UkuHlaliswa koononografi njengo “kukhetha ‑ ukuBonisa”: Yiyeke, Myeke II (2021) nguPaul J. Wright

Ubushushu, PJ  I-Sex Sex Behav 50, 393-399 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01922-z

“Yiyeke, yiyeke

Andisakwazi ukuyibamba kwakhona

Yiyeke, ihambe

Jika kwaye umbakraze ucango” (Elsa – Disney’s Frozen)

Kwenye iLeta kulo mbandela, ndibhale isibhengezo esifutshane kwiingozi ezininzi zendlela yangoku yokuguquguquka kwesithathu kuphando lweziphumo ezingamanyala (Wright, 2021). Ndiyathemba ukuba abafundi bale Leta baya kufunda i-precursor yayo, kodwa ithisisi yeyokuba abaphandi bephonografi kufuneka baphathe i-third-variables njenge-predictors (okt, izinto ezahlula ukuphindaphinda kunye nohlobo lwephonografi esetyenzisiweyo), abalamli (oko kukuthi, iindlela eziphethe iziphumo zoonografi. ), okanye iimodareyitha (iinkalo zabantu kunye neemeko ezithintela okanye ziququzelele imiphumo yephonografi),

Malunga neshumi leminyaka emva kwexesha ukuya kwi Frozen Itheko, emva kokuba ndibe nentombi yam kutsha nje kwiminyaka eyayikhuphisana noAbraham, ndacaphula uElsa ekuceleni oogxa bam ukuba "Yeka" iparadigm "enokuthi ibhideke" kwaye baye "kubaqikeleli, iinkqubo, kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka". Njengoko ndiphawulile, esi sibongozo sasisenziwa kwiminyaka embalwa kwaye ndaziva ndikhululekile ukuba ekugqibeleni, ngokusesikweni, ndisicacisile.

Noko ke, kwiintsuku ezilandelayo, imvakalelo “yeshishini elingagqitywanga” yaya ivakala ngakumbi. Ndaqonda ukuba kukho omnye umyalezo ofuna ukuvakaliswa. Ukujikela ku Ingqele II ngoku ngenxa yenkuthazo (njengoko intombi yam iye yadlulela ku-Elsa no-Anna kuhambo olulandelayo), ndicaphula u-Anna kwaye ndikhuthaza oogxa bam ukuba babone ubudenge bamazwi akhe njengoko ngoku esetyenziswa kwindibano “yengcaciso ekhethiweyo njengenye ingcaciso” emnqamlezweni. -icandelo lephonografi iziphumo zophando.

Indlela yangoku eneNgxaki

“Ezinye izinto zisoloko ziyinyaniso; Ezinye izinto azitshintshi”

(uAnna – Disney's Frozen II)

Njengoko nawuphi na umfundi eqhelene namacandelo eengxoxo zamaphepha eempembelelo zoonografi esebenzisa idatha enqamlezileyo uyazi, sisiqinisekiso esiqinisekileyo sokuba ababhali baya kulumkisa ukuba naluphi na unxibelelwano abalufumeneyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi (X) kunye nenkolelo, isimo sengqondo, okanye ukuziphatha phantsi kwesifundo (Y) kusenokuba kungenxa “yokutyhileka okukhethiweyo” (okt, abantu abasele benenkolelo, isimo sengqondo, okanye indlela yokuziphatha etsalela kumxholo wemidiya yesondo eyibonisayo) hayi ukuhlalisana ngokwesondo (okt, abantu abaphenjelelwa ngumxholo wemidiya yezesondo kwi ulwalathiso lwenkolelo, isimo sengqondo, okanye ukuziphatha). Ngamanye amazwi, ababhali bayakwamkela isimo sokuba ngaphandle kwamaphepha eengxoxo zengqikelelo kunye nethiyori abazinikele ekuthetheleleni X → Y eguquguqukayo kwicandelo labo lokuphonononga uncwadi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kunjalo Y → X. Umbhali uya kuthi emva koko abize "uphando lwelongitudinal" "ukucazulula" indlela yobudlelwane. Uphononongo lwamacandelo eengxoxo ukusuka kwiminyaka kunye neminyaka edlulileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku lubonisa ukuba "ihlala iyinyani" ukuba i-pornography-isiphumo imibutho ye-pornography inokwenzeka nje ngenxa yokuzikhethela-ukuvezwa njengentlalo yesini; oku “akutshintshi,” utsho njalo uAnna.

Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuchasene nesayensi. Akukho nto "ihlala iyinyani" kwisayensi, kuba ulwazi lwesayensi "lutshintsha" njengoko ulwazi olutsha luveliswa. Ngokuka-Arendt noMatthes (2017), “Inzululwazi iqokelelana ngengqiqo yokuba isifundo ngasinye sakhela kumsebenzi wangaphambili” (iphe. 2). Ngokutsho kukaHocking kunye noMiller (1974), “Izazinzulu akufuneki ziqalise uphando ukusuka ekuqaleni. Banokwakhela phezu kolwazi lwangaphambili” (iphe. 1). Ngokutsho kweSparks (2013), inzululwazi "ivulekele ukuguqulwa-njengoko ixesha lihamba, ubungqina obutsha bunokulindeleka ukuba buhlaziye iindlela ezikhoyo zokucinga malunga nesiganeko" (iphe. 14).

Njengoko nawuphi na umfundi eqhelene namacandelo eengxoxo zamaphepha eempembelelo zoonografi esebenzisa idatha enqamlezileyo uyazi, sisiqinisekiso esiqinisekileyo sokuba ababhali baya kulumkisa ukuba naluphi na unxibelelwano abalufumeneyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi (X) kunye nenkolelo, isimo sengqondo, okanye ukuziphatha phantsi kwesifundo (Y) kusenokuba kungenxa “yokutyhileka okukhethiweyo” (okt, abantu abasele benenkolelo, isimo sengqondo, okanye indlela yokuziphatha etsalela kumxholo wemidiya yesondo eyibonisayo) hayi ukuhlalisana ngokwesondo (okt, abantu abaphenjelelwa ngumxholo wemidiya yezesondo kwi ulwalathiso lwenkolelo, isimo sengqondo, okanye ukuziphatha). Ngamanye amazwi, ababhali bayakwamkela isimo sokuba ngaphandle kwamaphepha eengxoxo zengqikelelo kunye nethiyori abazinikele ekuthetheleleni X → Y eguquguqukayo kwicandelo labo lokuphonononga uncwadi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kunjalo Y → X. Umbhali uya kuthi emva koko abize "uphando lwelongitudinal" "ukucazulula" indlela yobudlelwane. Uphononongo lwamacandelo eengxoxo ukusuka kwiminyaka kunye neminyaka edlulileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku lubonisa ukuba "ihlala iyinyani" ukuba i-pornography-isiphumo imibutho ye-pornography inokwenzeka nje ngenxa yokuzikhethela-ukuvezwa njengentlalo yesini; oku “akutshintshi,” utsho njalo uAnna.

Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuchasene nesayensi. Akukho nto "ihlala iyinyani" kwisayensi, kuba ulwazi lwesayensi "lutshintsha" njengoko ulwazi olutsha luveliswa. Ngokuka-Arendt noMatthes (2017), “Inzululwazi iqokelelana ngengqiqo yokuba isifundo ngasinye sakhela kumsebenzi wangaphambili” (iphe. 2). Ngokutsho kukaHocking kunye noMiller (1974), “Izazinzulu akufuneki ziqalise uphando ukusuka ekuqaleni. Banokwakhela phezu kolwazi lwangaphambili” (iphe. 1). Ngokutsho kweSparks (2013), inzululwazi "ivulekele ukuguqulwa-njengoko ixesha lihamba, ubungqina obutsha bunokulindeleka ukuba buhlaziye iindlela ezikhoyo zokucinga malunga nesiganeko" (iphe. 14).

Ukuba bekungekho zifundo zexesha elide ezithelekisa ukuhlalisana ngokwesondo kunye neengcaciso ezikhethiweyo, kuya kuba sengqiqweni ukuba izifundo zoonografi ezinqamlezeneyo zibize le yokugqibela njengengcaciso eqondakalayo yonxulumano olubalulekileyo abalufumeneyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nesiphumo. (s) bafunda. Emva kokuba ndipapashe inani lamaphepha anqamlezayo ahlala ixesha elide afumana ubungqina bobudlelwane bezesondo kodwa hayi ukuvezwa okukhethiweyo, ndiyazi ukuba kukho izifundo ezinjalo, nangona kunjalo. Uphononongo lwelongitudinal olunqamlezayo lusebenzisa idatha yephaneli ukuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo X → Y kwaye Y → X iingcaciso zendlela ye XY ubudlelwane. Ngenxa yokuba amanqanaba angaphambili ekhrayitheriya afakwe njenge-covariate, umbutho obalulekileyo olindelekileyo ubonisa ukuba i-predictor inxulunyaniswa nokutshintsha komntu ngamnye kwikhrayitheriya ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukubona ukuba zikho ezinye izifundo ezingaphaya kwezam, ndiqhube ukhangelo lwe-Google Scholar ndisebenzisa la magama alandelayo: (1) "iphonografi" "i-selective-exposure" "cross-lagged" kunye (2) "nophonografi" "reverse causality" "iphelile." Ngenxa yokuba zombini ii-dynamics zinokudlala (Slater, 2015), ndiphinde ndaphanda "iphonografi" "i-reciprocal" "i-cross-lagged."

Iziphumo zolu phendlo zishwankathelwa kwiTheyibhile 1. Kwizifundo ze-25, uninzi (14) lufumene ubungqina bokuhlalisana ngokwesondo kuphela; Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwangaphambili kuqikelelwe kwangaphambili enye okanye ngaphezulu kweziphumo ezifundiweyo, kodwa incoko yayingekho (oko kukuthi, amanqanaba angaphambili esiphumo okanye iziphumo azizange ziqikelele ukusetyenziswa koonografi kamva). Izifundo ezilishumi zifumene ubungqina bokuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo (okt, ukuthambekela kwangaphambili kukhokelela ekubeni abanye abantu basebenzise iphonografi kunabanye kwaye aba bantu bachaphazeleka emva kokuvezwa kwabo). Uphononongo nje olunye lufumene ubungqina bokuvezwa okukhethiweyo kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kucacisiwe kumbhalo osemazantsi wetheyibhile, ipateni yolungelelwaniso ngokubanzi icebise ipateni nokuba yeyiphi na impembelelo yokubuyiselana okanye kungabikho mpembelelo kulo naliphi na icala.

Kwakhona kuqatshelwe izifundo zephaneli zexesha elide ezifumene iphonografi ebalulekileyo → imibutho yesiphumo, emva kokubalwa kwamanqanaba angaphambili esiphumo. Imizekelo yolo phando idweliswe kwiThebhile 2. Njengoko uCollins et al. (2004) echazwe kwelinye lephaneli yophando lwexesha elide lweziphumo zesini zosasazo, "uhlalutyo lwethu olulawulwa kwinqanaba labafikisayo lezenzo zesondo kwisiseko, ukunika inkcazo yesizathu esibuyisela umva kwiziphumo zethu ezingenakwenzeka" (iphe. 287).

Ngamafutshane, uluvo lokuba unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo, izimo zengqondo, kunye nokuziphatha kwizifundo ezinqamlezileyo kunokubangelwa ngokupheleleyo kukuvezwa okukhethiweyo kuyangqubana nobungqina obuqokelelweyo kwaye kunokuxhaswa kuphela yifilosofi (ukuchasana nesicatshulwa). Arendt & Matthes, 2017 Hocking & Miller, 1974; Sparks, 2013) bexhasa ukuba inzululwazi ayinyuki kwaye isifundo ngasinye sisiqwenga esizimeleyo esizimele sodwa; ukuba izazinzulu kufuneka ziqale ekuqaleni ngesifundo ngasinye-azinakwakha kumzimba wangaphambili wolwazi; kwaye inzululwazi ayivulelwanga ukuguqulwa-kungakhathaliseki ukuhamba kwexesha kunye nobungqina obutsha, iindlela zokucinga malunga nesenzeko akufanele zihlaziywe.

Iingcebiso kubabhali, abahleli, kunye nabavavanyi

Ukunikezelwa oku ngasentla, ndincoma oku kulandelayo kubabhali, abahleli, kunye nabahlalutyi beephonografi ezinqamlekileyo zophando olufumana uphando oluqikelelweyo olubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye neenkolelo, izimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha.

Authors: Sukuchaza ukuba ukuvezwa okukhethiweyo yinkcazo ebambekayo ngokulinganayo yeziphumo zakho. Ukuba abaphononongi kunye nabahleli bafuna ukuba wenze njalo, banike le Leta. Ukuba basafuna, bhala isinyanzelo-so-kupapashwa "isiteyitimenti" ngendlela ekhulula wena ngokwakho kolu luvo lungenalwazi kwaye ubhekisele kule Leta.

Abagxeki: Musa ukubuza ababhali ukuba bachaze ukuba ukuvezwa okukhethiweyo yinkcazo ebambekayo ngokulinganayo yeziphumo zabo ngaphandle kokuba unokucacisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kutheni idatha yabo kunye neziphumo ziyimeko ekhethekileyo kunye neveli kangangokuba ubungqina obuqokelelweyo ngokuchaseneyo abusebenzi. Xa kujongwe imeko yoncwadi, uxanduva luphezu kwakho ukuba uchaze ukuba kutheni le nto iphonografi echazwa ngababhali ikukuvezwa okukhethiweyo. Ukuba ababhali benza ingxelo ngokwabo, bacebise ukuba bayisuse kwaye babaqondise kule Leta.

Abahleli: Bagqithise abaphononongi abangenalwazi abafuna ukuba ababhali benze i-caveat ekhethiweyo. Yazisa ababhali bale Leta kwaye ucebise ukuba ngelixa ityala lokutshintshana linokwenziwa, ityala lokuvezwa okukhethiweyo kuphela alinakunikwa imeko yoncwadi okwangoku.

Itheyibhile yoku-1-Iziphumo zoononografi ezinqamlezileyo zexesha elide ezithelekisa ukuhlalisana ngokwesondo kunye neengcaciso ezikhethiweyo.

Itheyibhile 2-I-criterion variable lagged longitudinal iphonografi izifundo zokuhlalisana ngokwesondo

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