J Behav Addict. 2018 Jun 5: 1-12. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.33.
Ilizwi lika M1, Wilk M1,2, IKwawalewska E1,3, Skorko M1, Łapiński A4, Gola M1,5.
Abstract
Imvelaphi kunye neenjongo
Ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo (CSBs) ngumba obalulekileyo wekliniki kunye nentlalontle. Ngaphandle kokunyuka kwenani lezifundo, eminye imiba ye-CSB isaphandwa ngaphantsi. Apha, sihlola ubume be-CSB, njengokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini (PuM), kwaye siqinisekise unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto ezizibonayo ezikhokelela ekuziphatheni okunjalo kunye nemilinganiselo yayo efunyenwe kuvavanyo lwedayari.
tindlela
Udliwano-ndlebe olulungelelanisiweyo kunye namadoda asithoba afuna unyango aneminyaka eyi-22-37 iminyaka (M = 31.7, SD = 4.85) yalandelwa yi-questionnaire kunye novavanyo lwedayari yeveki ye-10, esivumela ukuba sifumane iipatheni zemihla ngemihla ye-CSB .
iziphumo
Izifundo ezithandathu kwezisithoba ziye zafumana ukuzinkcinkca ngotywala (iiyure ezininzi okanye amaxesha amaninzi ngemini) iPuM. Zonke izifundo zibonise inqanaba eliphezulu lokuxhalaba kwaye zibonwa i-PuM njengendlela yokulawula isimo sengqondo kunye noxinzelelo. Idatha eqokelelwe kuvavanyo lwedayari yafumanisa iyantlukwano ephezulu kwiipateni zokuziphatha ngokwesondo (ezifana nokuphindaphinda kwePuM rhoqo kunye ne-binge PuM) kunye nokuhambelana kwayo. I-Binge PuM yayinxulumene nokuncipha kweemvakalelo kunye / okanye ukwanda koxinzelelo okanye ixhala. Ubudlelwane be-causal phakathi kwezi zinxulumanisi kuhlala kungamiselwanga.
Ingxoxo kunye nezigqibo
I-Binge PuM ibonakala iyeyona ndlela yokuziphatha phakathi kwamadoda afuna unyango lwe-CSB kwaye inxulumene nemvakalelo yokuphulukana nokulawula ukwenza komntu ngesondo. Abantu be-CSB babonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezibangela ukuzintyintya. Kwakhona, idatha yovavanyo lwedayari ibonisa ukuba i-correlates ethile ye-puM ye-binge (ukunciphisa isimo sengqondo, ukwanda koxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba) kuyahluka phakathi kwezifundo. Icebisa ubukho beyantlukwano ebalulekileyo yomntu ngamnye ekuziphatheni ngokuzinkcinkca ngePuM, kunye nesidingo sokufunda lo mahluko, njengoko inokunceda ukukhokela unyango lomntu.
IINKCUKACHA: ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo; uvavanyo lwedayari; hypersexuality; ukuphulula amalungu esini; imifanekiso engamanyala
PMID: 29865868
intshayelelo
Kwabanye abantu, ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo (CSBs) sisizathu sokufuna unyango (IGola, iLebczuk, kunye neSkorko, 2016; I-Lewczuk, iSzmyd, iSkorko, kunye neGola, 2017). Ukunika le nyaniso, inani lezifundo malunga nesi sihloko liye landa kakhulu (IGola, iLizwiecha, iMarchewka, kunye neSescousse, 2016; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016a), kwaye kukho ingxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nokubandakanya i-CSB kuhlelo olulandelayo lwe-International Classification of Diseases (ICD); IGola kunye nePotenza, ngo-2018; UKraus et al., 2018; Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, kunye neKraus, 2017; IPrause, iJanssen, iGeorgiadis, iFinn, kunye nePfaus, ngo-2017; Umbutho wezeMpilo kwiHlabathi liphela [WHO], 2018). Ezona mpawu zixeliweyo zixhaphakile ixesha elichithwe ekubukelweni koonografi (ikakhulukazi kwi-Intanethi) kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini ngokugqithisileyo (Gola, Lewczuk, et al., 2016; Kafka, 2010; Reid, Garos, kunye noMchweli, ngo-2011; Stein, Black, Shapira, & Spitzer, 2001). Ezinye iintlobo zokuziphatha ezichaziweyo zibandakanya ingozi eyingozi yokwabelana ngesondo, isini esingaziwayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkonzo zesondo ezihlawulelwayo (Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016a).
Ngaphandle kwengxoxo-mpikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nendlela yokucinga nge-CSB (Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016b; ULey, uPrause, kunye noFinn, ngo-2014; Potenza okqhubekayo., 2017), Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi wawubandakanya i-CSB kwisiphakamiso se-ICD-11 ezayo (Ngubani, 2018) njengengxaki yokulawula impembelelo (UKraus et al., 2018) nge-symptomatology efana kakhulu naleyo yayicetywe ngaphambili nguKafka (2010). Ngokwale migaqo, sinokuyiqaphela i-CSB ukuba (a) kwithuba leenyanga ze-6 ubuncinane, ubuncinane abane kwezintlanu kwezi mpawu zilandelayo ziyabonwa:
| 1. | ixesha elininzi elichithwe kwiingcamango zesini, iminqweno, okanye ukuziphatha ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuphazamisa ezinye iinjongo ezibalulekileyo (ezingezona zesini), imisebenzi, kunye nezibophelelo, oko kukuthi, ukubukela iphonografi kuye kwaba ngumdla oyintloko kubomi bomntu, ukuze imisebenzi yentsapho okanye iimbopheleleko zomsebenzi zingahoywa. ; |
| 2. | Umbandela uzibandakanya ngokuphindaphindiweyo kule misebenzi yezesondo ngokuphendula imeko yeemvakalelo zedysphoric, oko kukuthi, ukwenza ngokwesondo kube sisicwangciso esingqongqo sokulawula imo; |
| 3. | kunye / okanye impendulo kwiimeko ezixinzelelekileyo, umzekelo, ngexesha leziganeko ezixinzelelekileyo emsebenzini; |
| 4. | ngaphandle kwemizamo ephindaphindiweyo, umbandela uyasilela ukulawula okanye ukunciphisa kakhulu le misebenzi yesondo, oko kukuthi, umbandela wenza iinzame ezininzi ezingaphumeleliyo zokunciphisa imisebenzi eyingxaki, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo ulahlekelwa ulawulo phezu kwazo emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa; |
| 5. | Umbandela uqhubeka nale misebenzi yezesondo ngaphandle komngcipheko wokwenzakala ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwasemoyeni kuye okanye kwabanye, oko kukuthi, ukuzibandakanya rhoqo ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo ngaphandle kweziphumo ezimandundu kubudlelwane (umzekelo, ukuqhawuka) okanye isoyikiso sokuphelelwa ngumsebenzi. |
(b) Ukuphindaphindwa kunye nobunzulu bale misebenzi yesondo bukhokelela kuxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwezonyango okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwimiba ebalulekileyo yobomi. (c) Ezi ntshukumo zokwabelana ngesondo azizange zibe ziziphumo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zangaphandle (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi okanye amayeza).
Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa uKafka (2010Inkcazelo ye-CSB iyamkelwa ngokuqhelekileyo, ayicebisi nayiphi na indlela esekelwe kwi-CSB. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lucebisa ukuba ii-CSBs zinxulumene nokwanda kobuntununtunu bemivuzo evuselela inkanuko (Brand, Snagowski, Laier, kunye neMaderwald, 2016; Kraus et al., 2016b; IVoon et al., 2014) okanye izikhokelo ezixela kwangaphambili loo mivuzo (Gola, Wordecha, et al., 2017). Ezinye zibonisa ukonyuka kwe-cue-conditioning ye-erotic stimuli (IKlucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, iSchweckendiek, iKruse, kunye neStark, 2016) okanye ukwanda kwexhala (IGola, iMiyakoshi, kunye neSescousse, 2015; IGola kunye nePotenza, ngo-2016) phakathi kwabantu abane-CSB. U-Reid uphinde waphawula ukuba abaguli be-hypersexual bahlala befumana iimvakalelo ezingalunganga kunye noxinzelelo, iintloni ezingakumbi, kunye nenqanaba elisezantsi lokuzicingela (Reid, Stein, kunye noMchweli, ngo-2011; Reid, Temko, Moghaddam, kunye neFong, 2014).
Ubuninzi kunye nokwahluka kwezinto ezichazwe ngasentla kuphakamisa ubuncinane imibuzo emithathu ebalulekileyo: (a) Abantu abafuna unyango bazibona njani izinto eziphambili ezikhokelela kwi-CSB? iimeko zobomi bemihla ngemihla?, kunye (c) Zifana kangakanani ezi zinto kwi-CSB?
Imibuzo enjalo inokuphendulwa ngedatha esemgangathweni (okt, eqokelelwe ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe olucwangcisiweyo lwezonyango, njengaku. Umchweli, uReid, iGaros, kunye neNajavits, ngo-2013) kunye nendlela yobungakanani, kusetyenziswa indlela yovavanyo lwedayari (Kashdan et al., 2013). Uvavanyo lwedayari luthathwa njengolusemthethweni kakhulu kwi-ikholoji yokulinganisa iimeko zemihla ngemihla zomntu ngamnye (umzekelo, inqanaba lokuxhalaba, isimo sengqondo, kunye nokuvuseleleka ngokwesondo) kunye nemisebenzi (umz., ukuziphatha ngokwesondo). Kolu phononongo, siye sagqiba ekubeni sidibanise iindlela zokuvavanya umgangatho kunye nedayari ukuze sihlolisise izinto ezinxulumene ne-CSB kwizifundo ezifuna unyango lwe-CSB ngokuzithandela.
Njengoko kungekho milinganiselo yobungakanani bokuziphatha ngokwesondo (Gola, Lewczuk, et al., 2016), ii-CSB zidla ngokuchazwa ngeempawu ezichazayo, ezibonisa ukulahleka kokulawulwa komsebenzi wesondo (Gola & Potenza, kushicilelo; Kafka, 2010; UKraus et al., 2018). Singazama ukufumanisa izinto ezibangela ubungakanani balo mba, ezifana nexesha elininzi elichithwe kwisenzo sesondo (okt, ukuphulula amalungu esini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi ukuphazamisana nomsebenzi wakhe) okanye iindawo ezingafanelekanga apho ubani abelana ngesondo (oko kukuthi, esidlangalaleni. iindawo okanye amagumbi okuphumla). Enye ipateni enokulinganiswa yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo kukubhinqika - ukuphinda-phinda, ukuqhubekeka, kunye nokuziphatha okukhulu - okuhlala kukhokelela kwimvakalelo ebambekayo yokuphulukana nolawulo. Ukuzinkcinkca kuchazwe ngokubanzi kwingxaki yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, njengokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kotywala (Rolland & Naassila, 2017).
Izigulana ezifuna unyango lwe-CSB nazo zixela izenzo ezizinkcinkca ngesondo (Gola, Wordecha, et al., 2017), kwaye rhoqo ukukhankanya ukuba olu lolona hlobo lugqithisileyo lokulahlekelwa kulawulo kwindlela ubani aziphethe ngayo (U-Lewczuk et al., 2017). Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuzinkcinkca okunjalo kubandakanya iiyure ezininzi zokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala (ngokuqhubekayo okanye izihlandlo ezininzi ngosuku), ehamba nokuphulula amaphambili izihlandlo ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi ngokugqithisileyo akuchazwanga kwiincwadi zesayensi ngokweenkcukacha ezaneleyo. Ke ngoko, sicebisa ukuba siwujongisise lo mba we-CSB kwaye sifumanise ukuba luxhaphake kangakanani na uphawu phakathi kwabantu abafuna unyango lwe-CSB. Ngaloo ndlela sijonge (a) ukuhlola indlela izifundo ezifuna unyango lwe-CSB ezichaza ngayo izinto ezinxulumene nee-CSB zabo, (b) zigqibe ukuba zihambelana njani nedatha eqokelelwe kuvavanyo lwedayari, kunye (c) nokuphanda ukuba ngaba ezo zinto zihambelana ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu I-CSB kwaye yeyiphi kuzo enxulumene nokuzinkcinkca ngesondo kunye nezenzo zesondo ezingezizo.
tindlela
nxaxheba
Iqela lethu lalinamadoda alithoba e-CSB aneminyaka eyi-22-37 iminyaka (M = 31.7, SD = 4.85; Itheyibhile 1). Zonke izigulana zihlupheke kwiingcamango zesondo eziphindaphindiweyo / zokuziphatha kwaye zavuma ukuba ukuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo kubangele ukuphathwa kakubi kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yobomi. Zonke izigulana zaqaphela ukuqhubela phambili kwengxaki kwaye zavuma ukusebenzisa ukuziphatha ngokwesondo (ubukhulu becala ukubukela iphonografi ehamba kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini) ukuhlangabezana neziganeko zobomi ezixinzelelekileyo. Isigulana ngasinye sichaze iinzame ezininzi zokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa i-CSB. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iziphumo zazingalunganga kwaye zexeshana, kodwa abanye bachaza ixesha elide lokuyeka ukwabelana ngesondo (iinyanga ezininzi ukuya kwi-1 unyaka) kulandelwa ukuphinda kubuyele. Phantse zonke izifundo zinembali yonyango lwangaphambili lwe-CSB. Ngexesha lokufunda, isifundo esinye (iSixhobo B) sasigcina ukuzikhwebula kwi-PuM (waba neentlobano zesini phantse yonke imihla kunye neqabane).
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Ithebula 1. Idatha yedemografi yazo zonke izigulane ezithatha inxaxheba kuphononongo
Umonde | ubudala | Ukwaziswa ngezesondo | Ubume bobudlelwanehi enye | Occupation | Ukuhlala kunye | Ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo (CSBs) | Ukuqala kokusetyenziswa kwephonografi (unyaka ubudala) | Iminyaka yokusetyenziswa rhoqo koonografi | Ubudala bokuzinkcinkca ngotywala | Imbali yonyango lwangaphambili |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 36 | Heterosexual | enye | Umsebenzi wase-ofisini | abahlobo | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 16 | 12 | 26 | Ngoku kwiqela elinamanyathelo ali-12 le-CSB |
| B | 37 | Heterosexual | Nditshate iminyaka eyi-18 | Umsebenzi wasefetri | Usapho (umfazi kunye nabantwana) | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi (okwangoku kuyeka) kunye ne-masturbation enyanzelekileyo | 11 | 10 | - | Okwangoku kunyango lwengqondo yomntu ngamnye ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala |
| C | 33 | Heterosexual | Kubudlelwane iminyaka emi-4 | Umqhubi weteksi | Girlfriend | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 13 | 13 | - | Ngaphambili kwiqela lamanyathelo ali-12 le-CSB, okwangoku kunyango lweqela le-CSB |
| D | 33 | Heterosexual | Nditshate iminyaka eyi-4 | Umqhubi weSoftware | Usapho (umfazi kunye nabantwana) | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 12 | 15 | ∼13 | nanye |
| E | 36 | Heterosexual | enye | Ngasebenzi | wedwa | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi, ukuziphulula amalungu esini ngokunyanzelekileyo, kunye nesondo esingaqhelekanga esingaziwa | - | 9 | 27 | Ngaphambili kwi-psychotherapy yomntu kunye neqela le-CSB |
| F | 25 | Heterosexual | Kubudlelwane benyanga eyi-1 | umfundi | abahlobo | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 10 | 1 | 24 | Okwangoku kunyango lwengqondo yomntu ngamnye kwi-CSB |
| G | 30 | Heterosexual | enye | Coach | Usapho (abazali) | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 10 | 14 | 20 | Okwangoku kunyango lwengqondo yomntu ngamnye kwi-CSB |
| H | 22 | Ngqingili | enye | UMarketer | Usapho (abazali) | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 15 | 5 | 18 | Okwangoku kunyango lwengqondo yomntu ngamnye kwezinye iingxaki |
| I | 33 | Heterosexual | tshatile | Intengiso | Umfazi | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi, ukuziphulula amalungu esini ngokunyanzelekileyo, kunye nokwabelana ngesondo okungaqhelekanga | 8 | 13 | ∼13 | Ngaphambili ekufihlweni kwempilo yezesondo, okwangoku kunyango lomntu ngamnye kuBantwana abaDala boTywala (ACoA) |
Inkqubo yokugaya abasebenzi
Zonke izifundo ziqeshwe phakathi kwezigulane ezifuna unyango lwe-CSB kumaziko onyango lwezesondo eWarsaw (ePoland). Zonke izifundo zidibene ubuncinane ezine kwiikhrayitheriya ezihlanu ze-CSB ngokwe-Kafka (echazwe kwicandelo elithi "Intshayelelo"). Kwakhona, bonke bathathe inxaxheba ubuncinane kwiiseshoni ezintandathu zonyango lwe-CSB emva kokubhaliswa kolu phononongo, olubonisa injongo yabo yokwenyani yokunciphisa ingxaki yokusetyenziswa koonografi.
Amanyathelo
Senze udliwano-ndlebe olunesiqingatha seyure yonke (iTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo ye-S1) ukuvavanya ezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo ze-CSB (kubandakanywa ne-PuM yokuzinkcinkca), esizibona ngokwaso iindlela zengqondo, kunye nezinto ezinxulumene ne-CSB. Emva kolu dliwano-ndlebe, izifundo zithathe inxaxheba kwisifundo sedayari esithatha iiveki ze-10 (iintsuku ze-70), usebenzisa isicelo esisekwe kwiwebhu esifumaneka kwii-smartphones okanye iikhomputha zomntu (Figure 1). Uvavanyo lwedayari lugqithe ngokuyinxenye ekuqaleni konyango, ngoko ke idatha echazwe kwiidayari inokuba ichatshazelwe lunyango. Ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo ye-10-point, sivavanye imilinganiselo yemihla ngemihla yokuvuswa ngokwesondo, ukuxhalaba, uxinzelelo kunye nomoya. Siphinde savavanya ukuziphatha ngokwesondo, njengexesha lemihla ngemihla elichithwe ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala, inani leeseshoni zokuphulula amalungu esini, okanye inani leentlobano zesini. Izifundo zacelwa ukuba zigcwalise idayari kanye ngosuku, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha i-3-5 min. Nangona kunjalo, abathathi-nxaxheba abasixhenxe kuphela kwabasithoba banikezela ngolwazi oluceliwe, kwaye umyinge wexesha lee-episodes xa ukufakwa kwidayari kungenziwanga kwakuyientsuku ze-2.75 kunye ne-min = 1 imini kunye nobuninzi = iintsuku ze-32. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe zinikiwe kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S2. Iirekhodi ezinedatha elahlekileyo azibandakanywanga ekubalweni kwamaxabiso aphakathi kunye nokuphambuka okusemgangathweni kwezinto eziphantsi kophando. Izihlandlo zokuzithemba ezixeliweyo ziqikelelwa ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-block bootstrap ehambayo kunye nobukhulu bebhloko = i-3, isetyenziswe kwiiseti zedatha epheleleyo (kuquka idatha engekhoyo).
Umzobo 1. Ukunikezelwa kwesicwangciso seendlela zophando. Zonke izifundo zaqala udliwano-ndlebe nodliwano-ndlebe olulungelelanisiweyo (Semi-structuralized interview) (iTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S1), emva koko bathatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lwekhweshine (iTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S3) kunye novavanyo lwedayari olusekwe kwiwebhu oluthatha iiveki ezili-10.
Siphinde saqokelela imilinganiselo yoluhlu lwemibuzo. Ubunzima bee-CSBs bavavanywa kunye noVavanyo lwe-Sexual Addiction Screening-Revised (SAST-R; IiCarnes, luhlaza, kunye neeCarnes, ngo-2010; Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017) kunye neNgcaciso yePonografi emfutshane (BPS; UKraus et al., 2017). I-Questionnaire ye-BPS yinqanaba lezinto ezintlanu, ukulinganisa ubunzima bokusetyenziswa kwephonografi eyingxaki. Ubunzima beempawu ze-Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) zavavanywa kunye ne-Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; UFoa et al., ngo-2002). Inqanaba lokuxhalaba lilinganiswa ne-State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State (STAI-S; Sosnowski & Wrześniewski, 1983), eyasivumela ukuba silinganise ukuxhalaba njengelizwe (STAI-S) kunye ne-trait (STAI-T). Sikwasebenzise iNgxinano yeSibhedlele kunye neSikali soxinzelelo (UZigmond kunye neSnaith, ngo-1983) ukuvavanya ixhala kunye neempawu zokudakumba. Impulsivity yavavanywa ngemibuzo yoKhetho lweMali (Kirby & Maraković, 1996), isethi ye-27 yokukhetha, apho abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babonise ukuba banokukhetha umvuzo omncinci wemali namhlanje okanye omkhulu kwixesha elizayo (emva kwenani elithile leentsuku).
Zokuziphatha
Uphononongo luvunyiwe yiKomiti yeeNqobo zokuziphatha yeZiko leNgqondo, iPolish Academy yeSayensi (ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki) kwaye bonke abathathi-nxaxheba banikela imvume yabo ebhaliweyo.
iziphumo
Imilinganiselo yoluhlu lwemibuzo
Zonke izigulane zifumene amanqaku aphezulu kwi-SAST-R kunye ne-BPS. Uninzi lwezigulane zifumene amanqaku aphezulu kwi-subscales yokudakumba kunye nokuxhalaba kweSibhedlele sokuxhalaba kunye noxinzelelo lweSikali (UZigmond kunye neSnaith, ngo-1983) kunye ne-STAI (Sosnowski & Wrześniewski, 1983), njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S3. Zizifundo ezibini kuphela ezidlula umda wedimension yokunyanzeliswa, elinganiselwa nge-OCI-R (UFoa et al., ngo-2002). Iziphumo ezineenkcukacha zithiwe thaca kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S3.
Iimpawu zokuzichaza kunye nedayari ye-CSB
Zonke izifundo zibhengezwe i-PuM enyanzelekileyo njengesona sizathu sibalulekileyo sokufuna unyango. Ngabantu ababini kuphela abachaze ubudlelwane bezesondo obungaqhelekanga njengengxaki eyongezelelweyo yokuziphatha. Esinye isigulana safuna unyango, nangona iinyanga ze-6.5 zokuziyeka ngokwesondo ngaphambi kophando. Kwizigulane ezisibhozo kwezilithoba, le ibingelomzamo wokuqala wokunyanga i-CSB (Itheyibhile 1).
Nangona iinzame ezininzi zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa koonografi, ixesha eliqhelekileyo elinikezelwe ekubukeni iphonografi ngeveki yayiyi-2.96 hr, njengoko ichazwe yizifundo kwiimibuzo ezilawulwa emva kodliwano-ndlebe. Ngokutsho kwedatha eqokelelwe kwiiveki ze-10 zovavanyo lwedayari, nangona kunjalo, yayiyi-1.57 hr (SD = 2.05 hr). Siye sabona ukuguquguquka okukhulu komntu ngamnye kokusetyenziswa koonografi (ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-8 hr ngeveki, njengoko kubhengezwe kudliwano-ndlebe kunye nokusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-6.01 hr ngeveki, njengoko kuchaziwe kuvavanyo lwedayari; 2).
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Ithebula 2. Ukuzichaza kunye nemilinganiselo yexesha elide lokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo (CSB)
Umonde | Ii-CSB | Idatha iyazichaza ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe | Ilinganiswe ngovavanyo lwedayari oluthatha iiveki ezili-10 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ukusetyenziswa koonografi ngeveki (hr) | Ukuxhaphaka kokusebenzisa iphonografi | Inani lokuphulula amalungu esini ngeveki | Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwephonografi | Ukusetyenziswa koonografi ngeveki (hr) [ithetha (SD)] | Inani lokuphulula amalungu esini ngeveki [ithetha (SD)] | Ukuphindaphinda kokuzinkcinkca [ithetha (SD)] | ||
| A | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | Phakathi kwe4 kunye ne8 | Phantse yonke imihla | Phakathi kwe4 kunye ne8 | Okwangoku kanye ngeveki, phambi kwemihla ngemihla | 6.01 (7.11) | 7.43 (7.62) | 0.43 (0.50) |
| B | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi (ngoku kuyekwa) kunye nokuphulula amaphambili okunyanzelekileyo | 0.5 | Amaxesha e-1-2 ngeveki | Amaxesha e-1-2 ngeveki | nanye | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| C | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 1-1.5 | Amaxesha e-1-2 ngeveki | 2 amaxesha nangaphezulu | nanye | - | - | - |
| D | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 1-1.5 | Phantse yonke imihla | Phantse yonke imihla | Okwangoku akukho (ngaphambi kwe-1-2 amaxesha ngonyaka) | 0.73 (0.86) | 4.67 (4.63) | 0.10 (0.31) |
| E | Ukusebenzisa iphonografi, ukuziphulula amalungu esini ngokunyanzelekileyo, kunye neentlobano zesini nomntu ongathandani naye | 3 | Amaxesha e-2 ngeveki | Amaxesha e-4 ngeveki | Okwangoku akukho (phambi kwamaxesha ambalwa ngonyaka) | 0.81 (1.46) | 3.68 (4.19) | 0.05 (0.22) |
| F | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | Phakathi kwe4 kunye ne6 | Yonke imihla | Phantse yonke imihla | Okwangoku 1-2 amaxesha ngeveki, phambi phantse yonke imihla | 1.70 (2.98) | 3.02 (5.29) | 0.16 (0.37) |
| G | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 1-1.5 | Phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-5 amaxesha | 5 okanye ngaphezulu | Okwangoku kunqabile, ngaphambi kwezihlandlo ezimbalwa ngeveki | 0.21 (0.48) | 4.67 (5.72) | 0.18 (0.39) |
| H | Ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphulula amalungu esini | 3.5-4 | Yonke imihla | 3 okanye ngaphezulu | Amaxesha amabini ngenyanga | 1.54 (2.17) | 9.44 (11.32) | 0.33 (0.47) |
| I | Ukusebenzisa iphonografi, ukuziphulula amalungu esini ngokunyanzelekileyo, kunye neentlobano zesini nomntu ongathandani naye | 1.5-3 | Phantse yonke imihla | Phantse yonke imihla | Kanye okanye kabini ebomini bakhe | - | - | - |
Phawula. SD: ukusuka kumngangatho.
Idatha eqokelelwe kuvavanyo lwedayari ibonise ukuba ukubukela iphonografi kwakuhamba kunye nokuphulula amaphambili (Umfanekiso 2), eyayihambelana nedatha yokuvakalisa. Ngethuba lodliwano-ndlebe, izifundo ezithandathu zabika ukuba ukubukela iphonografi kuhlala kuhamba kunye ne-masturbation, kwaye izifundo ezintathu zabika ukuba i-masturbation ngokuqhelekileyo (kodwa kungekhona rhoqo) ihamba kunye nokubukela iphonografi. Noko ke, ukuphulula amalungu esini ngaphandle kokubukela iphonografi kudla ngokukhatshwa ziinkumbulo zesini zezinto ezibonisa amanyala ebezikhe wajongwa okanye ukucinga ngabantu bokwenene. Esinye isigulana sathi ukuphulula amaphambili ngaphandle kwephonografi akusikhokeleli kwincopho yakhe.
Umzobo 2. Ukusasazwa kokuhlanganiswa kwemihla ngemihla yokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala kunye ne-masturbation kwidatha eqokelelwe kwi-diary assessment - idatha evela kwidayari yokulinganisa (i-100% ilingana nazo zonke iintsuku zovavanyo lwedayari emva kokukhutshwa kwedatha engekhoyo)
Ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe, izigulane ezisixhenxe kwezisithoba zibike ubuncinane amava enye yokubukela iphonografi. I-Binges yayinohlobo lokubukela iphonografi eqhubekayo ehamba kunye ne-masturbations ezininzi kwiiyure ezimbalwa ezilandelelanayo (ngokuqhelekileyo> i-6 hr kunye nekhefu elingaphantsi kwe-30 min) okanye iziqendu ezininzi (> 4 ngosuku, ezihlala kwi-0.5-1 hr) ye-pornography. ukubukela usuku olukhatshwa kukuphulula amalungu esini. Isifundo esinye (Isihloko B), esachaza iinyanga ze-6.5 zokuziyeka ngokwesondo, akazange achaze nawaphi na amava okubukela iphonografi, ngelixa iSifundo C sabika ubuninzi beziganeko ezimbini zokubukela iphonografi kunye nokuhlaziya i-masturbation ngosuku, engazange acinge ngayo.
Ngenjongo yokuhlalutya idatha, samkele inkcazo ephambili ye "binge," esekelwe kwidatha evela kwizifundo zethu zangaphambili (Gola, Kowalewska, Wierzba, Wordecha, & Marchewka, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, et al., 2016; Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017; Gola, Wordecha, et al., 2017; U-Lewczuk et al., 2017) ebonisa ukuba kwiqela lolawulo (ukunganyangeki okufuna amadoda asePoland), inani eliqhelekileyo le-masturbation ngeveki li-2.3-2.5 kunye nexesha eliqhelekileyo elichithwe ekubukeni iphonografi yi-50 min / ngeveki. Izifundo zokulawula kwizifundo zethu zangaphambili njengenani eliphezulu lobomi be-masturbations kunye nokubukela iphonografi ngosuku kuchazwe umyinge we-3.1 kunye ne-70 min. Zombini (iziqendu ezona zininzi zokuphulula amalungu esini kunye nokubukela iphonografi) zijongwe ngabantu abalawulayo njengezenzo zesondo ezizonwabisayo. Ngenjongo yolu pho nonongo olusekelwe kwimigqaliselo yethu yangaphambili, sibeka umqobo, sicinga ukuba ngaphezu kwe-masturbations ezimbini ngosuku kunye neseshoni yoonografi ehlala ixesha elide kune-1 hr ifaneleka njengomsebenzi wokuzinkcinkca. Nangona le miqobo ibonakala ihambelana nedatha yokuzichaza ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe kunye nedatha ehlolwe ngeendlela zedayari (Itheyibhile 2), kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ngononophelo phakathi kwabantu abahlukeneyo. Apha, sifunda abantu abasele bekulungele ukuphelisa ukubukela iphonografi kunye nokwandisa umzamo omkhulu kule njongo.
Izinto ezinxulumene nePuM
Isigulane ngasinye sichaze iinzame ezininzi zokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa koonografi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iziphumo zazingalunganga kwaye zesikhashana, kodwa ezinye zibika ixesha lokuyeka ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala ukusuka kwiiveki ezininzi ukuya kwi-1 unyaka, zihlala zilandelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwisigulane esinye, ixesha elingenazo iphonografi elihlala iiveki ezimbalwa linxulumene nomthwalo ophezulu womsebenzi; yaye kwelinye, yandisa imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Esinye sezigulana sichaze ukuba ukucamngca kunceda okwethutyana ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa koonografi.
Ngethuba lodliwano-ndlebe, izigulane ezisibhozo kwezisithoba ziye zakwazi ukuchonga iipatheni zabo zePuM, ezibonisa iindawo ezithile, iimeko, iimvakalelo kunye / okanye iingcamango. Eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yokubukela amanyala yayilikhaya lomguli. Yaye eyona meko yayixhaphakile yayikukuba wedwa. Izifundo ezine nazo eziye zaxela ukubukela amanyala rhoqo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ubukhulu becala emsebenzini. Abanye abaguli abane bathi baqhele ukusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala ngaphambi okanye emva kweeyure zokusebenza.
Uninzi lwezigulane zichaze iimvakalelo ezimbi emva kokubukela iphonografi: uxinzelelo (izifundo ezihlanu), umsindo (ezithathu), ukuxhalaba kunye noxinzelelo (ezithathu), isizungu (ezimbini), ukuzithemba okuphantsi (enye), ukuvakalelwa kokungaphumeleli (ezithathu) , kunye nokudinwa (ezimbini).
Uninzi lwezigulana zazinobunzima bokuchonga eyona nto ibangela ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala. Esinye isigulana sichonge ukwanda koxinzelelo kunye nomngcipheko wokungaphumeleli njengeyona nto ixhaphakileyo yokuzibona ikhokelela kwisenzo sesondo. Esinye isigulana saphawula ukuba nomsindo owomeleleyo njengonobangela wePuM. Esinye isifundo sahlula iindidi ezimbini zokuphulula amalungu esini awayezenzile: (a) ezinxulumene nomnqweno wesini kunye (b) nokunciphisa ixhala. Kwakhona waphawula ukuba le yokugqibela yayixhaphake ngakumbi kwimeko yakhe. Sisinye kuphela isigulana esichaza ukubukela iphonografi “njengebhaso” elonwabisayo asinike lona ngenxa yezinto aziphumezileyo.
Ukuphanda ukuba zeziphi izinto ezinxulumene ne-PuM, sihlalutye idatha efunyenwe kwiimvavanyo zedayari, sithelekisa iingxelo ezivela kwimihla yokuphulula i-masturbation kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neengxelo ezivela kwiintsuku ngaphandle kwemisebenzi enjalo. Sivavanye umahluko phakathi kwamanqanaba omndilili wezinto ezininzi, ezivavanywa ngeedayari, ezizezi, imo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye noxinzelelo (idatha ephakathi kweentsuku zonke inokufumaneka kwiThebhile. 3).
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Ithebula 3. I-avareji yedatha evela kuvavanyo lwedayari yeeveki ezili-10 (isikali: 1–10)
Umonde | Umoya [uthetha (SD)] | Ukudinwa [kuthetha (SD)] | Inqanaba loxinzelelo [lithetha (SD)] | Inqanaba lokuxhalaba [lithetha (SD)] | Ukuvuseleleka ngokwesondo [ithetha (SD)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 4.92 (1.56) | 6.23 (1.63) | 5.86 (1.63) | 5.54 (1.91) | 2.42 (1.43) |
| B | 5.52 (1.99) | 6.43 (1.57) | 4.43 (2.06) | 4.14 (2.08) | 4.71 (1.82) |
| D | 5.3 (1.58) | 5.23 (1.74) | 4.5 (2.01) | 3.07 (2.26) | 3.7 (1.21) |
| E | 7.2 (0.69) | 4.9 (1.55) | 4.45 (1.08) | 3.35 (1.23) | 4.0 (0.88) |
| F | 6.35 (1.43) | 4.8 (1.81) | 3.1 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.04) | 5.1 (1.79) |
| G | 6.0 (1.6) | 6.47 (1.77) | 5.51 (1.87) | 4.76 (2.17) | 4.9 (2.04) |
| H | 4.3 (2.18) | 6.23 (1.76) | 4.74 (1.98) | 4.88 (2.2) | 3.88 (1.99) |
| iqela | 5.66 (0.96) | 5.76 (0.75) | 4.66 (0.89) | 3.99 (1.17) | 4.10 (0.92) |
Phawula. SD: ukusuka kumngangatho.
Sifumene iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo phakathi kweentsuku kunye nangaphandle kokuphulula amalungu esini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwizigulana ezintathu kuphela (D, F, kunye noG; Itheyibhile 4). Zonke ezi zinomoya ophantsi kakhulu ngeentsuku zokuphulula amalungu esini kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Ukongezelela, isigulane u-D ngokomndilili wayeziva ediniwe, egxininisekile, kwaye enezinga eliphezulu lokuxhalaba ngeentsuku zokuphulula amalungu esini kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi xa kuthelekiswa neentsuku ezingenazo iphonografi kunye ne-masturbation.
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Ithebula 4. Umahluko phakathi kwamanqanaba aphakathi kweemvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba (kuvavanywa kuvavanyo lwedayari yeeveki ezili-10), kangangeentsuku “zokuziphulula amalungu esini okanye uburheletya” ngokuchasene neentsuku “ezingeyiyo i-masturbation okanye iphonografi”
Umonde | Iintsuku ezine-masturbation okanye iphonografi | Iintsuku ngaphandle kokuphulula amaphambili okanye iphonografi | Umahluko phakathi kwe-avareji | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Umoya [uthetha (SD)] | Ukudinwa [kuthetha (SD)] | Uxinzelelo [luthetha (SD)] | Ixhala [lithetha (SD)] | N | Umoya [uthetha (SD)] | Ukudinwa [kuthetha (SD)] | Uxinzelelo [luthetha (SD)] | Ixhala [lithetha (SD)] | imo | Ukukhathala | istres | Ukuxhalabisa | |
| A | 45 | 4.87 (1.52) | 6.31 (1.43) | 5.98 (1.69) | 5.62 (1.89) | 20 | 5.05 (1.70) | 6.05 (2.04) | 5.60 (1.50) | 5.35 (2.01) | -0.18, 95% CI = [-0.99, 0.67] | 0.26, 95% CI = [-0.67, 1.27] | 0.38, 95% CI = [-0.56, 1.35] | 0.27, 95% CI = [-0.76, 1.19] |
| D | 17 | 4.88 (1.69) | 6.06 (1.56) | 5.53 (1.94) | 3.76 (2.56) | 13 | 5.85 (1.28) | 4.15 (1.34) | 3.15 (1.14) | 2.15 (1.41) | -0.96, 95% CI = [-1.79, -0.25] | 1.90, 95% CI = [1.26, 2.42] | 2.38, 95% CI = [1.46, 3.04] | 1.61, 95% CI = [0.00, 2.42] |
| E | 22 | 7.09 (0.75) | 5.18 (1.82) | 4.55 (1.22) | 3.45 (1.26) | 18 | 7.33 (0.59) | 4.56 (1.10) | 4.33 (0.91) | 3.22 (1.22) | -0.24, 95% CI = [-0.56, 0.18] | 0.63, 95% CI = [-0.27, 1.50] | 0.21, 95% CI = [-0.42, 0.59] | 0.23, 95% CI = [-0.51, 0.59] |
| F | 15 | 5.47 (0.99) | 5.47 (1.81) | 3.53 (1.55) | 2.40 (1.06) | 36 | 6.72 (1.43) | 4.53 (1.76) | 2.92 (1.46) | 2.11 (1.04) | -1.26, 95% CI = [-2.02, -0.58] | 0.94, 95% CI = [-0.33, 1.77] | 0.62, 95% CI = [-0.06, 1.42] | 0.29, 95% CI = [-0.13, 0.93] |
| G | 24 | 5.83 (1.71) | 6.17 (1.66) | 5.54 (1.91) | 4.79 (2.11) | 27 | 6.15 (1.51) | 6.74 (1.85) | 5.48 (1.87) | 4.74 (2.26) | -0.31, 95% CI = [-0.98, 0.39] | -0.57, 95% CI = [-1.54, 0.34] | 0.06, 95% CI = [-0.91, 0.82] | 0.05, 95% CI = [-1.13, 0.96] |
| H | 27 | 3.59 (1.89) | 6.15 (1.73) | 4.74 (2.01) | 5.07 (2.20) | 16 | 5.50 (2.16) | 6.38 (1.86) | 4.75 (1.98) | 4.56 (2.22) | -1.91, 95% CI = [-3.11, -0.66] | -0.23, 95% CI = [-0.79, 1.22] | -0.01, 95% CI = [-0.71, 1.54] | 0.51, 95% CI = [-0.35, 2.29] |
Phawula. SD: ukusuka kumngangatho; CI: ixesha lokuzithemba.
Izinto ezinxulumene nokuzinkcinkca
Ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa koonografi rhoqo, apho uninzi lwezigulane zinobunzima bokuchonga iimeko ezibangela ukuba zibuzwe (ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe lweklinikhi) kwiimeko ezibangele ukusetyenziswa koonografi, uninzi lwezigulane zichaze uxinzelelo, iingxaki zobomi bomntu, kunye nokwesaba ukungaphumeleli. ekuhlangabezaneni nolindelo oluphezulu lwabanye ababalulekileyo njengemiba eqhelekileyo. Omnye umntu wanxulumanisa ukuzinkcinkca ngoxinzelelo olunxulumene nomsebenzi. Izifundo ezithathu zaqaphela ukuba ukuzinkcinkca kwakunxulumene nomsindo okanye isithukuthezi kunye nokulahlwa.
Zonke izigulana zibhengeze ukuba ngexesha le-pornographic binges ekuqaleni bafumana iimvakalelo ezintle (umzekelo, ulonwabo kunye nolonwabo). Emva koko, ngexesha lokuzinkcinkca, inkoliso yezifundo ayinazo iingcinga ezithile (“inqunyulwe ekucingeni”) kwaye iyahlukana neemvakalelo zabo. Kanye emva kokuzinkcinkca ngotywala, badla ngokuzisola ngexesha abalichithileyo okanye ngokutyeshela imisebenzi yabo. Ezo ngcinga zikhatshwa ziimvakalelo ezingakhiyo, njengehlazo, ukuziva ulilolo, ukucekisa, ukuziva unetyala, umsindo, usizi, ukuxhalaba, ukuphelelwa lithemba, ukungazihloneli nokudandatheka. Izigulana nazo ziziva zicaphuka nomsindo. Amadoda amahlanu axela ukuba aneengcinga ezingalunganga malunga nawo, umz., "Ndibuthathaka," "Ndingachitha eli xesha kwizinto ezininzi zokuzonwabisa, imibono, iintlanganiso nabantu endaweni yokubukela i-porn," kwaye "ndisilele kwakhona." Izifundo ezithathu azizange zixele naziphi na iingcinga ezithile emva kokuzinkcinkca (Figure 3).
Umzobo 3. Iimvakalelo kunye neengcinga ozixelayo ngaphambi, ngexesha, nasemva nje kokuzitika ngamanyala
Idatha yovavanyo lwedayari yavavanyelwa umahluko phakathi kwamanqanaba aphakathi kweemvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba ngexesha leentsuku zokuzinkcinkca kuthelekiswa neentsuku ngaphandle kokuzinkcinkca. Olu thelekiso lubonakalise umahluko omkhulu ngakumbi kunolo lwangaphambili, olunxulumene nokubukela iphonografi kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini (Itheyibhile 4). Kuzo zonke izifundo ngaphandle kwesinye (G), ukuzinkcinkca ngephonografi kukhokelele ekunciphiseni isimo sengqondo (izigulane D, E, F, no-H) okanye uxinzelelo (izigulane A, D, kunye no-E). Kanye emva kokuzinkcinkca, badla ngokuba neengcinga malunga nexesha elichithiweyo okanye imisebenzi abangayihoyanga. Iingcinga ezinjalo zikhatshwa ziimvakalelo ezingakhiyo, njengehlazo, ukuziva ulilolo, ukuzonya, ukuziva unetyala, umsindo, usizi, ixhala, ukuphelelwa lithemba, ukungazihloneli nokudandatheka.”
Okokugqibela, sivavanye ukubakho kobudlelwane be-causal phakathi kwezinto ezivavanywayo kunye nedayari (imvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba) kunye ne-PuM yokuzingxala (Itheyibhile). 5). Ngenxa yale njongo, kufana nohlalutyo lwangaphambili (oluthiwe thaca kwiThebhile 4), sikhethe iintsuku kunye ne-PuM yokuzinkcinkca (njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo elithi "Iindlela") kunye neentsuku ngaphandle kokuzinkcinkca. Emva koko, sibale iyantlukwano yeemvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nexhala phakathi kweentsuku ezingaphambi "kosuku lokuzintyintya" kunye neentsuku "ngaphandle kokuzintyintya" (Itheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo ye-S4) kunye neentsuku ezilandela "usuku lokuzintyintya" kunye neentsuku "ngaphandle kokuzintyintya". ” (Itheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S5). Umzobo 4 ibonisa inani leyantlukwano ebalulekileyo kuthelekiso ngalunye kwezi zibini. Inani eliphezulu leeyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo kwiintsuku ezandulelayo zokuzinkcinkca ziya kubonelela ngobungqina bokuba kunciphe imo, ukudinwa okuphezulu, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba kunokudlala indima ebangela ii-PuMs zokuzinkcinkca, ngelixa inani eliphezulu leyantlukwano kwiintsuku ezilandela ukuzintyintya kunokucebisa ukuba ukuncipha kweemvakalelo, ukunyuka kokudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba kunokuba ziziphumo zokuzinkcinkca ngePuM.
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Ithebula 5. Ukuthelekiswa kwamanqanaba aphakathi kweemvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba phakathi "kweentsuku zokuzinkcinkca" kunye "ngaphandle kokuzinkcinkca", ezivavanyiweyo ngexesha ledayari yeeveki ezili-10.
Umonde | Iintsuku ngokuzinkcinkca | Iintsuku ngaphandle kokutya | Umahluko phakathi kwe-avareji | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Umoya [uthetha (SD)] | Ukudinwa [kuthetha (SD)] | Uxinzelelo [luthetha (SD)] | Ixhala [lithetha (SD)] | N | Umoya [uthetha (SD)] | Ukudinwa [kuthetha (SD)] | Uxinzelelo [luthetha (SD)] | Ixhala [lithetha (SD)] | imo | Ukukhathala | istres | Ukuxhalabisa | |
| A | 28 | 4.64 (1.37) | 6.25 (1.58) | 6.32 (1.56) | 5.54 (1.93) | 37 | 5.14 (1.69) | 6.22 (1.69) | 5.51 (1.61) | 5.54 (1.92) | -0.49, 95% CI = [-1.13, 0.15] | 0.03, 95% CI = [-0.79, 0.86] | 0.80, 95% CI = [0.04, 1.64] | 0.00, 95% CI = [-0.81, 0.60] |
| D | 3 | 2.67 (1.53) | 6.33 (1.15) | 7.67 (1.53) | 7.33 (1.53) | 27 | 5.59 (1.31) | 5.11 (1.76) | 4.15 (1.75) | 2.59 (1.78) | -2.93, 95% CI = [-3.34, -1.44] | 1.22, 95% CI = [-0.27, 2.05] | 3.52, 95% CI = [1.61, 4.00] | 4.74, 95% CI = [3.03, 5.15] |
| E | 2 | 6.50 (0.71) | 4.50 (0.71) | 5.00 (0.00) | 3.50 (2.12) | 38 | 7.24 (0.68) | 4.92 (1.58) | 4.42 (1.11) | 3.34 (1.21) | -0.74, 95% CI = [-1.28, -0.06] | -0.42, 95% CI = [-1.34, 0.28] | 0.58, 95% CI = [0.20, 0.85] | 0.16, 95% CI = [-1.70, 1.76] |
| F | 8 | 5.00 (0.93) | 5.38 (1.77) | 3.50 (1.69) | 2.50 (1.2) | 43 | 6.60 (1.37) | 4.70 (1.82) | 3.02 (1.47) | 2.14 (1.01) | -1.6, 95% CI = [-2.35, -0.74] | 0.68, 95% CI = [-0.51, 1.60] | 0.48, 95% CI = [-0.39, 1.39] | 0.36, 95% CI = [-0.24, 1.04] |
| G | 9 | 5.22 (2.44) | 6.44 (2.24) | 5.78 (2.17) | 5.11 (2.42) | 42 | 6.17 (1.34) | 6.48 (1.69) | 5.45 (1.82) | 4.69 (2.14) | -0.94, 95% CI = [-2.56, 0.37] | -0.03, 95% CI = [-1.40, 1.28] | 0.33, 95% CI = [-1.07, 1.76] | 0.42, 95% CI = [-0.95, 1.98] |
| H | 14 | 2.71 (1.38) | 5.79 (1.58) | 5.29 (1.94) | 5.71 (2.2) | 29 | 5.07 (2.09) | 6.45 (1.82) | 4.48 (1.98) | 4.48 (2.11) | -2.35, 95% CI = [-3.59, -1.27] | -0.66, 95% CI = [-1.95, 0.60] | 0.80, 95% CI = [-0.58, 2.39] | 1.23, 95% CI = [0.08, 2.50] |
Phawula. SD: ukusuka kumngangatho; CI: ixesha lokuzithemba.
Umzobo 4. Inani lezifundo esiye sabona umahluko omkhulu kwimo yeemvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhalaba (kuvavanywa ngeedayari) phakathi kweentsuku ezandulela usuku lokuzinkcinkca okanye usuku olungenayo iphonografi kunye nokuphulula amaphambili (icala lasekhohlo lomfanekiso; umahluko ochanekileyo jonga i-Supplementary. Uluhlu S4). Kwicala lasekunene, sibonisa inani lezifundo apho umahluko phakathi kweentsuku ezilandela usuku lokuzinkcinkca kuthelekiswa nosuku ngaphandle kwe-PuM wawubalulekile (umahluko ochanekileyo, bona iTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo ye-S5)
Bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo [χ2 = 2.64, p = .104; ibalwe ngokwemilinganiselo yomahluko obalulekileyo/ongabalulekanga weentsuku ezandulela ukuzintyintya (Itheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S4) nokulandela ukuzintyintya (Itheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo S5)] phakathi kwenani leziphumo ezibalulekileyo ukusuka kuhlalutyo lweentsuku emva kokuzinkcinkca nocazululo olunjalo lweentsuku ezilandelwayo. ngokuzinkcinkca (Figu 4).
Ingxoxo kunye nezigqibo
Kolu phononongo, senze udliwano-ndlebe nezigulane ezisithoba ezifuna unyango lwe-PuM enengxaki. Emva koko siqokelele idatha ye-questionnaire kwaye sasebenzisa i-10-iveki yovavanyo lwedayari ukujonga indlela izifundo ezichaza ngayo izinto ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wabo wesondo onengxaki kunye nendlela ehambelana ngayo nedatha eqokelelwe kuvavanyo lwedayari.
Zombini iinkcukacha ezizixeliweyo kunye nedayari zibonisa ukuba ngaphandle kwenyani yonyango lwangaphambili, bonke abantu bahlangabezana nemigaqo ye-CSB (Kafka, 2010), kwaye eyona ngxaki ixhaphakileyo yokuziphatha ngokwesondo yayiyiPuM (ngokufanayo nophononongo lwe Reid, Li, Gilliland, Stein, kunye neFong, 2011). Uninzi lwabo lukufumanisa kunzima ukuchonga izinto ezithile ezibangela ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi; nangona kunjalo, bayakwazi ukuchonga iipateni eziphindaphindiweyo zokusetyenziswa koonografi - njengeendawo ezithile (umzekelo, ikhaya kunye nomsebenzi), amaxesha, kunye neemeko (umzekelo, ukuba wedwa). Ngokusekwe kwidatha yovavanyo lwedayari (imvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye nexhala), uninzi lwezifundo lufumanise kunzima kakhulu ukufumana naziphi na izinxibelelanisi zesenzo sesondo. Mhlawumbi iziqendu ezithile zePuM zidlala indima yokuziphatha ejolise ekunciphiseni inkanuko yesini yendalo okanye indima yesixhobo sokumelana nomoya ombi, uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. Ukwenzeka kwazo zombini kwithuba leentsuku ezingama-70 zovavanyo kusenokuba ngunobangela wonxulumano olungabalulekanga kuguquguquko lovavanyo lwedayari.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, izifundo ezisixhenxe kwezisithoba zixele ukuba, ngexesha lobomi babo, bafumana ukuzinkcinkca ngePuM okuthatha iiyure ezininzi kwaye kwenzeka izihlandlo ezininzi ngemini. Kwimeko yokuzinkcinkca ngolo hlobo, uninzi lwezifundo luye lwakwazi ukubonakalisa inani lezinto ezibangela ukuba zibangele. Phakathi kwezona zinto zidla ngokukhankanywa luxinezeleko, iingxaki kubomi bomntu, uloyiko lokungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nolindelo oluphezulu lwabantu ababalulekileyo, umsindo, nokuziva ulilolo nokulahlwa. Iziphumo ezifanayo zichazwe ngaphambili nguReid, uLi, et al. (2011) owabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kwakunxulumene neziphumo ezininzi ezimbi, ezifana nesithukuthezi kunye nokuxhalaba. Ezi meko zintsonkothileyo zokuqonda kunye neemvakalelo zinokunxulunyaniswa nezinto ezilula ezilinganiswa kwiidayari. Siyijongile le ngcamango, kwaye ngokwenene, idatha yovavanyo lwedayari ibonise ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kokuzinkcinkca kunye nokunciphisa isimo sengqondo kunye nokwanda koxinzelelo kunye nokuxhalaba kubo bonke abantu kwiqela lethu, ngaphandle komnye.
Ngokutsho kwabaguli, ukuzinkcinkca ngephonografi kubenza babe nemincili yaye bonwabe yaye “bacime ukucinga neemvakalelo.” Iziphumo ezinjalo zinokufunyanwa njengendlela esebenzayo yexesha elifutshane. Ngelishwa, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzinkcinkca, zonke izifundo zaba neemvakalelo ezimbi (ezifana neentloni, ukuziva unesithukuthezi, ukuzonda, ukuziva unetyala, umsindo, usizi, ukuxhalaba, kunye nokungabi nathemba) kunye neengcinga ezimbi malunga nazo (umz., "Ndibuthathaka, ” “Ndichitha ixesha lam,” yaye “ndisilele kwakhona”); yaye ngokutsho kwezigulana, amava okuzinkcinkca ngotywala anxulumene nemvakalelo yokungakwazi ukulawula indlela ubani aziphethe ngayo.
Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba le mvakalelo yokuphulukana nolawulo inokuba yinto ebalulekileyo ekhokelela ekuziphatheni kokufuna unyango phakathi kwamadoda (Gola, Lewczuk, et al., 2016) kunye nabafazi (U-Lewczuk et al., 2017). Nangona i-PuM yokuzinkcinkca ibonakala ixhaphake kakhulu phakathi kwezigulana ze-CSB, kuncinci kakhulu okwaziwayo malunga neempawu kunye nemisebenzi yale mibhobho, kunye neendlela zabo. Ubukho bokusetyenziswa koonografi ngokugqithisileyo bukhankanywe kwiingqwalasela ezininzi zeklinikhi kwaye kwaxelwa kuphononongo lukaReid, uStein, et al. (2011), kodwa ngokolwazi lwethu, le yingxelo yokuqala ezama ukugxila kwi-binges kwaye ihlolisise uhlobo lwezi ziganeko. Nangona sisazi ngophawu lokuqala lwedatha yethu (exoxwe ngakumbi kwicandelo "lokunyinwa") kunye nesidingo sophando olubanzi, siye sakwazi ukufunda imiba emininzi enomdla yePuM yokuzingxala.
Okokuqala, ukuzinkcinkca ngePuM kunokuba neefom ezahlukeneyo. Ngokweedatha eziqokelelweyo zokuzibika, ukuzinkcinkca kusenokuba nefom yokubukela iphonografi eqhubekayo ehamba kunye nokuphulula amalungu esini kangangeeyure ezimbalwa ngokulandelelana (ngokuqhelekileyo> 6 hr kunye nekhefu elihlala ngaphantsi kwe-30 min) okanye iziqendu ezininzi (ngaphezulu kwezine amaxesha ngosuku, i-0.5-1 iyure nganye) yokubukela imifanekiso engamanyala ngosuku olunye, ehamba kunye ne-masturbation.
Okwesibini, i-PuM yokuzinkcinkca ibonakala ibonakala njengempendulo kwiimeko ezicinezelayo kwaye ayinawo umsebenzi wokunciphisa ukuvuswa ngokwesondo, kodwa kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwexeshana, uxinzelelo, okanye ukuxhalaba. Akukacaci ukuba kutheni isiganeko esinye se-PuM singonelanga ukuqinisekisa isiqabu esinjalo ngokweemvakalelo kodwa sinyukela ekubeni sisitya. Sinemibono embalwa engeyodwa kunye neqikelelwayo ethile, ekufanele siyiphande kwizifundo ezizayo.
Enye ingcaciso enokwenzeka kukuba iingcinga ezingalunganga (umzekelo, "ndiye ndasilela kwakhona") kunye neemvakalelo (umzekelo, umsindo) emva kwesiqendu sokuqala sePuM zenza uxinzelelo, olufuna ukuncitshiswa ngokuphindaphinda okulandelayo kwesenzo esifanayo, ngokufanayo kwindlela Ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kokunciphisa uxinzelelo oluvela ngenxa yeengcinga ezigqithisileyo kwi-OCD (I-Stein, 2002).
Ingcaciso yesibini inxulumene neziphumo zakutsha nje (Gola, Wordecha, et al., 2017) ukuba abantu abafuna unyango lokusetyenziswa kwephonografi enengxaki banokuphinda basebenze okuphezulu kwenkqubo yomvuzo kwingqondo (ngokukodwa i-ventral striatum) ekuphenduleni kwizikhokelo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Mhlawumbi isiqendu esinye se-PuM sinokuvuselela okwethutyana lo matshini, sinyuse ukuphinda sisebenze kwizikhokelo ezilandelayo kwaye kubangele izibongozo ezinamandla, ezikhokelela ekuzinkcinkceni.
Ingcaciso yesithathu iqwalasela enye yeendlela zokuphazamiseka kokulutha ezinxulumene nokuhlala. Iimodeli zokulutha iziyobisi zibeka amava anciphileyo olonwabo ngexesha lophuhliso lokulutha njengesiphumo sokuhlala ukufumana umvuzo (IVolkow et al., 2010). Ukuhlala okunjalo kukhokelela ekunyukeni kweedosi. Kwimeko ye-CSB, owona mvuzo uphakamileyo yincopho (Gola, Wordecha, Marchewka, et al., 2016); kwaye kwiindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha ngokwesondo zodwa, iphonografi ibonelela ngovuselelo oluyimfuneko ukuze i-masturbation iphele ngencopho (njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso. 2, uninzi lweziqendu zokuphulula amalungu esini zihamba kunye nokusetyenziswa koonografi). Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubantu be-CSB, uninzi lomxholo ovuselela inkanuko awonelanga ukufikelela kuvutho-ndaba kwaye kuthatha ixesha elingakumbi ukufumana inoveli, ivuselela ngokwaneleyo. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba emva kwencopho enye kukho umyinge ophezulu wamava alandelayo, kwaye ukubukela iphonografi ixesha elide kuyadingeka ukuze kufumaneke ukuvuselela ngokwaneleyo.
Imeko yesine enokwenzeka ithatha ukuba uvuthondaba ngokwalo lusenokungabi ngowona mba uvuyisayo wesenzo sesondo sodwa kubantu abathile abane-CSB. Njengoko kuchaziwe (Gola, Wordecha, Marchewka, et al., 2016), i-stimuli ebonakalayo yesondo ingaba ngumthombo wolonwabo. Ukuzibukela, abantu bazimisele ukutyala umzamo othelekiseka nalawo afunekayo ukuze bafumane inzuzo yemali (Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013). Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukuvuselela ngokwesondo okubonakalayo kuvusa inkanuko yesini ehambelana nokunyuka okuthe kratya kwenkuthazo yokubajonga kunye nokubandakanyeka kwisenzo sesondo, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokufikelela kuvuthondaba. Emva koko, zombini ukuvuswa ngokwesondo kunye nokukhuthaza ukubukela ukuvuselela ngokwesondo kuyancipha. Sicinga ukuba, ukuba izifundo ze-CSB zifumana uvuthondaba njengento engathandekiyo kunomntu oqhelekileyo (okt, ngenxa yokuhlala), banokugxila ngakumbi ekubukeni iphonografi - nto leyo engumthombo wolonwabo - kwaye bazame ukulibazisa uvuthondaba, olukhokelela kwiiseshoni ezinde ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi. Sikholelwa ukuba zonke iindlela ezine zinokuba negalelo kunye ekuzinkcenkcesheleni i-PuM, kwaye nganye kuzo ixabisa izifundo ezineenkcukacha.
Okokugqibela, sibuze ukuba ukuncipha kweemvakalelo okanye ukonyuka kokudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye noxinzelelo olulinganiswe kwidayari yovavanyo lwesizathu okanye sisiphumo sokusebenzisa iphonografi. Njengoko singakhange sifumane iziphumo ezicacileyo, lo mbuzo ufuna uphando olongezelelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusekwe kwidatha yethu, sinikezela ngeengcebiso ezithile. Siye saqaphela ukuba zombini ukuncipha kweemvakalelo kunye nokudinwa okwandileyo kubonakala kusuku olunye ngaphambi nangosuku olunye emva kokuzinkcinkca. Ke ngoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuncipha kweemvakalelo kunye nokudinwa okwandileyo zingunobangela kunye nesiphumo. Xa ixhala elonyukayo kunye noxinzelelo lwenzeka ngosuku olunye emva kokuzinkcinkca, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba sisiphumo (Umfanekiso 4). Okubalulekileyo, izifundo zibonise umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kwizinto ezandulelayo nezilandelayo zokuzintyintya. Ngoko ke, sicinga ukuba ukuzinkcinkca kusenokudlala indima eyahlukileyo kancinane kumntu ngamnye, ukunceda omnye ukuba ajamelane neemvakalelo, omnye ngokudinwa, kwaye kubangele iziphumo ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwiinkolelo zokuqonda komntu ngamnye. Oku kuntlukwano kubonisa umdla onokubakho ukubaluleka kokuzinkcinkca kwiklinikhi.
Ukubaluleka kweklinikhi
Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zethu, sicebisa ukuba sixoxe ngeziqephu zokuzinkcinkca ngePuM kumsebenzi wekliniki kunye nezigulana ze-CSB. Ngokutsho kwedatha enikezelwe kolu phononongo, uninzi lwezigulane ze-CSB zifumana ukuzinkcinkca okunjalo. Okubangela umdla kukuba, ngokungafaniyo nabantu abafumana iziqendu rhoqo zokusetyenziswa kwephonografi ezimfutshane kunye neeseshoni zokuphulula amalungu esini esinye, kwaye banengxaki yokuchonga iingcinga, iimvakalelo, kunye neemeko ezikhokelela ekusebenziseni iphonografi, abantu abanengxaki yokuntywila bayakwazi ukuchonga iingcinga kunye neemvakalelo zabo ezizenzekelayo ezinxulumene noku. ukuzinkcinkca. Oku kunokuba yi-ankile elungileyo kunyango lokuqonda kunye nokuziphatha. Kwakhona, idatha yovavanyo lwedayari yelongitudinal ibonisa ezininzi ezininzi ezihambelanayo zokuzinkcinkca ngeemvakalelo, ukudinwa, uxinzelelo, kunye notshintsho lwexhala, oluxhasa uqwalaselo lwethu oluphuma kwidatha eqokelelwe ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe.
Omnye umba obalulekileyo ngokwezonyango wokuzinkcinkca kunxulunyaniswa nokwahluka okunokubakho okuphezulu kwemisebenzi yokuzinkcinkca. Kubonakala ngathi ukuzinkcinkca okunjalo kuhlala kudlala indima yokumelana nemeko, kunokuba kube ngumsebenzi onciphisa uxinzelelo lwezesondo. Ngaloo ndlela, uhlalutyo olucacileyo lwe-binges (kunokuba luhlalutye naziphi na iziqendu zokusetyenziswa koonografi) lunokubonelela ngendlela ekhawulezayo yokuchonga iindawo zobomi ezifuna ukuphuhliswa kwezinye, iindlela zokuhlangabezana nokulungelelanisa, kwaye ezinokufuna ingqwalasela engakumbi kunyango.
Ekugqibeleni, umntu unokubuza ukuba i-PuM yokuzinkcinkca kufuneka ifakwe kwiikhrayitheriya zokuxilonga ze-CSB ecetywayo kwi-ICD-11 ezayo (Ngubani, 2018). Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa uphando lwethu oluncinci lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwabantu abadibana neKafka's (2010) Iikhrayitheriya ze-CSB zifumana ukuzinkcinkca, ayizizo zonke ezenza njalo. Izifundo ezibini kwezilithoba (B no-C) akazange abe nePuM ngokuzinkcinkca, kwaye omnye (C) wazifumana izihlandlo ezimbalwa ebomini bakhe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siyakuchasa ukubandakanywa kwe-PuM yokuzinkcinkca njengomlinganiselo we-CSB, kodwa sikwacinga ukuba uhlalutyo olunzulu lwesi sibonakaliso lunokuba ngumthombo wolwazi olubalulekileyo kwiiklinikhi.
Olunye uqwalaselo olunomdla kunye nolufanelekileyo lweklinikhi luhambelana nesigulane B, oye wayeka kwi-PuM ngaphezu kweenyanga ze-6 (wachaza umsebenzi wesondo wemihla ngemihla kunye neqabane lakhe), kodwa wayefuna ngokunyanisekileyo unyango lwe-CSB, echaza ukusetyenziswa koonografi njengesona sizathu siphambili. Kwakhona wadibana nazo zonke iikhrayitheriya ezicetywayo ze-ICD-11, ebonisa ukuba nangona ukungabikho kwexesha lokuziphatha okunengxaki, abanye abantu basenokufanelekela ukuxilongwa kwe-CSB, njengoko kungekho nqobo echaza ixesha elide eligqithileyo ukususela kwisiqendu sokugqibela se-CSB. Sagqiba ekubeni sibandakanye iSifundo B kule ngxelo yophando ukubonisa isampuli epheleleyo kunye nokubonisa ukuba abanye abantu bafuna unyango kwaye bahlangabezane neendlela zokuxilonga nangona ukungabikho kwangoku kweempawu.
Imida
Sijonga olu phononongo njengophando lokuqala olunokuthi lukhuthaze abanye abaphandi ukuba baphonononge ubume, iindlela, kunye nendima yePuM yokuzinkcinkca. Inenani lemida kwaye izama ukuyiphinda-phinda kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo yenziwe (siya konwaba ukwabelana ngayo yonke indlela yethu kunye nabani na onomdla wokuyisebenzisa). Okokuqala, sifunde ngabantu abasithoba kuphela kwaye basixhenxe kuphela ababonelela ngedatha epheleleyo. Okwesibini, aba bantu babefuna unyango lwe-CSB kwaye abasibhozo kubo baye bazama unyango lwe-CSB ngaphambili, ngoko bakhuthazwa kakhulu ukuba banciphise ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi. Okwesithathu, bonke baqala unyango ngexesha lovavanyo lwedayari yeentsuku ezingama-70 kwaye bagqiba ubuncinane iiseshoni ezintandathu (ngokuqhelekileyo ngeveki). Oku kunokuba nefuthe kakhulu kwidatha yedayari eqokelelweyo, kwaye siyakrokrela ukuba kubangele inani elincinci le-CSB kunokuba sinokubona kubantu be-CSB abangazange baphathwe. Kusengakhokelela ekuzaziseni okuphezulu kunoko kubantu abangalufumananga unyango.
Eminye imida inxulumene nomgangatho wedatha kunye nohlalutyo. Senze konke okusemandleni ethu ukuqokelela idatha yekhwalithi ephezulu ngexesha lovavanyo lwedayari, kodwa kwakukho izikhewu ezingenakuphepheka kwiidatha (iThebhile eyoNgezelelweyo ye-S2). Sikrokrela ukuba iziqephu ezininzi zezenzo zesondo zinokuthi zenzeke ngeentsuku apho kungekho kufakwa kwidayari, kwaye ukuphindaphinda kunokuthi kunxulumene nokunciphisa ukukhuthaza ukunyamezela kwidayari. Bekungekho ndlela yokuba siwulawule lo mba kolu phando. Ukuba oku kuyinyani ngokwenene, ngoko ke idatha malunga nezenzo zesondo azixelwanga. Sacela izigulane ukuba zenze into enye kwidayari yonke imihla. Isisombululo sexeshana esinjalo sibonakala singonelanga ukumisela ubudlelwane besizathu phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, ezifana nemo, ixhala, uxinzelelo, njl., kwelinye icala, kunye nokuxhamla kwelinye. Kwizifundo zexesha elizayo, sicebisa uvavanyo lwexeshana lwe-ikholoji kumaxesha ambalwa ngemini njengendlela engcono yokumisela ubudlelwane be-causal kunye nokuphepha izithuba kwidatha.
Ngenxa yemida ekhankanywe ngasentla (enokuthi ibe ngaphantsi kunesiqhelo isenzo sesondo esinxulumene nonyango kunye nedatha engekhoyo), ngenjongo yokuhlalutya idatha, sichaze iziqendu zokuzinkcinkca njenge-1 hr yokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye / okanye i-2 okanye i-masturbations ngaphezulu ngosuku. Siyazi kwezinye izifundo ukuba inkcazo enjalo inokugqithelana kunye nomsebenzi wesondo wabantu abangayihlanganisiyo imilinganiselo ye-CSB (UBrand et al., 2016). Ke ngoko, kwizifundo zexesha elizayo kuluntu ngaphandle konyango kunye nendlela ephucuke ngakumbi (okt, uvavanyo lomzuzwana lwendalo), kunye neenjongo zeklinikhi, sicebisa ukuba ukuzingxala kuchazwe njenge-2+ hr yokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye / okanye i-3+ yokuphulula amalungu esini. iiseshini ngosuku. Sikwakhuthaza abaphandi ukuba bamisele le miqobo kwizifundo zobungqina.
Igalelo labalobi
I-MWo ibe negalelo ekufundeni nasekuyilweni kweendlela, ukufunwa kwezifundo, ukuqhuba udliwano-ndlebe, uhlalutyo lwedatha kunye nokutolika, kunye nokubhalwa kwemibhalo-ngqangi. I-MWi ibe negalelo kuhlalutyo lwedatha kunye nokutolika kunye nokulungiswa kombhalo-ngqangi. I-EK ibe negalelo kuphuhliso lwemibuzo. I-MS kunye ne-AŁ ibe negalelo kuphuhliso lwesoftware yovavanyo lwedayari kunye nokulungiswa kwangaphambili kwedatha. I-MG iphinde ibe negalelo ekufundeni nasekuyileni iindlela, ukutolikwa kwedatha, ukubhala umbhalo-ngqangi, ukufumana inkxaso-mali, kunye nokubeka iliso kwisifundo.
Ukugqubana kwemidla
Ababhali baxela ukuba akukho ngquzulwano yomdla ngokubhekiselele kumxholo walo mbhalo wesandla.
Ucaphulo
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