY
Izifundo ezininzi ziphande ulungelelwaniso lwe-neural lokuvuselela inkanuko yesini ekuphenduleni inkuthazo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo xa kuthelekiswa nokukhuthaza ukungathathi hlangothi usebenzisa imaging esebenzayo yemagneti yokujonga (fMRI). Kuhlalutyo lwe-meta kwizifundo ezininzi ze-neuroimaging eziphanda iimpendulo zobuchopho kwiimpawu zesini ezibonwayo ezenziwa kwisini esingamadoda, safumana ukuhlangana kwizifundo zonke kusebenze kwe-BOLD kwimimandla eliqela kubandakanya i-hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, anterior cingate gyrus (ACC), insula, fusiform gyrus , i-precentral gyrus, i-parietal cortex, kunye ne-occipital cortex (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2011a) (Ikhiwane. 1). Kwizifundo ezichaze iimpendulo zengqondo ezinxulunyaniswa nomakishi womzimba wokuvuselelwa ngokwesondo (umz. I-cortex yangaphambili yecala elingaphambili I-cortex yangaphambi kwexesha I-cortex yangaphakathi ye-Anterior cingate cortex Cuadate Thalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Insula Nucleus accumbens Hypothalamus. Ikhiwane. 1 Imimandla enokuthi ibandakanyeke kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezi-hypersexual (septum ayiboniswanga).
Kwizifundo apho umsebenzi wobuchopho wabekwa esweni ngexesha le-orgasm yamadoda nabasetyhini, ukwenziwa kuxeliwe kwiindlela zedopaminergic ezivela kwi-ventral tegmentum (VTA) (Holstege et al., 2003) ukuya kwi-nucleus accumbens (Komisaruk et al., 2004; Komisaruk , Isilumko, iiFrangos, iBirbano, kunye neAllen, 2011). Umsebenzi waqwalaselwa kwakhona kwi-cerebellum kunye ne-ACC (Holstege et al., 2003; Komisaruk et al., 2004, 2011). Kwabafazi kuphela, ukusebenza kwengqondo engaphambili yecortical kwaqwalaselwa ngexesha le-orgasm (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2005). Kwisifundo sokuphinda sisebenze kwakhona kwizigulana ezinomlutha wecocaine, abantu baboniswa imikhombandlela enxulumene necocaine okanye isondo (Childress et al., 2008). Into enomdla kukuba, iziphumo zityhila imimandla efanayo yobuchopho ukuba yenziwe isebenze ngexesha elinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nokunxibelelana ngokwesondo okufumaneka kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo kunye nenkqubo ye-limbic, eyile VTA, i-amygdala, i-nucleus accumbens, i-orbitofrontal, kunye ne-cortex ye-insular. Abanye bathethe ngokufana kwiprofayili yokusebenza kwengqondo ekuphenduleni isini kunye nothando kunye nokuncamathisela (UFrascella, uPotenza, uBrown, kunye noMntwana, 2010).
Kuphela sisifundo esinye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kulwazi lwethu, esaphanda umahluko ekusebenzeni kwengqondo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nangaphandle kokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini ngexesha lomsebenzi we-fMRI task (Voon et al., 2014). Ababhali baxela i-ACC ephezulu, i-ventral striatal, kunye nomsebenzi we-amygdala kubantu abane-hypersexuality xa kuthelekiswa nalabo abangenawo. Iindawo ezisebenza ngokungqamene nemimandla yobuchopho esichonge uhlalutyo lweemeta ukuze zisebenze ngokungagungqiyo kwiiparadigms zokunqwenela iziyobisi kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeziyobisi (K € uhn kunye neGallinat, 2011b). Oku kufana kwengingqi kubonelela ngenkxaso yokuxhasa ukuba i-hypersexuality inokuthi ifane kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kweziyobisi. Isifundo esenziwe nguVoon kunye noogxa bakhe sikwatyhile ukuba uqhagamshelo olusebenzayo lwenethiwekhi ye-ACC-striatal- amygdala inxulunyaniswa nomnqweno wesini oxeliweyo ("Ukufuna" ukuphendula umbuzo "Ngaba oku kuwonyuse kangakanani umnqweno wakho wesini?" Hayi "ukuthanda" ”Kuvavanywe umbuzo othi“ Uyithande kangakanani le vidiyo? ”) Ukuya kwizinga eliphezulu kwizigulana ezinesini esingatshatanga. Ngapha koko, abaguli abanesini esixeliweyo baxela amanqanaba aphezulu "okufuna" kodwa hayi "ukuthanda" Umahluko phakathi "kokufuna" kunye "nokuthanda" kuye kwenziwa ukuba kwenzeke ukuba isimilo esithile sibe sisiyobisi ngaphakathi kwesakhelo
Kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-incentive-salience theory of addiction (Robinson & Berridge, 2008).
Kwisifundo se-electroencephalography kubathathi-nxaxheba bakhalaza malunga nobunzima ekulawuleni ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi, izinto ezinxulumene neziganeko (i-ERPs), ezibizwa ngokuba yi-P300 amplitudes ekuphenduleni imvakalelo kunye nezesondo, zavavanywa umbutho kunye nemibuzo yemibuzo ehlola ukuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo kunye nomnqweno wesondo (ukufuna (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013). I-P300 inxulunyaniswe neenkqubo zononophelo kwaye iyinxalenye ye-ACC. Ababhali batolika ukungabikho konxibelelwano phakathi kwamanqaku emibuzo kunye ne-ERP amplitudes njengokungaphumeleli ukuxhasa iimodeli zangaphambili zesini. Esi sigqibo siye sagxekwa ngokungafanelekanga ngabanye (Uthando, uLaier, uBrand, uHatch, kunye noHajela, 2015; Watts & Hilton, 2011).
Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje olwenziwe liqela lethu, saqesha abathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni kwaye badibanisa iiyure zabo zokuzixela abazichithe kunye nemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nempendulo yabo ye-fMRI kwimifanekiso yesondo kunye ne-morphology yabo yobuchopho (Kuhn naseGallinat, 2014). Iiyure ezithe kratya abathathi-nxaxheba baxele ukuchitha iphonografi, kuncinci impendulo ye-BOLD kwi-putamen yasekhohlo ukuphendula imifanekiso yesondo. Ngaphezu koko, safumanisa ukuba iiyure ezininzi ezichithwe ukubukela iphonografi zinxulunyaniswa nomthamo omncinci wezimvi kwi-striatum, ngokuthe ngqo kwi-caudate elungileyo efikelela kwi-ventral putamen. Sicinga ukuba intsilelo yevolumu yentsingiselo inokubonisa iziphumo zokunyamezelana emva kokungafuneki kwisistim sezesondo. Umahluko phakathi kweziphumo ezichazwe yiVoon kunye noogxa bakho kungenxa yokuba abathathi-nxaxheba bathathwa kubemi ngokubanzi kwaye khange bafunyaniswe benengxaki yokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba kunjalo ukuba imifanekiso yemifanekiso engamanyala (ngokuchaseneyo neevidiyo njengoko zisetyenzisiwe kwisifundo seVoon) ayinako ukwanelisa ababukeli be-porn banamhlanje, njengoko kucetyisiwe nguLuthando kunye noogxa (2015). Ngokumalunga nokunxibelelana okusebenzayo, safumanisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abatya iphonografi ngakumbi babonisa unxibelelwano oluncinci phakathi kwe-caudate elungileyo (apho ivolumu yafunyanwa incinci) kwaye ikhohlo langaphambili langaphambili le-dorsolateral (DLPFC). I-DLPFC ayaziwa nje kuphela ukuba iyabandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yolawulo kodwa ikwabizwa ngokuba iyabandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kwakhona kweziyobisi. Ukuphazanyiswa okuthile kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-DLPFC kunye ne-caudate kuye kwaxelwa nakwabathathi-nxaxheba abangamakhoboka e-heroin (U-Wang et al., 2013) owenza ulungelelwaniso lwe-neural lwe-pornography olufana nolo lukhoboka leziyobisi.
Olunye uphononongo oluye lwaphanda ulungelelwaniso lwe-neural ulungelelwaniso olunxulunyaniswa ne-hypersexuality esetyenziselwa ukusasaza imaging tensor imaging kwaye yaxela ukuphakama kokuthetha okungafaniyo kwitrektara yento emhlophe ephambili kwindawo ephambili engaphambili (uMiner, uRaymond, Mueller, uLloyd, kunye noLim, 2009) kunye nonxibelelwano olubi phakathi kwentsingiselo yokungafani kweli phecana kunye namanqaku kuluhlu lokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo. Aba babhali ngokufanayo baxela indlela yokuziphatha engxamisekileyo kwi-Go-NoGo task kwi-hypersexual xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba kulawulo.
Ukusilela kwe-inhibitory enokuthelekiswa kubonisiwe kwi-cocaine-, MDMA-, methamphetamine-, icuba-, nakubantu abaxhomekeke etywaleni (Smith, Mattick, Jamadar, & Iredale, 2014). Olunye uphononongo olwaphanda ubume bengqondo kwi-hypersexual esebenzisa i-voxel-based morphometry inokuba ngumdla apha, nangona isampulu yayiqulathe abaguli besifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo (Perry et al., 2014). Ababhali baxela unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-ventral putamen yasekunene kunye ne-pallidum atrophy kunye nokuziphatha okufuna umvuzo. Nangona kunjalo, ababhali balungelelanisa umba ongwevu kunye nenqaku lokufuna umvuzo elibandakanya ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezinje ngokutya kakhulu (78%), ukwanda kotywala okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi (26%), ukongeza kwi-hypersexual (17%).
Ukufingqa, ubungqina be-neuroimaging bubonisa ukubandakanyeka kwimiba yengqondo ehambelana nokubuyisela umvuzo, kuquka i-nucleus accumbens (okanye ngaphezulu ngokubanzi i-striatum) kunye ne-VTA, izakhiwo ze-prefrontal kunye nezakhiwo zesigxina ezifana ne-amygdala kunye ne-hypothalamus ekuvukeleni ngokwesondo kunye nokuba noxhatshazo.
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